text: The addition of new rock units, both depositionally and intrusively, often occurs during deformation. Faulting and other deformational processes result in the creation of topographic gradients, causing material on the rock unit that is increasing in elevation to be eroded by hillslopes and channels. These sediments are deposited on the rock unit that is going down. Continual motion along the fault maintains the topographic gradient in spite of the movement of sediment, and continues to create accommodation space for the material to deposit. Deformational events are often also associated with volcanism and igneous activity. Volcanic ashes and lavas accumulate on the surface, and igneous intrusions enter from below. Dikes, long, planar igneous intrusions, enter along cracks, and therefore often form in large numbers in areas that are being actively deformed. This can result in the emplacement of dike swarms, such as those that are observable across the Canadian shield, or rings of dikes around the lava tube of a volcano.

title: Geology

title: Geology

text: The

text: addition

text: of

text: new

text: rock

text: units

text: both

text: depositionally

text: and

text: intrusively

text: often

text: occurs

text: during

text: deformation

text: Faulting

text: and

text: other

text: deformational

text: processes

text: result

text: in

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: topographic

text: gradients

text: causing

text: material

text: on

text: the

text: rock

text: unit

text: that

text: is

text: increasing

text: in

text: elevation

text: to

text: be

text: eroded

text: by

text: hillslopes

text: and

text: channels

text: These

text: sediments

text: are

text: deposited

text: on

text: the

text: rock

text: unit

text: that

text: is

text: going

text: down

text: Continual

text: motion

text: along

text: the

text: fault

text: maintains

text: the

text: topographic

text: gradient

text: in

text: spite

text: of

text: the

text: movement

text: of

text: sediment

text: and

text: continues

text: to

text: create

text: accommodation

text: space

text: for

text: the

text: material

text: to

text: deposit

text: Deformational

text: events

text: are

text: often

text: also

text: associated

text: with

text: volcanism

text: and

text: igneous

text: activity

text: Volcanic

text: ashes

text: and

text: lavas

text: accumulate

text: on

text: the

text: surface

text: and

text: igneous

text: intrusions

text: enter

text: from

text: below

text: Dikes

text: long

text: planar

text: igneous

text: intrusions

text: enter

text: along

text: cracks

text: and

text: therefore

text: often

text: form

text: in

text: large

text: numbers

text: in

text: areas

text: that

text: are

text: being

text: actively

text: deformed

text: This

text: can

text: result

text: in

text: the

text: emplacement

text: of

text: dike

text: swarms

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: that

text: are

text: observable

text: across

text: the

text: Canadian

text: shield

text: or

text: rings

text: of

text: dikes

text: around

text: the

text: lava

text: tube

text: of

text: a

text: volcano

question: What is another word for long, planar igneous intrusions?

answer: Dikes

text: Dikes

answer: Dikes

text: Dikes

answer: Dikes

text: Dikes

question: Where do dikes form?

answer: in areas that are being actively deformed

text: in areas that are being actively deformed

answer: areas that are being actively deformed

text: areas that are being actively deformed

answer: in areas that are being actively deformed

text: in areas that are being actively deformed

question: What type of gradients are formed by faulting and other deformational processes?

answer: topographic gradients

text: topographic gradients

answer: topographic

text: topographic

answer: topographic

text: topographic

question: What activity maintains topographic gradients?

answer: Continual motion along the fault

text: Continual motion along the fault

answer: Continual motion

text: Continual motion

answer: Continual motion along the fault

text: Continual motion along the fault

question: What events are often associated with volcanism and igneous activity?

answer: Deformational events

text: Deformational events

answer: Deformational

text: Deformational

answer: Deformational

text: Deformational

question: What are two ways lava tubes are added during deformation?

text: both depositionally and intrusively

question: During what process are lava tubes expanded?

text: deformation

question: What two types of activity are associated with the Canadian shield?

text: volcanism and igneous activity

question: What does motion along dike swarms maintain?

text: the topographic gradient

question: What does continuous motion along dike swarms create for sediment to be deposited?

text: accommodation space

question: What causes hillslopes and channels to erode?

text: elevation

question: The creation of topographic gradients causes what?

text: Deformational events

question: What causes the topographic gradients to collapse?

text: Continual motion

question: What is another name for a deformational event?

text: Dikes

question: What is another name for a dike swarm?

text: the Canadian shield


text: The customary law of Normandy was developed between the 10th and 13th centuries and survives today through the legal systems of Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands. Norman customary law was transcribed in two customaries in Latin by two judges for use by them and their colleagues: These are the Très ancien coutumier (Very ancient customary), authored between 1200 and 1245; and the Grand coutumier de Normandie (Great customary of Normandy, originally Summa de legibus Normanniae in curia laïcali), authored between 1235 and 1245.

title: Normans

title: Normans

text: The

text: customary

text: law

text: of

text: Normandy

text: was

text: developed

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: and

text: survives

text: today

text: through

text: the

text: legal

text: systems

text: of

text: Jersey

text: and

text: Guernsey

text: in

text: the

text: Channel

text: Islands

text: Norman

text: customary

text: law

text: was

text: transcribed

text: in

text: two

text: customaries

text: in

text: Latin

text: by

text: two

text: judges

text: for

text: use

text: by

text: them

text: and

text: their

text: colleagues

text: These

text: are

text: the

text: Très

text: ancien

text: coutumier

text: Very

text: ancient

text: customary

text: authored

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: the

text: Grand

text: coutumier

text: de

text: Normandie

text: Great

text: customary

text: of

text: Normandy

text: originally

text: Summa

text: de

text: legibus

text: Normanniae

text: in

text: curia

text: laïcali

text: authored

text: between

text: and

question: Where are Jersey and Guernsey

answer: Channel Islands

text: Channel Islands

answer: the Channel Islands

text: the Channel Islands

answer: the Channel Islands

text: the Channel Islands

question: How many customaries does Norman customary law have?

answer: two

text: two

answer: two

text: two

answer: two

text: two

question: What Norman law wasdeveloped between 1000 and 1300?

text: The customary law of Normandy

question: What law has 3 customeries?

text: Norman customary law

question: What was authored in the 12th century?


text: Harvard's academic programs operate on a semester calendar beginning in early September and ending in mid-May. Undergraduates typically take four half-courses per term and must maintain a four-course rate average to be considered full-time. In many concentrations, students can elect to pursue a basic program or an honors-eligible program requiring a senior thesis and/or advanced course work. Students graduating in the top 4–5% of the class are awarded degrees summa cum laude, students in the next 15% of the class are awarded magna cum laude, and the next 30% of the class are awarded cum laude. Harvard has chapters of academic honor societies such as Phi Beta Kappa and various committees and departments also award several hundred named prizes annually. Harvard, along with other universities, has been accused of grade inflation, although there is evidence that the quality of the student body and its motivation have also increased. Harvard College reduced the number of students who receive Latin honors from 90% in 2004 to 60% in 2005. Moreover, the honors of "John Harvard Scholar" and "Harvard College Scholar" will now be given only to the top 5 percent and the next 5 percent of each class.

title: Harvard_University

title: Harvard_University

text: Harvard

text: 's

text: academic

text: programs

text: operate

text: on

text: a

text: semester

text: calendar

text: beginning

text: in

text: early

text: September

text: and

text: ending

text: in

text: mid

text: May

text: Undergraduates

text: typically

text: take

text: four

text: half

text: courses

text: per

text: term

text: and

text: must

text: maintain

text: a

text: four

text: course

text: rate

text: average

text: to

text: be

text: considered

text: full

text: time

text: In

text: many

text: concentrations

text: students

text: can

text: elect

text: to

text: pursue

text: a

text: basic

text: program

text: or

text: an

text: honors

text: eligible

text: program

text: requiring

text: a

text: senior

text: thesis

text: and/or

text: advanced

text: course

text: work

text: Students

text: graduating

text: in

text: the

text: top

text: of

text: the

text: class

text: are

text: awarded

text: degrees

text: summa

text: cum

text: laude

text: students

text: in

text: the

text: next

text: of

text: the

text: class

text: are

text: awarded

text: magna

text: cum

text: laude

text: and

text: the

text: next

text: of

text: the

text: class

text: are

text: awarded

text: cum

text: laude

text: Harvard

text: has

text: chapters

text: of

text: academic

text: honor

text: societies

text: such

text: as

text: Phi

text: Beta

text: Kappa

text: and

text: various

text: committees

text: and

text: departments

text: also

text: award

text: several

text: hundred

text: named

text: prizes

text: annually

text: Harvard

text: along

text: with

text: other

text: universities

text: has

text: been

text: accused

text: of

text: grade

text: inflation

text: although

text: there

text: is

text: evidence

text: that

text: the

text: quality

text: of

text: the

text: student

text: body

text: and

text: its

text: motivation

text: have

text: also

text: increased

text: Harvard

text: College

text: reduced

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: students

text: who

text: receive

text: Latin

text: honors

text: from

text: in

text: to

text: in

text: Moreover

text: the

text: honors

text: of

text: John

text: Harvard

text: Scholar

text: and

text: Harvard

text: College

text: Scholar

text: will

text: now

text: be

text: given

text: only

text: to

text: the

text: top

text: percent

text: and

text: the

text: next

text: percent

text: of

text: each

text: class

question: What is the duration of Harvard Academic year?

answer: beginning in early September and ending in mid-May

text: beginning in early September and ending in mid-May

answer: beginning in early September and ending in mid-May

text: beginning in early September and ending in mid-May

answer: beginning in early September and ending in mid-May

text: beginning in early September and ending in mid-May

question: How many courses must undergraduates maintain for full time status?

answer: four-course rate average

text: four-course rate average

answer: four

text: four

answer: four

text: four

question: What are the top 4-5% graduating students honored with?

answer: summa cum laude

text: summa cum laude

answer: summa cum laude

text: summa cum laude

answer: summa cum laude

text: summa cum laude

question: From 2004 to 2005 Harvard reduced the number of students earning Latin honors from 90% to what?

answer: 60%

answer: 60%

answer: 60%

question: What does a basic program also require?

question: What percentage of the student body is accepted to the Phi Beta Kappa honor society each year?

question: What percentage of the student body was affected by grade inflation in 2004?

question: What increased about Harvard's student body in 2005?

text: quality

question: What two honors were given out more frequently in 2005?


text: During the Southern Song dynasty the descendant of Confucius at Qufu, the Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou, while the newly established Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng. From that time up until the Yuan dynasty, there were two Duke Yanshengs, once in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. During the Yuan dynasty, the Emperor Kublai Khan invited the southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu to return to Qufu. Kong Zhu refused, and gave up the title, so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng. The southern branch still remained in Quzhou where they lived to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000. During the Yuan dynasty, one of Confucius' descendants moved from China to Goryeo era Korea and established a branch of the family there after marrying a Korean woman.

title: Yuan_dynasty

title: Yuan_dynasty

text: During

text: the

text: Southern

text: Song

text: dynasty

text: the

text: descendant

text: of

text: Confucius

text: at

text: Qufu

text: the

text: Duke

text: Yansheng

text: Kong

text: Duanyou

text: fled

text: south

text: with

text: the

text: Song

text: Emperor

text: to

text: Quzhou

text: while

text: the

text: newly

text: established

text: Jin

text: dynasty

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: appointed

text: Kong

text: Duanyou

text: 's

text: brother

text: Kong

text: Duancao

text: who

text: remained

text: in

text: Qufu

text: as

text: Duke

text: Yansheng

text: From

text: that

text: time

text: up

text: until

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: there

text: were

text: two

text: Duke

text: Yanshengs

text: once

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: in

text: Qufu

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: at

text: Quzhou

text: During

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: the

text: Emperor

text: Kublai

text: Khan

text: invited

text: the

text: southern

text: Duke

text: Yansheng

text: Kong

text: Zhu

text: to

text: return

text: to

text: Qufu

text: Kong

text: Zhu

text: refused

text: and

text: gave

text: up

text: the

text: title

text: so

text: the

text: northern

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: kept

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: Duke

text: Yansheng

text: The

text: southern

text: branch

text: still

text: remained

text: in

text: Quzhou

text: where

text: they

text: lived

text: to

text: this

text: day

text: Confucius

text: 's

text: descendants

text: in

text: Quzhou

text: alone

text: number

text: During

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: one

text: of

text: Confucius

text: descendants

text: moved

text: from

text: China

text: to

text: Goryeo

text: era

text: Korea

text: and

text: established

text: a

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: there

text: after

text: marrying

text: a

text: Korean

text: woman

question: Who did Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou flee with?

answer: the Song Emperor

text: the Song Emperor

answer: Song Emperor

text: Song Emperor

answer: the Song Emperor to Quzhou

text: the Song Emperor to Quzhou

question: When did the Jin dynasty begin?

answer: 1115

answer: 1115

answer: 1115

question: When did the Jin dynasty end?

answer: 1234

answer: 1234

answer: 1234

question: Who was appointed as the replacement for Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou?

answer: Kong Duancao

text: Kong Duancao

answer: Kong Duancao

text: Kong Duancao

answer: Kong Duancao

text: Kong Duancao

question: How many people in Quzhou are descended from Confucius?

answer: 30,000

answer: 30,000

answer: 30,000

question: Who did Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou stay with?

text: Song Emperor

question: When did the Jip dynasty begin?

question: When did the Jip dynasty end?

question: Who was rejected as the replacement for Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou?

text: Kong Duancao


text: Orientalism, as theorized by Edward Said, refers to how the West developed an imaginative geography of the East. This imaginative geography relies on an essentializing discourse that represents neither the diversity nor the social reality of the East. Rather, by essentializing the East, this discourse uses the idea of place-based identities to create difference and distance between "we" the West and "them" the East, or "here" in the West and "there" in the East. This difference was particularly apparent in textual and visual works of early European studies of the Orient that positioned the East as irrational and backward in opposition to the rational and progressive West. Defining the East as a negative vision of itself, as its inferior, not only increased the West’s sense of self, but also was a way of ordering the East and making it known to the West so that it could be dominated and controlled. The discourse of Orientalism therefore served as an ideological justification of early Western imperialism, as it formed a body of knowledge and ideas that rationalized social, cultural, political, and economic control of other territories.

title: Imperialism

title: Imperialism

text: Orientalism

text: as

text: theorized

text: by

text: Edward

text: Said

text: refers

text: to

text: how

text: the

text: West

text: developed

text: an

text: imaginative

text: geography

text: of

text: the

text: East

text: This

text: imaginative

text: geography

text: relies

text: on

text: an

text: essentializing

text: discourse

text: that

text: represents

text: neither

text: the

text: diversity

text: nor

text: the

text: social

text: reality

text: of

text: the

text: East

text: Rather

text: by

text: essentializing

text: the

text: East

text: this

text: discourse

text: uses

text: the

text: idea

text: of

text: place

text: based

text: identities

text: to

text: create

text: difference

text: and

text: distance

text: between

text: we

text: the

text: West

text: and

text: them

text: the

text: East

text: or

text: here

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: and

text: there

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: This

text: difference

text: was

text: particularly

text: apparent

text: in

text: textual

text: and

text: visual

text: works

text: of

text: early

text: European

text: studies

text: of

text: the

text: Orient

text: that

text: positioned

text: the

text: East

text: as

text: irrational

text: and

text: backward

text: in

text: opposition

text: to

text: the

text: rational

text: and

text: progressive

text: West

text: Defining

text: the

text: East

text: as

text: a

text: negative

text: vision

text: of

text: itself

text: as

text: its

text: inferior

text: not

text: only

text: increased

text: the

text: West

text: ’s

text: sense

text: of

text: self

text: but

text: also

text: was

text: a

text: way

text: of

text: ordering

text: the

text: East

text: and

text: making

text: it

text: known

text: to

text: the

text: West

text: so

text: that

text: it

text: could

text: be

text: dominated

text: and

text: controlled

text: The

text: discourse

text: of

text: Orientalism

text: therefore

text: served

text: as

text: an

text: ideological

text: justification

text: of

text: early

text: Western

text: imperialism

text: as

text: it

text: formed

text: a

text: body

text: of

text: knowledge

text: and

text: ideas

text: that

text: rationalized

text: social

text: cultural

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: control

text: of

text: other

text: territories

question: Orientalism refers to how the West developed a what of the East?

answer: an imaginative geography

text: an imaginative geography

answer: imaginative geography

text: imaginative geography

answer: imaginative geography

text: imaginative geography

answer: imaginative geography

text: imaginative geography

answer: imaginative geography

text: imaginative geography

question: Early Western texts referencing the East describe the people as being what?

answer: irrational and backward

text: irrational and backward

answer: them

text: them

answer: as irrational and backward

text: as irrational and backward

answer: irrational and backward

text: irrational and backward

answer: irrational and backward

text: irrational and backward

question: The West saw the East as what?

answer: inferior

text: inferior

answer: irrational and backward

text: irrational and backward

answer: its inferior

text: its inferior

answer: irrational and backward

text: irrational and backward

answer: inferior

text: inferior

question: What was used by the West to justify control over eastern territories?

answer: Orientalism

text: Orientalism

answer: inferior

text: inferior

answer: Defining the East as a negative vision of itself

text: Defining the East as a negative vision of itself

answer: Orientalism

text: Orientalism

answer: Orientalism

text: Orientalism

question: The West saw themselves as what compared to the east?

answer: progressive

text: progressive

answer: rational and progressive

text: rational and progressive

answer: rational and progressive

text: rational and progressive

answer: rational and progressive

text: rational and progressive

question: Orientalism refers to how the South developed a what of the North?

text: imaginative geography

question: Early Western texts referencing the North describe the people as being what?

text: irrational and backward

question: The North saw the South as what?

text: inferior

question: What was used by the North to justify control over western territories?

text: Orientalism

question: The North saw themselves as what compared to the east?

text: progressive


text: Norman architecture typically stands out as a new stage in the architectural history of the regions they subdued. They spread a unique Romanesque idiom to England and Italy, and the encastellation of these regions with keeps in their north French style fundamentally altered the military landscape. Their style was characterised by rounded arches, particularly over windows and doorways, and massive proportions.

title: Normans

title: Normans

text: Norman

text: architecture

text: typically

text: stands

text: out

text: as

text: a

text: new

text: stage

text: in

text: the

text: architectural

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: regions

text: they

text: subdued

text: They

text: spread

text: a

text: unique

text: Romanesque

text: idiom

text: to

text: England

text: and

text: Italy

text: and

text: the

text: encastellation

text: of

text: these

text: regions

text: with

text: keeps

text: in

text: their

text: north

text: French

text: style

text: fundamentally

text: altered

text: the

text: military

text: landscape

text: Their

text: style

text: was

text: characterised

text: by

text: rounded

text: arches

text: particularly

text: over

text: windows

text: and

text: doorways

text: and

text: massive

text: proportions

question: What is the Norman architecture idiom?

answer: Romanesque

text: Romanesque

answer: Romanesque

text: Romanesque

answer: Romanesque

text: Romanesque

question: What kind of arches does Norman architecture have?

answer: rounded

text: rounded

answer: rounded

text: rounded

answer: rounded

text: rounded

question: What type of arch did the Normans invent?

text: rounded arches


text: Some theories developed in the 1970s established possible avenues through which inequality may have a positive effect on economic development. According to a 1955 review, savings by the wealthy, if these increase with inequality, were thought to offset reduced consumer demand. A 2013 report on Nigeria suggests that growth has risen with increased income inequality. Some theories popular from the 1950s to 2011 incorrectly stated that inequality had a positive effect on economic development. Analyses based on comparing yearly equality figures to yearly growth rates were misleading because it takes several years for effects to manifest as changes to economic growth. IMF economists found a strong association between lower levels of inequality in developing countries and sustained periods of economic growth. Developing countries with high inequality have "succeeded in initiating growth at high rates for a few years" but "longer growth spells are robustly associated with more equality in the income distribution."

title: Economic_inequality

title: Economic_inequality

text: Some

text: theories

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: established

text: possible

text: avenues

text: through

text: which

text: inequality

text: may

text: have

text: a

text: positive

text: effect

text: on

text: economic

text: development

text: According

text: to

text: a

text: review

text: savings

text: by

text: the

text: wealthy

text: if

text: these

text: increase

text: with

text: inequality

text: were

text: thought

text: to

text: offset

text: reduced

text: consumer

text: demand

text: A

text: report

text: on

text: Nigeria

text: suggests

text: that

text: growth

text: has

text: risen

text: with

text: increased

text: income

text: inequality

text: Some

text: theories

text: popular

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: incorrectly

text: stated

text: that

text: inequality

text: had

text: a

text: positive

text: effect

text: on

text: economic

text: development

text: Analyses

text: based

text: on

text: comparing

text: yearly

text: equality

text: figures

text: to

text: yearly

text: growth

text: rates

text: were

text: misleading

text: because

text: it

text: takes

text: several

text: years

text: for

text: effects

text: to

text: manifest

text: as

text: changes

text: to

text: economic

text: growth

text: IMF

text: economists

text: found

text: a

text: strong

text: association

text: between

text: lower

text: levels

text: of

text: inequality

text: in

text: developing

text: countries

text: and

text: sustained

text: periods

text: of

text: economic

text: growth

text: Developing

text: countries

text: with

text: high

text: inequality

text: have

text: succeeded

text: in

text: initiating

text: growth

text: at

text: high

text: rates

text: for

text: a

text: few

text: years

text: but

text: longer

text: growth

text: spells

text: are

text: robustly

text: associated

text: with

text: more

text: equality

text: in

text: the

text: income

text: distribution

question: When were theories developed suggesting inequality may have some positive effect on economic development?

answer: the 1970s

text: the 1970s

answer: 1970s

answer: 1970s

question: According to a 1955 review, what were savings by the wealthy thought to offset?

answer: reduced consumer demand

text: reduced consumer demand

answer: reduced consumer demand

text: reduced consumer demand

answer: reduced consumer demand

text: reduced consumer demand

question: What does a 2013 report on Nigeria suggest it's growth has done?

answer: risen with increased income inequality

text: risen with increased income inequality

answer: risen

text: risen

answer: risen

text: risen

question: How long does it take for the effects to manifest as changes to economic growth?

answer: several years

text: several years

answer: several years

text: several years

answer: several years

text: several years

question: What are longer growth spells associated with?

answer: more equality in the income distribution

text: more equality in the income distribution

answer: more equality

text: more equality

answer: equality in the income distribution

text: equality in the income distribution

question: When were theories developed suggesting inequality may have some negative effect on economic development?

text: the 1970s

question: According to a 1954 review, what were savings by the wealthy thought to offset?

text: reduced consumer demand

question: What does a 2003 report on Nigeria suggest it's growth has done?

text: risen with increased income inequality

question: How long doesn't it take for the effects to manifest as changes to economic growth?

text: several years

question: What are shorter growth spells associated with?


text: One theory is that, while disobedience may be helpful, any great amount of it would undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience which is neither conscientious nor of social benefit. Therefore, conscientious lawbreakers must be punished. Michael Bayles argues that if a person violates a law in order to create a test case as to the constitutionality of a law, and then wins his case, then that act did not constitute civil disobedience. It has also been argued that breaking the law for self-gratification, as in the case of a homosexual or cannabis user who does not direct his act at securing the repeal of amendment of the law, is not civil disobedience. Likewise, a protestor who attempts to escape punishment by committing the crime covertly and avoiding attribution, or by denying having committed the crime, or by fleeing the jurisdiction, is generally viewed as not being a civil disobedient.

title: Civil_disobedience

title: Civil_disobedience

text: One

text: theory

text: is

text: that

text: while

text: disobedience

text: may

text: be

text: helpful

text: any

text: great

text: amount

text: of

text: it

text: would

text: undermine

text: the

text: law

text: by

text: encouraging

text: general

text: disobedience

text: which

text: is

text: neither

text: conscientious

text: nor

text: of

text: social

text: benefit

text: Therefore

text: conscientious

text: lawbreakers

text: must

text: be

text: punished

text: Michael

text: Bayles

text: argues

text: that

text: if

text: a

text: person

text: violates

text: a

text: law

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: test

text: case

text: as

text: to

text: the

text: constitutionality

text: of

text: a

text: law

text: and

text: then

text: wins

text: his

text: case

text: then

text: that

text: act

text: did

text: not

text: constitute

text: civil

text: disobedience

text: It

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: argued

text: that

text: breaking

text: the

text: law

text: for

text: self

text: gratification

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: a

text: homosexual

text: or

text: cannabis

text: user

text: who

text: does

text: not

text: direct

text: his

text: act

text: at

text: securing

text: the

text: repeal

text: of

text: amendment

text: of

text: the

text: law

text: is

text: not

text: civil

text: disobedience

text: Likewise

text: a

text: protestor

text: who

text: attempts

text: to

text: escape

text: punishment

text: by

text: committing

text: the

text: crime

text: covertly

text: and

text: avoiding

text: attribution

text: or

text: by

text: denying

text: having

text: committed

text: the

text: crime

text: or

text: by

text: fleeing

text: the

text: jurisdiction

text: is

text: generally

text: viewed

text: as

text: not

text: being

text: a

text: civil

text: disobedient

question: What needs to be avoided with civil disobedience?

answer: general disobedience

text: general disobedience

answer: undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience which is neither conscientious nor of social benefit

text: undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience which is neither conscientious nor of social benefit

answer: great amount of it

text: great amount of it

answer: general disobedience

text: general disobedience

answer: conscientious lawbreakers

text: conscientious lawbreakers

question: Why should disobedience by the general public be avoided?

answer: neither conscientious nor of social benefit

text: neither conscientious nor of social benefit

answer: neither conscientious nor of social benefit

text: neither conscientious nor of social benefit

answer: any great amount of it would undermine the law

text: any great amount of it would undermine the law

answer: conscientious lawbreakers

text: conscientious lawbreakers

question: What is one main reason that civil disobedience is not recognized?

answer: breaking the law for self-gratification

text: breaking the law for self-gratification

answer: breaking the law for self-gratification

text: breaking the law for self-gratification

answer: it would undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience

text: it would undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience

answer: breaking the law for self-gratification

text: breaking the law for self-gratification

question: Why should someone not commit a crime when they are protesting?

answer: not being a civil disobedient

text: not being a civil disobedient

answer: viewed as not being a civil disobedient

text: viewed as not being a civil disobedient

answer: conscientious lawbreakers must be punished

text: conscientious lawbreakers must be punished

answer: it would undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience

text: it would undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience

answer: constitute civil disobedience

text: constitute civil disobedience

question: For what reason would someone avoid crimes while protesting?

answer: avoiding attribution

text: avoiding attribution

answer: viewed as not being a civil disobedient

text: viewed as not being a civil disobedient

answer: it would undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience

text: it would undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience

answer: constitute civil disobedience

text: constitute civil disobedience

question: What does a great amount of self-gratification undermine?

text: the law

question: What should happen if you focus only on self-gratification?

text: must be punished

question: What is one reason securing an amendment of the law is not recognized?

question: What does being conscientious toward the law lead to?

text: general disobedience

question: Why should winning your case be avoided by the public?


text: Natural killer cells, or NK cells, are a component of the innate immune system which does not directly attack invading microbes. Rather, NK cells destroy compromised host cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells, recognizing such cells by a condition known as "missing self." This term describes cells with low levels of a cell-surface marker called MHC I (major histocompatibility complex) – a situation that can arise in viral infections of host cells. They were named "natural killer" because of the initial notion that they do not require activation in order to kill cells that are "missing self." For many years it was unclear how NK cells recognize tumor cells and infected cells. It is now known that the MHC makeup on the surface of those cells is altered and the NK cells become activated through recognition of "missing self". Normal body cells are not recognized and attacked by NK cells because they express intact self MHC antigens. Those MHC antigens are recognized by killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR) which essentially put the brakes on NK cells.

title: Immune_system

title: Immune_system

text: Natural

text: killer

text: cells

text: or

text: NK

text: cells

text: are

text: a

text: component

text: of

text: the

text: innate

text: immune

text: system

text: which

text: does

text: not

text: directly

text: attack

text: invading

text: microbes

text: Rather

text: NK

text: cells

text: destroy

text: compromised

text: host

text: cells

text: such

text: as

text: tumor

text: cells

text: or

text: virus

text: infected

text: cells

text: recognizing

text: such

text: cells

text: by

text: a

text: condition

text: known

text: as

text: missing

text: self

text: This

text: term

text: describes

text: cells

text: with

text: low

text: levels

text: of

text: a

text: cell

text: surface

text: marker

text: called

text: MHC

text: I

text: major

text: histocompatibility

text: complex

text: a

text: situation

text: that

text: can

text: arise

text: in

text: viral

text: infections

text: of

text: host

text: cells

text: They

text: were

text: named

text: natural

text: killer

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: initial

text: notion

text: that

text: they

text: do

text: not

text: require

text: activation

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: kill

text: cells

text: that

text: are

text: missing

text: self

text: For

text: many

text: years

text: it

text: was

text: unclear

text: how

text: NK

text: cells

text: recognize

text: tumor

text: cells

text: and

text: infected

text: cells

text: It

text: is

text: now

text: known

text: that

text: the

text: MHC

text: makeup

text: on

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: those

text: cells

text: is

text: altered

text: and

text: the

text: NK

text: cells

text: become

text: activated

text: through

text: recognition

text: of

text: missing

text: self

text: Normal

text: body

text: cells

text: are

text: not

text: recognized

text: and

text: attacked

text: by

text: NK

text: cells

text: because

text: they

text: express

text: intact

text: self

text: MHC

text: antigens

text: Those

text: MHC

text: antigens

text: are

text: recognized

text: by

text: killer

text: cell

text: immunoglobulin

text: receptors

text: KIR

text: which

text: essentially

text: put

text: the

text: brakes

text: on

text: NK

text: cells

question: What is one part of the innate immune system that doesn't attack microbes directly?

answer: Natural killer cells

text: Natural killer cells

answer: Natural killer cells

text: Natural killer cells

answer: Natural killer cells

text: Natural killer cells

question: Natural killer cells recognize cells that should be targeted by a condition known as what?

answer: missing self

text: missing self

answer: missing self

text: missing self

answer: missing self

text: missing self

question: Missing self desribes cells that only have small amounts of what cell-surface marker?

answer: MHC I (major histocompatibility complex)

text: MHC I (major histocompatibility complex)

answer: MHC I

text: MHC I

answer: MHC I (major histocompatibility complex)

text: MHC I (major histocompatibility complex)

question: MHC antigens on normal body cells are recognized by what receptor on NK cells?

answer: killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR

text: killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR

answer: killer cell immunoglobulin

text: killer cell immunoglobulin

answer: killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR)

text: killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR)

question: What part of the innate immune system directly attacks microbes?

text: Natural killer cells

question: What do NK cells protect?

text: compromised host cells

question: Why are normal body cells attacked by NK cells?

text: express intact self MHC antigens

question: How long was it clear how NK cells recognized tumors?

text: many years

question: What accelerates NK cells?

text: killer cell immunoglobulin receptors


text: Many important complexity classes can be defined by bounding the time or space used by the algorithm. Some important complexity classes of decision problems defined in this manner are the following:

title: Computational_complexity_theory

title: Computational_complexity_theory

text: Many

text: important

text: complexity

text: classes

text: can

text: be

text: defined

text: by

text: bounding

text: the

text: time

text: or

text: space

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: algorithm

text: Some

text: important

text: complexity

text: classes

text: of

text: decision

text: problems

text: defined

text: in

text: this

text: manner

text: are

text: the

text: following

question: What are two examples of measurements are bound within algorithms to establish complexity classes?

answer: time or space

text: time or space

answer: time or space

text: time or space

answer: time or space

text: time or space

question: What function is used by algorithms to define measurements like time or space?

answer: bounding

text: bounding

answer: bounding

text: bounding

answer: bounding

text: bounding

question: Bounding of time and space or similar measurements is often used by algorithms to define what?

answer: complexity classes

text: complexity classes

answer: complexity classes

text: complexity classes

answer: complexity classes

text: complexity classes

question: What cannot be defined by bounding the time or space used the the algorithm?

text: Many important complexity classes

question: What are three examples of measurement that are bound within algorithms to establish complexity classes?

text: time or space

question: What function is used by algorithms to define measurements like time and numbers?

text: bounding

question: What is often used by algorithms to measure bounding of space and atmosphere measurements?

text: complexity classes


text: Since the Peace of Westphalia, the Upper Rhine formed a contentious border between France and Germany. Establishing "natural borders" on the Rhine was a long-term goal of French foreign policy, since the Middle Ages, though the language border was – and is – far more to the west. French leaders, such as Louis XIV and Napoleon Bonaparte, tried with varying degrees of success to annex lands west of the Rhine. The Confederation of the Rhine was established by Napoleon, as a French client state, in 1806 and lasted until 1814, during which time it served as a significant source of resources and military manpower for the First French Empire. In 1840, the Rhine crisis, prompted by French prime minister Adolphe Thiers's desire to reinstate the Rhine as a natural border, led to a diplomatic crisis and a wave of nationalism in Germany.

title: Rhine

title: Rhine

text: Since

text: the

text: Peace

text: of

text: Westphalia

text: the

text: Upper

text: Rhine

text: formed

text: a

text: contentious

text: border

text: between

text: France

text: and

text: Germany

text: Establishing

text: natural

text: borders

text: on

text: the

text: Rhine

text: was

text: a

text: long

text: term

text: goal

text: of

text: French

text: foreign

text: policy

text: since

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: though

text: the

text: language

text: border

text: was

text: and

text: is

text: far

text: more

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: French

text: leaders

text: such

text: as

text: Louis

text: XIV

text: and

text: Napoleon

text: Bonaparte

text: tried

text: with

text: varying

text: degrees

text: of

text: success

text: to

text: annex

text: lands

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: The

text: Confederation

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: was

text: established

text: by

text: Napoleon

text: as

text: a

text: French

text: client

text: state

text: in

text: and

text: lasted

text: until

text: during

text: which

text: time

text: it

text: served

text: as

text: a

text: significant

text: source

text: of

text: resources

text: and

text: military

text: manpower

text: for

text: the

text: First

text: French

text: Empire

text: In

text: the

text: Rhine

text: crisis

text: prompted

text: by

text: French

text: prime

text: minister

text: Adolphe

text: Thiers

text: 's

text: desire

text: to

text: reinstate

text: the

text: Rhine

text: as

text: a

text: natural

text: border

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: diplomatic

text: crisis

text: and

text: a

text: wave

text: of

text: nationalism

text: in

text: Germany

question: What was the name of the time the Upper Rhine form a border between France and Germany?

answer: Peace of Westphalia

text: Peace of Westphalia

answer: Peace of Westphalia

text: Peace of Westphalia

answer: Peace of Westphalia

text: Peace of Westphalia

question: What was a long term goal of French foreign policy along the Rhine?

answer: Establishing "natural borders"

text: Establishing "natural borders"

answer: Establishing "natural borders"

text: Establishing "natural borders"

answer: Establishing "natural borders" on the Rhine

text: Establishing "natural borders" on the Rhine

question: Who established the Confederation of the Rhine?

answer: Napoleon

text: Napoleon

answer: Napoleon

text: Napoleon

answer: Napoleon

text: Napoleon

question: When was the confederation of the Rhine?

answer: 1806

answer: 1806

answer: 1806

question: When was the Rhine crisis?

answer: 1840

answer: 1840

answer: 1840

question: What was the name of the peaceful era between France and Germany?

text: Peace of Westphalia

question: What borders did the French complete during the Middle Ages?

text: natural borders

question: When was the Peace of Westphalia established?

question: When did the Peace of Westphalia last until?

question: When did Napoleon die?


text: While acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in human development, poverty reduction and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, it is becoming widely understood amongst the development community that special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to participate in economic growth. The effect of economic growth on poverty reduction – the growth elasticity of poverty – can depend on the existing level of inequality. For instance, with low inequality a country with a growth rate of 2% per head and 40% of its population living in poverty, can halve poverty in ten years, but a country with high inequality would take nearly 60 years to achieve the same reduction. In the words of the Secretary General of the United Nations Ban Ki-Moon: "While economic growth is necessary, it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty."

title: Economic_inequality

title: Economic_inequality

text: While

text: acknowledging

text: the

text: central

text: role

text: economic

text: growth

text: can

text: potentially

text: play

text: in

text: human

text: development

text: poverty

text: reduction

text: and

text: the

text: achievement

text: of

text: the

text: Millennium

text: Development

text: Goals

text: it

text: is

text: becoming

text: widely

text: understood

text: amongst

text: the

text: development

text: community

text: that

text: special

text: efforts

text: must

text: be

text: made

text: to

text: ensure

text: poorer

text: sections

text: of

text: society

text: are

text: able

text: to

text: participate

text: in

text: economic

text: growth

text: The

text: effect

text: of

text: economic

text: growth

text: on

text: poverty

text: reduction

text: the

text: growth

text: elasticity

text: of

text: poverty

text: can

text: depend

text: on

text: the

text: existing

text: level

text: of

text: inequality

text: For

text: instance

text: with

text: low

text: inequality

text: a

text: country

text: with

text: a

text: growth

text: rate

text: of

text: per

text: head

text: and

text: of

text: its

text: population

text: living

text: in

text: poverty

text: can

text: halve

text: poverty

text: in

text: ten

text: years

text: but

text: a

text: country

text: with

text: high

text: inequality

text: would

text: take

text: nearly

text: years

text: to

text: achieve

text: the

text: same

text: reduction

text: In

text: the

text: words

text: of

text: the

text: Secretary

text: General

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Ban

text: Ki

text: Moon

text: While

text: economic

text: growth

text: is

text: necessary

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: sufficient

text: for

text: progress

text: on

text: reducing

text: poverty

question: What needs to be made to ensure poorer members of society can participate in economic growth?

answer: special efforts

text: special efforts

answer: special efforts

text: special efforts

answer: special efforts

text: special efforts

question: What can the growth elasticity of poverty depend on?

answer: existing level of inequality

text: existing level of inequality

answer: existing level of inequality

text: existing level of inequality

answer: existing level of inequality

text: existing level of inequality

question: What does it take a country with high inequality longer to achieve?

answer: reduction

text: reduction

answer: halve poverty

text: halve poverty

answer: halve poverty

text: halve poverty

question: What was Ban Ki-Moon the Secretary General of?

answer: the United Nations

text: the United Nations

answer: United Nations

text: United Nations

answer: United Nations

text: United Nations

question: What isn't economic growth sufficient for progress on?

answer: reducing poverty

text: reducing poverty

answer: reducing poverty

text: reducing poverty

answer: reducing poverty

text: reducing poverty

question: What needs to be made to ensure richer members of society can participate in economic growth?

text: special efforts

question: What can the growth elasticity of poverty not depend on?

text: existing level of inequality

question: What doesn't it take a country with high inequality longer to achieve?

text: reduction

question: What was Ban Ki-Moon not the Secretary General of?

text: United Nations

question: What isn't economic growth insufficient for progress on?

text: reducing poverty


text: According to International Monetary Fund economists, inequality in wealth and income is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells (not the rate of growth). High levels of inequality prevent not just economic prosperity, but also the quality of a country's institutions and high levels of education. According to IMF staff economists, "if the income share of the top 20 percent (the rich) increases, then GDP growth actually declines over the medium term, suggesting that the benefits do not trickle down. In contrast, an increase in the income share of the bottom 20 percent (the poor) is associated with higher GDP growth. The poor and the middle class matter the most for growth via a number of interrelated economic, social, and political channels."

title: Economic_inequality

title: Economic_inequality

text: According

text: to

text: International

text: Monetary

text: Fund

text: economists

text: inequality

text: in

text: wealth

text: and

text: income

text: is

text: negatively

text: correlated

text: with

text: the

text: duration

text: of

text: economic

text: growth

text: spells

text: not

text: the

text: rate

text: of

text: growth

text: High

text: levels

text: of

text: inequality

text: prevent

text: not

text: just

text: economic

text: prosperity

text: but

text: also

text: the

text: quality

text: of

text: a

text: country

text: 's

text: institutions

text: and

text: high

text: levels

text: of

text: education

text: According

text: to

text: IMF

text: staff

text: economists

text: if

text: the

text: income

text: share

text: of

text: the

text: top

text: percent

text: the

text: rich

text: increases

text: then

text: GDP

text: growth

text: actually

text: declines

text: over

text: the

text: medium

text: term

text: suggesting

text: that

text: the

text: benefits

text: do

text: not

text: trickle

text: down

text: In

text: contrast

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: income

text: share

text: of

text: the

text: bottom

text: percent

text: the

text: poor

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: higher

text: GDP

text: growth

text: The

text: poor

text: and

text: the

text: middle

text: class

text: matter

text: the

text: most

text: for

text: growth

text: via

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: interrelated

text: economic

text: social

text: and

text: political

text: channels

question: What is negatively correlated to the duration of economic growth?

answer: inequality in wealth and income

text: inequality in wealth and income

answer: inequality in wealth and income

text: inequality in wealth and income

answer: wealth and income

text: wealth and income

question: What do high levels of inequality  prevent beyond economic prosperity?

answer: quality of a country's institutions

text: quality of a country's institutions

answer: quality of a country's institutions and high levels of education

text: quality of a country's institutions and high levels of education

answer: quality of a country's institutions and high levels of education

text: quality of a country's institutions and high levels of education

question: What happens to the GDP growth of a country if the income share of the top 20 percent increases, according to IMF staff economists?

answer: declines

text: declines

answer: declines

text: declines

answer: declines

text: declines

question: What does an increase in the income share of the bottom 20 percent of people of a society result in?

answer: higher GDP growth

text: higher GDP growth

answer: higher GDP growth

text: higher GDP growth

answer: higher GDP growth

text: higher GDP growth

question: Who matters the most for economic growth?

answer: The poor and the middle class

text: The poor and the middle class

answer: The poor and the middle class

text: The poor and the middle class

answer: poor and the middle class

text: poor and the middle class

question: What is positively correlated to the duration of economic growth?

text: inequality in wealth and income

question: What do low levels of inequality prevent beyond economic prosperity?

text: quality of a country's institutions

question: What happens to the GDP growth of a country if the income share of the top 20 percent decreases, according to IMF staff economists?

text: declines

question: What does an decrease in the income share of the bottom 20 percent of people of a society result in?

text: higher GDP growth

question: Who matters the least for economic growth?

text: The poor and the middle class


text: This vibrant and culturally diverse area of retail businesses and residences experienced a renewal after a significant decline in the late 1960s and 1970s.[citation needed] After decades of neglect and suburban flight, the neighborhood revival followed the re-opening of the Tower Theatre in the late 1970s, which at that time showed second and third run movies, along with classic films. Roger Rocka's Dinner Theater & Good Company Players also opened nearby in 1978,[citation needed] at Olive and Wishon Avenues. Fresno native Audra McDonald performed in the leading roles of Evita and The Wiz at the theater while she was a high school student. McDonald subsequently became a leading performer on Broadway in New York City and a Tony award winning actress. Also in the Tower District is Good Company Players' 2nd Space Theatre.

title: Fresno,_California

title: Fresno,_California

text: This

text: vibrant

text: and

text: culturally

text: diverse

text: area

text: of

text: retail

text: businesses

text: and

text: residences

text: experienced

text: a

text: renewal

text: after

text: a

text: significant

text: decline

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: needed

text: After

text: decades

text: of

text: neglect

text: and

text: suburban

text: flight

text: the

text: neighborhood

text: revival

text: followed

text: the

text: re

text: opening

text: of

text: the

text: Tower

text: Theatre

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: which

text: at

text: that

text: time

text: showed

text: second

text: and

text: third

text: run

text: movies

text: along

text: with

text: classic

text: films

text: Roger

text: Rocka

text: 's

text: Dinner

text: Theater

text: Good

text: Company

text: Players

text: also

text: opened

text: nearby

text: in

text: needed

text: at

text: Olive

text: and

text: Wishon

text: Avenues

text: Fresno

text: native

text: Audra

text: McDonald

text: performed

text: in

text: the

text: leading

text: roles

text: of

text: Evita

text: and

text: The

text: Wiz

text: at

text: the

text: theater

text: while

text: she

text: was

text: a

text: high

text: school

text: student

text: McDonald

text: subsequently

text: became

text: a

text: leading

text: performer

text: on

text: Broadway

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: and

text: a

text: Tony

text: award

text: winning

text: actress

text: Also

text: in

text: the

text: Tower

text: District

text: is

text: Good

text: Company

text: Players

text: Space

text: Theatre

question: During what period did the Tower Theatre re-open?

answer: late 1970s

text: late 1970s

answer: late 1970s

text: late 1970s

answer: late 1970s

text: late 1970s

question: After its re-opening, which types of movies did the Tower Theatre show?

answer: second and third run movies, along with classic films

text: second and third run movies, along with classic films

answer: second and third run movies

text: second and third run movies

answer: second and third run

text: second and third run

question: In what year did Roger Rocka's Dinner Theater & Good Company Players open?

answer: 1978

answer: 1978

answer: 1978

question: Where is Audra McDonald from?

answer: Fresno

text: Fresno

answer: Fresno

text: Fresno

answer: Fresno

text: Fresno

question: Which two leading roles did Audra McDonald perform when she was in high school?

answer: Evita and The Wiz

text: Evita and The Wiz

answer: Evita and The Wiz

text: Evita and The Wiz

answer: Evita and The Wiz

text: Evita and The Wiz

question: When was the Tower Theater closed?

text: the late 1960s

question: What did Roger Rocka's Dinner Theater & Good Company Players show?

question: What year did Audra McDonald perform the roles of Evita and The Wiz?

question: What type of award did Roger Rocka win?

text: Tony

question: Who reopened Tower Theatre?

text: Roger Rocka


text: Neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land. Within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor (worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord). Thus, in a market economy, inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions.

title: Economic_inequality

title: Economic_inequality

text: Neoclassical

text: economics

text: views

text: inequalities

text: in

text: the

text: distribution

text: of

text: income

text: as

text: arising

text: from

text: differences

text: in

text: value

text: added

text: by

text: labor

text: capital

text: and

text: land

text: Within

text: labor

text: income

text: distribution

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: differences

text: in

text: value

text: added

text: by

text: different

text: classifications

text: of

text: workers

text: In

text: this

text: perspective

text: wages

text: and

text: profits

text: are

text: determined

text: by

text: the

text: marginal

text: value

text: added

text: of

text: each

text: economic

text: actor

text: worker

text: capitalist

text: business

text: owner

text: landlord

text: Thus

text: in

text: a

text: market

text: economy

text: inequality

text: is

text: a

text: reflection

text: of

text: the

text: productivity

text: gap

text: between

text: highly

text: paid

text: professions

text: and

text: lower

text: paid

text: professions

question: What philosophy of thought  addresses wealth inequality?

answer: Neoclassical economics

text: Neoclassical economics

answer: Neoclassical economics

text: Neoclassical economics

answer: Neoclassical economics

text: Neoclassical economics

question: What is income inequality attributed to?

answer: differences in value added by labor, capital and land

text: differences in value added by labor, capital and land

answer: differences in value added by labor, capital and land

text: differences in value added by labor, capital and land

answer: differences in value added by different classifications of workers

text: differences in value added by different classifications of workers

question: What impacts distribution of wealth when evaluating labor?

answer: different classifications of workers

text: different classifications of workers

answer: differences in value added by different classifications of workers

text: differences in value added by different classifications of workers

answer: differences in value added by different classifications of workers

text: differences in value added by different classifications of workers

question: What is the term that describes the difference between what higher paid and lower paid professionals earn?

answer: productivity gap

text: productivity gap

answer: productivity gap

text: productivity gap

answer: productivity gap

text: productivity gap

question: How is income determined in a market with variously skilled workers?

answer: marginal value added of each economic actor

text: marginal value added of each economic actor

answer: differences in value

text: differences in value

answer: marginal value added of each economic actor

text: marginal value added of each economic actor

question: What did Neoclassical economics view the inequality in the distribution of income as being from?

answer: differences in value added by labor, capital and land

text: differences in value added by labor, capital and land

answer: differences in value added by labor, capital and land

text: differences in value added by labor, capital and land

answer: differences in value added by labor, capital and land

text: differences in value added by labor, capital and land

question: What is distribution of income from labor due to the differences of?

answer: value added by different classifications of workers

text: value added by different classifications of workers

answer: value added by labor, capital and land

text: value added by labor, capital and land

answer: value added

text: value added

question: What does the marginal value added by an economic actor determine?

answer: wages and profits

text: wages and profits

answer: wages and profits

text: wages and profits

answer: wages and profits

text: wages and profits

question: What are examples of economic actors?

answer: worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord

text: worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord

answer: worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord

text: worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord

answer: worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord

text: worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord

question: In a market economy, what is inequality a reflection of?

answer: productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions

text: productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions

answer: productivity gap

text: productivity gap

answer: productivity gap

text: productivity gap

question: What philosophy of thought addresses wealth equality?

text: Neoclassical economics

question: What is income inequality not attributed to?

question: What impacts distribution of wealth when not evaluating labor?

text: different classifications of workers

question: What is the term that describes the indifference between what higher paid and lower paid professionals earn?

text: productivity gap

question: How is income determined in a market with variously unskilled workers?


text: Notable alumni in the field of government and politics include the founder of modern community organizing Saul Alinsky, Obama campaign advisor and top political advisor to President Bill Clinton David Axelrod, Attorney General and federal judge Robert Bork, Attorney General Ramsey Clark, Prohibition agent Eliot Ness, Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens, Prime Minister of Canada William Lyon Mackenzie King, 11th Prime Minister of Poland Marek Belka, Governor of the Bank of Japan Masaaki Shirakawa, the first female African-American Senator Carol Moseley Braun, United States Senator from Vermont and 2016 Democratic Presidential Candidate Bernie Sanders, and former World Bank President Paul Wolfowitz.

title: University_of_Chicago

title: University_of_Chicago

text: Notable

text: alumni

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: politics

text: include

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: modern

text: community

text: organizing

text: Saul

text: Alinsky

text: Obama

text: campaign

text: advisor

text: and

text: top

text: political

text: advisor

text: to

text: President

text: Bill

text: Clinton

text: David

text: Axelrod

text: Attorney

text: General

text: and

text: federal

text: judge

text: Robert

text: Bork

text: Attorney

text: General

text: Ramsey

text: Clark

text: Prohibition

text: agent

text: Eliot

text: Ness

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: Justice

text: John

text: Paul

text: Stevens

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: of

text: Canada

text: William

text: Lyon

text: Mackenzie

text: King

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: of

text: Poland

text: Marek

text: Belka

text: Governor

text: of

text: the

text: Bank

text: of

text: Japan

text: Masaaki

text: Shirakawa

text: the

text: first

text: female

text: African

text: American

text: Senator

text: Carol

text: Moseley

text: Braun

text: United

text: States

text: Senator

text: from

text: Vermont

text: and

text: Democratic

text: Presidential

text: Candidate

text: Bernie

text: Sanders

text: and

text: former

text: World

text: Bank

text: President

text: Paul

text: Wolfowitz

question: Who is the founder of modern community organizing?

answer: Saul Alinsky

text: Saul Alinsky

answer: Saul Alinsky

text: Saul Alinsky

answer: Saul Alinsky

text: Saul Alinsky

question: What alumni was also Obama's campaign adviser?

answer: David Axelrod

text: David Axelrod

answer: David Axelrod

text: David Axelrod

answer: David Axelrod

text: David Axelrod

question: What alumni was also an Attorney General and a federal judge?

answer: Robert Bork

text: Robert Bork

answer: Robert Bork

text: Robert Bork

answer: Robert Bork

text: Robert Bork

question: What alumni is also the Governor of the Bank of Japan?

answer: Masaaki Shirakawa

text: Masaaki Shirakawa

answer: Masaaki Shirakawa

text: Masaaki Shirakawa

answer: Masaaki Shirakawa

text: Masaaki Shirakawa

question: What prohibition agent was also an alumni at the university?

answer: Eliot Ness

text: Eliot Ness

answer: Eliot Ness

text: Eliot Ness

answer: Eliot Ness

text: Eliot Ness

question: Who is the Attorney General and Obama Campaign advisor?

text: Robert Bork

question: Who serves as Attorney General as well as top political advisor to the President?

text: Bill Clinton David Axelrod

question: Who is the 12th Prime Minister of Poland?

text: Marek Belka

question: Who is the Governor of the Bank of Justice?

text: Masaaki Shirakawa

question: Who is the first Japanese Senator?

text: Carol Moseley Braun


text: Orange County is a rapidly developing business center that includes Downtown Santa Ana, the South Coast Metro and Newport Center districts; as well as the Irvine business centers of The Irvine Spectrum, West Irvine, and international corporations headquartered at the University of California, Irvine. West Irvine includes the Irvine Tech Center and Jamboree Business Parks.

title: Southern_California

title: Southern_California

text: Orange

text: County

text: is

text: a

text: rapidly

text: developing

text: business

text: center

text: that

text: includes

text: Downtown

text: Santa

text: Ana

text: the

text: South

text: Coast

text: Metro

text: and

text: Newport

text: Center

text: districts

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Irvine

text: business

text: centers

text: of

text: The

text: Irvine

text: Spectrum

text: West

text: Irvine

text: and

text: international

text: corporations

text: headquartered

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: Irvine

text: West

text: Irvine

text: includes

text: the

text: Irvine

text: Tech

text: Center

text: and

text: Jamboree

text: Business

text: Parks

question: Which county is developing its business center?

answer: Orange

text: Orange

answer: Orange County

text: Orange County

answer: Orange County

text: Orange County

question: Where are international corporations headquartered?

answer: University of California, Irvine

text: University of California, Irvine

answer: the University of California, Irvine

text: the University of California, Irvine

answer: University of California

text: University of California

question: Jamboree Business Parks belongs to which business center?

answer: West Irvine

text: West Irvine

answer: West Irvine

text: West Irvine

answer: West Irvine

text: West Irvine

question: What other business district does Orange County envelop outside of Downtown Santa Ana and Newport Center?

answer: South Coast Metro

text: South Coast Metro

answer: the South Coast Metro

text: the South Coast Metro

answer: South Coast Metro

text: South Coast Metro

question: At what rate is Orange County developing its business centers?

answer: rapidly

text: rapidly

answer: rapidly

text: rapidly

answer: rapidly

text: rapidly

question: What county does the rapidly developing downtown Santa Ana include?

text: Orange County

question: What districts does downtown Santa Ana include?

question: What locations are headquartered at the California University at Irvine?

question: What includes Irvine Center Tech and Business Jamboree Parks?

text: West Irvine


text: Some of the income was dispensed in the form of aid to other underdeveloped nations whose economies had been caught between higher oil prices and lower prices for their own export commodities, amid shrinking Western demand. Much went for arms purchases that exacerbated political tensions, particularly in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia spent over 100 billion dollars in the ensuing decades for helping spread its fundamentalist interpretation of Islam, known as Wahhabism, throughout the world, via religious charities such al-Haramain Foundation, which often also distributed funds to violent Sunni extremist groups such as Al-Qaeda and the Taliban.

title: 1973_oil_crisis

title: 1973_oil_crisis

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: income

text: was

text: dispensed

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: aid

text: to

text: other

text: underdeveloped

text: nations

text: whose

text: economies

text: had

text: been

text: caught

text: between

text: higher

text: oil

text: prices

text: and

text: lower

text: prices

text: for

text: their

text: own

text: export

text: commodities

text: amid

text: shrinking

text: Western

text: demand

text: Much

text: went

text: for

text: arms

text: purchases

text: that

text: exacerbated

text: political

text: tensions

text: particularly

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: spent

text: over

text: billion

text: dollars

text: in

text: the

text: ensuing

text: decades

text: for

text: helping

text: spread

text: its

text: fundamentalist

text: interpretation

text: of

text: Islam

text: known

text: as

text: Wahhabism

text: throughout

text: the

text: world

text: via

text: religious

text: charities

text: such

text: al

text: Haramain

text: Foundation

text: which

text: often

text: also

text: distributed

text: funds

text: to

text: violent

text: Sunni

text: extremist

text: groups

text: such

text: as

text: Al

text: Qaeda

text: and

text: the

text: Taliban

question: How much did Saudi Arabia spend on spreading Wahhabism?

answer: over 100 billion dollars

text: over 100 billion dollars

answer: over 100 billion dollars

text: over 100 billion dollars

answer: over 100 billion dollars

text: over 100 billion dollars

answer: over 100 billion dollars

text: over 100 billion dollars

answer: 100 billion dollars

text: 100 billion dollars

question: Which group benefited from the funds distributed by the religious charity, al-Haramain Foundation?

answer: Al-Qaeda and the Taliban

text: Al-Qaeda and the Taliban

answer: violent Sunni extremist groups such as Al-Qaeda and the Taliban

text: violent Sunni extremist groups such as Al-Qaeda and the Taliban

answer: Al-Qaeda and the Taliban

text: Al-Qaeda and the Taliban

answer: Al-Qaeda and the Taliban

text: Al-Qaeda and the Taliban

answer: Al-Qaeda and the Taliban

text: Al-Qaeda and the Taliban

question: Some of the income went to the purchase of arms which exacerbated political tension especially in which area?

answer: Middle East

text: Middle East

answer: Middle East

text: Middle East

answer: Middle East

text: Middle East

answer: Middle East

text: Middle East

answer: Middle East

text: Middle East

question: What is one of the reason that underdeveloped nations received aid from the oil income?

answer: shrinking Western demand

text: shrinking Western demand

answer: shrinking Western demand

text: shrinking Western demand

answer: economies had been caught between higher oil prices and lower prices for their own export commodities

text: economies had been caught between higher oil prices and lower prices for their own export commodities

answer: economies had been caught between higher oil prices and lower prices for their own export commodities

text: economies had been caught between higher oil prices and lower prices for their own export commodities

answer: shrinking Western demand

text: shrinking Western demand

question: What is a fundamentalist interpretation of Islam called?

answer: Wahhabism

text: Wahhabism

answer: Wahhabism

text: Wahhabism

answer: Wahhabism

text: Wahhabism

answer: Wahhabism

text: Wahhabism

answer: Wahhabism

text: Wahhabism

question: How much did Saudi Arabia spend on Western demand for oil?

text: over 100 billion dollars

question: Some of the export commodities that were used for oil purchases helped create tensions where?

text: Middle East

question: When did Saudi Arabia spend 100 billion on oil prices?

text: in the ensuing decades

question: What is a fundamentalist interpretation of al-Haramain called?

text: Wahhabism

question: What is one reason that Al-Qaeda received aid from Sunni extremists?

text: shrinking Western demand


text: A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself. A natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because 1 and 5 are its only positive integer factors, whereas 6 is composite because it has the divisors 2 and 3 in addition to 1 and 6. The fundamental theorem of arithmetic establishes the central role of primes in number theory: any integer greater than 1 can be expressed as a product of primes that is unique up to ordering. The uniqueness in this theorem requires excluding 1 as a prime because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization, e.g., 3, 1 · 3, 1 · 1 · 3, etc. are all valid factorizations of 3.

title: Prime_number

title: Prime_number

text: A

text: prime

text: number

text: or

text: a

text: prime

text: is

text: a

text: natural

text: number

text: greater

text: than

text: that

text: has

text: no

text: positive

text: divisors

text: other

text: than

text: and

text: itself

text: A

text: natural

text: number

text: greater

text: than

text: that

text: is

text: not

text: a

text: prime

text: number

text: is

text: called

text: a

text: composite

text: number

text: For

text: example

text: is

text: prime

text: because

text: and

text: are

text: its

text: only

text: positive

text: integer

text: factors

text: whereas

text: is

text: composite

text: because

text: it

text: has

text: the

text: divisors

text: and

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: and

text: The

text: fundamental

text: theorem

text: of

text: arithmetic

text: establishes

text: the

text: central

text: role

text: of

text: primes

text: in

text: number

text: theory

text: any

text: integer

text: greater

text: than

text: can

text: be

text: expressed

text: as

text: a

text: product

text: of

text: primes

text: that

text: is

text: unique

text: up

text: to

text: ordering

text: The

text: uniqueness

text: in

text: this

text: theorem

text: requires

text: excluding

text: as

text: a

text: prime

text: because

text: one

text: can

text: include

text: arbitrarily

text: many

text: instances

text: of

text: in

text: any

text: factorization

text: e.g.

text: etc

text: are

text: all

text: valid

text: factorizations

text: of

question: What is the only divisor besides 1 that a prime number can have?

answer: itself

text: itself

answer: itself

text: itself

answer: itself

text: itself

answer: itself

text: itself

answer: itself

text: itself

question: What are numbers greater than 1 that can be divided by 3 or more numbers called?

answer: composite number

text: composite number

answer: composite number

text: composite number

answer: composite number

text: composite number

answer: primes

text: primes

question: What theorem defines the main role of primes in number theory?

answer: The fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: The fundamental theorem of arithmetic

answer: fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: fundamental theorem of arithmetic

answer: arithmetic

text: arithmetic

answer: fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: fundamental theorem of arithmetic

answer: fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: fundamental theorem of arithmetic

question: Any number larger than 1 can be represented as a product of what?

answer: a product of primes

text: a product of primes

answer: product of primes that is unique up to ordering

text: product of primes that is unique up to ordering

answer: primes

text: primes

answer: primes

text: primes

answer: primes that is unique up to ordering

text: primes that is unique up to ordering

question: Why must one be excluded in order to preserve the uniqueness of the fundamental theorem?

answer: because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization

text: because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization

answer: one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization

text: one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization

answer: can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization

text: can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization

answer: one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization

text: one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization

answer: because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization

text: because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization

question: What is the only divisor besides 1 that a product can have?

text: itself

question: What are numbers greater than 1 that can be divided by 6 or more numbers called?

text: composite number

question: What can any number larger than 6 can be represented as?

text: The fundamental theorem of arithmetic

question: A number larger than -3 can be represented as a product of what?

text: a product of primes

question: Why must -1 be excluded in order to preserve the uniqueness of the fundamental theorem?


text: The neighborhood of Sunnyside is on Fresno's far southeast side, bounded by Chestnut Avenue to the West. Its major thoroughfares are Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue. Although parts of Sunnyside are within the City of Fresno, much of the neighborhood is a "county island" within Fresno County. Largely developed in the 1950s through the 1970s, it has recently experienced a surge in new home construction. It is also the home of the Sunnyside Country Club, which maintains a golf course designed by William P. Bell.

title: Fresno,_California

title: Fresno,_California

text: The

text: neighborhood

text: of

text: Sunnyside

text: is

text: on

text: Fresno

text: 's

text: far

text: southeast

text: side

text: bounded

text: by

text: Chestnut

text: Avenue

text: to

text: the

text: West

text: Its

text: major

text: thoroughfares

text: are

text: Kings

text: Canyon

text: Avenue

text: and

text: Clovis

text: Avenue

text: Although

text: parts

text: of

text: Sunnyside

text: are

text: within

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Fresno

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: neighborhood

text: is

text: a

text: county

text: island

text: within

text: Fresno

text: County

text: Largely

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: through

text: the

text: it

text: has

text: recently

text: experienced

text: a

text: surge

text: in

text: new

text: home

text: construction

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: home

text: of

text: the

text: Sunnyside

text: Country

text: Club

text: which

text: maintains

text: a

text: golf

text: course

text: designed

text: by

text: William

text: P.

text: Bell

question: Where is the neighborhood of Sunnyside located in Fresno?

answer: Fresno's far southeast side

text: Fresno's far southeast side

answer: far southeast side

text: far southeast side

answer: far southeast side

text: far southeast side

question: What are the two major thoroughfares of Sunnyside?

answer: Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue

text: Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue

answer: Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue

text: Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue

answer: Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue

text: Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue

question: When was most of Sunnside developed?

answer: 1950s through the 1970s

text: 1950s through the 1970s

answer: 1950s through the 1970s

text: 1950s through the 1970s

answer: 1950s through the 1970s

text: 1950s through the 1970s

question: Where is the home of the Sunnyside Country Club?

answer: Sunnyside

text: Sunnyside

answer: Sunnyside

text: Sunnyside

answer: Sunnyside

text: Sunnyside

question: Who designed the golf course located at the Sunnyside Country Club?

answer: William P. Bell

text: William P. Bell

answer: William P. Bell

text: William P. Bell

answer: William P. Bell

text: William P. Bell

question: Who designed Sunnyside?

text: William P. Bell

question: What decade was the country club built in?

question: What avenue is to the west of the golf course?

text: Chestnut Avenue

question: Kings Canyon Avenue is on the southeast side of what?

text: The neighborhood of Sunnyside

question: Chestnut Avenue goes through what?

text: The neighborhood of Sunnyside


text: While most Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription, some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription. Many customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe. However, this practice has been criticized as potentially dangerous, especially by those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication. There also have been reports of such pharmacies dispensing substandard products.

title: Pharmacy

title: Pharmacy

text: While

text: most

text: Internet

text: pharmacies

text: sell

text: prescription

text: drugs

text: and

text: require

text: a

text: valid

text: prescription

text: some

text: Internet

text: pharmacies

text: sell

text: prescription

text: drugs

text: without

text: requiring

text: a

text: prescription

text: Many

text: customers

text: order

text: drugs

text: from

text: such

text: pharmacies

text: to

text: avoid

text: the

text: inconvenience

text: of

text: visiting

text: a

text: doctor

text: or

text: to

text: obtain

text: medications

text: which

text: their

text: doctors

text: were

text: unwilling

text: to

text: prescribe

text: However

text: this

text: practice

text: has

text: been

text: criticized

text: as

text: potentially

text: dangerous

text: especially

text: by

text: those

text: who

text: feel

text: that

text: only

text: doctors

text: can

text: reliably

text: assess

text: contraindications

text: risk

text: benefit

text: ratios

text: and

text: an

text: individual

text: 's

text: overall

text: suitability

text: for

text: use

text: of

text: a

text: medication

text: There

text: also

text: have

text: been

text: reports

text: of

text: such

text: pharmacies

text: dispensing

text: substandard

text: products

question: Why might customers order from internet pharmacies?

answer: to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe

text: to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe

answer: avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor

text: avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor

answer: avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe

text: avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe

question: Who has criticized ordering from online pharmacies that don't require prescriptions?

answer: those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication.

text: those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication.

answer: by those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication

text: by those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication

answer: those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication

text: those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication

question: What is a criticism of online pharmacies that issue drugs without a prescription?

answer: dispensing substandard products

text: dispensing substandard products

answer: potentially dangerous

text: potentially dangerous

answer: reports of such pharmacies dispensing substandard products

text: reports of such pharmacies dispensing substandard products

question: What practice do some internet pharmacies engage in?

answer: sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription

text: sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription

answer: sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription

text: sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription

answer: some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription

text: some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription

question: What do most online pharmacies do?

answer: sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription

text: sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription

answer: sell prescription drugs

text: sell prescription drugs

answer: sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription

text: sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription

question: Why might customers not order from internet pharmacies?

question: What do no online pharmacies allow?

question: What is a requirement of online pharmacies that issue drugs without a prescription?

text: dispensing substandard products

question: What practice do all internet pharmacies avoid?


text: Throughout its existence, Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city. According to the 1901 census, out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2% were Catholics, 35.7% Jews, 5% Greek orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants. Eight years later, in 1909, there were 281,754 Jews (36.9%), 18,189 Protestants (2.4%) and 2,818 Mariavites (0.4%). This led to construction of hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town. Most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. After the war, the new communist authorities of Poland discouraged church construction and only a small number were rebuilt.

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: Throughout

text: its

text: existence

text: Warsaw

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: multi

text: cultural

text: city

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: census

text: out

text: of

text: inhabitants

text: were

text: Catholics

text: Jews

text: Greek

text: orthodox

text: Christians

text: and

text: Protestants

text: Eight

text: years

text: later

text: in

text: there

text: were

text: Jews

text: Protestants

text: and

text: Mariavites

text: This

text: led

text: to

text: construction

text: of

text: hundreds

text: of

text: places

text: of

text: religious

text: worship

text: in

text: all

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: town

text: Most

text: of

text: them

text: were

text: destroyed

text: in

text: the

text: aftermath

text: of

text: the

text: Warsaw

text: Uprising

text: of

text: After

text: the

text: war

text: the

text: new

text: communist

text: authorities

text: of

text: Poland

text: discouraged

text: church

text: construction

text: and

text: only

text: a

text: small

text: number

text: were

text: rebuilt

question: What type of city has Warsaw been for as long as it's been a city?

answer: multi-cultural

text: multi-cultural

answer: multi-cultural city

text: multi-cultural city

answer: multi-cultural

text: multi-cultural

question: What was Warsaw's population in 1901?

answer: 711,988

answer: 711,988

answer: 711,988

question: Of Warsaw's inhabitants in 1901, what percentage was Catholic?

answer: 56.2%

answer: 35.7

answer: 56.2%

question: What percentage of Warsaw's population was Protestant in 1901?

answer: 2.8%

answer: 2.8

answer: 2.8%

question: When were most of the places of religious worship destroyed in Warsaw?

answer: 1944

answer: 1944

answer: 1944

question: What type of city has Berlin been for as long as it's been a city?

text: multi-cultural

question: What was Berlin's population in 1901?

question: Of Poland's inhabitants in 1901, what percentage was Catholic?

question: What percentage of Poland's population was Protestant in 1901?

question: When were most of the places of religious worship destroyed in Poland?


text: In addition to the negative consequences of sleep deprivation, sleep and the intertwined circadian system have been shown to have strong regulatory effects on immunological functions affecting both the innate and the adaptive immunity. First, during the early slow-wave-sleep stage, a sudden drop in blood levels of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine induce increased blood levels of the hormones leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin. These signals induce a pro-inflammatory state through the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1, interleukin-12, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. These cytokines then stimulate immune functions such as immune cells activation, proliferation, and differentiation. It is during this time that undifferentiated, or less differentiated, like naïve and central memory T cells, peak (i.e. during a time of a slowly evolving adaptive immune response). In addition to these effects, the milieu of hormones produced at this time (leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin) support the interactions between APCs and T-cells, a shift of the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance towards one that supports Th1, an increase in overall Th cell proliferation, and naïve T cell migration to lymph nodes. This milieu is also thought to support the formation of long-lasting immune memory through the initiation of Th1 immune responses.

title: Immune_system

title: Immune_system

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: negative

text: consequences

text: of

text: sleep

text: deprivation

text: sleep

text: and

text: the

text: intertwined

text: circadian

text: system

text: have

text: been

text: shown

text: to

text: have

text: strong

text: regulatory

text: effects

text: on

text: immunological

text: functions

text: affecting

text: both

text: the

text: innate

text: and

text: the

text: adaptive

text: immunity

text: First

text: during

text: the

text: early

text: slow

text: wave

text: sleep

text: stage

text: a

text: sudden

text: drop

text: in

text: blood

text: levels

text: of

text: cortisol

text: epinephrine

text: and

text: norepinephrine

text: induce

text: increased

text: blood

text: levels

text: of

text: the

text: hormones

text: leptin

text: pituitary

text: growth

text: hormone

text: and

text: prolactin

text: These

text: signals

text: induce

text: a

text: pro

text: inflammatory

text: state

text: through

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: the

text: pro

text: inflammatory

text: cytokines

text: TNF

text: alpha

text: and

text: IFN

text: gamma

text: These

text: cytokines

text: then

text: stimulate

text: immune

text: functions

text: such

text: as

text: immune

text: cells

text: activation

text: proliferation

text: and

text: differentiation

text: It

text: is

text: during

text: this

text: time

text: that

text: undifferentiated

text: or

text: less

text: differentiated

text: like

text: naïve

text: and

text: central

text: memory

text: T

text: cells

text: peak

text: i.e.

text: during

text: a

text: time

text: of

text: a

text: slowly

text: evolving

text: adaptive

text: immune

text: response

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: these

text: effects

text: the

text: milieu

text: of

text: hormones

text: produced

text: at

text: this

text: time

text: leptin

text: pituitary

text: growth

text: hormone

text: and

text: prolactin

text: support

text: the

text: interactions

text: between

text: APCs

text: and

text: T

text: cells

text: a

text: shift

text: of

text: the

text: cytokine

text: balance

text: towards

text: one

text: that

text: supports

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: overall

text: Th

text: cell

text: proliferation

text: and

text: naïve

text: T

text: cell

text: migration

text: to

text: lymph

text: nodes

text: This

text: milieu

text: is

text: also

text: thought

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: long

text: lasting

text: immune

text: memory

text: through

text: the

text: initiation

text: of

text: immune

text: responses

question: Drop in the blood levels of cortisol and epinephrine results in increase levels of what hormones?

answer: leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin

text: leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin

answer: leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin

text: leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin

answer: leptin

text: leptin

question: Hormones released during sleep support the interaction of T-cells and what species?

answer: APCs

text: APCs

answer: APCs

text: APCs

answer: APCs

text: APCs

question: Sleep hormones shift the cytokine balance to which cytokine?

answer: Th1

answer: one that supports Th1

text: one that supports Th1

question: Sleep hormone release supports formation of immune memory by initiating what immune response?

answer: Th1 immune responses

text: Th1 immune responses

answer: Th1

answer: Th1 immune responses

text: Th1 immune responses

question: What does sleep have no effect on?

text: immunological functions

question: What rises during early slow-wave-sleep stage?

question: What slows down immune functions during sleep?

text: cytokines

question: What hormones are produced mostly when awake?

question: What do hormones produced during this time stop from interacting?

text: APCs and T-cells