text: From Italy, the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350. It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy, then spread to Bjørgvin (modern Bergen) and Iceland. Finally it spread to northwestern Russia in 1351. The plague was somewhat less common in parts of Europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours, including the Kingdom of Poland, the majority of the Basque Country, isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands, and isolated alpine villages throughout the continent.

title: Black_Death

title: Black_Death

text: From

text: Italy

text: the

text: disease

text: spread

text: northwest

text: across

text: Europe

text: striking

text: France

text: Spain

text: Portugal

text: and

text: England

text: by

text: June

text: then

text: turned

text: and

text: spread

text: east

text: through

text: Germany

text: and

text: Scandinavia

text: from

text: to

text: It

text: was

text: introduced

text: in

text: Norway

text: in

text: when

text: a

text: ship

text: landed

text: at

text: Askøy

text: then

text: spread

text: to

text: Bjørgvin

text: modern

text: Bergen

text: and

text: Iceland

text: Finally

text: it

text: spread

text: to

text: northwestern

text: Russia

text: in

text: The

text: plague

text: was

text: somewhat

text: less

text: common

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: Europe

text: that

text: had

text: smaller

text: trade

text: relations

text: with

text: their

text: neighbours

text: including

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Poland

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: Basque

text: Country

text: isolated

text: parts

text: of

text: Belgium

text: and

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: and

text: isolated

text: alpine

text: villages

text: throughout

text: the

text: continent

question: Which direction did the disease first move in?

answer: northwest across Europe

text: northwest across Europe

answer: northwest

text: northwest

answer: northwest

text: northwest

question: Which country was the last to receive the disease?

answer: northwestern Russia

text: northwestern Russia

answer: Russia

text: Russia

answer: Russia

text: Russia

question: What types of European groups were able to avoid the plague?

answer: parts of Europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours

text: parts of Europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours

answer: smaller trade relations with their neighbours

text: smaller trade relations with their neighbours

answer: smaller trade relations with their neighbours

text: smaller trade relations with their neighbours

question: Where was the disease spreading between 1348 and 1350?

answer: Germany and Scandinavia

text: Germany and Scandinavia

answer: Germany and Scandinavia

text: Germany and Scandinavia

answer: Germany and Scandinavia

text: Germany and Scandinavia

question: When did a plague-ridden ship land in Norway?

answer: 1349

answer: 1349

answer: 1349

question: In what month and year did the Black Death spread into France?

text: June 1348

question: What country's ship landed at Oskoy?

text: Portugal

question: In what year did the Black Death spread into Iceland?

question: Who did the Kingdom of Poland trade with?

text: England

question: What was one of the countries that had isolated alpine villages?

text: Spain


text:
Breathing pure O
2 in space applications, such as in some modern space suits, or in early spacecraft such as Apollo, causes no damage due to the low total pressures used. In the case of spacesuits, the O
2 partial pressure in the breathing gas is, in general, about 30 kPa (1.4 times normal), and the resulting O
2 partial pressure in the astronaut's arterial blood is only marginally more than normal sea-level O
2 partial pressure (for more information on this, see space suit and arterial blood gas).

title: Oxygen

title: Oxygen

text: Breathing

text: pure

text: O

text: in

text: space

text: applications

text: such

text: as

text: in

text: some

text: modern

text: space

text: suits

text: or

text: in

text: early

text: spacecraft

text: such

text: as

text: Apollo

text: causes

text: no

text: damage

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: low

text: total

text: pressures

text: used

text: In

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: spacesuits

text: the

text: O

text: partial

text: pressure

text: in

text: the

text: breathing

text: gas

text: is

text: in

text: general

text: about

text: kPa

text: times

text: normal

text: and

text: the

text: resulting

text: O

text: partial

text: pressure

text: in

text: the

text: astronaut

text: 's

text: arterial

text: blood

text: is

text: only

text: marginally

text: more

text: than

text: normal

text: sea

text: level

text: O

text: partial

text: pressure

text: for

text: more

text: information

text: on

text: this

text: see

text: space

text: suit

text: and

text: arterial

text: blood

text: gas

question: Why is breathing oxygen in space craft not dangerous to health?

answer: low total pressures

text: low total pressures

answer: low total pressures used

text: low total pressures used

answer: low total pressures

text: low total pressures

answer: low total pressures

text: low total pressures

answer: the low total pressures used

text: the low total pressures used

question: What is the oxygen partial pressure of space suits?

answer: 30 kPa

text: 30 kPa

answer: about 30 kPa

text: about 30 kPa

answer: about 30 kPa

text: about 30 kPa

answer: 30 kPa

text: 30 kPa

answer: about 30 kPa (1.4 times normal)

text: about 30 kPa (1.4 times normal)

question: How much of normal is the oxygen breathed in space suits?

answer: 1.4 times normal

text: 1.4 times normal

answer: 1.4 times

text: 1.4 times

answer: 1.4 times

text: 1.4 times

answer: 1.4 times normal

text: 1.4 times normal

answer: 1.4 times normal

text: 1.4 times normal

question: What si the comparison to sea level with the oxygen level in space suits?

answer: only marginally more

text: only marginally more

answer: marginally more than normal

text: marginally more than normal

answer: marginally more

text: marginally more

answer: marginally more

text: marginally more

answer: only marginally more

text: only marginally more

question: How much damage does breathing oxygen in space conditions cause?

answer: no damage

text: no damage

answer: no damage

text: no damage

answer: no

text: no

answer: no

text: no

answer: no damage

text: no damage

question: What damage was caused by breathing pure O in space applications?

text: no damage

question: Why was no damage caused by breathing pure O in space applications?

text: due to the low total pressures used.

question: What measures at 1.4 kPa?

question: What is the partial pressure of O in breathing gas?

text: 30 kPa


text: Since its invention in 1269, the 'Phags-pa script, a unified script for spelling Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese languages, was preserved in the court until the end of the dynasty. Most of the Emperors could not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse well in the language. The Mongol custom of long standing quda/marriage alliance with Mongol clans, the Onggirat, and the Ikeres, kept the imperial blood purely Mongol until the reign of Tugh Temur, whose mother was a Tangut concubine. The Mongol Emperors had built large palaces and pavilions, but some still continued to live as nomads at times. Nevertheless, a few other Yuan emperors actively sponsored cultural activities; an example is Tugh Temur (Emperor Wenzong), who wrote poetry, painted, read Chinese classical texts, and ordered the compilation of books.

title: Yuan_dynasty

title: Yuan_dynasty

text: Since

text: its

text: invention

text: in

text: the

text: Phags

text: pa

text: script

text: a

text: unified

text: script

text: for

text: spelling

text: Mongolian

text: Tibetan

text: and

text: Chinese

text: languages

text: was

text: preserved

text: in

text: the

text: court

text: until

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: dynasty

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: Emperors

text: could

text: not

text: master

text: written

text: Chinese

text: but

text: they

text: could

text: generally

text: converse

text: well

text: in

text: the

text: language

text: The

text: Mongol

text: custom

text: of

text: long

text: standing

text: quda

text: marriage

text: alliance

text: with

text: Mongol

text: clans

text: the

text: Onggirat

text: and

text: the

text: Ikeres

text: kept

text: the

text: imperial

text: blood

text: purely

text: Mongol

text: until

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Tugh

text: Temur

text: whose

text: mother

text: was

text: a

text: Tangut

text: concubine

text: The

text: Mongol

text: Emperors

text: had

text: built

text: large

text: palaces

text: and

text: pavilions

text: but

text: some

text: still

text: continued

text: to

text: live

text: as

text: nomads

text: at

text: times

text: Nevertheless

text: a

text: few

text: other

text: Yuan

text: emperors

text: actively

text: sponsored

text: cultural

text: activities

text: an

text: example

text: is

text: Tugh

text: Temur

text: Emperor

text: Wenzong

text: who

text: wrote

text: poetry

text: painted

text: read

text: Chinese

text: classical

text: texts

text: and

text: ordered

text: the

text: compilation

text: of

text: books

question: When was Phags-pa script invented?

answer: 1269

answer: 1269

answer: 1269

question: Which languages used the Phags-pa script?

answer: Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese

text: Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese

answer: Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese

text: Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese

answer: Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese

text: Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese

question: How well did the Mongol Emperors know Chinese?

answer: could not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse well

text: could not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse well

answer: could not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse well

text: could not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse well

answer: well

text: well

question: The mother of which emperor was a concubine?

answer: Tugh Temur

text: Tugh Temur

answer: Tugh Temur

text: Tugh Temur

answer: Tugh Temur

text: Tugh Temur

question: What was Tugh's Chinese-style name?

answer: Emperor Wenzong

text: Emperor Wenzong

answer: Emperor Wenzong

text: Emperor Wenzong

answer: Wenzong

text: Wenzong

question: When was Phags-pa script destroyed?

question: Which languages rejected the Phags-pa script?

text: Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese

question: How poorly did the Mongol Emperors know spoken Chinese?

text: converse well in the language

question: The father of which emperor was a concubine?

text: Tugh Temur

question: What was Tugh's Japanese-style name?

text: Emperor Wenzong


text: Although it is generally accepted that EU law has primacy, not all EU laws give citizens standing to bring claims: that is, not all EU laws have "direct effect". In Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen it was held that the provisions of the Treaties (and EU Regulations) are directly effective, if they are (1) clear and unambiguous (2) unconditional, and (3) did not require EU or national authorities to take further action to implement them. Van Gend en Loos, a postal company, claimed that what is now TFEU article 30 prevented the Dutch Customs Authorities charging tariffs, when it imported urea-formaldehyde plastics from Germany to the Netherlands. After a Dutch court made a reference, the Court of Justice held that even though the Treaties did not "expressly" confer a right on citizens or companies to bring claims, they could do so. Historically, international treaties had only allowed states to have legal claims for their enforcement, but the Court of Justice proclaimed "the Community constitutes a new legal order of international law". Because article 30 clearly, unconditionally and immediately stated that no quantitative restrictions could be placed on trade, without a good justification, Van Gend en Loos could recover the money it paid for the tariff. EU Regulations are the same as Treaty provisions in this sense, because as TFEU article 288 states, they are ‘directly applicable in all Member States’. Moreover, member states comes under a duty not to replicate Regulations in their own law, in order to prevent confusion. For instance, in Commission v Italy the Court of Justice held that Italy had breached a duty under the Treaties, both by failing to operate a scheme to pay farmers a premium to slaughter cows (to reduce dairy overproduction), and by reproducing the rules in a decree with various additions. "Regulations," held the Court of Justice, "come into force solely by virtue of their publication" and implementation could have the effect of "jeopardizing their simultaneous and uniform application in the whole of the Union." On the other hand, some Regulations may themselves expressly require implementing measures, in which case those specific rules should be followed.

title: European_Union_law

title: European_Union_law

text: Although

text: it

text: is

text: generally

text: accepted

text: that

text: EU

text: law

text: has

text: primacy

text: not

text: all

text: EU

text: laws

text: give

text: citizens

text: standing

text: to

text: bring

text: claims

text: that

text: is

text: not

text: all

text: EU

text: laws

text: have

text: direct

text: effect

text: In

text: Van

text: Gend

text: en

text: Loos

text: v

text: Nederlandse

text: Administratie

text: der

text: Belastingen

text: it

text: was

text: held

text: that

text: the

text: provisions

text: of

text: the

text: Treaties

text: and

text: EU

text: Regulations

text: are

text: directly

text: effective

text: if

text: they

text: are

text: clear

text: and

text: unambiguous

text: unconditional

text: and

text: did

text: not

text: require

text: EU

text: or

text: national

text: authorities

text: to

text: take

text: further

text: action

text: to

text: implement

text: them

text: Van

text: Gend

text: en

text: Loos

text: a

text: postal

text: company

text: claimed

text: that

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: TFEU

text: article

text: prevented

text: the

text: Dutch

text: Customs

text: Authorities

text: charging

text: tariffs

text: when

text: it

text: imported

text: urea

text: formaldehyde

text: plastics

text: from

text: Germany

text: to

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: After

text: a

text: Dutch

text: court

text: made

text: a

text: reference

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: held

text: that

text: even

text: though

text: the

text: Treaties

text: did

text: not

text: expressly

text: confer

text: a

text: right

text: on

text: citizens

text: or

text: companies

text: to

text: bring

text: claims

text: they

text: could

text: do

text: so

text: Historically

text: international

text: treaties

text: had

text: only

text: allowed

text: states

text: to

text: have

text: legal

text: claims

text: for

text: their

text: enforcement

text: but

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: proclaimed

text: the

text: Community

text: constitutes

text: a

text: new

text: legal

text: order

text: of

text: international

text: law

text: Because

text: article

text: clearly

text: unconditionally

text: and

text: immediately

text: stated

text: that

text: no

text: quantitative

text: restrictions

text: could

text: be

text: placed

text: on

text: trade

text: without

text: a

text: good

text: justification

text: Van

text: Gend

text: en

text: Loos

text: could

text: recover

text: the

text: money

text: it

text: paid

text: for

text: the

text: tariff

text: EU

text: Regulations

text: are

text: the

text: same

text: as

text: Treaty

text: provisions

text: in

text: this

text: sense

text: because

text: as

text: TFEU

text: article

text: states

text: they

text: are

text: directly

text: applicable

text: in

text: all

text: Member

text: States’

text: Moreover

text: member

text: states

text: comes

text: under

text: a

text: duty

text: not

text: to

text: replicate

text: Regulations

text: in

text: their

text: own

text: law

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: prevent

text: confusion

text: For

text: instance

text: in

text: Commission

text: v

text: Italy

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: held

text: that

text: Italy

text: had

text: breached

text: a

text: duty

text: under

text: the

text: Treaties

text: both

text: by

text: failing

text: to

text: operate

text: a

text: scheme

text: to

text: pay

text: farmers

text: a

text: premium

text: to

text: slaughter

text: cows

text: to

text: reduce

text: dairy

text: overproduction

text: and

text: by

text: reproducing

text: the

text: rules

text: in

text: a

text: decree

text: with

text: various

text: additions

text: Regulations

text: held

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: come

text: into

text: force

text: solely

text: by

text: virtue

text: of

text: their

text: publication

text: and

text: implementation

text: could

text: have

text: the

text: effect

text: of

text: jeopardizing

text: their

text: simultaneous

text: and

text: uniform

text: application

text: in

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: the

text: Union

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: some

text: Regulations

text: may

text: themselves

text: expressly

text: require

text: implementing

text: measures

text: in

text: which

text: case

text: those

text: specific

text: rules

text: should

text: be

text: followed

question: In which case was it held that the provisions of the treaties are directly effective if they are clear, unconditional, and don't require further action by EU or national authorities?

answer: Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen

text: Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen

answer: Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen

text: Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen

answer: Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen

text: Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen

question: Which TEFU article states that no quantitative restrictions can be placed on trade?

answer: article 30

text: article 30

answer: TFEU article 30

text: TFEU article 30

answer: TFEU article 30

text: TFEU article 30

question: What type of company is Van Gend en Loos?

answer: a postal company

text: a postal company

answer: a postal company

text: a postal company

answer: a postal company

text: a postal company

question: What are EU Regulations essentially the same as in the case mentioned?

answer: Treaty provisions

text: Treaty provisions

answer: EU Regulations are the same as Treaty provisions in this sense, because as TFEU article 288 states, they are ‘directly applicable in all Member States’

text: EU Regulations are the same as Treaty provisions in this sense, because as TFEU article 288 states, they are ‘directly applicable in all Member States’

answer: they are ‘directly applicable in all Member States’

text: they are ‘directly applicable in all Member States’

question: What is generally not accepted about EU law?

text: has primacy

question: Who could not recover the money it paid for the tariff?

text: Van Gend en Loos

question: What does TFEU article not state?


text: Consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen review (i.e. "cognitive services") than on actual dispensing of drugs. Consultant pharmacists most typically work in nursing homes, but are increasingly branching into other institutions and non-institutional settings. Traditionally consultant pharmacists were usually independent business owners, though in the United States many now work for several large pharmacy management companies (primarily Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica). This trend may be gradually reversing as consultant pharmacists begin to work directly with patients, primarily because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings. Some community pharmacies employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services.

title: Pharmacy

title: Pharmacy

text: Consultant

text: pharmacy

text: practice

text: focuses

text: more

text: on

text: medication

text: regimen

text: review

text: i.e.

text: cognitive

text: services

text: than

text: on

text: actual

text: dispensing

text: of

text: drugs

text: Consultant

text: pharmacists

text: most

text: typically

text: work

text: in

text: nursing

text: homes

text: but

text: are

text: increasingly

text: branching

text: into

text: other

text: institutions

text: and

text: non

text: institutional

text: settings

text: Traditionally

text: consultant

text: pharmacists

text: were

text: usually

text: independent

text: business

text: owners

text: though

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: many

text: now

text: work

text: for

text: several

text: large

text: pharmacy

text: management

text: companies

text: primarily

text: Omnicare

text: Kindred

text: Healthcare

text: and

text: PharMerica

text: This

text: trend

text: may

text: be

text: gradually

text: reversing

text: as

text: consultant

text: pharmacists

text: begin

text: to

text: work

text: directly

text: with

text: patients

text: primarily

text: because

text: many

text: elderly

text: people

text: are

text: now

text: taking

text: numerous

text: medications

text: but

text: continue

text: to

text: live

text: outside

text: of

text: institutional

text: settings

text: Some

text: community

text: pharmacies

text: employ

text: consultant

text: pharmacists

text: and/or

text: provide

text: consulting

text: services

question: What is consultant pharmacy mainly concerned with?

answer: medication regimen review

text: medication regimen review

answer: medication regimen review

text: medication regimen review

answer: medication regimen review

text: medication regimen review

question: Where do a majority of consultant pharmacists tend to work?

answer: nursing homes

text: nursing homes

answer: nursing homes

text: nursing homes

answer: nursing homes

text: nursing homes

question: What are some large pharmacy management companies?

answer: Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica

text: Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica

answer: Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica

text: Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica

answer: Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica

text: Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica

question: What is the main reason consulting pharmacists are increasingly working directly with patients?

answer: because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings

text: because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings

answer: many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings

text: many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings

answer: many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings

text: many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings

question: What do some community pharmacies do?

answer: employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services

text: employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services

answer: employ consultant pharmacists

text: employ consultant pharmacists

answer: employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services

text: employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services

question: What is consultant pharmacy not concerned with?

text: medication regimen review

question: Where do a minority of consultant pharmacists tend to work?

text: nursing homes

question: What are some small pharmacy management companies?

question: What is the secondary reason consulting pharmacists are increasingly working directly with patients?

question: What do no community pharmacies do?


text: Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure. Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser, while construction typically takes place on location for a known client. Construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries. Construction starts with planning,[citation needed] design, and financing and continues until the project is built and ready for use.

title: Construction

title: Construction

text: Construction

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: constructing

text: a

text: building

text: or

text: infrastructure

text: Construction

text: differs

text: from

text: manufacturing

text: in

text: that

text: manufacturing

text: typically

text: involves

text: mass

text: production

text: of

text: similar

text: items

text: without

text: a

text: designated

text: purchaser

text: while

text: construction

text: typically

text: takes

text: place

text: on

text: location

text: for

text: a

text: known

text: client

text: Construction

text: as

text: an

text: industry

text: comprises

text: six

text: to

text: nine

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: gross

text: domestic

text: product

text: of

text: developed

text: countries

text: Construction

text: starts

text: with

text: planning,[citation

text: needed

text: design

text: and

text: financing

text: and

text: continues

text: until

text: the

text: project

text: is

text: built

text: and

text: ready

text: for

text: use

question: What is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure?

answer: Construction

text: Construction

answer: Construction

text: Construction

answer: Construction

text: Construction

question: What typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser?

answer: manufacturing

text: manufacturing

answer: manufacturing

text: manufacturing

answer: manufacturing

text: manufacturing

question: What percentile of gross domestic product is construction comprised of?

answer: six to nine percent

text: six to nine percent

answer: six to nine percent

text: six to nine percent

answer: six to nine percent

text: six to nine percent

question: What three things are needed for construction to take place?

answer: planning,[citation needed] design, and financing

text: planning,[citation needed] design, and financing

answer: planning,[citation needed] design, and financing

text: planning,[citation needed] design, and financing

answer: planning,[citation needed] design, and financing and continues until the project is built

text: planning,[citation needed] design, and financing and continues until the project is built

question: Construction takes place on location for who?

answer: a known client

text: a known client

answer: client

text: client

answer: known client

text: known client

question: What involves limited production with a designated purchase?

text: manufacturing

question: What usually takes place on location for an unknown client?

text: Construction

question: What does comprise 69 percent of?

question: What three things are recommended before construction begins?

question: Where does manufacturing take place?

text: on location

question: How much of a developed countries GDP does manufacturing comprise?

text: six to nine percent

question: What involves mass production of similar items without designated planning?

text: manufacturing

question: How long does the process of manufacturing continue?

question: What three things do you need for manufacturing to happen?


text: BSkyB initially charged additional subscription fees for using a Sky+ PVR with their service; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels. This changed as from 1 July 2007, and now customers that have Sky+ and subscribe to any BSkyB subscription package get Sky+ included at no extra charge. Customers that do not subscribe to BSkyB's channels can still pay a monthly fee to enable Sky+ functions. In January 2010 BSkyB discontinued the Sky+ Box, limited the standard Sky Box to Multiroom upgrade only and started to issue the Sky+HD Box as standard, thus giving all new subscribers the functions of Sky+. In February 2011 BSkyB discontinued the non-HD variant of its Multiroom box, offering a smaller version of the SkyHD box without Sky+ functionality. In September 2007, Sky launched a new TV advertising campaign targeting Sky+ at women. As of 31 March 2008, Sky had 3,393,000 Sky+ users.

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom)

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom

text: BSkyB

text: initially

text: charged

text: additional

text: subscription

text: fees

text: for

text: using

text: a

text: Sky+

text: PVR

text: with

text: their

text: service

text: waiving

text: the

text: charge

text: for

text: subscribers

text: whose

text: package

text: included

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: premium

text: channels

text: This

text: changed

text: as

text: from

text: July

text: and

text: now

text: customers

text: that

text: have

text: Sky+

text: and

text: subscribe

text: to

text: any

text: BSkyB

text: subscription

text: package

text: get

text: Sky+

text: included

text: at

text: no

text: extra

text: charge

text: Customers

text: that

text: do

text: not

text: subscribe

text: to

text: BSkyB

text: 's

text: channels

text: can

text: still

text: pay

text: a

text: monthly

text: fee

text: to

text: enable

text: Sky+

text: functions

text: In

text: January

text: BSkyB

text: discontinued

text: the

text: Sky+

text: Box

text: limited

text: the

text: standard

text: Sky

text: Box

text: to

text: Multiroom

text: upgrade

text: only

text: and

text: started

text: to

text: issue

text: the

text: Sky+HD

text: Box

text: as

text: standard

text: thus

text: giving

text: all

text: new

text: subscribers

text: the

text: functions

text: of

text: Sky+

text: In

text: February

text: BSkyB

text: discontinued

text: the

text: non

text: HD

text: variant

text: of

text: its

text: Multiroom

text: box

text: offering

text: a

text: smaller

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: SkyHD

text: box

text: without

text: Sky+

text: functionality

text: In

text: September

text: Sky

text: launched

text: a

text: new

text: TV

text: advertising

text: campaign

text: targeting

text: Sky+

text: at

text: women

text: As

text: of

text: March

text: Sky

text: had

text: Sky+

text: users

question: What service did BSkyB chare additional subscription fees for?

answer: Sky+ PVR

text: Sky+ PVR

answer: Sky+ PVR

text: Sky+ PVR

answer: Sky+ PVR

text: Sky+ PVR

question: When did Sky launch a TV advertising campaign target towards women?

answer: September 2007

text: September 2007

answer: September 2007

text: September 2007

answer: March 2008

text: March 2008

question: WHat allows customers to get Sky+ functions if they do not subscribe to BSkyB's channels?

answer: monthly fee

text: monthly fee

answer: a monthly fee

text: a monthly fee

answer: SkyHD box

text: SkyHD box

question: When did BSkyB discontinue the Sky+ Box?

answer: January 2010

text: January 2010

answer: In January 2010

text: In January 2010

answer: February 2011

text: February 2011

question: What replaced the Sky+Box?

answer: Sky+HD Box

text: Sky+HD Box

answer: Sky+HD Box

text: Sky+HD Box

answer: Sky+HD Box

text: Sky+HD Box

question: What service did BSkyB give away for free unconditionally?

text: Sky+ PVR

question: When did Sky launch a TV advertising campaign target towards men?

text: September 2007

question: What isn't required by customers to get Sky+ functions if they do not subscribe to BSkyB's channels?

text: monthly fee

question: When did BSkyB upgrade the Sky+ Box?

text: January 2010

question: What replaced the Sky+HD Box?

text: Sky+ Box


text: A deterministic Turing machine is the most basic Turing machine, which uses a fixed set of rules to determine its future actions. A probabilistic Turing machine is a deterministic Turing machine with an extra supply of random bits. The ability to make probabilistic decisions often helps algorithms solve problems more efficiently. Algorithms that use random bits are called randomized algorithms. A non-deterministic Turing machine is a deterministic Turing machine with an added feature of non-determinism, which allows a Turing machine to have multiple possible future actions from a given state. One way to view non-determinism is that the Turing machine branches into many possible computational paths at each step, and if it solves the problem in any of these branches, it is said to have solved the problem. Clearly, this model is not meant to be a physically realizable model, it is just a theoretically interesting abstract machine that gives rise to particularly interesting complexity classes. For examples, see non-deterministic algorithm.

title: Computational_complexity_theory

title: Computational_complexity_theory

text: A

text: deterministic

text: Turing

text: machine

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: basic

text: Turing

text: machine

text: which

text: uses

text: a

text: fixed

text: set

text: of

text: rules

text: to

text: determine

text: its

text: future

text: actions

text: A

text: probabilistic

text: Turing

text: machine

text: is

text: a

text: deterministic

text: Turing

text: machine

text: with

text: an

text: extra

text: supply

text: of

text: random

text: bits

text: The

text: ability

text: to

text: make

text: probabilistic

text: decisions

text: often

text: helps

text: algorithms

text: solve

text: problems

text: more

text: efficiently

text: Algorithms

text: that

text: use

text: random

text: bits

text: are

text: called

text: randomized

text: algorithms

text: A

text: non

text: deterministic

text: Turing

text: machine

text: is

text: a

text: deterministic

text: Turing

text: machine

text: with

text: an

text: added

text: feature

text: of

text: non

text: determinism

text: which

text: allows

text: a

text: Turing

text: machine

text: to

text: have

text: multiple

text: possible

text: future

text: actions

text: from

text: a

text: given

text: state

text: One

text: way

text: to

text: view

text: non

text: determinism

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: Turing

text: machine

text: branches

text: into

text: many

text: possible

text: computational

text: paths

text: at

text: each

text: step

text: and

text: if

text: it

text: solves

text: the

text: problem

text: in

text: any

text: of

text: these

text: branches

text: it

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: solved

text: the

text: problem

text: Clearly

text: this

text: model

text: is

text: not

text: meant

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: physically

text: realizable

text: model

text: it

text: is

text: just

text: a

text: theoretically

text: interesting

text: abstract

text: machine

text: that

text: gives

text: rise

text: to

text: particularly

text: interesting

text: complexity

text: classes

text: For

text: examples

text: see

text: non

text: deterministic

text: algorithm

question: What is generally considered to be the most basic iteration of a Turing machine?

answer: A deterministic Turing machine

text: A deterministic Turing machine

answer: deterministic

text: deterministic

answer: deterministic Turing machine

text: deterministic Turing machine

question: What fixed set of factors determine the actions of a deterministic Turing machine

answer: rules

text: rules

answer: rules

text: rules

answer: a fixed set of rules to determine its future actions

text: a fixed set of rules to determine its future actions

question: What is the term used to identify a deterministic Turing machine that has additional random bits?

answer: A probabilistic Turing machine

text: A probabilistic Turing machine

answer: probabilistic

text: probabilistic

answer: probabilistic Turing machine

text: probabilistic Turing machine

question: What type of Turing machine is capable of multiple actions and extends into a variety of computational paths?

answer: A non-deterministic Turing machine

text: A non-deterministic Turing machine

answer: non-deterministic

text: non-deterministic

answer: non-deterministic Turing machine

text: non-deterministic Turing machine

question: What is the term given to algorithms that utilize random bits?

answer: randomized algorithms

text: randomized algorithms

answer: randomized algorithms

text: randomized algorithms

answer: randomized algorithms

text: randomized algorithms

question: What uses a flexible set of rules to determine its future actions?

text: deterministic Turing machine

question: What is a deterministic Turing machine with an extra supply of random ribbons?

text: probabilistic Turing machine

question: What does not often help algorithms solve problems more efficiently?

question: Which machine allows the machine to have multiple possible past actions from a given state?

text: non-deterministic Turing machine

question: How is one way that one should not view non-determinism?


text: In October 2010, the open-access scientific journal PLoS Pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death following the disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for Y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe that were associated archaeologically with the Black Death and subsequent resurgences. The authors concluded that this new research, together with prior analyses from the south of France and Germany, ". . . ends the debate about the etiology of the Black Death, and unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages".

title: Black_Death

title: Black_Death

text: In

text: October

text: the

text: open

text: access

text: scientific

text: journal

text: PLoS

text: Pathogens

text: published

text: a

text: paper

text: by

text: a

text: multinational

text: team

text: who

text: undertook

text: a

text: new

text: investigation

text: into

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: Yersinia

text: pestis

text: in

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

text: following

text: the

text: disputed

text: identification

text: by

text: Drancourt

text: and

text: Raoult

text: in

text: They

text: assessed

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: DNA

text: RNA

text: with

text: Polymerase

text: Chain

text: Reaction

text: PCR

text: techniques

text: for

text: Y.

text: pestis

text: from

text: the

text: tooth

text: sockets

text: in

text: human

text: skeletons

text: from

text: mass

text: graves

text: in

text: northern

text: central

text: and

text: southern

text: Europe

text: that

text: were

text: associated

text: archaeologically

text: with

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

text: and

text: subsequent

text: resurgences

text: The

text: authors

text: concluded

text: that

text: this

text: new

text: research

text: together

text: with

text: prior

text: analyses

text: from

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: Germany

text: ends

text: the

text: debate

text: about

text: the

text: etiology

text: of

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

text: and

text: unambiguously

text: demonstrates

text: that

text: Y.

text: pestis

text: was

text: the

text: causative

text: agent

text: of

text: the

text: epidemic

text: plague

text: that

text: devastated

text: Europe

text: during

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

question: When did the Plos Pathogens paper come out?

answer: In October 2010

text: In October 2010

answer: October 2010

text: October 2010

answer: October 2010

text: October 2010

question: What was the Plos Pathogens paper about?

answer: a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death

text: a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death

answer: role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death

text: role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death

answer: the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death

text: the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death

question: How did scientists assess the DNA/RNA of yersinia pestis?

answer: with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

text: with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

answer: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques

text: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques

answer: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques

text: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques

question: Where did scientists find their Y. pestis sample?

answer: from the tooth sockets in human skeletons

text: from the tooth sockets in human skeletons

answer: mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe

text: mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe

answer: tooth sockets in human skeletons

text: tooth sockets in human skeletons

question: What does the plos pathogen paper claim?

answer: unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague

text: unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague

answer: Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague

text: Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague

answer: Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages

text: Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages

question: In what year was PloS Pathogens first published?

question: In what country is PloS Pathogens headquartered?

text: France

question: In what year were Polymerase Chain Reactions first used by researchers?

question: What scientific journal in France published a prior analysis of the Black Death?

text: PLoS Pathogens

question: In what month was Drancourt and Raoult's research published in 1998?

text: October


text: At present, the branches Waal and Nederrijn-Lek discharge to the North Sea, through the former Meuse estuary, near Rotterdam. The river IJssel branch flows to the north and enters the IJsselmeer, formerly the Zuider Zee brackish lagoon; however, since 1932, a freshwater lake. The discharge of the Rhine is divided among three branches: the River Waal (6/9 of total discharge), the River Nederrijn – Lek (2/9 of total discharge) and the River IJssel (1/9 of total discharge). This discharge distribution has been maintained since 1709, by river engineering works, including the digging of the Pannerdens canal and since the 20th century, with the help of weirs in the Nederrijn river.

title: Rhine

title: Rhine

text: At

text: present

text: the

text: branches

text: Waal

text: and

text: Nederrijn

text: Lek

text: discharge

text: to

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: through

text: the

text: former

text: Meuse

text: estuary

text: near

text: Rotterdam

text: The

text: river

text: IJssel

text: branch

text: flows

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: enters

text: the

text: IJsselmeer

text: formerly

text: the

text: Zuider

text: Zee

text: brackish

text: lagoon

text: however

text: since

text: a

text: freshwater

text: lake

text: The

text: discharge

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: is

text: divided

text: among

text: three

text: branches

text: the

text: River

text: Waal

text: of

text: total

text: discharge

text: the

text: River

text: Nederrijn

text: Lek

text: of

text: total

text: discharge

text: and

text: the

text: River

text: IJssel

text: of

text: total

text: discharge

text: This

text: discharge

text: distribution

text: has

text: been

text: maintained

text: since

text: by

text: river

text: engineering

text: works

text: including

text: the

text: digging

text: of

text: the

text: Pannerdens

text: canal

text: and

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: with

text: the

text: help

text: of

text: weirs

text: in

text: the

text: Nederrijn

text: river

question: Where do the branches Waal and Nederrijn-Lek discharge to?

answer: North Sea

text: North Sea

answer: North Sea

text: North Sea

answer: North Sea

text: North Sea

answer: North Sea

text: North Sea

question: What do the Waal and the Nederrijn-Lek discharge throguh?

answer: Meuse estuary

text: Meuse estuary

answer: Meuse estuary

text: Meuse estuary

answer: Meuse estuary

text: Meuse estuary

answer: Meuse estuary

text: Meuse estuary

question: Where does the Ijssel branch flow?

answer: IJsselmeer

text: IJsselmeer

answer: IJsselmeer

text: IJsselmeer

answer: IJsselmeer

text: IJsselmeer

answer: IJsselmeer

text: IJsselmeer

question: What did the Zuider Zee brackish lagoon change into?

answer: freshwater lake

text: freshwater lake

answer: freshwater lake

text: freshwater lake

answer: freshwater lake

text: freshwater lake

answer: freshwater lake

text: freshwater lake

question: How many branches does the Rhine branch into?

answer: three

text: three

answer: three

text: three

answer: three

text: three

answer: three

text: three

question: Where does the North Sea discharge into?

text: the branches Waal and Nederrijn-Lek

question: When was the Zuider Zee brackish lagoon discovered?

question: What year did they stop digging the Pannerdens canal?

question: How many branches does the Zuider Zee brackish lagoon have?

text: three branches

question: In what century did the North Sea discharge into the Nederrijn river?

text: 20th century


text: Since its foundation, the Treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement. Reflecting the economic nature of the project, the European Community originally focused upon free movement of workers: as a "factor of production". However, from the 1970s, this focus shifted towards developing a more "social" Europe. Free movement was increasingly based on "citizenship", so that people had rights to empower them to become economically and socially active, rather than economic activity being a precondition for rights. This means the basic "worker" rights in TFEU article 45 function as a specific expression of the general rights of citizens in TFEU articles 18 to 21. According to the Court of Justice, a "worker" is anybody who is economically active, which includes everyone in an employment relationship, "under the direction of another person" for "remuneration". A job, however, need not be paid in money for someone to be protected as a worker. For example, in Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie, a German man claimed the right to residence in the Netherlands, while he volunteered plumbing and household duties in the Bhagwan community, which provided for everyone's material needs irrespective of their contributions. The Court of Justice held that Mr Steymann was entitled to stay, so long as there was at least an "indirect quid pro quo" for the work he did. Having "worker" status means protection against all forms of discrimination by governments, and employers, in access to employment, tax, and social security rights. By contrast a citizen, who is "any person having the nationality of a Member State" (TFEU article 20(1)), has rights to seek work, vote in local and European elections, but more restricted rights to claim social security. In practice, free movement has become politically contentious as nationalist political parties have manipulated fears about immigrants taking away people's jobs and benefits (paradoxically at the same time). Nevertheless, practically "all available research finds little impact" of "labour mobility on wages and employment of local workers".

title: European_Union_law

title: European_Union_law

text: Since

text: its

text: foundation

text: the

text: Treaties

text: sought

text: to

text: enable

text: people

text: to

text: pursue

text: their

text: life

text: goals

text: in

text: any

text: country

text: through

text: free

text: movement

text: Reflecting

text: the

text: economic

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: project

text: the

text: European

text: Community

text: originally

text: focused

text: upon

text: free

text: movement

text: of

text: workers

text: as

text: a

text: factor

text: of

text: production

text: However

text: from

text: the

text: this

text: focus

text: shifted

text: towards

text: developing

text: a

text: more

text: social

text: Europe

text: Free

text: movement

text: was

text: increasingly

text: based

text: on

text: citizenship

text: so

text: that

text: people

text: had

text: rights

text: to

text: empower

text: them

text: to

text: become

text: economically

text: and

text: socially

text: active

text: rather

text: than

text: economic

text: activity

text: being

text: a

text: precondition

text: for

text: rights

text: This

text: means

text: the

text: basic

text: worker

text: rights

text: in

text: TFEU

text: article

text: function

text: as

text: a

text: specific

text: expression

text: of

text: the

text: general

text: rights

text: of

text: citizens

text: in

text: TFEU

text: articles

text: to

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: a

text: worker

text: is

text: anybody

text: who

text: is

text: economically

text: active

text: which

text: includes

text: everyone

text: in

text: an

text: employment

text: relationship

text: under

text: the

text: direction

text: of

text: another

text: person

text: for

text: remuneration

text: A

text: job

text: however

text: need

text: not

text: be

text: paid

text: in

text: money

text: for

text: someone

text: to

text: be

text: protected

text: as

text: a

text: worker

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: Steymann

text: v

text: Staatssecretaris

text: van

text: Justitie

text: a

text: German

text: man

text: claimed

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: residence

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: while

text: he

text: volunteered

text: plumbing

text: and

text: household

text: duties

text: in

text: the

text: Bhagwan

text: community

text: which

text: provided

text: for

text: everyone

text: 's

text: material

text: needs

text: irrespective

text: of

text: their

text: contributions

text: The

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: held

text: that

text: Mr

text: Steymann

text: was

text: entitled

text: to

text: stay

text: so

text: long

text: as

text: there

text: was

text: at

text: least

text: an

text: indirect

text: quid

text: pro

text: quo

text: for

text: the

text: work

text: he

text: did

text: Having

text: worker

text: status

text: means

text: protection

text: against

text: all

text: forms

text: of

text: discrimination

text: by

text: governments

text: and

text: employers

text: in

text: access

text: to

text: employment

text: tax

text: and

text: social

text: security

text: rights

text: By

text: contrast

text: a

text: citizen

text: who

text: is

text: any

text: person

text: having

text: the

text: nationality

text: of

text: a

text: Member

text: State

text: TFEU

text: article

text: has

text: rights

text: to

text: seek

text: work

text: vote

text: in

text: local

text: and

text: European

text: elections

text: but

text: more

text: restricted

text: rights

text: to

text: claim

text: social

text: security

text: In

text: practice

text: free

text: movement

text: has

text: become

text: politically

text: contentious

text: as

text: nationalist

text: political

text: parties

text: have

text: manipulated

text: fears

text: about

text: immigrants

text: taking

text: away

text: people

text: 's

text: jobs

text: and

text: benefits

text: paradoxically

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: Nevertheless

text: practically

text: all

text: available

text: research

text: finds

text: little

text: impact

text: of

text: labour

text: mobility

text: on

text: wages

text: and

text: employment

text: of

text: local

text: workers

question: What have the Treaties sought to enable since its foundation?

answer: to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement

text: to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement

answer: people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement

text: people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement

answer: Since its foundation

text: Since its foundation

question: Which entity focused upon the free movement of workers?

answer: the European Community

text: the European Community

answer: the European Community

text: the European Community

answer: the European Community

text: the European Community

question: What was free movement increasingly based on?

answer: citizenship

text: citizenship

answer: "citizenship"

text: "citizenship"

answer: "citizenship"

text: "citizenship"

question: In which case did a German man claim the right to live in Netherlands where he was a volunteer plumber?

answer: Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie

text: Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie

answer: Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie

text: Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie

answer: Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie

text: Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie

question: What did the Court of Justice say Steymann was entitled to?

answer: to stay, so long as there was at least an "indirect quid pro quo" for the work he did

text: to stay, so long as there was at least an "indirect quid pro quo" for the work he did

answer: stay

text: stay

answer: stay

text: stay

question: What did the Treaties not seek to do since its foundation?

question: What did the European Community not originally focus on?

question: What was focused on by the European Community in the 1980's?

text: developing a more "social" Europe

question: Why was free movement not increasingly based on citizenship?

question: What did the Court of Justice say that Mr. Steymann was not entitled to do?

text: stay


text:
Uptake of O
2 from the air is the essential purpose of respiration, so oxygen supplementation is used in medicine. Treatment not only increases oxygen levels in the patient's blood, but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart. Oxygen therapy is used to treat emphysema, pneumonia, some heart disorders (congestive heart failure), some disorders that cause increased pulmonary artery pressure, and any disease that impairs the body's ability to take up and use gaseous oxygen.

title: Oxygen

title: Oxygen

text: Uptake

text: of

text: O

text: from

text: the

text: air

text: is

text: the

text: essential

text: purpose

text: of

text: respiration

text: so

text: oxygen

text: supplementation

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: medicine

text: Treatment

text: not

text: only

text: increases

text: oxygen

text: levels

text: in

text: the

text: patient

text: 's

text: blood

text: but

text: has

text: the

text: secondary

text: effect

text: of

text: decreasing

text: resistance

text: to

text: blood

text: flow

text: in

text: many

text: types

text: of

text: diseased

text: lungs

text: easing

text: work

text: load

text: on

text: the

text: heart

text: Oxygen

text: therapy

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: treat

text: emphysema

text: pneumonia

text: some

text: heart

text: disorders

text: congestive

text: heart

text: failure

text: some

text: disorders

text: that

text: cause

text: increased

text: pulmonary

text: artery

text: pressure

text: and

text: any

text: disease

text: that

text: impairs

text: the

text: body

text: 's

text: ability

text: to

text: take

text: up

text: and

text: use

text: gaseous

text: oxygen

question: In what process is the uptake from oxygen necessary?

answer: respiration

text: respiration

answer: respiration

text: respiration

answer: respiration

text: respiration

answer: respiration

text: respiration

answer: respiration

text: respiration

question: What medical treatment is used to increase oxygen uptake in a patient?

answer: oxygen supplementation

text: oxygen supplementation

answer: oxygen supplementation

text: oxygen supplementation

answer: oxygen supplementation

text: oxygen supplementation

answer: Oxygen therapy

text: Oxygen therapy

answer: Oxygen therapy

text: Oxygen therapy

question: By decreasing resistance to blood flow in the lungs, what organ's workload  can be eased?

answer: heart

text: heart

answer: the heart

text: the heart

answer: heart

text: heart

answer: the heart

text: the heart

answer: heart

text: heart

question: What medical treatment is used to benefit patients with hearth and lung disorders?

answer: Oxygen therapy

text: Oxygen therapy

answer: Oxygen therapy

text: Oxygen therapy

answer: Oxygen therapy

text: Oxygen therapy

answer: Oxygen therapy

text: Oxygen therapy

answer: Oxygen therapy

text: Oxygen therapy

question: What does  oxygen therapy promote the body to take up?

answer: gaseous oxygen.

text: gaseous oxygen.

answer: gaseous oxygen

text: gaseous oxygen

answer: gaseous oxygen

text: gaseous oxygen

answer: oxygen

text: oxygen

answer: gaseous oxygen

text: gaseous oxygen

question: What is the essential purpose of supplementation?

question: What field is respiration used in?

text: medicine

question: What is oxygen respiration therapy used to treat?

question: What does treatment only do?


text:
Concentrated O
2 will allow combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically. Steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen will act as a fuel; and therefore the design and manufacture of O
2 systems requires special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized. The fire that killed the Apollo 1 crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule was pressurized with pure O
2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the 1⁄3 normal pressure that would be used in a mission.[k]

title: Oxygen

title: Oxygen

text: Concentrated

text: O

text: will

text: allow

text: combustion

text: to

text: proceed

text: rapidly

text: and

text: energetically

text: Steel

text: pipes

text: and

text: storage

text: vessels

text: used

text: to

text: store

text: and

text: transmit

text: both

text: gaseous

text: and

text: liquid

text: oxygen

text: will

text: act

text: as

text: a

text: fuel

text: and

text: therefore

text: the

text: design

text: and

text: manufacture

text: of

text: O

text: systems

text: requires

text: special

text: training

text: to

text: ensure

text: that

text: ignition

text: sources

text: are

text: minimized

text: The

text: fire

text: that

text: killed

text: the

text: Apollo

text: crew

text: in

text: a

text: launch

text: pad

text: test

text: spread

text: so

text: rapidly

text: because

text: the

text: capsule

text: was

text: pressurized

text: with

text: pure

text: O

text: but

text: at

text: slightly

text: more

text: than

text: atmospheric

text: pressure

text: instead

text: of

text: the

text: normal

text: pressure

text: that

text: would

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: a

text: mission.[k

question: ______ In both liquid and gas form can fastly result in an exlposion.

answer: oxygen

text: oxygen

answer: oxygen

text: oxygen

answer: oxygen

text: oxygen

question: To ensure safety of future space missions Oxygen was used at _____ of the normal pressure.

answer: 1⁄3

answer: 1⁄3

answer: 1⁄3

answer: 1⁄3

answer: 1⁄3 normal pressure

text: 1⁄3 normal pressure

question: To reduce the chances of combustion ___ is required for safely handeling pure O.

answer: special training

text: special training

answer: special training

text: special training

answer: special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized

text: special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized

answer: special training

text: special training

answer: special training

text: special training

question: What will concentrated oxygen greatly speed up?

answer: combustion

text: combustion

answer: combustion

text: combustion

answer: combustion

text: combustion

answer: combustion

text: combustion

answer: combustion

text: combustion

question: Because of the danger inherent in concentrated oxygen, what is a concern about keeping it?

answer: storage vessels

text: storage vessels

answer: fire

text: fire

answer: ensure that ignition sources are minimized

text: ensure that ignition sources are minimized

answer: special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized

text: special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized

question: What does the transport and storage demand for safety in dealing with oxygen?

answer: special training

text: special training

answer: special training

text: special training

answer: special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized

text: special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized

answer: special training

text: special training

answer: special training

text: special training

question: Who did a pressurized oxygen cabin fire kill?

answer: Apollo 1 crew

text: Apollo 1 crew

answer: the Apollo 1 crew

text: the Apollo 1 crew

answer: the Apollo 1 crew

text: the Apollo 1 crew

answer: Apollo 1 crew

text: Apollo 1 crew

answer: the Apollo 1 crew

text: the Apollo 1 crew

question: How will steel pipes allow combustion to proceed?

text: rapidly and energetically

question: What type of fire killed the Apollo 1 crew?

text: pressurized

question: What does concentrated O allow combustion to do?

text: proceed rapidly and energetically


text: Between Bingen and Bonn, the Middle Rhine flows through the Rhine Gorge, a formation which was created by erosion. The rate of erosion equaled the uplift in the region, such that the river was left at about its original level while the surrounding lands raised. The gorge is quite deep and is the stretch of the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2002) and known as "the Romantic Rhine", with more than 40 castles and fortresses from the Middle Ages and many quaint and lovely country villages.

title: Rhine

title: Rhine

text: Between

text: Bingen

text: and

text: Bonn

text: the

text: Middle

text: Rhine

text: flows

text: through

text: the

text: Rhine

text: Gorge

text: a

text: formation

text: which

text: was

text: created

text: by

text: erosion

text: The

text: rate

text: of

text: erosion

text: equaled

text: the

text: uplift

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: such

text: that

text: the

text: river

text: was

text: left

text: at

text: about

text: its

text: original

text: level

text: while

text: the

text: surrounding

text: lands

text: raised

text: The

text: gorge

text: is

text: quite

text: deep

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: stretch

text: of

text: the

text: river

text: which

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: many

text: castles

text: and

text: vineyards

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: UNESCO

text: World

text: Heritage

text: Site

text: and

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Romantic

text: Rhine

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: castles

text: and

text: fortresses

text: from

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: and

text: many

text: quaint

text: and

text: lovely

text: country

text: villages

question: What flows between the Bingen and Bonn?

answer: Middle Rhine

text: Middle Rhine

answer: Middle Rhine

text: Middle Rhine

answer: Middle Rhine

text: Middle Rhine

question: What gorge is between the Bingen and Bonn?

answer: Rhine Gorge

text: Rhine Gorge

answer: Rhine Gorge

text: Rhine Gorge

answer: Rhine Gorge

text: Rhine Gorge

question: How was the Rhine Gorge formed?

answer: erosion

text: erosion

answer: erosion

text: erosion

answer: by erosion

text: by erosion

question: What is the area called near the Rhine Gorge with castles from the middle ages?

answer: the Romantic Rhine

text: the Romantic Rhine

answer: the Romantic Rhine

text: the Romantic Rhine

answer: the Romantic Rhine

text: the Romantic Rhine

question: What flows between Bingen and Bonn?

answer: Middle Rhine

text: Middle Rhine

answer: Middle Rhine

text: Middle Rhine

answer: Middle Rhine

text: Middle Rhine

question: Where does the Middle Rhine flow between Bingen and Bonn?

answer: Rhine Gorge

text: Rhine Gorge

answer: Rhine Gorge

text: Rhine Gorge

answer: Rhine Gorge

text: Rhine Gorge

question: What is the Rhine Gorge known for?

answer: castles

text: castles

answer: castles and vineyards

text: castles and vineyards

answer: castles and vineyards

text: castles and vineyards

question: What is the section of the Rhine Gorge recognized by UNESCO called?

answer: Romantic Rhine

text: Romantic Rhine

answer: the Romantic Rhine

text: the Romantic Rhine

answer: the Romantic Rhine

text: the Romantic Rhine

question: In what year was "the Romantic Rhine" site built?

question: How many country villages can be found at the UNESCO World Heritage Site?

question: What formation was created because the erosion ceased?

text: the Rhine Gorge

question: How many vineyards are located in the "the Romantic Rhine"?

question: What flows after Bingen and Bonn?

text: the Middle Rhine


text: In 2007, BSkyB and Virgin Media became involved in a dispute over the carriage of Sky channels on cable TV. The failure to renew the existing carriage agreements negotiated with NTL and Telewest resulted in Virgin Media removing the basic channels from the network on 1 March 2007. Virgin Media claimed that BSkyB had substantially increased the asking price for the channels, a claim which BSkyB denied, on the basis that their new deal offered "substantially more value" by including HD channels and Video On Demand content which was not previously carried by cable.

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom)

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom

text: In

text: BSkyB

text: and

text: Virgin

text: Media

text: became

text: involved

text: in

text: a

text: dispute

text: over

text: the

text: carriage

text: of

text: Sky

text: channels

text: on

text: cable

text: TV

text: The

text: failure

text: to

text: renew

text: the

text: existing

text: carriage

text: agreements

text: negotiated

text: with

text: NTL

text: and

text: Telewest

text: resulted

text: in

text: Virgin

text: Media

text: removing

text: the

text: basic

text: channels

text: from

text: the

text: network

text: on

text: March

text: Virgin

text: Media

text: claimed

text: that

text: BSkyB

text: had

text: substantially

text: increased

text: the

text: asking

text: price

text: for

text: the

text: channels

text: a

text: claim

text: which

text: BSkyB

text: denied

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: that

text: their

text: new

text: deal

text: offered

text: substantially

text: more

text: value

text: by

text: including

text: HD

text: channels

text: and

text: Video

text: On

text: Demand

text: content

text: which

text: was

text: not

text: previously

text: carried

text: by

text: cable

question: What year did BSkyB and Virgin Media have a dispute over the carriage of Sky Channels on cable TV?

answer: 2007

answer: 2007

answer: 2007

question: What channels were removed from the network in March of 2007?

answer: basic channels

text: basic channels

answer: the basic channels

text: the basic channels

answer: the basic channels

text: the basic channels

question: What did Virgin Media claim BSkyB did that resulted Virgin not carrying the channels anymore?

answer: substantially increased the asking price

text: substantially increased the asking price

answer: that BSkyB had substantially increased the asking price for the channels

text: that BSkyB had substantially increased the asking price for the channels

answer: increased the asking price

text: increased the asking price

question: What additional srevice did BSkyB offer besides HD channels that they claimed offered "substantially more value"?

answer: Video On Demand

text: Video On Demand

answer: Video On Demand content

text: Video On Demand content

answer: HD channels and Video On Demand

text: HD channels and Video On Demand

question: What additional srevice did BSkyB offer besides Video on Demand that they claimed offered "substantially more value"?

answer: HD channels

text: HD channels

answer: HD channels

text: HD channels

answer: HD channels

text: HD channels

question: What year did BSkyB and Virgin Media have an agreement over the carriage of Sky Channels on cable TV?

question: What channels were always available on the network?

text: basic channels

question: What additional service did BSkyB offer besides HD channels that they claimed offered no value?

text: Video On Demand

question: What claim did BSkyB agree with?

question: When were basic channels first introduced by BSkyB?

text: 1 March 2007


text: In 1872, the Central Pacific Railroad established a station near Easterby's—by now a hugely productive wheat farm—for its new Southern Pacific line. Soon there was a store around the station and the store grew the town of Fresno Station, later called Fresno. Many Millerton residents, drawn by the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding, moved to the new community. Fresno became an incorporated city in 1885. By 1931 the Fresno Traction Company operated 47 streetcars over 49 miles of track.

title: Fresno,_California

title: Fresno,_California

text: In

text: the

text: Central

text: Pacific

text: Railroad

text: established

text: a

text: station

text: near

text: Easterby's

text: by

text: now

text: a

text: hugely

text: productive

text: wheat

text: farm

text: for

text: its

text: new

text: Southern

text: Pacific

text: line

text: Soon

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: store

text: around

text: the

text: station

text: and

text: the

text: store

text: grew

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Fresno

text: Station

text: later

text: called

text: Fresno

text: Many

text: Millerton

text: residents

text: drawn

text: by

text: the

text: convenience

text: of

text: the

text: railroad

text: and

text: worried

text: about

text: flooding

text: moved

text: to

text: the

text: new

text: community

text: Fresno

text: became

text: an

text: incorporated

text: city

text: in

text: By

text: the

text: Fresno

text: Traction

text: Company

text: operated

text: streetcars

text: over

text: miles

text: of

text: track

question: The Central Pacific Railroad established a station for its new line in what year?

answer: 1872

answer: 1872

answer: 1872

question: What were the reasons why residents moved to the town of Fresno Station?

answer: the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding

text: the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding

answer: drawn by the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding

text: drawn by the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding

answer: the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding

text: the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding

question: In what year did Fresno become an incorporated city?

answer: 1885

answer: 1885

answer: 1885

question: How many streetcars did the Fresno Traction Company operate in 1931?

answer: 47 streetcars

text: 47 streetcars

answer: 47

answer: 47

question: What entity sparked the growth of Fresno Station?

answer: store

text: store

answer: store

text: store

answer: store

text: store

question: When was the Central Pacific Railroad founded?

question: When did Millerton residents move out of Fresno?

question: How long was the Southern Pacific line?

text: 49 miles

question: When did the Fresno Traction Company come to Fresno?

question: Where did Fresno residents move to during the flooding?

text: Millerton


text: Several procedures enable the Scottish Parliament to scrutinise the Government. The First Minister or members of the cabinet can deliver statements to Parliament upon which MSPs are invited to question. For example, at the beginning of each parliamentary year, the First Minister delivers a statement to the chamber setting out the Government's legislative programme for the forthcoming year. After the statement has been delivered, the leaders of the opposition parties and other MSPs question the First Minister on issues related to the substance of the statement.

title: Scottish_Parliament

title: Scottish_Parliament

text: Several

text: procedures

text: enable

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: to

text: scrutinise

text: the

text: Government

text: The

text: First

text: Minister

text: or

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: cabinet

text: can

text: deliver

text: statements

text: to

text: Parliament

text: upon

text: which

text: MSPs

text: are

text: invited

text: to

text: question

text: For

text: example

text: at

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: each

text: parliamentary

text: year

text: the

text: First

text: Minister

text: delivers

text: a

text: statement

text: to

text: the

text: chamber

text: setting

text: out

text: the

text: Government

text: 's

text: legislative

text: programme

text: for

text: the

text: forthcoming

text: year

text: After

text: the

text: statement

text: has

text: been

text: delivered

text: the

text: leaders

text: of

text: the

text: opposition

text: parties

text: and

text: other

text: MSPs

text: question

text: the

text: First

text: Minister

text: on

text: issues

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: substance

text: of

text: the

text: statement

question: What enables the Scottish Parliament to scrutinize the government?

answer: Several procedures

text: Several procedures

answer: Several procedures

text: Several procedures

answer: Several procedures

text: Several procedures

question: Who can question statements the First Minister or members of the cabinet make?

answer: MSPs

text: MSPs

answer: leaders of the opposition parties and other MSPs

text: leaders of the opposition parties and other MSPs

answer: MSPs

text: MSPs

question: What does the First Minister deliver at the beginning of each parliamentary year?

answer: legislative programme for the forthcoming year

text: legislative programme for the forthcoming year

answer: a statement

text: a statement

answer: a statement to the chamber setting out the Government's legislative programme for the forthcoming year

text: a statement to the chamber setting out the Government's legislative programme for the forthcoming year

question: What do the leaders of the opposition parties and other MSPs question the First Minister about?

answer: issues related to the substance of the statement

text: issues related to the substance of the statement

answer: issues

text: issues

answer: issues related to the substance of the statement

text: issues related to the substance of the statement

question: How does the Scottish Parliament scrutinize the people?

text: procedures

question: The Second Minister can deliver what?

text: statements

question: Before the statement is delivered, who is questioned?

text: First Minister

question: Whom can the Second Minister deliver statements to?

text: Parliament


text: Harvard has been highly ranked by many university rankings. In particular, it has consistently topped the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) since 2003, and the THE World Reputation Rankings since 2011, when the first time such league tables were published. When the QS and Times were published in partnership as the THE-QS World University Rankings during 2004-2009, Harvard had also been regarded the first in every year. The University's undergraduate program has been continuously among the top two in the U.S. News & World Report. In 2014, Harvard topped the University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP). It was ranked 8th on the 2013-2014 PayScale College Salary Report and 14th on the 2013 PayScale College Education Value Rankings. From a poll done by The Princeton Review, Harvard is the second most commonly named "dream college", both for students and parents in 2013, and was the first nominated by parents in 2009. In 2011, the Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities ranked Harvard 1st university in the world in terms of number of alumni holding CEO position in Fortune Global 500 companies.

title: Harvard_University

title: Harvard_University

text: Harvard

text: has

text: been

text: highly

text: ranked

text: by

text: many

text: university

text: rankings

text: In

text: particular

text: it

text: has

text: consistently

text: topped

text: the

text: Academic

text: Ranking

text: of

text: World

text: Universities

text: ARWU

text: since

text: and

text: the

text: THE

text: World

text: Reputation

text: Rankings

text: since

text: when

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: such

text: league

text: tables

text: were

text: published

text: When

text: the

text: QS

text: and

text: Times

text: were

text: published

text: in

text: partnership

text: as

text: the

text: THE

text: QS

text: World

text: University

text: Rankings

text: during

text: Harvard

text: had

text: also

text: been

text: regarded

text: the

text: first

text: in

text: every

text: year

text: The

text: University

text: 's

text: undergraduate

text: program

text: has

text: been

text: continuously

text: among

text: the

text: top

text: two

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: News

text: World

text: Report

text: In

text: Harvard

text: topped

text: the

text: University

text: Ranking

text: by

text: Academic

text: Performance

text: URAP

text: It

text: was

text: ranked

text: on

text: the

text: PayScale

text: College

text: Salary

text: Report

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: PayScale

text: College

text: Education

text: Value

text: Rankings

text: From

text: a

text: poll

text: done

text: by

text: The

text: Princeton

text: Review

text: Harvard

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: commonly

text: named

text: dream

text: college

text: both

text: for

text: students

text: and

text: parents

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: nominated

text: by

text: parents

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: Mines

text: ParisTech

text: Professional

text: Ranking

text: World

text: Universities

text: ranked

text: Harvard

text: university

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: number

text: of

text: alumni

text: holding

text: CEO

text: position

text: in

text: Fortune

text: Global

text: companies

question: Starting in what year has Harvard topped the Academic Rankings of World Universities?

answer: 2003

answer: 2003

answer: 2003

question: Beginning in what year was Harvard on top of the World Reputation Rankings?

answer: 2011

answer: 2011

answer: 2011

question: According to the Princeton Review where has Harvard ranked as a "Dream College" in 2013

answer: second most commonly

text: second most commonly

answer: second

text: second

answer: second

text: second

question: Since what year has the ARWU ranked academic performance?

question: During what years did Harvard roll out a new undergraduate program?

question: What news magazine transitioned to being exclusively online in 2009?

text: U.S. News & World Report

question: How was The Princeton Review ranked by students in 2013 for being most informative?

question: How was US News and World Report ranked in terms of CEO positions in 2011?


text: BSkyB launched its HDTV service, Sky+ HD, on 22 May 2006. Prior to its launch, BSkyB claimed that 40,000 people had registered to receive the HD service. In the week before the launch, rumours started to surface that BSkyB was having supply issues with its set top box (STB) from manufacturer Thomson. On Thursday 18 May 2006, and continuing through the weekend before launch, people were reporting that BSkyB had either cancelled or rescheduled its installation. Finally, the BBC reported that 17,000 customers had yet to receive the service due to failed deliveries. On 31 March 2012, Sky announced the total number of homes with Sky+HD was 4,222,000.

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom)

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom

text: BSkyB

text: launched

text: its

text: HDTV

text: service

text: Sky+

text: HD

text: on

text: May

text: Prior

text: to

text: its

text: launch

text: BSkyB

text: claimed

text: that

text: people

text: had

text: registered

text: to

text: receive

text: the

text: HD

text: service

text: In

text: the

text: week

text: before

text: the

text: launch

text: rumours

text: started

text: to

text: surface

text: that

text: BSkyB

text: was

text: having

text: supply

text: issues

text: with

text: its

text: set

text: top

text: box

text: STB

text: from

text: manufacturer

text: Thomson

text: On

text: Thursday

text: May

text: and

text: continuing

text: through

text: the

text: weekend

text: before

text: launch

text: people

text: were

text: reporting

text: that

text: BSkyB

text: had

text: either

text: cancelled

text: or

text: rescheduled

text: its

text: installation

text: Finally

text: the

text: BBC

text: reported

text: that

text: customers

text: had

text: yet

text: to

text: receive

text: the

text: service

text: due

text: to

text: failed

text: deliveries

text: On

text: March

text: Sky

text: announced

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: homes

text: with

text: Sky+HD

text: was

question: When did BSkyB launch it's HDTV service?

answer: 22 May 2006

text: 22 May 2006

answer: on 22 May 2006

text: on 22 May 2006

answer: 22 May 2006

text: 22 May 2006

question: How many people were registered to receive the HD service prior to launch?

answer: 40,000

answer: 40,000

answer: 40,000

question: What was the name of the set top box manufacturer that BSkyB was having issues with?

answer: Thomson

text: Thomson

answer: Thomson

text: Thomson

answer: STB

text: STB

question: What was the number of customers that the BBC  reported had yet to receive the service due to failed deliveries?

answer: 17,000

answer: 17,000

answer: 17,000

question: What was the total number of homes Sky announced that had Sky+HD in March of 2012?

answer: 4,222,000

answer: 4,222,000

answer: 4,222,000

question: When did BSkyB fail launching it's HDTV service?

text: 22 May 2006

question: Which manufacturer never had supply issues when dealing with BSkyB?

text: Thomson

question: How many people never registered to receive the HD service prior to launch?

question: Who reported that 17,000 customers received the service due to failed deliveries?

text: BBC

question: When did Sky announce the total number of homes with Sky+HD was 3,222,000?

text: 31 March 2012


text: Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and invertebrates. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.

title: Immune_system

title: Immune_system

text: Pathogens

text: can

text: rapidly

text: evolve

text: and

text: adapt

text: and

text: thereby

text: avoid

text: detection

text: and

text: neutralization

text: by

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: however

text: multiple

text: defense

text: mechanisms

text: have

text: also

text: evolved

text: to

text: recognize

text: and

text: neutralize

text: pathogens

text: Even

text: simple

text: unicellular

text: organisms

text: such

text: as

text: bacteria

text: possess

text: a

text: rudimentary

text: immune

text: system

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: enzymes

text: that

text: protect

text: against

text: bacteriophage

text: infections

text: Other

text: basic

text: immune

text: mechanisms

text: evolved

text: in

text: ancient

text: eukaryotes

text: and

text: remain

text: in

text: their

text: modern

text: descendants

text: such

text: as

text: plants

text: and

text: invertebrates

text: These

text: mechanisms

text: include

text: phagocytosis

text: antimicrobial

text: peptides

text: called

text: defensins

text: and

text: the

text: complement

text: system

text: Jawed

text: vertebrates

text: including

text: humans

text: have

text: even

text: more

text: sophisticated

text: defense

text: mechanisms

text: including

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: adapt

text: over

text: time

text: to

text: recognize

text: specific

text: pathogens

text: more

text: efficiently

text: Adaptive

text: or

text: acquired

text: immunity

text: creates

text: immunological

text: memory

text: after

text: an

text: initial

text: response

text: to

text: a

text: specific

text: pathogen

text: leading

text: to

text: an

text: enhanced

text: response

text: to

text: subsequent

text: encounters

text: with

text: that

text: same

text: pathogen

text: This

text: process

text: of

text: acquired

text: immunity

text: is

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: vaccination

question: The immune systems of bacteria have enzymes that protect against infection by what kind of cells?

answer: bacteriophage

text: bacteriophage

answer: bacteriophage

text: bacteriophage

answer: bacteriophage infections

text: bacteriophage infections

question: What are antimicrobial peptides that evolved as immune defense in eukaryotes called?

answer: defensins

text: defensins

answer: defensins

text: defensins

answer: defensins

text: defensins

question: The idea of acquired immunity in jawed vertebrates is the basis of what medical treatment?

answer: vaccination

text: vaccination

answer: vaccination

text: vaccination

answer: vaccination

text: vaccination

question: What is the ability to recognize and adapt to new specific pathogens called?

answer: Adaptive (or acquired) immunity

text: Adaptive (or acquired) immunity

answer: Adaptive (or acquired) immunity

text: Adaptive (or acquired) immunity

answer: Adaptive (or acquired) immunity

text: Adaptive (or acquired) immunity

question: What is known for adapting and evolving slowly?

text: Pathogens

question: What do simple unicellular organisms lack?

text: immune system

question: What is an example of a less sophisticated defense mechanism that jawed vertebrates have?

text: ability to adapt over time

question: What creates immunological memory before the initial responds to a pathogen?

text: Adaptive (or acquired) immunity

question: What medical treatment is completely different from acquired immunity?

text: vaccination


text: Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his campaign conquering the Balkan peninsula as a foothold for western feudal lords and the Catholic Church. After allying himself with Croatia and the Catholic cities of Dalmatia, in 1081 he led an army of 30,000 men in 300 ships landing on the southern shores of Albania, capturing Valona, Kanina, Jericho (Orikumi), and reaching Butrint after numerous pillages. They joined the fleet that had previously conquered Corfu and attacked Dyrrachium from land and sea, devastating everything along the way. Under these harsh circumstances, the locals accepted the call of emperor Alexius I Comnenus to join forces with the Byzantines against the Normans. The Albanian forces could not take part in the ensuing battle because it had started before their arrival. Immediately before the battle, the Venetian fleet had secured a victory in the coast surrounding the city. Forced to retreat, Alexius ceded the command to a high Albanian official named Comiscortes in the service of Byzantium. The city's garrison resisted until February 1082, when Dyrrachium was betrayed to the Normans by the Venetian and Amalfitan merchants who had settled there. The Normans were now free to penetrate into the hinterland; they took Ioannina and some minor cities in southwestern Macedonia and Thessaly before appearing at the gates of Thessalonica. Dissension among the high ranks coerced the Normans to retreat to Italy. They lost Dyrrachium, Valona, and Butrint in 1085, after the death of Robert.

title: Normans

title: Normans

text: Robert

text: Guiscard

text: an

text: other

text: Norman

text: adventurer

text: previously

text: elevated

text: to

text: the

text: dignity

text: of

text: count

text: of

text: Apulia

text: as

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: his

text: military

text: successes

text: ultimately

text: drove

text: the

text: Byzantines

text: out

text: of

text: southern

text: Italy

text: Having

text: obtained

text: the

text: consent

text: of

text: pope

text: Gregory

text: VII

text: and

text: acting

text: as

text: his

text: vassal

text: Robert

text: continued

text: his

text: campaign

text: conquering

text: the

text: Balkan

text: peninsula

text: as

text: a

text: foothold

text: for

text: western

text: feudal

text: lords

text: and

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: After

text: allying

text: himself

text: with

text: Croatia

text: and

text: the

text: Catholic

text: cities

text: of

text: Dalmatia

text: in

text: he

text: led

text: an

text: army

text: of

text: men

text: in

text: ships

text: landing

text: on

text: the

text: southern

text: shores

text: of

text: Albania

text: capturing

text: Valona

text: Kanina

text: Jericho

text: Orikumi

text: and

text: reaching

text: Butrint

text: after

text: numerous

text: pillages

text: They

text: joined

text: the

text: fleet

text: that

text: had

text: previously

text: conquered

text: Corfu

text: and

text: attacked

text: Dyrrachium

text: from

text: land

text: and

text: sea

text: devastating

text: everything

text: along

text: the

text: way

text: Under

text: these

text: harsh

text: circumstances

text: the

text: locals

text: accepted

text: the

text: call

text: of

text: emperor

text: Alexius

text: I

text: Comnenus

text: to

text: join

text: forces

text: with

text: the

text: Byzantines

text: against

text: the

text: Normans

text: The

text: Albanian

text: forces

text: could

text: not

text: take

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: ensuing

text: battle

text: because

text: it

text: had

text: started

text: before

text: their

text: arrival

text: Immediately

text: before

text: the

text: battle

text: the

text: Venetian

text: fleet

text: had

text: secured

text: a

text: victory

text: in

text: the

text: coast

text: surrounding

text: the

text: city

text: Forced

text: to

text: retreat

text: Alexius

text: ceded

text: the

text: command

text: to

text: a

text: high

text: Albanian

text: official

text: named

text: Comiscortes

text: in

text: the

text: service

text: of

text: Byzantium

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: garrison

text: resisted

text: until

text: February

text: when

text: Dyrrachium

text: was

text: betrayed

text: to

text: the

text: Normans

text: by

text: the

text: Venetian

text: and

text: Amalfitan

text: merchants

text: who

text: had

text: settled

text: there

text: The

text: Normans

text: were

text: now

text: free

text: to

text: penetrate

text: into

text: the

text: hinterland

text: they

text: took

text: Ioannina

text: and

text: some

text: minor

text: cities

text: in

text: southwestern

text: Macedonia

text: and

text: Thessaly

text: before

text: appearing

text: at

text: the

text: gates

text: of

text: Thessalonica

text: Dissension

text: among

text: the

text: high

text: ranks

text: coerced

text: the

text: Normans

text: to

text: retreat

text: to

text: Italy

text: They

text: lost

text: Dyrrachium

text: Valona

text: and

text: Butrint

text: in

text: after

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Robert

question: What was the name of the count of Apulia

answer: Robert Guiscard

text: Robert Guiscard

answer: Robert Guiscard

text: Robert Guiscard

answer: Robert Guiscard

text: Robert Guiscard

question: When did Dyrrachium  fall to the Normans?

answer: 1082

answer: February 1082

text: February 1082

answer: February 1082

text: February 1082

question: How many men were in Robert's army?

answer: 30,000

answer: 30,000

answer: 30,000

question: Who ultimatly drove the Byzantines out of Europe?

text: Robert Guiscard

question: What pope opposed Roberts campaign?

text: pope Gregory VII

question: What fell to the Normans in the 10th century?

text: Dyrrachium

question: How many men did Roberts army face?


text: Residential construction practices, technologies, and resources must conform to local building authority regulations and codes of practice. Materials readily available in the area generally dictate the construction materials used (e.g. brick versus stone, versus timber). Cost of construction on a per square meter (or per square foot) basis for houses can vary dramatically based on site conditions, local regulations, economies of scale (custom designed homes are often more expensive to build) and the availability of skilled tradespeople. As residential construction (as well as all other types of construction) can generate a lot of waste, careful planning again is needed here.

title: Construction

title: Construction

text: Residential

text: construction

text: practices

text: technologies

text: and

text: resources

text: must

text: conform

text: to

text: local

text: building

text: authority

text: regulations

text: and

text: codes

text: of

text: practice

text: Materials

text: readily

text: available

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: generally

text: dictate

text: the

text: construction

text: materials

text: used

text: e.g.

text: brick

text: versus

text: stone

text: versus

text: timber

text: Cost

text: of

text: construction

text: on

text: a

text: per

text: square

text: meter

text: or

text: per

text: square

text: foot

text: basis

text: for

text: houses

text: can

text: vary

text: dramatically

text: based

text: on

text: site

text: conditions

text: local

text: regulations

text: economies

text: of

text: scale

text: custom

text: designed

text: homes

text: are

text: often

text: more

text: expensive

text: to

text: build

text: and

text: the

text: availability

text: of

text: skilled

text: tradespeople

text: As

text: residential

text: construction

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: all

text: other

text: types

text: of

text: construction

text: can

text: generate

text: a

text: lot

text: of

text: waste

text: careful

text: planning

text: again

text: is

text: needed

text: here

question: Residential construction practices, technologies, and resources must conform to what?

answer: local building authority regulations and codes of practice

text: local building authority regulations and codes of practice

answer: local building authority regulations and codes of practice

text: local building authority regulations and codes of practice

answer: local building authority regulations and codes of practice

text: local building authority regulations and codes of practice

question: What generally dictates the construction materials used?

answer: Materials readily available in the area

text: Materials readily available in the area

answer: Materials readily available in the area

text: Materials readily available in the area

answer: Materials readily available in the area

text: Materials readily available in the area

question: Residential construction can generate what is not carefully planned?

answer: a lot of waste

text: a lot of waste

answer: waste

text: waste

answer: waste

text: waste

question: Site conditions, local regulations, economies of scale and the availability of skilled tradespeople all affect what?

answer: Cost of construction

text: Cost of construction

answer: Cost of construction

text: Cost of construction

answer: Cost of construction

text: Cost of construction

question: What must local regulations conform to?

question: What do custom designed homes dictate in the area?

text: the construction materials used

question: What are some conditions that make the availability of skilled tradespeople vary?

question: What effect do technologies and resources generate?

text: a lot of waste

question: What needs to happen to prevent building authority regulations?

text: careful planning