text: Prime numbers give rise to two more general concepts that apply to elements of any commutative ring R, an algebraic structure where addition, subtraction and multiplication are defined: prime elements and irreducible elements. An element p of R is called prime element if it is neither zero nor a unit (i.e., does not have a multiplicative inverse) and satisfies the following requirement: given x and y in R such that p divides the product xy, then p divides x or y. An element is irreducible if it is not a unit and cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units. In the ring Z of integers, the set of prime elements equals the set of irreducible elements, which is

title: Prime_number

title: Prime_number

text: Prime

text: numbers

text: give

text: rise

text: to

text: two

text: more

text: general

text: concepts

text: that

text: apply

text: to

text: elements

text: of

text: any

text: commutative

text: ring

text: R

text: an

text: algebraic

text: structure

text: where

text: addition

text: subtraction

text: and

text: multiplication

text: are

text: defined

text: prime

text: elements

text: and

text: irreducible

text: elements

text: An

text: element

text: p

text: of

text: R

text: is

text: called

text: prime

text: element

text: if

text: it

text: is

text: neither

text: zero

text: nor

text: a

text: unit

text: i.e.

text: does

text: not

text: have

text: a

text: multiplicative

text: inverse

text: and

text: satisfies

text: the

text: following

text: requirement

text: given

text: x

text: and

text: y

text: in

text: R

text: such

text: that

text: p

text: divides

text: the

text: product

text: xy

text: then

text: p

text: divides

text: x

text: or

text: y.

text: An

text: element

text: is

text: irreducible

text: if

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: a

text: unit

text: and

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: written

text: as

text: a

text: product

text: of

text: two

text: ring

text: elements

text: that

text: are

text: not

text: units

text: In

text: the

text: ring

text: Z

text: of

text: integers

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: prime

text: elements

text: equals

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: irreducible

text: elements

text: which

text: is

question: What is the name of an algebraic structure in which addition, subtraction and multiplication are defined?

answer: commutative ring R

text: commutative ring R

answer: commutative ring

text: commutative ring

answer: ring R

text: ring R

answer: commutative ring R

text: commutative ring R

question: What is one general concept that applies to elements of commutative rings?

answer: prime elements

text: prime elements

answer: prime elements

text: prime elements

answer: prime elements

text: prime elements

answer: prime elements

text: prime elements

question: What is another general concept that applies to elements of commutative rings?

answer: irreducible elements

text: irreducible elements

answer: irreducible elements

text: irreducible elements

answer: irreducible elements

text: irreducible elements

answer: irreducible elements

text: irreducible elements

question: What is one condition that an element p of R must satisfy in order to be considered a prime element?

answer: it is neither zero nor a unit

text: it is neither zero nor a unit

answer: neither zero nor a unit

text: neither zero nor a unit

answer: it is neither zero nor a unit

text: it is neither zero nor a unit

answer: it is neither zero nor a unit

text: it is neither zero nor a unit

question: Under what condition is an element irreducible?

answer: cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units

text: cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units

answer: not a unit and cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units.

text: not a unit and cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units.

answer: it is not a unit and cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units

text: it is not a unit and cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units

answer: it is not a unit and cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units

text: it is not a unit and cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units

question: What is the name of an integer in which addition, subtraction, and multiplication are defined?

text: commutative ring R

question: What is one general concept that applies to elements of general xy?

text: prime elements

question: What is another general concept that applies to elements of general xy?

text: irreducible elements

question: What is one condition that an element p of $ must satisfy in order to be considered a multiplicative inverse?

text: it is neither zero nor a unit

question: Under what condition is an element a general xy?


text: Many types of Turing machines are used to define complexity classes, such as deterministic Turing machines, probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines, quantum Turing machines, symmetric Turing machines and alternating Turing machines. They are all equally powerful in principle, but when resources (such as time or space) are bounded, some of these may be more powerful than others.

title: Computational_complexity_theory

title: Computational_complexity_theory

text: Many

text: types

text: of

text: Turing

text: machines

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: define

text: complexity

text: classes

text: such

text: as

text: deterministic

text: Turing

text: machines

text: probabilistic

text: Turing

text: machines

text: non

text: deterministic

text: Turing

text: machines

text: quantum

text: Turing

text: machines

text: symmetric

text: Turing

text: machines

text: and

text: alternating

text: Turing

text: machines

text: They

text: are

text: all

text: equally

text: powerful

text: in

text: principle

text: but

text: when

text: resources

text: such

text: as

text: time

text: or

text: space

text: are

text: bounded

text: some

text: of

text: these

text: may

text: be

text: more

text: powerful

text: than

text: others

question: Turing machines are commonly employed to define what?

answer: complexity classes

text: complexity classes

answer: complexity classes

text: complexity classes

answer: complexity classes

text: complexity classes

question: What are two factors that directly effect how powerful a Turing machine may or may not be?

answer: time or space

text: time or space

answer: time or space

text: time or space

answer: time or space

text: time or space

question: In the determination of complexity classes, what are two examples of types of Turing machines?

answer: probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines

text: probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines

answer: probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines

text: probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines

question: What are many types of Turing machines not used for?

text: to define complexity classes,

question: What are three factors that directly effect how powerful a Turing machine may or may not be?

text: time or space

question: What machines are not equally powerful in principle?

text: Turing machines

question: What may not be more powerful than others when the resources of time or space of considered?

text: Turing machines


text: Highly combustible materials that leave little residue, such as wood or coal, were thought to be made mostly of phlogiston; whereas non-combustible substances that corrode, such as iron, contained very little. Air did not play a role in phlogiston theory, nor were any initial quantitative experiments conducted to test the idea; instead, it was based on observations of what happens when something burns, that most common objects appear to become lighter and seem to lose something in the process. The fact that a substance like wood gains overall weight in burning was hidden by the buoyancy of the gaseous combustion products. Indeed, one of the first clues that the phlogiston theory was incorrect was that metals, too, gain weight in rusting (when they were supposedly losing phlogiston).

title: Oxygen

title: Oxygen

text: Highly

text: combustible

text: materials

text: that

text: leave

text: little

text: residue

text: such

text: as

text: wood

text: or

text: coal

text: were

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: made

text: mostly

text: of

text: phlogiston

text: whereas

text: non

text: combustible

text: substances

text: that

text: corrode

text: such

text: as

text: iron

text: contained

text: very

text: little

text: Air

text: did

text: not

text: play

text: a

text: role

text: in

text: phlogiston

text: theory

text: nor

text: were

text: any

text: initial

text: quantitative

text: experiments

text: conducted

text: to

text: test

text: the

text: idea

text: instead

text: it

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: observations

text: of

text: what

text: happens

text: when

text: something

text: burns

text: that

text: most

text: common

text: objects

text: appear

text: to

text: become

text: lighter

text: and

text: seem

text: to

text: lose

text: something

text: in

text: the

text: process

text: The

text: fact

text: that

text: a

text: substance

text: like

text: wood

text: gains

text: overall

text: weight

text: in

text: burning

text: was

text: hidden

text: by

text: the

text: buoyancy

text: of

text: the

text: gaseous

text: combustion

text: products

text: Indeed

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: clues

text: that

text: the

text: phlogiston

text: theory

text: was

text: incorrect

text: was

text: that

text: metals

text: too

text: gain

text: weight

text: in

text: rusting

text: when

text: they

text: were

text: supposedly

text: losing

text: phlogiston

question: Of what were materials that left little residue thought to contain?

answer: phlogiston

text: phlogiston

answer: phlogiston

text: phlogiston

answer: phlogiston

text: phlogiston

answer: phlogiston

text: phlogiston

answer: phlogiston

text: phlogiston

question: What type of combustible materials were considered to have little philogiston?

answer: non-combustible

text: non-combustible

answer: non-combustible substances that corrode

text: non-combustible substances that corrode

answer: wood

text: wood

answer: wood

text: wood

question: What distinct quality of combustion was  absent from philogiston theory?

answer: Air

text: Air

answer: Air

text: Air

answer: Air

text: Air

answer: Air

text: Air

answer: a substance like wood gains overall weight in burning

text: a substance like wood gains overall weight in burning

question: What material's weight gain during rusting was an early clue that philogiston theory was wrong?

answer: metals

text: metals

answer: metals

text: metals

answer: metals

text: metals

answer: metals

text: metals

answer: metals

text: metals

question: What characteristic due most items display after burning?

answer: become lighter

text: become lighter

answer: appear to become lighter

text: appear to become lighter

answer: appear to become lighter

text: appear to become lighter

answer: appear to become lighter and seem to lose something in the process

text: appear to become lighter and seem to lose something in the process

answer: lighter

text: lighter

question: What was iron found to be made mostly of?

text: phlogiston

question: What highly combustible materials corrode?

text: wood or coal

question: What was a first clue that the phlogiston theory was correct?

question: Who was iron thought to have a lot of?

text: phlogiston


text: A large body of mathematical work would still be valid when calling 1 a prime, but Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic (mentioned above) would not hold as stated. For example, the number 15 can be factored as 3 · 5 and 1 · 3 · 5; if 1 were admitted as a prime, these two presentations would be considered different factorizations of 15 into prime numbers, so the statement of that theorem would have to be modified. Similarly, the sieve of Eratosthenes would not work correctly if 1 were considered a prime: a modified version of the sieve that considers 1 as prime would eliminate all multiples of 1 (that is, all other numbers) and produce as output only the single number 1. Furthermore, the prime numbers have several properties that the number 1 lacks, such as the relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function or the sum of divisors function.

title: Prime_number

title: Prime_number

text: A

text: large

text: body

text: of

text: mathematical

text: work

text: would

text: still

text: be

text: valid

text: when

text: calling

text: a

text: prime

text: but

text: Euclid

text: 's

text: fundamental

text: theorem

text: of

text: arithmetic

text: mentioned

text: above

text: would

text: not

text: hold

text: as

text: stated

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: number

text: can

text: be

text: factored

text: as

text: and

text: if

text: were

text: admitted

text: as

text: a

text: prime

text: these

text: two

text: presentations

text: would

text: be

text: considered

text: different

text: factorizations

text: of

text: into

text: prime

text: numbers

text: so

text: the

text: statement

text: of

text: that

text: theorem

text: would

text: have

text: to

text: be

text: modified

text: Similarly

text: the

text: sieve

text: of

text: Eratosthenes

text: would

text: not

text: work

text: correctly

text: if

text: were

text: considered

text: a

text: prime

text: a

text: modified

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: sieve

text: that

text: considers

text: as

text: prime

text: would

text: eliminate

text: all

text: multiples

text: of

text: that

text: is

text: all

text: other

text: numbers

text: and

text: produce

text: as

text: output

text: only

text: the

text: single

text: number

text: Furthermore

text: the

text: prime

text: numbers

text: have

text: several

text: properties

text: that

text: the

text: number

text: lacks

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: relationship

text: of

text: the

text: number

text: to

text: its

text: corresponding

text: value

text: of

text: Euler

text: 's

text: totient

text: function

text: or

text: the

text: sum

text: of

text: divisors

text: function

question: Which theorem would be invalid if the number 1 were considered prime?

answer: Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic

answer: Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic

answer: arithmetic

text: arithmetic

answer: Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic

answer: Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic

question: The sieve of Eratosthenes would not be valid if what were true?

answer: if 1 were considered a prime

text: if 1 were considered a prime

answer: 1 were considered a prime

text: 1 were considered a prime

answer: 1 were considered a prime

text: 1 were considered a prime

answer: if 1 were considered a prime

text: if 1 were considered a prime

answer: if 1 were considered a prime

text: if 1 were considered a prime

question: What is one function that prime numbers have that 1 does not?

answer: the sum of divisors function

text: the sum of divisors function

answer: relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function

text: relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function

answer: relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function

text: relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function

answer: relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function

text: relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function

answer: the relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function

text: the relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function

question: What is another function that primes have that the number 1 does not?

answer: Euler's totient function

text: Euler's totient function

answer: sum of divisors function

text: sum of divisors function

answer: sum of divisors function

text: sum of divisors function

answer: the sum of divisors function

text: the sum of divisors function

answer: sum of divisors

text: sum of divisors

question: If 1 were to be considered as prime what would the sieve of Eratosthenes yield for all other numbers?

answer: only the single number 1

text: only the single number 1

answer: 1

answer: only the single number 1

text: only the single number 1

answer: eliminate all multiples of 1

text: eliminate all multiples of 1

answer: eliminate all multiples of 1 (that is, all other numbers) and produce as output only the single number 1.

text: eliminate all multiples of 1 (that is, all other numbers) and produce as output only the single number 1.

question: Which theorem would be invalid if the number 15 were considered prime?

question: The sieve of Euler would not be valid if what were true?

text: if 1 were admitted as a prime

question: What is one function that prime numbers have that 15 does not?

text: the sum of divisors function

question: What is another function that primes have that the number 15 does not?

text: Euler's totient function

question: If 15 were to be considered as prime what would the sieve of Eratosthenes yield for all other numbers?

text: only the single number 1


text: In 2004, declassified documents revealed that the U.S. was so distraught by the rise in oil prices and being challenged by under-developed countries that they briefly considered military action to forcibly seize Middle Eastern oilfields in late 1973. Although no explicit plan was mentioned, a conversation between U.S. Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger and British Ambassador to the United States Lord Cromer revealed Schlesinger had told him that "it was no longer obvious to him that the U.S. could not use force." British Prime Minister Edward Heath was so worried by this prospect that he ordered a British intelligence estimate of U.S. intentions, which concluded America "might consider it could not tolerate a situation in which the U.S. and its allies were at the mercy of a small group of unreasonable countries," and that they would prefer a rapid operation to seize oilfields in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, and possibly Abu Dhabi in military action was decided upon. Although the Soviet response to such an act would likely not involve force, intelligence warned "the American occupation would need to last 10 years as the West developed alternative energy sources, and would result in the ‘total alienation’ of the Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World."

title: 1973_oil_crisis

title: 1973_oil_crisis

text: In

text: declassified

text: documents

text: revealed

text: that

text: the

text: U.S.

text: was

text: so

text: distraught

text: by

text: the

text: rise

text: in

text: oil

text: prices

text: and

text: being

text: challenged

text: by

text: under

text: developed

text: countries

text: that

text: they

text: briefly

text: considered

text: military

text: action

text: to

text: forcibly

text: seize

text: Middle

text: Eastern

text: oilfields

text: in

text: late

text: Although

text: no

text: explicit

text: plan

text: was

text: mentioned

text: a

text: conversation

text: between

text: U.S.

text: Secretary

text: of

text: Defense

text: James

text: Schlesinger

text: and

text: British

text: Ambassador

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Lord

text: Cromer

text: revealed

text: Schlesinger

text: had

text: told

text: him

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: no

text: longer

text: obvious

text: to

text: him

text: that

text: the

text: U.S.

text: could

text: not

text: use

text: force

text: British

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Edward

text: Heath

text: was

text: so

text: worried

text: by

text: this

text: prospect

text: that

text: he

text: ordered

text: a

text: British

text: intelligence

text: estimate

text: of

text: U.S.

text: intentions

text: which

text: concluded

text: America

text: might

text: consider

text: it

text: could

text: not

text: tolerate

text: a

text: situation

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: U.S.

text: and

text: its

text: allies

text: were

text: at

text: the

text: mercy

text: of

text: a

text: small

text: group

text: of

text: unreasonable

text: countries

text: and

text: that

text: they

text: would

text: prefer

text: a

text: rapid

text: operation

text: to

text: seize

text: oilfields

text: in

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: and

text: Kuwait

text: and

text: possibly

text: Abu

text: Dhabi

text: in

text: military

text: action

text: was

text: decided

text: upon

text: Although

text: the

text: Soviet

text: response

text: to

text: such

text: an

text: act

text: would

text: likely

text: not

text: involve

text: force

text: intelligence

text: warned

text: the

text: American

text: occupation

text: would

text: need

text: to

text: last

text: years

text: as

text: the

text: West

text: developed

text: alternative

text: energy

text: sources

text: and

text: would

text: result

text: in

text: the

text: total

text: alienation’

text: of

text: the

text: Arabs

text: and

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: Third

text: World

question: Which country was thinking about going to war to forcibly take Middle Eastern oil fields?

answer: U.S

text: U.S

answer: U.S.

text: U.S.

answer: U.S.

text: U.S.

answer: U.S

text: U.S

answer: the U.S.

text: the U.S.

question: Which country was worried that the US would invade the Middle East?

answer: British Prime Minister Edward Heath

text: British Prime Minister Edward Heath

answer: British

text: British

answer: British

text: British

answer: British

text: British

question: How long would the invasion of the Middle East have to last in order to develop renewable resources?

answer: 10 years

text: 10 years

answer: 10 years

text: 10 years

answer: 10 years

text: 10 years

answer: 10 years

text: 10 years

answer: 10 years

text: 10 years

question: Who would the occupation alienate?

answer: Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World

text: Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World

answer: the Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World

text: the Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World

answer: Arabs

text: Arabs

answer: Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World

text: Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World

answer: the Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World

text: the Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World

question: What action did the US plan to take in 2004 due to rising oil prices?

question: What revealed the intentions of the British in the middle east regarding oil prices in 2004?

text: declassified documents

question: What had Edward Heath told Lord Cromer about taking action in the middle east?

question: What did British Ambassador Lord Cromer order due to his worry about US mid East actions?

question: What would be a Kuwaiti response to US actions be?

text: likely not involve force


text: The area is also known for its early twentieth century homes, many of which have been restored in recent decades. The area includes many California Bungalow and American Craftsman style homes, Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture, Mediterranean Revival Style architecture, Mission Revival Style architecture, and many Storybook houses designed by Fresno architects, Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler. The residential architecture of the Tower District contrasts with the newer areas of tract homes urban sprawl in north and east areas of Fresno.

title: Fresno,_California

title: Fresno,_California

text: The

text: area

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: early

text: twentieth

text: century

text: homes

text: many

text: of

text: which

text: have

text: been

text: restored

text: in

text: recent

text: decades

text: The

text: area

text: includes

text: many

text: California

text: Bungalow

text: and

text: American

text: Craftsman

text: style

text: homes

text: Spanish

text: Colonial

text: Revival

text: Style

text: architecture

text: Mediterranean

text: Revival

text: Style

text: architecture

text: Mission

text: Revival

text: Style

text: architecture

text: and

text: many

text: Storybook

text: houses

text: designed

text: by

text: Fresno

text: architects

text: Hilliard

text: Taylor

text: Wheeler

text: The

text: residential

text: architecture

text: of

text: the

text: Tower

text: District

text: contrasts

text: with

text: the

text: newer

text: areas

text: of

text: tract

text: homes

text: urban

text: sprawl

text: in

text: north

text: and

text: east

text: areas

text: of

text: Fresno

question: What type of homes is Fresno known for?

answer: early twentieth century homes

text: early twentieth century homes

answer: early twentieth century homes

text: early twentieth century homes

answer: early twentieth century

text: early twentieth century

question: What types of houses are designed by Fresno architects?

answer: Storybook houses

text: Storybook houses

answer: Storybook

text: Storybook

question: Does the residential architecture of the Tower District compare or contrast with other part of Fresno?

answer: contrasts

text: contrasts

answer: contrasts

text: contrasts

answer: contrasts

text: contrasts

question: How recently has the homes in Fresno been restored?

answer: in recent decades

text: in recent decades

answer: recent decades

text: recent decades

answer: recent decades

text: recent decades

question: Who designed the Mission Revival Style architecture?

text: Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler

question: What area is the Tower District similar to in architecture?

text: north and east areas

question: When did Hilliard, Taylor, and Wheeler work?

text: recent decades

question: Are California Bungalows located in the north or east?

text: north

question: Who restored the Bungalows?

text: Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler


text: The Harvard Crimson competes in 42 intercollegiate sports in the NCAA Division I Ivy League. Harvard has an intense athletic rivalry with Yale University culminating in The Game, although the Harvard–Yale Regatta predates the football game. This rivalry, though, is put aside every two years when the Harvard and Yale Track and Field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford University and Cambridge University team, a competition that is the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.

title: Harvard_University

title: Harvard_University

text: The

text: Harvard

text: Crimson

text: competes

text: in

text: intercollegiate

text: sports

text: in

text: the

text: NCAA

text: Division

text: I

text: Ivy

text: League

text: Harvard

text: has

text: an

text: intense

text: athletic

text: rivalry

text: with

text: Yale

text: University

text: culminating

text: in

text: The

text: Game

text: although

text: the

text: Harvard

text: Yale

text: Regatta

text: predates

text: the

text: football

text: game

text: This

text: rivalry

text: though

text: is

text: put

text: aside

text: every

text: two

text: years

text: when

text: the

text: Harvard

text: and

text: Yale

text: Track

text: and

text: Field

text: teams

text: come

text: together

text: to

text: compete

text: against

text: a

text: combined

text: Oxford

text: University

text: and

text: Cambridge

text: University

text: team

text: a

text: competition

text: that

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: continuous

text: international

text: amateur

text: competition

text: in

text: the

text: world

question: How many intercollegiate sports does Harvard compete in NCAA division I

answer: 42

answer: 42

answer: 42

question: What is Harvard's most intense rival?

answer: Yale University

text: Yale University

answer: Yale

text: Yale

answer: Yale University

text: Yale University

question: At what time is the Harvard-Yale rivalry set aside?

answer: every two years when the Harvard and Yale Track and Field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford University and Cambridge University team

text: every two years when the Harvard and Yale Track and Field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford University and Cambridge University team

answer: every two years

text: every two years

answer: every two years

text: every two years

question: How many sports does Yale compete  in in the NCAA Division I Ivy League?

question: What kind of rivalry do Oxford and Cambridge have?

text: intense athletic

question: What event does the Oxford-Cambridge rivalry culminate in?

text: The Game

question: How often do Oxford and Cambridge put aside their rivalry?

text: every two years

question: How old is the NCAA Division I Ivy League competition?


text: Many complexity classes are defined using the concept of a reduction. A reduction is a transformation of one problem into another problem. It captures the informal notion of a problem being at least as difficult as another problem. For instance, if a problem X can be solved using an algorithm for Y, X is no more difficult than Y, and we say that X reduces to Y. There are many different types of reductions, based on the method of reduction, such as Cook reductions, Karp reductions and Levin reductions, and the bound on the complexity of reductions, such as polynomial-time reductions or log-space reductions.

title: Computational_complexity_theory

title: Computational_complexity_theory

text: Many

text: complexity

text: classes

text: are

text: defined

text: using

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: a

text: reduction

text: A

text: reduction

text: is

text: a

text: transformation

text: of

text: one

text: problem

text: into

text: another

text: problem

text: It

text: captures

text: the

text: informal

text: notion

text: of

text: a

text: problem

text: being

text: at

text: least

text: as

text: difficult

text: as

text: another

text: problem

text: For

text: instance

text: if

text: a

text: problem

text: X

text: can

text: be

text: solved

text: using

text: an

text: algorithm

text: for

text: Y

text: X

text: is

text: no

text: more

text: difficult

text: than

text: Y

text: and

text: we

text: say

text: that

text: X

text: reduces

text: to

text: Y.

text: There

text: are

text: many

text: different

text: types

text: of

text: reductions

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: method

text: of

text: reduction

text: such

text: as

text: Cook

text: reductions

text: Karp

text: reductions

text: and

text: Levin

text: reductions

text: and

text: the

text: bound

text: on

text: the

text: complexity

text: of

text: reductions

text: such

text: as

text: polynomial

text: time

text: reductions

text: or

text: log

text: space

text: reductions

question: What concept is frequently used to define complexity classes?

answer: reduction

text: reduction

answer: a reduction

text: a reduction

answer: reduction

text: reduction

question: Reduction essentially takes one problem and converts into what?

answer: another problem

text: another problem

answer: another problem

text: another problem

answer: another problem

text: another problem

question: According to reduction, if X and Y can be solved by the same algorithm then X performs what function in relationship to Y?

answer: reduces

text: reduces

answer: reduces

text: reduces

answer: X reduces to Y

text: X reduces to Y

question: What are two examples of different types of reduction?

answer: Karp reductions and Levin reductions

text: Karp reductions and Levin reductions

answer: Cook reductions, Karp reductions

text: Cook reductions, Karp reductions

question: Polynomial time reductions are an example of what?

answer: the bound on the complexity of reductions

text: the bound on the complexity of reductions

answer: types of reductions

text: types of reductions

answer: the bound on the complexity of reductions

text: the bound on the complexity of reductions

question: What are many complexity classes not defined by?

text: the concept of a reduction.

question: What is defined by using the theorem of reduction?

text: Many complexity classes

question: What is a transformation of two problems into on three problems?

text: reduction

question: What captures the formal notion of a problem being at lease as difficult as another problem?

text: reduction

question: What are the six types of reductions?


text: The French acquired a copy of the British war plans, including the activities of Shirley and Johnson. Shirley's efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties, exacerbated by Shirley's inexperience in managing large expeditions. In conjunction, Shirley was made aware that the French were massing for an attack on Fort Oswego in his absence when he planned to attack Fort Niagara. As a response, Shirley left garrisons at Oswego, Fort Bull, and Fort Williams (the latter two located on the Oneida Carry between the Mohawk River and Wood Creek at present-day Rome, New York). Supplies for use in the projected attack on Niagara were cached at Fort Bull.

title: French_and_Indian_War

title: French_and_Indian_War

text: The

text: French

text: acquired

text: a

text: copy

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: war

text: plans

text: including

text: the

text: activities

text: of

text: Shirley

text: and

text: Johnson

text: Shirley

text: 's

text: efforts

text: to

text: fortify

text: Oswego

text: were

text: bogged

text: down

text: in

text: logistical

text: difficulties

text: exacerbated

text: by

text: Shirley

text: 's

text: inexperience

text: in

text: managing

text: large

text: expeditions

text: In

text: conjunction

text: Shirley

text: was

text: made

text: aware

text: that

text: the

text: French

text: were

text: massing

text: for

text: an

text: attack

text: on

text: Fort

text: Oswego

text: in

text: his

text: absence

text: when

text: he

text: planned

text: to

text: attack

text: Fort

text: Niagara

text: As

text: a

text: response

text: Shirley

text: left

text: garrisons

text: at

text: Oswego

text: Fort

text: Bull

text: and

text: Fort

text: Williams

text: the

text: latter

text: two

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Oneida

text: Carry

text: between

text: the

text: Mohawk

text: River

text: and

text: Wood

text: Creek

text: at

text: present

text: day

text: Rome

text: New

text: York

text: Supplies

text: for

text: use

text: in

text: the

text: projected

text: attack

text: on

text: Niagara

text: were

text: cached

text: at

text: Fort

text: Bull

question: Whose activities were the French able to gain knowledge of?

answer: Shirley and Johnson.

text: Shirley and Johnson.

answer: British

text: British

answer: British war plans

text: British war plans

answer: British war plans

text: British war plans

answer: Shirley and Johnson

text: Shirley and Johnson

question: What difficulties was Shirly having?

answer: efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties, exacerbated by Shirley's inexperience

text: efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties, exacerbated by Shirley's inexperience

answer: logistical

text: logistical

answer: logistical difficulties

text: logistical difficulties

answer: logistical

text: logistical

answer: logistical

text: logistical

question: Where was Shirey going to be when Fort Oswego was to be attacked?

answer: planned to attack Fort Niagara

text: planned to attack Fort Niagara

answer: Fort Niagara

text: Fort Niagara

answer: Fort Niagara

text: Fort Niagara

answer: Fort Niagara

text: Fort Niagara

question: Who did Shirley leave at Oswego?

answer: garrisons

text: garrisons

answer: garrisons

text: garrisons

answer: garrisons

text: garrisons

answer: garrisons

text: garrisons

question: Whose activities were the French able to lose knowledge of?

text: Shirley and Johnson

question: Whose activities weren't the French able to gain knowledge of?

text: Shirley and Johnson

question: What difficulties wasn't Shirly having?

question: Where was Shirey going to be when Fort Oswego wasn't to be attacked?

text: Fort Niagara

question: Who did Shirley not leave at Oswego?

text: garrisons


text: In literature, author of the New York Times bestseller Before I Fall Lauren Oliver, Pulitzer Prize winning novelist Philip Roth, Canadian-born Pulitzer Prize and Nobel Prize for Literature winning writer Saul Bellow, political philosopher, literary critic and author of the New York Times bestseller "The Closing of the American Mind" Allan Bloom, ''The Good War" author Studs Terkel, American writer, essayist, filmmaker, teacher, and political activist Susan Sontag, analytic philosopher and Stanford University Professor of Comparative Literature Richard Rorty, and American writer and satirist Kurt Vonnegut are notable alumni.

title: University_of_Chicago

title: University_of_Chicago

text: In

text: literature

text: author

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: bestseller

text: Before

text: I

text: Fall

text: Lauren

text: Oliver

text: Pulitzer

text: Prize

text: winning

text: novelist

text: Philip

text: Roth

text: Canadian

text: born

text: Pulitzer

text: Prize

text: and

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: for

text: Literature

text: winning

text: writer

text: Saul

text: Bellow

text: political

text: philosopher

text: literary

text: critic

text: and

text: author

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: bestseller

text: The

text: Closing

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Mind

text: Allan

text: Bloom

text: The

text: Good

text: War

text: author

text: Studs

text: Terkel

text: American

text: writer

text: essayist

text: filmmaker

text: teacher

text: and

text: political

text: activist

text: Susan

text: Sontag

text: analytic

text: philosopher

text: and

text: Stanford

text: University

text: Professor

text: of

text: Comparative

text: Literature

text: Richard

text: Rorty

text: and

text: American

text: writer

text: and

text: satirist

text: Kurt

text: Vonnegut

text: are

text: notable

text: alumni

question: What alumni member also write the bestseller Before I Fall?

answer: Lauren Oliver

text: Lauren Oliver

answer: Lauren Oliver

text: Lauren Oliver

answer: Lauren Oliver

text: Lauren Oliver

question: What is the name of the Pulitzer Prize novelist who was also a university alumni?

answer: Philip Roth

text: Philip Roth

answer: Philip Roth

text: Philip Roth

answer: Philip Roth

text: Philip Roth

question: What alumni wrote "The Closing of the American Mind"?

answer: Allan Bloom

text: Allan Bloom

answer: Allan Bloom

text: Allan Bloom

answer: Allan Bloom

text: Allan Bloom

question: What alumni wrote "The Good War"?

answer: Studs Terkel

text: Studs Terkel

answer: Studs Terkel

text: Studs Terkel

answer: Studs Terkel

text: Studs Terkel

question: What is the name of the American writer and satirist who is also a university alumni?

answer: Kurt Vonnegut

text: Kurt Vonnegut

answer: Kurt Vonnegut

text: Kurt Vonnegut

answer: Kurt Vonnegut

text: Kurt Vonnegut

question: Who won the Pullitzer Prize as well as the Nobel Prize?

text: Saul Bellow

question: Who wrote the American Times bestselling book titled "The Closing of the American Mind"?

text: Allan Bloom

question: Who wrote "The American War"?

text: Studs Terkel

question: Who wrote the book titled "Before I Fall" which was a University bestseller?

text: Lauren Oliver

question: Who wrote "The closing of the Good War"?

text: Studs Terkel


text: The economy of Victoria is highly diversified: service sectors including financial and property services, health, education, wholesale, retail, hospitality and manufacturing constitute the majority of employment. Victoria's total gross state product (GSP) is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth in terms of GSP per capita because of its limited mining activity. Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is also described as the "sporting capital of Australia". The Melbourne Cricket Ground is the largest stadium in Australia, and the host of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games. The ground is also considered the "spiritual home" of Australian cricket and Australian rules football, and hosts the grand final of the Australian Football League (AFL) each year, usually drawing crowds of over 95,000 people. Victoria includes eight public universities, with the oldest, the University of Melbourne, having been founded in 1853.

title: Victoria_(Australia)

title: Victoria_(Australia

text: The

text: economy

text: of

text: Victoria

text: is

text: highly

text: diversified

text: service

text: sectors

text: including

text: financial

text: and

text: property

text: services

text: health

text: education

text: wholesale

text: retail

text: hospitality

text: and

text: manufacturing

text: constitute

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: employment

text: Victoria

text: 's

text: total

text: gross

text: state

text: product

text: GSP

text: is

text: ranked

text: second

text: in

text: Australia

text: although

text: Victoria

text: is

text: ranked

text: fourth

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: GSP

text: per

text: capita

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: limited

text: mining

text: activity

text: Culturally

text: Melbourne

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: museums

text: art

text: galleries

text: and

text: theatres

text: and

text: is

text: also

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: sporting

text: capital

text: of

text: Australia

text: The

text: Melbourne

text: Cricket

text: Ground

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: stadium

text: in

text: Australia

text: and

text: the

text: host

text: of

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: and

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: Games

text: The

text: ground

text: is

text: also

text: considered

text: the

text: spiritual

text: home

text: of

text: Australian

text: cricket

text: and

text: Australian

text: rules

text: football

text: and

text: hosts

text: the

text: grand

text: final

text: of

text: the

text: Australian

text: Football

text: League

text: AFL

text: each

text: year

text: usually

text: drawing

text: crowds

text: of

text: over

text: people

text: Victoria

text: includes

text: eight

text: public

text: universities

text: with

text: the

text: oldest

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Melbourne

text: having

text: been

text: founded

text: in

question: What kind of economy does Victoria have?

answer: diversified

text: diversified

answer: highly diversified

text: highly diversified

answer: highly diversified

text: highly diversified

question: Where according to gross state product does Victoria rank in Australia?

answer: second

text: second

answer: second

text: second

answer: second

text: second

question: At what rank does GPS per capita set Victoria?

answer: fourth

text: fourth

answer: fourth

text: fourth

answer: fourth

text: fourth

question: What city in Victoria is called the sporting capital of Australia?

answer: Melbourne

text: Melbourne

answer: Melbourne

text: Melbourne

answer: Melbourne

text: Melbourne

question: What is the largest stadium in Australia?

answer: Melbourne Cricket Ground

text: Melbourne Cricket Ground

answer: The Melbourne Cricket Ground

text: The Melbourne Cricket Ground

answer: Melbourne Cricket Ground

text: Melbourne Cricket Ground

question: What kind of education does Victoria have?

text: diversified

question: Where according to net domestic product does Victoria rank in Australia?

text: second

question: At what rank is GPS service in Victoria?

text: fourth

question: What city in Victoria is called the cricket ground of Australia?

text: Melbourne

question: How many public universities are in Melbourne?

text: eight


text: The reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers. Otherwise, the physician has a financial self-interest in "diagnosing" as many conditions as possible, and in exaggerating their seriousness, because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient. Such self-interest directly conflicts with the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects. This system reflects much similarity to the checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governments.[citation needed]

title: Pharmacy

title: Pharmacy

text: The

text: reason

text: for

text: the

text: majority

text: rule

text: is

text: the

text: high

text: risk

text: of

text: a

text: conflict

text: of

text: interest

text: and/or

text: the

text: avoidance

text: of

text: absolute

text: powers

text: Otherwise

text: the

text: physician

text: has

text: a

text: financial

text: self

text: interest

text: in

text: diagnosing

text: as

text: many

text: conditions

text: as

text: possible

text: and

text: in

text: exaggerating

text: their

text: seriousness

text: because

text: he

text: or

text: she

text: can

text: then

text: sell

text: more

text: medications

text: to

text: the

text: patient

text: Such

text: self

text: interest

text: directly

text: conflicts

text: with

text: the

text: patient

text: 's

text: interest

text: in

text: obtaining

text: cost

text: effective

text: medication

text: and

text: avoiding

text: the

text: unnecessary

text: use

text: of

text: medication

text: that

text: may

text: have

text: side

text: effects

text: This

text: system

text: reflects

text: much

text: similarity

text: to

text: the

text: checks

text: and

text: balances

text: system

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: and

text: many

text: other

text: governments.[citation

text: needed

question: Why is majority rule used?

answer: the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers

text: the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers

answer: high risk of a conflict of interest

text: high risk of a conflict of interest

answer: high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers

text: high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers

question: Why might a physician diagnose a large number of conditions?

answer: because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient

text: because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient

answer: sell more medications to the patient

text: sell more medications to the patient

answer: sell more medications to the patient

text: sell more medications to the patient

question: What do rules about conflict of interest involving doctors diagnosing patients resemble?

answer: the checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governments.

text: the checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governments.

answer: checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governments

text: checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governments

answer: similarity to the checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governments

text: similarity to the checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governments

question: Where might the doctor's self-interest be at odds with the patient's self-interest?

answer: in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects

text: in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects

answer: obtaining cost-effective medication

text: obtaining cost-effective medication

answer: the physician has a financial self-interest in "diagnosing" as many conditions as possible

text: the physician has a financial self-interest in "diagnosing" as many conditions as possible

question: How else might a physician take advantage of self-interest?

answer: exaggerating their seriousness

text: exaggerating their seriousness

answer: avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects

text: avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects

answer: because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient

text: because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient

question: Why is majority rule avoided?

question: Why might a physician never diagnose a large number of conditions?

question: What do rules about conflict of interest involving doctors diagnosing patients not resemble?

question: Where might the doctor's self-interest be equivalent with the patient's self-interest?

question: How else might a physician not take advantage of self-interest?

text: exaggerating their seriousness


text: An important factor in the creation of inequality is variation in individuals' access to education. Education, especially in an area where there is a high demand for workers, creates high wages for those with this education, however, increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality. As a result, those who are unable to afford an education, or choose not to pursue optional education, generally receive much lower wages. The justification for this is that a lack of education leads directly to lower incomes, and thus lower aggregate savings and investment. Conversely, education raises incomes and promotes growth because it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor.

title: Economic_inequality

title: Economic_inequality

text: An

text: important

text: factor

text: in

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: inequality

text: is

text: variation

text: in

text: individuals

text: access

text: to

text: education

text: Education

text: especially

text: in

text: an

text: area

text: where

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: high

text: demand

text: for

text: workers

text: creates

text: high

text: wages

text: for

text: those

text: with

text: this

text: education

text: however

text: increases

text: in

text: education

text: first

text: increase

text: and

text: then

text: decrease

text: growth

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: income

text: inequality

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: those

text: who

text: are

text: unable

text: to

text: afford

text: an

text: education

text: or

text: choose

text: not

text: to

text: pursue

text: optional

text: education

text: generally

text: receive

text: much

text: lower

text: wages

text: The

text: justification

text: for

text: this

text: is

text: that

text: a

text: lack

text: of

text: education

text: leads

text: directly

text: to

text: lower

text: incomes

text: and

text: thus

text: lower

text: aggregate

text: savings

text: and

text: investment

text: Conversely

text: education

text: raises

text: incomes

text: and

text: promotes

text: growth

text: because

text: it

text: helps

text: to

text: unleash

text: the

text: productive

text: potential

text: of

text: the

text: poor

question: What is key to getting the skills needed for high demand jobs?

answer: access to education

text: access to education

answer: Education

text: Education

answer: education

text: education

question: What do people with lower income have less access to?

answer: optional education

text: optional education

answer: education

text: education

answer: education

text: education

question: What does less education lead to when working?

answer: lower wages

text: lower wages

answer: lower wages

text: lower wages

answer: lower wages

text: lower wages

question: Who has limited productive potential when faced with less access to education?

answer: poor

text: poor

answer: poor

text: poor

answer: poor

text: poor

question: What are those with lower incomes less likely to have in order to prepare for the future?

answer: savings and investment

text: savings and investment

answer: education,

text: education,

answer: education

text: education

question: What is an important factor contributing to inequality for individuals?

answer: access to education

text: access to education

answer: access to education

text: access to education

answer: access to education

text: access to education

question: What does education in an area where there is high demand for workers tend to create?

answer: high wages

text: high wages

answer: high wages

text: high wages

answer: high wages

text: high wages

question: What type of wages do people unable to afford an education receive?

answer: lower

text: lower

answer: lower wages

text: lower wages

answer: lower wages

text: lower wages

question: What does lack of education lead directly to?

answer: lower incomes

text: lower incomes

answer: lower incomes

text: lower incomes

answer: lower incomes

text: lower incomes

question: What helps to unleash the productivity ability of the poor?

answer: education

text: education

answer: education

text: education

answer: education

text: education

question: What is key to getting the skills needed for low demand jobs?

text: access to education

question: What do people with higher income have less access to?

text: optional education

question: What does more education lead to when working?

text: lower wages

question: Who has limited productive potential when faced with more access to education?

text: poor

question: What are those with lower incomes more likely to have in order to prepare for the future?

text: savings and investment


text: The mechanisms used to evade the adaptive immune system are more complicated. The simplest approach is to rapidly change non-essential epitopes (amino acids and/or sugars) on the surface of the pathogen, while keeping essential epitopes concealed. This is called antigenic variation. An example is HIV, which mutates rapidly, so the proteins on its viral envelope that are essential for entry into its host target cell are constantly changing. These frequent changes in antigens may explain the failures of vaccines directed at this virus. The parasite Trypanosoma brucei uses a similar strategy, constantly switching one type of surface protein for another, allowing it to stay one step ahead of the antibody response. Masking antigens with host molecules is another common strategy for avoiding detection by the immune system. In HIV, the envelope that covers the virion is formed from the outermost membrane of the host cell; such "self-cloaked" viruses make it difficult for the immune system to identify them as "non-self" structures.

title: Immune_system

title: Immune_system

text: The

text: mechanisms

text: used

text: to

text: evade

text: the

text: adaptive

text: immune

text: system

text: are

text: more

text: complicated

text: The

text: simplest

text: approach

text: is

text: to

text: rapidly

text: change

text: non

text: essential

text: epitopes

text: amino

text: acids

text: and/or

text: sugars

text: on

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: the

text: pathogen

text: while

text: keeping

text: essential

text: epitopes

text: concealed

text: This

text: is

text: called

text: antigenic

text: variation

text: An

text: example

text: is

text: HIV

text: which

text: mutates

text: rapidly

text: so

text: the

text: proteins

text: on

text: its

text: viral

text: envelope

text: that

text: are

text: essential

text: for

text: entry

text: into

text: its

text: host

text: target

text: cell

text: are

text: constantly

text: changing

text: These

text: frequent

text: changes

text: in

text: antigens

text: may

text: explain

text: the

text: failures

text: of

text: vaccines

text: directed

text: at

text: this

text: virus

text: The

text: parasite

text: Trypanosoma

text: brucei

text: uses

text: a

text: similar

text: strategy

text: constantly

text: switching

text: one

text: type

text: of

text: surface

text: protein

text: for

text: another

text: allowing

text: it

text: to

text: stay

text: one

text: step

text: ahead

text: of

text: the

text: antibody

text: response

text: Masking

text: antigens

text: with

text: host

text: molecules

text: is

text: another

text: common

text: strategy

text: for

text: avoiding

text: detection

text: by

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: In

text: HIV

text: the

text: envelope

text: that

text: covers

text: the

text: virion

text: is

text: formed

text: from

text: the

text: outermost

text: membrane

text: of

text: the

text: host

text: cell

text: such

text: self

text: cloaked

text: viruses

text: make

text: it

text: difficult

text: for

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: to

text: identify

text: them

text: as

text: non

text: self

text: structures

question: What is the process by which the adaptive immune system is evaded by the chainging of non-essential epitopes called?

answer: antigenic variation

text: antigenic variation

answer: antigenic variation

text: antigenic variation

answer: antigenic variation

text: antigenic variation

question: What is an example of a virus that uses antigenic variation?

answer: HIV

text: HIV

answer: HIV

text: HIV

answer: HIV

text: HIV

question: What is an example of a parasite that used the antigenic variation strategy to evade destruction?

answer: Trypanosoma brucei

text: Trypanosoma brucei

answer: Trypanosoma brucei

text: Trypanosoma brucei

answer: Trypanosoma brucei

text: Trypanosoma brucei

question: What compounds can be masked with the molecules of the host cell in order for a virus to evade detection?

answer: antigens

text: antigens

answer: antigens

text: antigens

answer: antigens

text: antigens

question: What are the less complex mechanisms used to do?

text: evade the adaptive immune system

question: What is the most complex way to avoid the adaptive immune system?

text: rapidly change non-essential epitopes

question: What is a pathogen that does not use antigenic variation?

text: HIV

question: What does not explain the failure of vaccines directed at the HIV virus?

text: frequent changes in antigens

question: What is a parasite that always uses the same surface protein?

text: Trypanosoma brucei


text: Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders at the port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347. After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the disease, the army catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants. The Genoese traders fled, taking the plague by ship into Sicily and the south of Europe, whence it spread north. Whether or not this hypothesis is accurate, it is clear that several existing conditions such as war, famine, and weather contributed to the severity of the Black Death.

title: Black_Death

title: Black_Death

text: Plague

text: was

text: reportedly

text: first

text: introduced

text: to

text: Europe

text: via

text: Genoese

text: traders

text: at

text: the

text: port

text: city

text: of

text: Kaffa

text: in

text: the

text: Crimea

text: in

text: After

text: a

text: protracted

text: siege

text: during

text: which

text: the

text: Mongol

text: army

text: under

text: Jani

text: Beg

text: was

text: suffering

text: from

text: the

text: disease

text: the

text: army

text: catapulted

text: the

text: infected

text: corpses

text: over

text: the

text: city

text: walls

text: of

text: Kaffa

text: to

text: infect

text: the

text: inhabitants

text: The

text: Genoese

text: traders

text: fled

text: taking

text: the

text: plague

text: by

text: ship

text: into

text: Sicily

text: and

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: Europe

text: whence

text: it

text: spread

text: north

text: Whether

text: or

text: not

text: this

text: hypothesis

text: is

text: accurate

text: it

text: is

text: clear

text: that

text: several

text: existing

text: conditions

text: such

text: as

text: war

text: famine

text: and

text: weather

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: severity

text: of

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

question: Who introduced plague to Europe?

answer: Genoese traders

text: Genoese traders

answer: Genoese traders

text: Genoese traders

answer: Genoese traders

text: Genoese traders

question: Who did the army siege belong to?

answer: Jani Beg

text: Jani Beg

answer: Jani Beg

text: Jani Beg

answer: Jani Beg

text: Jani Beg

question: What did the Mongol army throw in their catapults?

answer: infected corpses

text: infected corpses

answer: infected corpses

text: infected corpses

answer: infected corpses

text: infected corpses

question: Where did the genoese traders bring the plague?

answer: Sicily

text: Sicily

answer: Sicily and the south of Europe

text: Sicily and the south of Europe

answer: Sicily

text: Sicily

question: What contributed to the severity of the plague?

answer: war, famine, and weather

text: war, famine, and weather

answer: war, famine, and weather

text: war, famine, and weather

answer: war, famine, and weather

text: war, famine, and weather

question: In what year did Jani Beg become leader of the Mongol army?

question: In what year was Kaffa founded?

question: Who else besides Genoa traded with Kaffa?

text: Mongol

question: To what city in Sicily did the Genoese traders flee to?

text: Kaffa

question: Who's infected corpse was one of the ones catapulted over the walls of Kaffa by the Mongol army?

text: Jani Beg


text: John Dalton's original atomic hypothesis assumed that all elements were monatomic and that the atoms in compounds would normally have the simplest atomic ratios with respect to one another. For example, Dalton assumed that water's formula was HO, giving the atomic mass of oxygen as 8 times that of hydrogen, instead of the modern value of about 16. In 1805, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Alexander von Humboldt showed that water is formed of two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen; and by 1811 Amedeo Avogadro had arrived at the correct interpretation of water's composition, based on what is now called Avogadro's law and the assumption of diatomic elemental molecules.[a]

title: Oxygen

title: Oxygen

text: John

text: Dalton

text: 's

text: original

text: atomic

text: hypothesis

text: assumed

text: that

text: all

text: elements

text: were

text: monatomic

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: atoms

text: in

text: compounds

text: would

text: normally

text: have

text: the

text: simplest

text: atomic

text: ratios

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: one

text: another

text: For

text: example

text: Dalton

text: assumed

text: that

text: water

text: 's

text: formula

text: was

text: HO

text: giving

text: the

text: atomic

text: mass

text: of

text: oxygen

text: as

text: times

text: that

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: instead

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: value

text: of

text: about

text: In

text: Joseph

text: Louis

text: Gay

text: Lussac

text: and

text: Alexander

text: von

text: Humboldt

text: showed

text: that

text: water

text: is

text: formed

text: of

text: two

text: volumes

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: one

text: volume

text: of

text: oxygen

text: and

text: by

text: Amedeo

text: Avogadro

text: had

text: arrived

text: at

text: the

text: correct

text: interpretation

text: of

text: water

text: 's

text: composition

text: based

text: on

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: called

text: Avogadro

text: 's

text: law

text: and

text: the

text: assumption

text: of

text: diatomic

text: elemental

text: molecules.[a

question: What did John Dalton think that all elements were in number present in compounds?

answer: monatomic

text: monatomic

answer: monatomic

text: monatomic

answer: monatomic

text: monatomic

answer: monatomic

text: monatomic

answer: monatomic

text: monatomic

question: What did Dalton think the atomic ratios were between atoms in compounds?

answer: simplest

text: simplest

answer: simplest

text: simplest

answer: simplest

text: simplest

answer: simplest

text: simplest

answer: the simplest

text: the simplest

question: What was Dalton's erroneous formula for water?

answer: HO

text: HO

answer: HO

text: HO

answer: HO

text: HO

answer: HO

text: HO

answer: HO

text: HO

question: What element did Gay-Lussac and von Humboldt discover was present in twice the amount of oxygen in water?

answer: hydrogen

text: hydrogen

answer: hydrogen

text: hydrogen

answer: hydrogen

text: hydrogen

answer: hydrogen

text: hydrogen

answer: hydrogen

text: hydrogen

question: What theory was arrived at in 1811 that presented the assumption of diatomic molecules?

answer: Avogadro's law

text: Avogadro's law

answer: Avogadro's law

text: Avogadro's law

answer: Avogadro's law

text: Avogadro's law

answer: the correct interpretation of water's composition

text: the correct interpretation of water's composition

answer: Avogadro's law

text: Avogadro's law

question: What did John Dalton hypothesize in 1805?

question: What did Dalton assume about OH?

question: What did Joseph Louis von Humboldt and Alexander Gay-Lussac show about water?

question: What year did Joseph Louis von Humboldt define the formula for water?

question: What law was created in 1805?

text: Avogadro's law


text: To classify the computation time (or similar resources, such as space consumption), one is interested in proving upper and lower bounds on the minimum amount of time required by the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem. The complexity of an algorithm is usually taken to be its worst-case complexity, unless specified otherwise. Analyzing a particular algorithm falls under the field of analysis of algorithms. To show an upper bound T(n) on the time complexity of a problem, one needs to show only that there is a particular algorithm with running time at most T(n). However, proving lower bounds is much more difficult, since lower bounds make a statement about all possible algorithms that solve a given problem. The phrase "all possible algorithms" includes not just the algorithms known today, but any algorithm that might be discovered in the future. To show a lower bound of T(n) for a problem requires showing that no algorithm can have time complexity lower than T(n).

title: Computational_complexity_theory

title: Computational_complexity_theory

text: To

text: classify

text: the

text: computation

text: time

text: or

text: similar

text: resources

text: such

text: as

text: space

text: consumption

text: one

text: is

text: interested

text: in

text: proving

text: upper

text: and

text: lower

text: bounds

text: on

text: the

text: minimum

text: amount

text: of

text: time

text: required

text: by

text: the

text: most

text: efficient

text: algorithm

text: solving

text: a

text: given

text: problem

text: The

text: complexity

text: of

text: an

text: algorithm

text: is

text: usually

text: taken

text: to

text: be

text: its

text: worst

text: case

text: complexity

text: unless

text: specified

text: otherwise

text: Analyzing

text: a

text: particular

text: algorithm

text: falls

text: under

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: analysis

text: of

text: algorithms

text: To

text: show

text: an

text: upper

text: bound

text: T(n

text: on

text: the

text: time

text: complexity

text: of

text: a

text: problem

text: one

text: needs

text: to

text: show

text: only

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: particular

text: algorithm

text: with

text: running

text: time

text: at

text: most

text: T(n

text: However

text: proving

text: lower

text: bounds

text: is

text: much

text: more

text: difficult

text: since

text: lower

text: bounds

text: make

text: a

text: statement

text: about

text: all

text: possible

text: algorithms

text: that

text: solve

text: a

text: given

text: problem

text: The

text: phrase

text: all

text: possible

text: algorithms

text: includes

text: not

text: just

text: the

text: algorithms

text: known

text: today

text: but

text: any

text: algorithm

text: that

text: might

text: be

text: discovered

text: in

text: the

text: future

text: To

text: show

text: a

text: lower

text: bound

text: of

text: T(n

text: for

text: a

text: problem

text: requires

text: showing

text: that

text: no

text: algorithm

text: can

text: have

text: time

text: complexity

text: lower

text: than

text: T(n

question: Classification of resources is contingent on determining the upper and lower bounds of minimum time required by what?

answer: the most efficient algorithm

text: the most efficient algorithm

answer: the most efficient algorithm

text: the most efficient algorithm

answer: the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem

text: the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem

question: The analysis of a specific algorithm is typically assigned to what field of computational science?

answer: analysis of algorithms

text: analysis of algorithms

answer: analysis of algorithms

text: analysis of algorithms

answer: analysis of algorithms

text: analysis of algorithms

question: Which bound of time is more difficult to establish?

answer: lower bounds

text: lower bounds

answer: lower

text: lower

answer: lower bounds

text: lower bounds

question: A specific algorithm demonstrating T(n) represents what measure of time complexity?

answer: upper bound

text: upper bound

answer: upper and lower bounds

text: upper and lower bounds

answer: upper bound

text: upper bound

question: What is the colloquial phrase used to convey the continuum of algorithms with unlimited availability irrespective of time?

answer: all possible algorithms

text: all possible algorithms

answer: all possible algorithms

text: all possible algorithms

answer: all possible algorithms

text: all possible algorithms

question: How does one note classify the computation time (or similar resources)?

question: What is usually taken as the best case complexity, unless specified otherwise?

text: complexity of an algorithm

question: What does not fall under the field of analysis of algorithms>

text: Analyzing a particular algorithm

question: When does one not need to show only that there is a particular algorithm running time at mons T(nO?

question: What is easy about proving lower bounds?


text: Homes from the early 20th century line this boulevard in the heart of the historic Alta Vista Tract. The section of Huntington Boulevard between First Street on the west to Cedar Avenue on the east is the home to many large, stately homes. The original development of this area began circa 1910, on 190 acres of what had been an alfalfa field. The Alta Vista Tract, as the land would become known, was mapped by William Stranahan for the Pacific Improvement Corporation, and was officially platted in 1911. The tract's boundaries were Balch Avenue on the south, Cedar Avenue on the east, the rear property line of Platt Avenue (east of Sixth Street) and Platt Avenue (west of Sixth Street) on the north, and First Street on the west. The subdivision was annexed to the City in January 1912, in an election that was the first in which women voted in the community. At the time of its admission to the City, the Alta Vista Tract was uninhabited but landscaped, although the trees had to be watered by tank wagon. In 1914 developers Billings & Meyering acquired the tract, completed street development, provided the last of the necessary municipal improvements including water service, and began marketing the property with fervor. A mere half decade later the tract had 267 homes. This rapid development was no doubt hastened by the Fresno Traction Company right-of-way along Huntington Boulevard, which provided streetcar connections between downtown and the County Hospital.

title: Fresno,_California

title: Fresno,_California

text: Homes

text: from

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: line

text: this

text: boulevard

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: historic

text: Alta

text: Vista

text: Tract

text: The

text: section

text: of

text: Huntington

text: Boulevard

text: between

text: First

text: Street

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: to

text: Cedar

text: Avenue

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: is

text: the

text: home

text: to

text: many

text: large

text: stately

text: homes

text: The

text: original

text: development

text: of

text: this

text: area

text: began

text: circa

text: on

text: acres

text: of

text: what

text: had

text: been

text: an

text: alfalfa

text: field

text: The

text: Alta

text: Vista

text: Tract

text: as

text: the

text: land

text: would

text: become

text: known

text: was

text: mapped

text: by

text: William

text: Stranahan

text: for

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Improvement

text: Corporation

text: and

text: was

text: officially

text: platted

text: in

text: The

text: tract

text: 's

text: boundaries

text: were

text: Balch

text: Avenue

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: Cedar

text: Avenue

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: rear

text: property

text: line

text: of

text: Platt

text: Avenue

text: east

text: of

text: Sixth

text: Street

text: and

text: Platt

text: Avenue

text: west

text: of

text: Sixth

text: Street

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: First

text: Street

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: subdivision

text: was

text: annexed

text: to

text: the

text: City

text: in

text: January

text: in

text: an

text: election

text: that

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: in

text: which

text: women

text: voted

text: in

text: the

text: community

text: At

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: its

text: admission

text: to

text: the

text: City

text: the

text: Alta

text: Vista

text: Tract

text: was

text: uninhabited

text: but

text: landscaped

text: although

text: the

text: trees

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: watered

text: by

text: tank

text: wagon

text: In

text: developers

text: Billings

text: Meyering

text: acquired

text: the

text: tract

text: completed

text: street

text: development

text: provided

text: the

text: last

text: of

text: the

text: necessary

text: municipal

text: improvements

text: including

text: water

text: service

text: and

text: began

text: marketing

text: the

text: property

text: with

text: fervor

text: A

text: mere

text: half

text: decade

text: later

text: the

text: tract

text: had

text: homes

text: This

text: rapid

text: development

text: was

text: no

text: doubt

text: hastened

text: by

text: the

text: Fresno

text: Traction

text: Company

text: right

text: of

text: way

text: along

text: Huntington

text: Boulevard

text: which

text: provided

text: streetcar

text: connections

text: between

text: downtown

text: and

text: the

text: County

text: Hospital

question: Which boulevard can you find many majestic homes in the area?

answer: Huntington Boulevard

text: Huntington Boulevard

answer: Huntington Boulevard

text: Huntington Boulevard

answer: Huntington Boulevard

text: Huntington Boulevard

question: Who mapped the Alta Vista Tract?

answer: William Stranahan

text: William Stranahan

answer: William Stranahan

text: William Stranahan

answer: William Stranahan

text: William Stranahan

question: In what year did developers Billings & Meyering acquire the Alta Vista Tract?

answer: 1914

answer: 1914

answer: 1914

question: How many homes did the Alta Vista Tract have five years after Billings & Meyering acquired it?

answer: 267

answer: 267

answer: 267

question: Which company provided streetcar connections between downtown and the hospital?

answer: Fresno Traction Company

text: Fresno Traction Company

answer: Fresno Traction Company

text: Fresno Traction Company

answer: Fresno Traction Company

text: Fresno Traction Company

question: Who planted the alfalfa fields?

text: William Stranahan

question: Who did the City grant the property to in 1912?

text: Pacific Improvement Corporation

question: How many homes did the Pacific Improvement Corporation build?

question: What stalled the development of houses?

question: When did the Fresno Traction Company begin to provide streetcar connections?


text: In this dioxygen, the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other. The bond can be variously described based on level of theory, but is reasonably and simply described as a covalent double bond that results from the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms, the filling of which results in a bond order of two. More specifically, the double bond is the result of sequential, low-to-high energy, or Aufbau, filling of orbitals, and the resulting cancellation of contributions from the 2s electrons, after sequential filling of the low σ and σ* orbitals; σ overlap of the two atomic 2p orbitals that lie along the O-O molecular axis and π overlap of two pairs of atomic 2p orbitals perpendicular to the O-O molecular axis, and then cancellation of contributions from the remaining two of the six 2p electrons after their partial filling of the lowest π and π* orbitals.

title: Oxygen

title: Oxygen

text: In

text: this

text: dioxygen

text: the

text: two

text: oxygen

text: atoms

text: are

text: chemically

text: bonded

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: The

text: bond

text: can

text: be

text: variously

text: described

text: based

text: on

text: level

text: of

text: theory

text: but

text: is

text: reasonably

text: and

text: simply

text: described

text: as

text: a

text: covalent

text: double

text: bond

text: that

text: results

text: from

text: the

text: filling

text: of

text: molecular

text: orbitals

text: formed

text: from

text: the

text: atomic

text: orbitals

text: of

text: the

text: individual

text: oxygen

text: atoms

text: the

text: filling

text: of

text: which

text: results

text: in

text: a

text: bond

text: order

text: of

text: two

text: More

text: specifically

text: the

text: double

text: bond

text: is

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: sequential

text: low

text: to

text: high

text: energy

text: or

text: Aufbau

text: filling

text: of

text: orbitals

text: and

text: the

text: resulting

text: cancellation

text: of

text: contributions

text: from

text: the

text: electrons

text: after

text: sequential

text: filling

text: of

text: the

text: low

text: σ

text: and

text: σ

text: orbitals

text: σ

text: overlap

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: atomic

text: orbitals

text: that

text: lie

text: along

text: the

text: O

text: O

text: molecular

text: axis

text: and

text: π

text: overlap

text: of

text: two

text: pairs

text: of

text: atomic

text: orbitals

text: perpendicular

text: to

text: the

text: O

text: O

text: molecular

text: axis

text: and

text: then

text: cancellation

text: of

text: contributions

text: from

text: the

text: remaining

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: six

text: electrons

text: after

text: their

text: partial

text: filling

text: of

text: the

text: lowest

text: π

text: and

text: π

text: orbitals

question: How is dioxygen most simply described?

answer: covalent double bond

text: covalent double bond

answer: a covalent double bond

text: a covalent double bond

answer: a covalent double bond that results from the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms

text: a covalent double bond that results from the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms

answer: a covalent double bond

text: a covalent double bond

answer: a covalent double bond that results from the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms

text: a covalent double bond that results from the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms

question: What is the bond order of dioxygen molecules?

answer: two

text: two

answer: two

text: two

answer: two

text: two

answer: two

text: two

answer: two

text: two

question: What is a descriptive term for a low-to-high energy bond?

answer: Aufbau

text: Aufbau

answer: Aufbau

text: Aufbau

answer: Aufbau

text: Aufbau

answer: Aufbau

text: Aufbau

answer: Aufbau

text: Aufbau

question: In dioxygen how are the two oxygen atoms bonded together?

answer: chemically

text: chemically

answer: chemically

text: chemically

answer: a covalent double bond

text: a covalent double bond

answer: a covalent double bond

text: a covalent double bond

answer: a covalent double bond

text: a covalent double bond

question: Of what does the covalent double bond result from ?

answer: molecular orbitals

text: molecular orbitals

answer: filling of molecular orbitals

text: filling of molecular orbitals

answer: the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms

text: the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms

answer: the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms

text: the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms

answer: the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms

text: the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms

question: How is the dioxygen covalent bond explained?

question: What is covalent bond a result of?

question: What axis do the 2p orbitals overlap with?

text: O-O molecular axis

question: How many pairs of 2p orbitals lie along the O-O axis?

text: two pairs


text: Victoria has a written constitution enacted in 1975, but based on the 1855 colonial constitution, passed by the United Kingdom Parliament as the Victoria Constitution Act 1855, which establishes the Parliament as the state's law-making body for matters coming under state responsibility. The Victorian Constitution can be amended by the Parliament of Victoria, except for certain "entrenched" provisions that require either an absolute majority in both houses, a three-fifths majority in both houses, or the approval of the Victorian people in a referendum, depending on the provision.

title: Victoria_(Australia)

title: Victoria_(Australia

text: Victoria

text: has

text: a

text: written

text: constitution

text: enacted

text: in

text: but

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: colonial

text: constitution

text: passed

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Parliament

text: as

text: the

text: Victoria

text: Constitution

text: Act

text: which

text: establishes

text: the

text: Parliament

text: as

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: law

text: making

text: body

text: for

text: matters

text: coming

text: under

text: state

text: responsibility

text: The

text: Victorian

text: Constitution

text: can

text: be

text: amended

text: by

text: the

text: Parliament

text: of

text: Victoria

text: except

text: for

text: certain

text: entrenched

text: provisions

text: that

text: require

text: either

text: an

text: absolute

text: majority

text: in

text: both

text: houses

text: a

text: three

text: fifths

text: majority

text: in

text: both

text: houses

text: or

text: the

text: approval

text: of

text: the

text: Victorian

text: people

text: in

text: a

text: referendum

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: provision

question: When did Victoria enact its constitution?

answer: 1975

answer: 1975

answer: 1975

question: On what is Victoria's constitution based ?

answer: 1855 colonial constitution

text: 1855 colonial constitution

answer: the 1855 colonial constitution

text: the 1855 colonial constitution

answer: 1855 colonial constitution

text: 1855 colonial constitution

question: What group can amend the Victorian constitution?

answer: Parliament of Victoria

text: Parliament of Victoria

answer: the Parliament of Victoria

text: the Parliament of Victoria

answer: Parliament of Victoria

text: Parliament of Victoria

question: What are the exceptions in the constitution  that require special considerations to amend?

answer: "entrenched" provisions

text: "entrenched" provisions

answer: certain "entrenched" provisions

text: certain "entrenched" provisions

answer: "entrenched" provisions

text: "entrenched" provisions

question: What document formed the Parliament of Victoria?

answer: Victoria Constitution Act 1855

text: Victoria Constitution Act 1855

answer: the Victoria Constitution Act 1855

text: the Victoria Constitution Act 1855

answer: Victoria Constitution Act 185

text: Victoria Constitution Act 185

question: When did Victoria approve a referendum?

question: On what is the Parliament of Victoria based?

text: 1855 colonial constitution

question: What group can amend the United Kingdom Parliament?

text: Parliament of Victoria

question: What are the exceptions in the constitutions that fall under state responsibility?

text: "entrenched" provisions

question: What document formed the Parliament of "entrenched" provisions?

text: Victoria Constitution Act 1855


text: Sky UK Limited (formerly British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB) is a British telecommunications company which serves the United Kingdom. Sky provides television and broadband internet services and fixed line telephone services to consumers and businesses in the United Kingdom. It is the UK's largest pay-TV broadcaster with 11 million customers as of 2015. It was the UK's most popular digital TV service until it was overtaken by Freeview in April 2007. Its corporate headquarters are based in Isleworth.

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom)

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom

text: Sky

text: UK

text: Limited

text: formerly

text: British

text: Sky

text: Broadcasting

text: or

text: BSkyB

text: is

text: a

text: British

text: telecommunications

text: company

text: which

text: serves

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Sky

text: provides

text: television

text: and

text: broadband

text: internet

text: services

text: and

text: fixed

text: line

text: telephone

text: services

text: to

text: consumers

text: and

text: businesses

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: UK

text: 's

text: largest

text: pay

text: TV

text: broadcaster

text: with

text: million

text: customers

text: as

text: of

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: UK

text: 's

text: most

text: popular

text: digital

text: TV

text: service

text: until

text: it

text: was

text: overtaken

text: by

text: Freeview

text: in

text: April

text: Its

text: corporate

text: headquarters

text: are

text: based

text: in

text: Isleworth

question: Sky UK Limited is formerly known by what name?

answer: BSkyB

text: BSkyB

answer: British Sky Broadcasting

text: British Sky Broadcasting

answer: British Sky Broadcasting

text: British Sky Broadcasting

question: What kind of company is Sky UK Limited?

answer: telecommunications

text: telecommunications

answer: telecommunications

text: telecommunications

answer: British telecommunications company

text: British telecommunications company

question: How many customers does Sky UK Limited have as a pay-TV broadcaster as of 2015?

answer: 11 million

text: 11 million

answer: 11 million

text: 11 million

answer: 11 million customers

text: 11 million customers

question: what other digital TV service took Sky UK Limited's most popular spot?

answer: Freeview

text: Freeview

answer: Freeview

text: Freeview

answer: Freeview

text: Freeview

question: Sky UK Limited is now known by what name?

text: British Sky Broadcasting

question: What has Sky UK Limited never been involved with?

text: telecommunications

question: How many customers did Sky UK Limited lose as a pay-TV broadcaster as of 2015?

text: 11 million

question: What was the UK's least popular TV service in 2015?

text: Sky UK Limited

question: Where did the headquarters relocate from?

text: Isleworth


text: Harvard's 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, about 3 miles (5 km) west-northwest of the State House in downtown Boston, and extends into the surrounding Harvard Square neighborhood. Harvard Yard itself contains the central administrative offices and main libraries of the university, academic buildings including Sever Hall and University Hall, Memorial Church, and the majority of the freshman dormitories. Sophomore, junior, and senior undergraduates live in twelve residential Houses, nine of which are south of Harvard Yard along or near the Charles River. The other three are located in a residential neighborhood half a mile northwest of the Yard at the Quadrangle (commonly referred to as the Quad), which formerly housed Radcliffe College students until Radcliffe merged its residential system with Harvard. Each residential house contains rooms for undergraduates, House masters, and resident tutors, as well as a dining hall and library. The facilities were made possible by a gift from Yale University alumnus Edward Harkness.

title: Harvard_University

title: Harvard_University

text: Harvard

text: 's

text: ha

text: main

text: campus

text: is

text: centered

text: on

text: Harvard

text: Yard

text: in

text: Cambridge

text: about

text: miles

text: km

text: west

text: northwest

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: House

text: in

text: downtown

text: Boston

text: and

text: extends

text: into

text: the

text: surrounding

text: Harvard

text: Square

text: neighborhood

text: Harvard

text: Yard

text: itself

text: contains

text: the

text: central

text: administrative

text: offices

text: and

text: main

text: libraries

text: of

text: the

text: university

text: academic

text: buildings

text: including

text: Sever

text: Hall

text: and

text: University

text: Hall

text: Memorial

text: Church

text: and

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: freshman

text: dormitories

text: Sophomore

text: junior

text: and

text: senior

text: undergraduates

text: live

text: in

text: twelve

text: residential

text: Houses

text: nine

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: south

text: of

text: Harvard

text: Yard

text: along

text: or

text: near

text: the

text: Charles

text: River

text: The

text: other

text: three

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: a

text: residential

text: neighborhood

text: half

text: a

text: mile

text: northwest

text: of

text: the

text: Yard

text: at

text: the

text: Quadrangle

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Quad

text: which

text: formerly

text: housed

text: Radcliffe

text: College

text: students

text: until

text: Radcliffe

text: merged

text: its

text: residential

text: system

text: with

text: Harvard

text: Each

text: residential

text: house

text: contains

text: rooms

text: for

text: undergraduates

text: House

text: masters

text: and

text: resident

text: tutors

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: dining

text: hall

text: and

text: library

text: The

text: facilities

text: were

text: made

text: possible

text: by

text: a

text: gift

text: from

text: Yale

text: University

text: alumnus

text: Edward

text: Harkness

question: How far from state house in downtown Boston is Harvard Yard?

answer: 3 miles

text: 3 miles

answer: 3 miles

text: 3 miles

answer: about 3 miles

text: about 3 miles

question: How many residential dorms house upper class, sophomore, Jr, and Sr students?

answer: twelve residential Houses

text: twelve residential Houses

answer: twelve

text: twelve

answer: twelve

text: twelve

question: Along what geographic feature are nine residential houses located?

answer: Charles River

text: Charles River

answer: Charles River

text: Charles River

answer: Charles River

text: Charles River

question: How far from the Yard is the Quad located?

answer: half a mile northwest of the Yard

text: half a mile northwest of the Yard

answer: half a mile

text: half a mile

answer: half a mile

text: half a mile

question: How many acres of land is the State House situated on?

text: 209-acre (85 ha)

question: What neighborhood is Edward Harkness formerly from?

text: Harvard Square

question: Who were formerly housed at Sever Hall?

text: Radcliffe College students

question: Why did Radcliffe College students stop residing at Sever Hall?

question: Where is the office of Edward Harkness located?

text: central administrative offices


text: The Normans had a profound effect on Irish culture and history after their invasion at Bannow Bay in 1169. Initially the Normans maintained a distinct culture and ethnicity. Yet, with time, they came to be subsumed into Irish culture to the point that it has been said that they became "more Irish than the Irish themselves." The Normans settled mostly in an area in the east of Ireland, later known as the Pale, and also built many fine castles and settlements, including Trim Castle and Dublin Castle. Both cultures intermixed, borrowing from each other's language, culture and outlook. Norman descendants today can be recognised by their surnames. Names such as French, (De) Roche, Devereux, D'Arcy, Treacy and Lacy are particularly common in the southeast of Ireland, especially in the southern part of County Wexford where the first Norman settlements were established. Other Norman names such as Furlong predominate there. Another common Norman-Irish name was Morell (Murrell) derived from the French Norman name Morel. Other names beginning with Fitz (from the Norman for son) indicate Norman ancestry. These included Fitzgerald, FitzGibbons (Gibbons) dynasty, Fitzmaurice. Other families bearing such surnames as Barry (de Barra) and De Búrca (Burke) are also of Norman extraction.

title: Normans

title: Normans

text: The

text: Normans

text: had

text: a

text: profound

text: effect

text: on

text: Irish

text: culture

text: and

text: history

text: after

text: their

text: invasion

text: at

text: Bannow

text: Bay

text: in

text: Initially

text: the

text: Normans

text: maintained

text: a

text: distinct

text: culture

text: and

text: ethnicity

text: Yet

text: with

text: time

text: they

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: subsumed

text: into

text: Irish

text: culture

text: to

text: the

text: point

text: that

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: said

text: that

text: they

text: became

text: more

text: Irish

text: than

text: the

text: Irish

text: themselves

text: The

text: Normans

text: settled

text: mostly

text: in

text: an

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: of

text: Ireland

text: later

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Pale

text: and

text: also

text: built

text: many

text: fine

text: castles

text: and

text: settlements

text: including

text: Trim

text: Castle

text: and

text: Dublin

text: Castle

text: Both

text: cultures

text: intermixed

text: borrowing

text: from

text: each

text: other

text: 's

text: language

text: culture

text: and

text: outlook

text: Norman

text: descendants

text: today

text: can

text: be

text: recognised

text: by

text: their

text: surnames

text: Names

text: such

text: as

text: French

text: De

text: Roche

text: Devereux

text: D'Arcy

text: Treacy

text: and

text: Lacy

text: are

text: particularly

text: common

text: in

text: the

text: southeast

text: of

text: Ireland

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: part

text: of

text: County

text: Wexford

text: where

text: the

text: first

text: Norman

text: settlements

text: were

text: established

text: Other

text: Norman

text: names

text: such

text: as

text: Furlong

text: predominate

text: there

text: Another

text: common

text: Norman

text: Irish

text: name

text: was

text: Morell

text: Murrell

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: French

text: Norman

text: name

text: Morel

text: Other

text: names

text: beginning

text: with

text: Fitz

text: from

text: the

text: Norman

text: for

text: son

text: indicate

text: Norman

text: ancestry

text: These

text: included

text: Fitzgerald

text: FitzGibbons

text: Gibbons

text: dynasty

text: Fitzmaurice

text: Other

text: families

text: bearing

text: such

text: surnames

text: as

text: Barry

text: de

text: Barra

text: and

text: De

text: Búrca

text: Burke

text: are

text: also

text: of

text: Norman

text: extraction

question: In what year did the Norman's invade at Bannow Bay?

answer: 1169

answer: 1169

answer: 1169

question: What country did the Normans invade in 1169?

answer: Ireland

text: Ireland

answer: Ireland

text: Ireland

answer: Ireland

text: Ireland

question: What culture did the Normans combine with in Ireland?

answer: Irish

text: Irish

answer: Irish

text: Irish

answer: Irish

text: Irish

question: Where did the Normans invade in the 11th century?

text: Bannow Bay

question: Who did the Irish culture have a profound effect on?

text: The Normans

question: What castles were built by the Irish?

text: Trim Castle and Dublin Castle