text: Despite being relatively unaffected by the embargo, the UK nonetheless faced an oil crisis of its own - a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973–74 became a major factor in the change of government. Heath asked the British to heat only one room in their houses over the winter. The UK, Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Norway banned flying, driving and boating on Sundays. Sweden rationed gasoline and heating oil. The Netherlands imposed prison sentences for those who used more than their ration of electricity.

title: 1973_oil_crisis

title: 1973_oil_crisis

text: Despite

text: being

text: relatively

text: unaffected

text: by

text: the

text: embargo

text: the

text: UK

text: nonetheless

text: faced

text: an

text: oil

text: crisis

text: of

text: its

text: own

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: strikes

text: by

text: coal

text: miners

text: and

text: railroad

text: workers

text: over

text: the

text: winter

text: of

text: became

text: a

text: major

text: factor

text: in

text: the

text: change

text: of

text: government

text: Heath

text: asked

text: the

text: British

text: to

text: heat

text: only

text: one

text: room

text: in

text: their

text: houses

text: over

text: the

text: winter

text: The

text: UK

text: Germany

text: Italy

text: Switzerland

text: and

text: Norway

text: banned

text: flying

text: driving

text: and

text: boating

text: on

text: Sundays

text: Sweden

text: rationed

text: gasoline

text: and

text: heating

text: oil

text: The

text: Netherlands

text: imposed

text: prison

text: sentences

text: for

text: those

text: who

text: used

text: more

text: than

text: their

text: ration

text: of

text: electricity

question: Which country is not badly hit by the embargo?

answer: UK

text: UK

answer: UK

text: UK

answer: UK

text: UK

answer: the UK

text: the UK

answer: UK

text: UK

question: What caused UK to have an oil crisis in its own country?

answer: a series of strikes

text: a series of strikes

answer: a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers

text: a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers

answer: a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers

text: a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers

answer: strikes by coal miners and railroad workers

text: strikes by coal miners and railroad workers

answer: a series of strikes

text: a series of strikes

question: When did the series of strikes happen?

answer: winter of 1973–74

text: winter of 1973–74

answer: over the winter of 1973–74

text: over the winter of 1973–74

answer: 1973–74

answer: winter of 1973–74

text: winter of 1973–74

answer: the winter of 1973–74

text: the winter of 1973–74

question: Name one country that banned boating, driving and flying on Sundays.

answer: Germany

text: Germany

answer: Germany

text: Germany

answer: Italy

text: Italy

answer: Norway

text: Norway

question: Which country rationed gasoline and heating gas?

answer: Sweden

text: Sweden

answer: Sweden

text: Sweden

answer: Sweden

text: Sweden

answer: Sweden

text: Sweden

answer: Sweden

text: Sweden

question: What did the UK ban on Sundays due to the embargo?

text: flying, driving and boating

question: What was rationed by railroad workers?

text: gasoline and heating oil

question: What happened in the UK if you used more than your ration of electricity?

text: prison sentences

question: What country is not that affected by the change of government?

text: the UK

question: What did Heath ask Norway to do over the winter?

text: to heat only one room in their houses


text: The most useful instrument for analyzing the performance of steam engines is the steam engine indicator. Early versions were in use by 1851, but the most successful indicator was developed for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer Charles Porter by Charles Richard and exhibited at London Exhibition in 1862. The steam engine indicator traces on paper the pressure in the cylinder throughout the cycle, which can be used to spot various problems and calculate developed horsepower. It was routinely used by engineers, mechanics and insurance inspectors. The engine indicator can also be used on internal combustion engines. See image of indicator diagram below (in Types of motor units section).

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: The

text: most

text: useful

text: instrument

text: for

text: analyzing

text: the

text: performance

text: of

text: steam

text: engines

text: is

text: the

text: steam

text: engine

text: indicator

text: Early

text: versions

text: were

text: in

text: use

text: by

text: but

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: indicator

text: was

text: developed

text: for

text: the

text: high

text: speed

text: engine

text: inventor

text: and

text: manufacturer

text: Charles

text: Porter

text: by

text: Charles

text: Richard

text: and

text: exhibited

text: at

text: London

text: Exhibition

text: in

text: The

text: steam

text: engine

text: indicator

text: traces

text: on

text: paper

text: the

text: pressure

text: in

text: the

text: cylinder

text: throughout

text: the

text: cycle

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: spot

text: various

text: problems

text: and

text: calculate

text: developed

text: horsepower

text: It

text: was

text: routinely

text: used

text: by

text: engineers

text: mechanics

text: and

text: insurance

text: inspectors

text: The

text: engine

text: indicator

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: on

text: internal

text: combustion

text: engines

text: See

text: image

text: of

text: indicator

text: diagram

text: below

text: in

text: Types

text: of

text: motor

text: units

text: section

question: What instrument is used to examine steam engine performance?

answer: steam engine indicator

text: steam engine indicator

answer: steam engine indicator

text: steam engine indicator

answer: steam engine indicator

text: steam engine indicator

question: What year saw the earliest recorded use of the steam engine indicator?

answer: 1851

answer: 1851

answer: 1851

question: What company developed the most successful steam engine indicator?

answer: Charles Porter

text: Charles Porter

answer: Charles Porter

text: Charles Porter

answer: Charles Porter

text: Charles Porter

question: Who developed a successful steam engine indicator for Charles Porter?

answer: Charles Richard

text: Charles Richard

answer: Charles Richard

text: Charles Richard

answer: Charles Richard

text: Charles Richard

question: Where was the Charles Porter steam engine indicator shown?

answer: London Exhibition

text: London Exhibition

answer: London Exhibition

text: London Exhibition

answer: London Exhibition

text: London Exhibition

question: What instrument is used to examine diagram performance?

text: steam engine indicator

question: What year saw the earliest recorded use of steam engines?

question: What company developed the most successful steam engine?

text: Charles Porter

question: Who developed a successful steam engine for Charles Porter?

text: Charles Richard

question: Where was the Charles Porter steam engine shown?

text: London Exhibition


text: EU Competition law has its origins in the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) agreement between France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany in 1951 following the second World War. The agreement aimed to prevent Germany from re-establishing dominance in the production of coal and steel as members felt that its dominance had contributed to the outbreak of the war. Article 65 of the agreement banned cartels and article 66 made provisions for concentrations, or mergers, and the abuse of a dominant position by companies. This was the first time that competition law principles were included in a plurilateral regional agreement and established the trans-European model of competition law. In 1957 competition rules were included in the Treaty of Rome, also known as the EC Treaty, which established the European Economic Community (EEC). The Treaty of Rome established the enactment of competition law as one of the main aims of the EEC through the "institution of a system ensuring that competition in the common market is not distorted". The two central provisions on EU competition law on companies were established in article 85, which prohibited anti-competitive agreements, subject to some exemptions, and article 86 prohibiting the abuse of dominant position. The treaty also established principles on competition law for member states, with article 90 covering public undertakings, and article 92 making provisions on state aid. Regulations on mergers were not included as member states could not establish consensus on the issue at the time.

title: European_Union_law

title: European_Union_law

text: EU

text: Competition

text: law

text: has

text: its

text: origins

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Coal

text: and

text: Steel

text: Community

text: ECSC

text: agreement

text: between

text: France

text: Italy

text: Belgium

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Luxembourg

text: and

text: Germany

text: in

text: following

text: the

text: second

text: World

text: War

text: The

text: agreement

text: aimed

text: to

text: prevent

text: Germany

text: from

text: re

text: establishing

text: dominance

text: in

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: coal

text: and

text: steel

text: as

text: members

text: felt

text: that

text: its

text: dominance

text: had

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: outbreak

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: Article

text: of

text: the

text: agreement

text: banned

text: cartels

text: and

text: article

text: made

text: provisions

text: for

text: concentrations

text: or

text: mergers

text: and

text: the

text: abuse

text: of

text: a

text: dominant

text: position

text: by

text: companies

text: This

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: that

text: competition

text: law

text: principles

text: were

text: included

text: in

text: a

text: plurilateral

text: regional

text: agreement

text: and

text: established

text: the

text: trans

text: European

text: model

text: of

text: competition

text: law

text: In

text: competition

text: rules

text: were

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Rome

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: EC

text: Treaty

text: which

text: established

text: the

text: European

text: Economic

text: Community

text: EEC

text: The

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Rome

text: established

text: the

text: enactment

text: of

text: competition

text: law

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: aims

text: of

text: the

text: EEC

text: through

text: the

text: institution

text: of

text: a

text: system

text: ensuring

text: that

text: competition

text: in

text: the

text: common

text: market

text: is

text: not

text: distorted

text: The

text: two

text: central

text: provisions

text: on

text: EU

text: competition

text: law

text: on

text: companies

text: were

text: established

text: in

text: article

text: which

text: prohibited

text: anti

text: competitive

text: agreements

text: subject

text: to

text: some

text: exemptions

text: and

text: article

text: prohibiting

text: the

text: abuse

text: of

text: dominant

text: position

text: The

text: treaty

text: also

text: established

text: principles

text: on

text: competition

text: law

text: for

text: member

text: states

text: with

text: article

text: covering

text: public

text: undertakings

text: and

text: article

text: making

text: provisions

text: on

text: state

text: aid

text: Regulations

text: on

text: mergers

text: were

text: not

text: included

text: as

text: member

text: states

text: could

text: not

text: establish

text: consensus

text: on

text: the

text: issue

text: at

text: the

text: time

question: Which countries were the European Coal and Steel Community agreement between?

answer: France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany

text: France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany

answer: France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany

text: France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany

answer: France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany

text: France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany

question: What year was the ECSC agreement established?

answer: 1951

answer: 1951

answer: 1951

question: What did article 65 of the ECSC ban?

answer: cartels

text: cartels

answer: cartels

text: cartels

answer: cartels

text: cartels

question: Which article made provisions for concentrations or mergers and the abuse of a dominant position by companies?

answer: article 66

text: article 66

answer: 66

answer: 66

question: When were competition rules included in the Treaty of Rome?

answer: 1957

answer: 1957

answer: 1957

question: Which countries did not agree upon the European Coal and Steel Community agreement?

question: What did the agreement not aim to do regarding Germany?

question: What did the EU members not believe lead to the outbreak of the war?

question: What did Article 65 not agree upon?

text: banned cartels

question: What did Article 66 not make provisions for?


text: Much of the city's tax base dissipated, leading to problems with funding education, sanitation, and traffic control within the city limits. In addition, residents in unincorporated suburbs had difficulty obtaining municipal services, such as sewage and building code enforcement. In 1958, a study recommended that the city of Jacksonville begin annexing outlying communities in order to create the needed tax base to improve services throughout the county. Voters outside the city limits rejected annexation plans in six referendums between 1960 and 1965.

title: Jacksonville,_Florida

title: Jacksonville,_Florida

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: tax

text: base

text: dissipated

text: leading

text: to

text: problems

text: with

text: funding

text: education

text: sanitation

text: and

text: traffic

text: control

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: limits

text: In

text: addition

text: residents

text: in

text: unincorporated

text: suburbs

text: had

text: difficulty

text: obtaining

text: municipal

text: services

text: such

text: as

text: sewage

text: and

text: building

text: code

text: enforcement

text: In

text: a

text: study

text: recommended

text: that

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Jacksonville

text: begin

text: annexing

text: outlying

text: communities

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: create

text: the

text: needed

text: tax

text: base

text: to

text: improve

text: services

text: throughout

text: the

text: county

text: Voters

text: outside

text: the

text: city

text: limits

text: rejected

text: annexation

text: plans

text: in

text: six

text: referendums

text: between

text: and

question: What was the cause for the issues with city funding?

answer: Much of the city's tax base dissipated

text: Much of the city's tax base dissipated

answer: tax base dissipated

text: tax base dissipated

question: In what part of the city did residents suffer from a lack of city services?

answer: unincorporated suburbs

text: unincorporated suburbs

answer: suburbs

text: suburbs

answer: unincorporated suburbs

text: unincorporated suburbs

question: What was the proposed solution to Jacksonville's tax issues?

answer: annexing outlying communities

text: annexing outlying communities

answer: annexing outlying communities

text: annexing outlying communities

answer: annexing outlying communities

text: annexing outlying communities

question: Who voted against Jacksonville's annexation?

answer: Voters outside the city limits

text: Voters outside the city limits

answer: Voters outside the city limits

text: Voters outside the city limits

answer: Voters outside the city limits

text: Voters outside the city limits

question: What cause city funding to increase?

text: Much of the city's tax base dissipated

question: Where were most municipal services concentrated at?

text: unincorporated suburbs

question: In what year was it suggested the Jacksonville stop annexing outlying communities?

question: Who voted for Jacksonville's annexation?

text: Voters outside the city limits


text: Another major division within Islamism is between what Graham E. Fuller has described as the fundamentalist "guardians of the tradition" (Salafis, such as those in the Wahhabi movement) and the "vanguard of change and Islamic reform" centered around the Muslim Brotherhood. Olivier Roy argues that "Sunni pan-Islamism underwent a remarkable shift in the second half of the 20th century" when the Muslim Brotherhood movement and its focus on Islamisation of pan-Arabism was eclipsed by the Salafi movement with its emphasis on "sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions," and rejection of Shia Islam. Following the Arab Spring, Roy has described Islamism as "increasingly interdependent" with democracy in much of the Arab Muslim world, such that "neither can now survive without the other." While Islamist political culture itself may not be democratic, Islamists need democratic elections to maintain their legitimacy. At the same time, their popularity is such that no government can call itself democratic that excludes mainstream Islamist groups.

title: Islamism

title: Islamism

text: Another

text: major

text: division

text: within

text: Islamism

text: is

text: between

text: what

text: Graham

text: E.

text: Fuller

text: has

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: fundamentalist

text: guardians

text: of

text: the

text: tradition

text: Salafis

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: in

text: the

text: Wahhabi

text: movement

text: and

text: the

text: vanguard

text: of

text: change

text: and

text: Islamic

text: reform

text: centered

text: around

text: the

text: Muslim

text: Brotherhood

text: Olivier

text: Roy

text: argues

text: that

text: Sunni

text: pan

text: Islamism

text: underwent

text: a

text: remarkable

text: shift

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: when

text: the

text: Muslim

text: Brotherhood

text: movement

text: and

text: its

text: focus

text: on

text: Islamisation

text: of

text: pan

text: Arabism

text: was

text: eclipsed

text: by

text: the

text: Salafi

text: movement

text: with

text: its

text: emphasis

text: on

text: sharia

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: building

text: of

text: Islamic

text: institutions

text: and

text: rejection

text: of

text: Shia

text: Islam

text: Following

text: the

text: Arab

text: Spring

text: Roy

text: has

text: described

text: Islamism

text: as

text: increasingly

text: interdependent

text: with

text: democracy

text: in

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: Arab

text: Muslim

text: world

text: such

text: that

text: neither

text: can

text: now

text: survive

text: without

text: the

text: other

text: While

text: Islamist

text: political

text: culture

text: itself

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: democratic

text: Islamists

text: need

text: democratic

text: elections

text: to

text: maintain

text: their

text: legitimacy

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: their

text: popularity

text: is

text: such

text: that

text: no

text: government

text: can

text: call

text: itself

text: democratic

text: that

text: excludes

text: mainstream

text: Islamist

text: groups

question: What exists between fundamentalist Islamism and reformist Islamism?

answer: major division

text: major division

answer: major division

text: major division

answer: division

text: division

question: What did Olivier Roy state underwent a remarkable shift in the second half of the 20th century?

answer: Sunni pan-Islamism

text: Sunni pan-Islamism

answer: Sunni pan-Islamism

text: Sunni pan-Islamism

answer: Sunni pan-Islamism

text: Sunni pan-Islamism

question: What did the Salafi movement put emphasis on?

answer: sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions,

text: sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions,

answer: sharia

text: sharia

answer: sharia

text: sharia

question: What has Islamism been increasingly interdependent with following the Arab Spring?

answer: democracy

text: democracy

answer: democracy

text: democracy

answer: democracy

text: democracy

question: Why do Islamists need democratic elections?

answer: to maintain their legitimacy

text: to maintain their legitimacy

answer: to maintain their legitimacy

text: to maintain their legitimacy

answer: to maintain their legitimacy

text: to maintain their legitimacy

question: What exists between fundamentalist Islamism and non-reformist Islamism?

text: major division

question: What did Olivier Roy state underwent a remarkable shift in the second half of the 21st century?

text: Sunni pan-Islamism

question: What did the non-Salafi movement put emphasis on?

question: What has Islamism been increasingly interdependent with following the non-Arab Spring?

text: democracy

question: Why don't Islamists need democratic elections?

text: maintain their legitimacy


text: The CYCLADES packet switching network was a French research network designed and directed by Louis Pouzin. First demonstrated in 1973, it was developed to explore alternatives to the early ARPANET design and to support network research generally. It was the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself, using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms. Concepts of this network influenced later ARPANET architecture.

title: Packet_switching

title: Packet_switching

text: The

text: CYCLADES

text: packet

text: switching

text: network

text: was

text: a

text: French

text: research

text: network

text: designed

text: and

text: directed

text: by

text: Louis

text: Pouzin

text: First

text: demonstrated

text: in

text: it

text: was

text: developed

text: to

text: explore

text: alternatives

text: to

text: the

text: early

text: ARPANET

text: design

text: and

text: to

text: support

text: network

text: research

text: generally

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: network

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: hosts

text: responsible

text: for

text: reliable

text: delivery

text: of

text: data

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: network

text: itself

text: using

text: unreliable

text: datagrams

text: and

text: associated

text: end

text: to

text: end

text: protocol

text: mechanisms

text: Concepts

text: of

text: this

text: network

text: influenced

text: later

text: ARPANET

text: architecture

question: What network was designed by the french

answer: CYCLADES packet switching network

text: CYCLADES packet switching network

answer: CYCLADES

text: CYCLADES

answer: CYCLADES

text: CYCLADES

question: What was a first for this network

answer: to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself

text: to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself

answer: the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data

text: the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data

answer: hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data

text: hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data

question: How was this possible

answer: using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms

text: using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms

answer: using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms

text: using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms

answer: unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms

text: unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms

question: This network influenced  later models of

answer: later ARPANET architecture

text: later ARPANET architecture

answer: ARPANET

text: ARPANET

answer: ARPANET

text: ARPANET

question: What alternative to ARPANET was developed?

text: CYCLADES packet switching network

question: Did ARPANET develop the first system to make hosts responsible for delivery of data?

text: CYCLADES

question: What concepts influenced the later ARPANET?

question: Who had influenced ARPANET?

text: Louis Pouzin

question: What types of alternatives did CYCLADES give?

text: delivery of data

question: Who developed the Finnish research network, the CYCLADES packet?

text: Louis Pouzin

question: Why was it developed in 1983?

question: It wasn't the first network to make the hosts responsible for what?

question: How did the network deliver the data?


text: At the beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods. This changed the understanding of geologic time. Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to one another. With isotopic dates it became possible to assign absolute ages to rock units, and these absolute dates could be applied to fossil sequences in which there was datable material, converting the old relative ages into new absolute ages.

title: Geology

title: Geology

text: At

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: important

text: advancement

text: in

text: geological

text: science

text: was

text: facilitated

text: by

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: obtain

text: accurate

text: absolute

text: dates

text: to

text: geologic

text: events

text: using

text: radioactive

text: isotopes

text: and

text: other

text: methods

text: This

text: changed

text: the

text: understanding

text: of

text: geologic

text: time

text: Previously

text: geologists

text: could

text: only

text: use

text: fossils

text: and

text: stratigraphic

text: correlation

text: to

text: date

text: sections

text: of

text: rock

text: relative

text: to

text: one

text: another

text: With

text: isotopic

text: dates

text: it

text: became

text: possible

text: to

text: assign

text: absolute

text: ages

text: to

text: rock

text: units

text: and

text: these

text: absolute

text: dates

text: could

text: be

text: applied

text: to

text: fossil

text: sequences

text: in

text: which

text: there

text: was

text: datable

text: material

text: converting

text: the

text: old

text: relative

text: ages

text: into

text: new

text: absolute

text: ages

question: When was the ability to use radioactive isotopes to date rock formations developed?

answer: At the beginning of the 20th century

text: At the beginning of the 20th century

answer: 20th century

text: 20th century

answer: At the beginning of the 20th century

text: At the beginning of the 20th century

answer: beginning of the 20th century

text: beginning of the 20th century

question: What type of correlation was used previously to help date rock formations?

answer: stratigraphic correlation

text: stratigraphic correlation

answer: stratigraphic

text: stratigraphic

answer: stratigraphic

text: stratigraphic

answer: stratigraphic

text: stratigraphic

question: It is now possible to convert old relative ages into what type of ages using isotopic dating?

answer: absolute ages

text: absolute ages

answer: rock units

text: rock units

answer: new absolute

text: new absolute

question: Previous to isotopic dating sections of rocks had to be dated using fossils and stratigraphic correlation relative to what?

answer: to one another

text: to one another

answer: one another

text: one another

answer: one another

text: one another

question: When dating rocks, what is the absolute isotopic date applied to?

answer: fossil sequences

text: fossil sequences

answer: fossil sequences

text: fossil sequences

answer: fossil sequences

text: fossil sequences

answer: fossil sequences

text: fossil sequences

question: How did the advancement of using fossils help geological science in the early 20th century?

question: What did using fossils help change for scientists?

text: the understanding of geologic time

question: When was the ability to use fossils to date isotope formations developed?

text: At the beginning of the 20th century

question: What has it now become possible to do when dating isotopes while using fossils?

text: to assign absolute ages to rock units

question: What can scientists apply relative rock sections to to find isotopes?

text: fossil sequences

question: When did geologists stop using isotopes?

text: the beginning of the 20th century

question: When did geologists beginning comparing fossils to each other?

text: the 20th century

question: What did stratigraphic correlation replace?

text: isotopic dates

question: Absolute ages had to be converted into what?

text: relative ages

question: What are fossil sequences applied to?

text: absolute dates


text: The centrifugal governor was adopted by James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after Watt’s partner Boulton saw one at a flour mill Boulton & Watt were building. The governor could not actually hold a set speed, because it would assume a new constant speed in response to load changes. The governor was able to handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler. Also, there was a tendency for oscillation whenever there was a speed change. As a consequence, engines equipped only with this governor were not suitable for operations requiring constant speed, such as cotton spinning. The governor was improved over time and coupled with variable steam cut off, good speed control in response to changes in load was attainable near the end of the 19th century.

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: The

text: centrifugal

text: governor

text: was

text: adopted

text: by

text: James

text: Watt

text: for

text: use

text: on

text: a

text: steam

text: engine

text: in

text: after

text: Watt

text: ’s

text: partner

text: Boulton

text: saw

text: one

text: at

text: a

text: flour

text: mill

text: Boulton

text: Watt

text: were

text: building

text: The

text: governor

text: could

text: not

text: actually

text: hold

text: a

text: set

text: speed

text: because

text: it

text: would

text: assume

text: a

text: new

text: constant

text: speed

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: load

text: changes

text: The

text: governor

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: handle

text: smaller

text: variations

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: caused

text: by

text: fluctuating

text: heat

text: load

text: to

text: the

text: boiler

text: Also

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: tendency

text: for

text: oscillation

text: whenever

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: speed

text: change

text: As

text: a

text: consequence

text: engines

text: equipped

text: only

text: with

text: this

text: governor

text: were

text: not

text: suitable

text: for

text: operations

text: requiring

text: constant

text: speed

text: such

text: as

text: cotton

text: spinning

text: The

text: governor

text: was

text: improved

text: over

text: time

text: and

text: coupled

text: with

text: variable

text: steam

text: cut

text: off

text: good

text: speed

text: control

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: changes

text: in

text: load

text: was

text: attainable

text: near

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

question: What did Watt add to the steam engine in 1788?

answer: centrifugal governor

text: centrifugal governor

answer: centrifugal governor

text: centrifugal governor

answer: centrifugal governor

text: centrifugal governor

question: What was the name of Watt's partner?

answer: Boulton

text: Boulton

answer: Boulton

text: Boulton

answer: Boulton

text: Boulton

question: Where was the centrifugal governor first observed by Boulton?

answer: flour mill

text: flour mill

answer: flour mill

text: flour mill

answer: a flour mill

text: a flour mill

question: What is an examine of work that a centrifugal governor-equipped steam engine wasn't suitable for?

answer: cotton spinning

text: cotton spinning

answer: operations requiring constant speed

text: operations requiring constant speed

answer: cotton spinning

text: cotton spinning

question: What was the centrifugal governor incapable of doing?

answer: hold a set speed

text: hold a set speed

answer: hold a set speed

text: hold a set speed

answer: hold a set speed

text: hold a set speed

question: What did Watt add to the steam engine in 19th century?

text: centrifugal governor

question: What was the name of Watt's boss?

text: Boulton

question: Where was the centrifugal governor first observed by Watt?

text: flour mill

question: What is an example of work that a centrifugal governor-equipped steam engine was suitable for?

text: cotton spinning

question: What were the centrifugal changes in load incapable of doing?

text: hold a set speed


text: By July 1944, the Red Army was deep into Polish territory and pursuing the Germans toward Warsaw. Knowing that Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland, the Polish government-in-exile in London gave orders to the underground Home Army (AK) to try to seize control of Warsaw from the Germans before the Red Army arrived. Thus, on 1 August 1944, as the Red Army was nearing the city, the Warsaw Uprising began. The armed struggle, planned to last 48 hours, was partially successful, however it went on for 63 days. Eventually the Home Army fighters and civilians assisting them were forced to capitulate. They were transported to PoW camps in Germany, while the entire civilian population was expelled. Polish civilian deaths are estimated at between 150,000 and 200,000.

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: By

text: July

text: the

text: Red

text: Army

text: was

text: deep

text: into

text: Polish

text: territory

text: and

text: pursuing

text: the

text: Germans

text: toward

text: Warsaw

text: Knowing

text: that

text: Stalin

text: was

text: hostile

text: to

text: the

text: idea

text: of

text: an

text: independent

text: Poland

text: the

text: Polish

text: government

text: in

text: exile

text: in

text: London

text: gave

text: orders

text: to

text: the

text: underground

text: Home

text: Army

text: AK

text: to

text: try

text: to

text: seize

text: control

text: of

text: Warsaw

text: from

text: the

text: Germans

text: before

text: the

text: Red

text: Army

text: arrived

text: Thus

text: on

text: August

text: as

text: the

text: Red

text: Army

text: was

text: nearing

text: the

text: city

text: the

text: Warsaw

text: Uprising

text: began

text: The

text: armed

text: struggle

text: planned

text: to

text: last

text: hours

text: was

text: partially

text: successful

text: however

text: it

text: went

text: on

text: for

text: days

text: Eventually

text: the

text: Home

text: Army

text: fighters

text: and

text: civilians

text: assisting

text: them

text: were

text: forced

text: to

text: capitulate

text: They

text: were

text: transported

text: to

text: PoW

text: camps

text: in

text: Germany

text: while

text: the

text: entire

text: civilian

text: population

text: was

text: expelled

text: Polish

text: civilian

text: deaths

text: are

text: estimated

text: at

text: between

text: and

question: What army was pushing deep into Polish territory to pursue the Germans in 1944?

answer: the Red Army

text: the Red Army

answer: Red Army

text: Red Army

answer: e Red Army

text: e Red Army

question: Why did the exiled Polish government in London order the underground Home Army to seize control of Warsaw prior to the arrival of the Red Army?

answer: Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland

text: Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland

answer: Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland

text: Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland

answer: Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland

text: Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland

question: When did the Warsaw Uprising begin?

answer: August 1944

text: August 1944

answer: the Red Army was nearing the city

text: the Red Army was nearing the city

answer: 1 August 1944

text: 1 August 1944

question: How many days did the Warsaw Uprising last?

answer: 63 days

text: 63 days

answer: 63

answer: 63 days

text: 63 days

question: What is the estimated death toll for Polish civilians?

answer: between 150,000 and 200,000

text: between 150,000 and 200,000

answer: between 150,000 and 200,000

text: between 150,000 and 200,000

answer: between 150,000 and 200,000

text: between 150,000 and 200,000

question: What army was pushing deep into Polish territory to pursue The Home Army fighters in 1944?

text: the Red Army

question: Why did the exiled Polish government in London order the underground Home Army to seize control of Stalin prior to the arrival or the Red Army?

question: When did the Red Army Uprising begin?

text: August 1944

question: How many days did the Red ArmyWarsaw Uprising last?

text: 63 days

question: What is the estimated death toll for the Red Army?

text: between 150,000 and 200,000


text: In the 1890s, the University of Chicago, fearful that its vast resources would injure smaller schools by drawing away good students, affiliated with several regional colleges and universities: Des Moines College, Kalamazoo College, Butler University, and Stetson University. In 1896, the university affiliated with Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois. Under the terms of the affiliation, the schools were required to have courses of study comparable to those at the university, to notify the university early of any contemplated faculty appointments or dismissals, to make no faculty appointment without the university's approval, and to send copies of examinations for suggestions. The University of Chicago agreed to confer a degree on any graduating senior from an affiliated school who made a grade of A for all four years, and on any other graduate who took twelve weeks additional study at the University of Chicago. A student or faculty member of an affiliated school was entitled to free tuition at the University of Chicago, and Chicago students were eligible to attend an affiliated school on the same terms and receive credit for their work. The University of Chicago also agreed to provide affiliated schools with books and scientific apparatus and supplies at cost; special instructors and lecturers without cost except travel expenses; and a copy of every book and journal published by the University of Chicago Press at no cost. The agreement provided that either party could terminate the affiliation on proper notice. Several University of Chicago professors disliked the program, as it involved uncompensated additional labor on their part, and they believed it cheapened the academic reputation of the university. The program passed into history by 1910.

title: University_of_Chicago

title: University_of_Chicago

text: In

text: the

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: fearful

text: that

text: its

text: vast

text: resources

text: would

text: injure

text: smaller

text: schools

text: by

text: drawing

text: away

text: good

text: students

text: affiliated

text: with

text: several

text: regional

text: colleges

text: and

text: universities

text: Des

text: Moines

text: College

text: Kalamazoo

text: College

text: Butler

text: University

text: and

text: Stetson

text: University

text: In

text: the

text: university

text: affiliated

text: with

text: Shimer

text: College

text: in

text: Mount

text: Carroll

text: Illinois

text: Under

text: the

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: affiliation

text: the

text: schools

text: were

text: required

text: to

text: have

text: courses

text: of

text: study

text: comparable

text: to

text: those

text: at

text: the

text: university

text: to

text: notify

text: the

text: university

text: early

text: of

text: any

text: contemplated

text: faculty

text: appointments

text: or

text: dismissals

text: to

text: make

text: no

text: faculty

text: appointment

text: without

text: the

text: university

text: 's

text: approval

text: and

text: to

text: send

text: copies

text: of

text: examinations

text: for

text: suggestions

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: agreed

text: to

text: confer

text: a

text: degree

text: on

text: any

text: graduating

text: senior

text: from

text: an

text: affiliated

text: school

text: who

text: made

text: a

text: grade

text: of

text: A

text: for

text: all

text: four

text: years

text: and

text: on

text: any

text: other

text: graduate

text: who

text: took

text: twelve

text: weeks

text: additional

text: study

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: A

text: student

text: or

text: faculty

text: member

text: of

text: an

text: affiliated

text: school

text: was

text: entitled

text: to

text: free

text: tuition

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: and

text: Chicago

text: students

text: were

text: eligible

text: to

text: attend

text: an

text: affiliated

text: school

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: terms

text: and

text: receive

text: credit

text: for

text: their

text: work

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: also

text: agreed

text: to

text: provide

text: affiliated

text: schools

text: with

text: books

text: and

text: scientific

text: apparatus

text: and

text: supplies

text: at

text: cost

text: special

text: instructors

text: and

text: lecturers

text: without

text: cost

text: except

text: travel

text: expenses

text: and

text: a

text: copy

text: of

text: every

text: book

text: and

text: journal

text: published

text: by

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: Press

text: at

text: no

text: cost

text: The

text: agreement

text: provided

text: that

text: either

text: party

text: could

text: terminate

text: the

text: affiliation

text: on

text: proper

text: notice

text: Several

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: professors

text: disliked

text: the

text: program

text: as

text: it

text: involved

text: uncompensated

text: additional

text: labor

text: on

text: their

text: part

text: and

text: they

text: believed

text: it

text: cheapened

text: the

text: academic

text: reputation

text: of

text: the

text: university

text: The

text: program

text: passed

text: into

text: history

text: by

question: In 1890, who did the university decide to team up with?

answer: several regional colleges and universities

text: several regional colleges and universities

answer: Des Moines College, Kalamazoo College, Butler University, and Stetson University

text: Des Moines College, Kalamazoo College, Butler University, and Stetson University

answer: Des Moines College, Kalamazoo College, Butler University, and Stetson University

text: Des Moines College, Kalamazoo College, Butler University, and Stetson University

answer: Des Moines College, Kalamazoo College, Butler University, and Stetson University

text: Des Moines College, Kalamazoo College, Butler University, and Stetson University

question: What year did the university team up with Shimer College?

answer: 1896

answer: 1896

answer: 1896

answer: 1896

question: The university agreed to grant a degree to any graduate of affiliate schoos that did what?

answer: made a grade of A for all four years

text: made a grade of A for all four years

answer: made a grade of A for all four years, and on any other graduate who took twelve weeks additional study at the University of Chicago

text: made a grade of A for all four years, and on any other graduate who took twelve weeks additional study at the University of Chicago

answer: made a grade of A for all four years

text: made a grade of A for all four years

answer: made a grade of A for all four years

text: made a grade of A for all four years

question: Who disliked the affiliate program?

answer: passed

text: passed

answer: Several University of Chicago professors

text: Several University of Chicago professors

answer: Several University of Chicago professors

text: Several University of Chicago professors

question: In what year did the affiliate program end?

answer: 1910

answer: 1910

answer: Several University of Chicago professors

text: Several University of Chicago professors

answer: 1910

question: In what decade did the U of C affiliate with numerous national colleges?

question: Shimer University is located in which Illinois city?

text: Mount Carroll

question: To what schools did the U of C agree to provide books and supplies free of charge?

text: affiliated schools

question: In what year did the U of C associate with Kalamazoo College, located in Mount Carroll?


text: The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343. From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterranean and Europe, the Black Death is estimated to have killed 30–60% of Europe's total population. In total, the plague reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million down to 350–375 million in the 14th century. The world population as a whole did not recover to pre-plague levels until the 17th century. The plague recurred occasionally in Europe until the 19th century.

title: Black_Death

title: Black_Death

text: The

text: Black

text: Death

text: is

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: arid

text: plains

text: of

text: Central

text: Asia

text: where

text: it

text: then

text: travelled

text: along

text: the

text: Silk

text: Road

text: reaching

text: Crimea

text: by

text: From

text: there

text: it

text: was

text: most

text: likely

text: carried

text: by

text: Oriental

text: rat

text: fleas

text: living

text: on

text: the

text: black

text: rats

text: that

text: were

text: regular

text: passengers

text: on

text: merchant

text: ships

text: Spreading

text: throughout

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: and

text: Europe

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

text: is

text: estimated

text: to

text: have

text: killed

text: of

text: Europe

text: 's

text: total

text: population

text: In

text: total

text: the

text: plague

text: reduced

text: the

text: world

text: population

text: from

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: down

text: to

text: million

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: world

text: population

text: as

text: a

text: whole

text: did

text: not

text: recover

text: to

text: pre

text: plague

text: levels

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: plague

text: recurred

text: occasionally

text: in

text: Europe

text: until

text: the

text: century

question: Where did the black death originate?

answer: the arid plains of Central Asia

text: the arid plains of Central Asia

answer: Central Asia

text: Central Asia

answer: Central Asia

text: Central Asia

question: How did the black death make it to the Mediterranean and Europe?

answer: merchant ships.

text: merchant ships.

answer: merchant ships

text: merchant ships

answer: Silk Road

text: Silk Road

question: How much of the European population did the black death kill?

answer: 30–60% of Europe's total population

text: 30–60% of Europe's total population

answer: 30–60% of Europe's total population

text: 30–60% of Europe's total population

answer: 30–60%

question: When did the world's population finally recover from the black death?

answer: the 17th century

text: the 17th century

answer: 17th century

text: 17th century

answer: 17th century

text: 17th century

question: For how long did the plague stick around?

answer: until the 19th century

text: until the 19th century

answer: until the 19th century

text: until the 19th century

answer: 19th century

text: 19th century

question: In what year did the Black Death originate in Central Asia?

question: How did the Black Death travel down the Silk Road?

question: What percentage of people died of the Black Death in Central Asia?

question: What percentage of people died in Crimea of the Black Death?

question: In what year did the Black Death reach the Mediterranean?


text: One of its earliest massive implementations was brought about by Egyptians against the British occupation in the 1919 Revolution. Civil disobedience is one of the many ways people have rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws. It has been used in many nonviolent resistance movements in India (Gandhi's campaigns for independence from the British Empire), in Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution and in East Germany to oust their communist governments, In South Africa in the fight against apartheid, in the American Civil Rights Movement, in the Singing Revolution to bring independence to the Baltic countries from the Soviet Union, recently with the 2003 Rose Revolution in Georgia and the 2004 Orange Revolution in Ukraine, among other various movements worldwide.

title: Civil_disobedience

title: Civil_disobedience

text: One

text: of

text: its

text: earliest

text: massive

text: implementations

text: was

text: brought

text: about

text: by

text: Egyptians

text: against

text: the

text: British

text: occupation

text: in

text: the

text: Revolution

text: Civil

text: disobedience

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: many

text: ways

text: people

text: have

text: rebelled

text: against

text: what

text: they

text: deem

text: to

text: be

text: unfair

text: laws

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: in

text: many

text: nonviolent

text: resistance

text: movements

text: in

text: India

text: Gandhi

text: 's

text: campaigns

text: for

text: independence

text: from

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: in

text: Czechoslovakia

text: 's

text: Velvet

text: Revolution

text: and

text: in

text: East

text: Germany

text: to

text: oust

text: their

text: communist

text: governments

text: In

text: South

text: Africa

text: in

text: the

text: fight

text: against

text: apartheid

text: in

text: the

text: American

text: Civil

text: Rights

text: Movement

text: in

text: the

text: Singing

text: Revolution

text: to

text: bring

text: independence

text: to

text: the

text: Baltic

text: countries

text: from

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: recently

text: with

text: the

text: Rose

text: Revolution

text: in

text: Georgia

text: and

text: the

text: Orange

text: Revolution

text: in

text: Ukraine

text: among

text: other

text: various

text: movements

text: worldwide

question: What is it called when people in society rebel against laws they think are unfair?

answer: Civil disobedience

text: Civil disobedience

answer: Civil disobedience

text: Civil disobedience

answer: Civil disobedience

text: Civil disobedience

answer: Civil disobedience

text: Civil disobedience

answer: Civil disobedience

text: Civil disobedience

question: What is an example of major civil disobedience in South Africa?

answer: apartheid

text: apartheid

answer: fight against apartheid

text: fight against apartheid

answer: the fight against apartheid

text: the fight against apartheid

answer: the fight against apartheid

text: the fight against apartheid

answer: Singing Revolution to bring independence to the Baltic countries

text: Singing Revolution to bring independence to the Baltic countries

question: What was the the movement called that brought Baltic countries independence from the Soviet Union?

answer: Singing Revolution

text: Singing Revolution

answer: Singing Revolution

text: Singing Revolution

answer: the Singing Revolution

text: the Singing Revolution

answer: Singing Revolution

text: Singing Revolution

answer: Singing Revolution

text: Singing Revolution

question: In 2004 the Orange revolution occurred in what country?

answer: Ukraine

text: Ukraine

answer: Ukraine

text: Ukraine

answer: Ukraine

text: Ukraine

answer: Ukraine

text: Ukraine

answer: Ukraine

text: Ukraine

question: Where was the location of the 2003 Rose revolution?

answer: Georgia

text: Georgia

answer: Georgia

text: Georgia

answer: Georgia

text: Georgia

answer: Georgia

text: Georgia

answer: Georgia

text: Georgia

question: Which people brought forward one of the earliest examples of Civil Disobedience?

answer: Egyptians

text: Egyptians

answer: Egyptians

text: Egyptians

answer: Egyptians

text: Egyptians

answer: Egyptians

text: Egyptians

answer: India

text: India

question: Who was one of the earliest examples of Civil Disobedience against?

answer: the British

text: the British

answer: British

text: British

answer: Egyptians against the British occupation in the 1919 Revolution.

text: Egyptians against the British occupation in the 1919 Revolution.

answer: British occupation

text: British occupation

answer: communist governments

text: communist governments

question: Why do people chose civil disobedience to protest?

answer: nonviolent resistance

text: nonviolent resistance

answer: unfair laws

text: unfair laws

answer: nonviolent resistance movements

text: nonviolent resistance movements

answer: rebelled against what they deem to be unfair

text: rebelled against what they deem to be unfair

question: What does civil disobedience protest against?

answer: unfair laws

text: unfair laws

answer: unfair laws

text: unfair laws

answer: unfair laws.

text: unfair laws.

answer: unfair laws

text: unfair laws

answer: what they deem to be unfair

text: what they deem to be unfair

question: What civil rights movement in the US was known for it's disobedience?

answer: American Civil Rights Movement

text: American Civil Rights Movement

answer: American Civil Rights Movement

text: American Civil Rights Movement

answer: American Civil Rights Movement

text: American Civil Rights Movement

answer: Civil Rights Movement

text: Civil Rights Movement

answer: American Civil Rights Movement

text: American Civil Rights Movement

question: What is the definition of Germany adopting a Communist government?

text: Civil disobedience

question: What did the Velvet revolution hope to accomplish in India?

text: independence from the British Empire

question: Whose occupation did the Egyptians resist in the 2003 Rose Revolution?

text: British

question: To what countries did the 1919 Revolution want to bring independence to from Russia?

text: the Baltic countries

question: In what country was the 2004 Velvet Revolution?

text: Ukraine


text: James Bryant Conant (president, 1933–1953) reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee its preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy, so Conant devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. In 1943, he asked the faculty make a definitive statement about what general education ought to be, at the secondary as well as the college level. The resulting Report, published in 1945, was one of the most influential manifestos in the history of American education in the 20th century.

title: Harvard_University

title: Harvard_University

text: James

text: Bryant

text: Conant

text: president

text: reinvigorated

text: creative

text: scholarship

text: to

text: guarantee

text: its

text: preeminence

text: among

text: research

text: institutions

text: He

text: saw

text: higher

text: education

text: as

text: a

text: vehicle

text: of

text: opportunity

text: for

text: the

text: talented

text: rather

text: than

text: an

text: entitlement

text: for

text: the

text: wealthy

text: so

text: Conant

text: devised

text: programs

text: to

text: identify

text: recruit

text: and

text: support

text: talented

text: youth

text: In

text: he

text: asked

text: the

text: faculty

text: make

text: a

text: definitive

text: statement

text: about

text: what

text: general

text: education

text: ought

text: to

text: be

text: at

text: the

text: secondary

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: college

text: level

text: The

text: resulting

text: Report

text: published

text: in

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: manifestos

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: American

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: century

question: Who lead the school back to leading research institution in 2oth century?

answer: James Bryant Conant

text: James Bryant Conant

answer: James Bryant Conant

text: James Bryant Conant

answer: James Bryant Conant

text: James Bryant Conant

question: How was the school able to bring aboard the best talented students?

answer: identify, recruit

text: identify, recruit

answer: Conant devised programs

text: Conant devised programs

answer: programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth

text: programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth

question: In what year of 20th century, did Harvard release an important document about education in America?

answer: 1945

answer: 1945

answer: 1945

question: Who had a main goal of attracting the wealthy to Harvard?

text: James Bryant Conant

question: What would it guarantee for Harvard if they attracted wealthy students?

question: What was college considered a vehicle of for the wealthy in 1945?

text: opportunity

question: What did Conant develop to attract wealthy students to the school in 1933?

text: programs

question: What is one thing that wealthy students needed when they first came to Harvard in 1945?

text: support


text: The early United States expressed its opposition to Imperialism, at least in a form distinct from its own Manifest Destiny, through policies such as the Monroe Doctrine. However, beginning in the late 19th and early 20th century, policies such as Theodore Roosevelt’s interventionism in Central America and Woodrow Wilson’s mission to "make the world safe for democracy" changed all this. They were often backed by military force, but were more often affected from behind the scenes. This is consistent with the general notion of hegemony and imperium of historical empires. In 1898, Americans who opposed imperialism created the Anti-Imperialist League to oppose the US annexation of the Philippines and Cuba. One year later, a war erupted in the Philippines causing business, labor and government leaders in the US to condemn America's occupation in the Philippines as they also denounced them for causing the deaths of many Filipinos. American foreign policy was denounced as a "racket" by Smedley Butler, an American general. He said, "Looking back on it, I might have given Al Capone a few hints. The best he could do was to operate his racket in three districts. I operated on three continents".

title: Imperialism

title: Imperialism

text: The

text: early

text: United

text: States

text: expressed

text: its

text: opposition

text: to

text: Imperialism

text: at

text: least

text: in

text: a

text: form

text: distinct

text: from

text: its

text: own

text: Manifest

text: Destiny

text: through

text: policies

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Monroe

text: Doctrine

text: However

text: beginning

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: century

text: policies

text: such

text: as

text: Theodore

text: Roosevelt

text: ’s

text: interventionism

text: in

text: Central

text: America

text: and

text: Woodrow

text: Wilson

text: ’s

text: mission

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: world

text: safe

text: for

text: democracy

text: changed

text: all

text: this

text: They

text: were

text: often

text: backed

text: by

text: military

text: force

text: but

text: were

text: more

text: often

text: affected

text: from

text: behind

text: the

text: scenes

text: This

text: is

text: consistent

text: with

text: the

text: general

text: notion

text: of

text: hegemony

text: and

text: imperium

text: of

text: historical

text: empires

text: In

text: Americans

text: who

text: opposed

text: imperialism

text: created

text: the

text: Anti

text: Imperialist

text: League

text: to

text: oppose

text: the

text: US

text: annexation

text: of

text: the

text: Philippines

text: and

text: Cuba

text: One

text: year

text: later

text: a

text: war

text: erupted

text: in

text: the

text: Philippines

text: causing

text: business

text: labor

text: and

text: government

text: leaders

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: to

text: condemn

text: America

text: 's

text: occupation

text: in

text: the

text: Philippines

text: as

text: they

text: also

text: denounced

text: them

text: for

text: causing

text: the

text: deaths

text: of

text: many

text: Filipinos

text: American

text: foreign

text: policy

text: was

text: denounced

text: as

text: a

text: racket

text: by

text: Smedley

text: Butler

text: an

text: American

text: general

text: He

text: said

text: Looking

text: back

text: on

text: it

text: I

text: might

text: have

text: given

text: Al

text: Capone

text: a

text: few

text: hints

text: The

text: best

text: he

text: could

text: do

text: was

text: to

text: operate

text: his

text: racket

text: in

text: three

text: districts

text: I

text: operated

text: on

text: three

text: continents

question: How did the United States plan to subdue imperialistic tendencies?

answer: the Monroe Doctrine

text: the Monroe Doctrine

answer: through policies

text: through policies

answer: policies such as the Monroe Doctrine

text: policies such as the Monroe Doctrine

answer: policies such as the Monroe Doctrine

text: policies such as the Monroe Doctrine

answer: Monroe Doctrine

text: Monroe Doctrine

question: What was the name of Theodore Roosevelt’s policy of imperialism?

answer: interventionism

text: interventionism

answer: interventionism

text: interventionism

answer: interventionism

text: interventionism

answer: interventionism

text: interventionism

question: Which country besides the Cuba did the United states try to annex in 1898?

answer: the Philippines

text: the Philippines

answer: Philippines

text: Philippines

answer: Philippines

text: Philippines

answer: Philippines

text: Philippines

answer: Philippines

text: Philippines

question: What caused the US public to condemn the occupation of the philippines?

answer: a war erupted

text: a war erupted

answer: a war erupted

text: a war erupted

answer: war

text: war

answer: war

text: war

answer: war

text: war

question: What did Smedley Butler call US foreign Policy?

answer: a "racket"

text: a "racket"

answer: racket

text: racket

answer: racket

text: racket

answer: a "racket"

text: a "racket"

answer: racket

text: racket

question: How did the United States plan to subdue non-imperialistic tendencies?

text: Monroe Doctrine

question: What was the name of Theodore Roosevelt’s policy of non-imperialism?

text: interventionism

question: Which country besides the Cuba did the United states not try to annex in 1898?

text: Philippines

question: What caused the US public to support the occupation of the philippines?

text: war erupted


text: Guo Shoujing applied mathematics to the construction of calendars. He was one of the first mathematicians in China to work on spherical trigonometry. Gou derived a cubic interpolation formula for his astronomical calculations. His calendar, the Shoushi Li (授時暦) or Calendar for Fixing the Seasons, was disseminated in 1281 as the official calendar of the Yuan dynasty. The calendar may have been influenced solely by the work of Song dynasty astronomer Shen Kuo or possibly by the work of Arab astronomers. There are no explicit signs of Muslim influences in the Shoushi calendar, but Mongol rulers were known to be interested in Muslim calendars. Mathematical knowledge from the Middle East was introduced to China under the Mongols, and Muslim astronomers brought Arabic numerals to China in the 13th century.

title: Yuan_dynasty

title: Yuan_dynasty

text: Guo

text: Shoujing

text: applied

text: mathematics

text: to

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: calendars

text: He

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: mathematicians

text: in

text: China

text: to

text: work

text: on

text: spherical

text: trigonometry

text: Gou

text: derived

text: a

text: cubic

text: interpolation

text: formula

text: for

text: his

text: astronomical

text: calculations

text: His

text: calendar

text: the

text: Shoushi

text: Li

text: 授時暦

text: or

text: Calendar

text: for

text: Fixing

text: the

text: Seasons

text: was

text: disseminated

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: official

text: calendar

text: of

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: The

text: calendar

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: influenced

text: solely

text: by

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: Song

text: dynasty

text: astronomer

text: Shen

text: Kuo

text: or

text: possibly

text: by

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: Arab

text: astronomers

text: There

text: are

text: no

text: explicit

text: signs

text: of

text: Muslim

text: influences

text: in

text: the

text: Shoushi

text: calendar

text: but

text: Mongol

text: rulers

text: were

text: known

text: to

text: be

text: interested

text: in

text: Muslim

text: calendars

text: Mathematical

text: knowledge

text: from

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: was

text: introduced

text: to

text: China

text: under

text: the

text: Mongols

text: and

text: Muslim

text: astronomers

text: brought

text: Arabic

text: numerals

text: to

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: century

question: What did Guo Shoujing do for calendars?

answer: applied mathematics to the construction of calendars

text: applied mathematics to the construction of calendars

answer: applied mathematics

text: applied mathematics

answer: applied mathematics

text: applied mathematics

question: What did Gou use for astronomy?

answer: a cubic interpolation formula

text: a cubic interpolation formula

answer: cubic interpolation formula

text: cubic interpolation formula

answer: derived a cubic interpolation formula

text: derived a cubic interpolation formula

question: What was the Chinese name of Gou's calendar?

answer: Shoushi Li

text: Shoushi Li

answer: 授時暦

text: 授時暦

answer: 授時暦

text: 授時暦

question: What was the English name of Gou's calendar?

answer: Calendar for Fixing the Seasons

text: Calendar for Fixing the Seasons

answer: Calendar for Fixing the Seasons

text: Calendar for Fixing the Seasons

answer: Calendar for Fixing the Seasons

text: Calendar for Fixing the Seasons

question: When did Gou's calendar become the official calendar of the Yuan?

answer: 1281

answer: 1281

answer: 1281

question: What did Guo Shoujing not do for calendars?

text: applied mathematics

question: What did Gou use for science?

text: cubic interpolation formula

question: What was the Chinese name of Gou's math?

text: Shoushi Li

question: What was the English name of Gou's math?

text: Calendar for Fixing the Seasons

question: When was Gou's calendar rejected as the official calendar of the Yuan?


text: A term used originally in derision, Huguenot has unclear origins. Various hypotheses have been promoted. The nickname may have been a combined reference to the Swiss politician Besançon Hugues (died 1532) and the religiously conflicted nature of Swiss republicanism in his time, using a clever derogatory pun on the name Hugues by way of the Dutch word Huisgenoten (literally housemates), referring to the connotations of a somewhat related word in German Eidgenosse (Confederates as in "a citizen of one of the states of the Swiss Confederacy"). Geneva was John Calvin's adopted home and the centre of the Calvinist movement. In Geneva, Hugues, though Catholic, was a leader of the "Confederate Party", so called because it favoured independence from the Duke of Savoy through an alliance between the city-state of Geneva and the Swiss Confederation. The label Huguenot was purportedly first applied in France to those conspirators (all of them aristocratic members of the Reformed Church) involved in the Amboise plot of 1560: a foiled attempt to wrest power in France from the influential House of Guise. The move would have had the side effect of fostering relations with the Swiss. Thus, Hugues plus Eidgenosse by way of Huisgenoten supposedly became Huguenot, a nickname associating the Protestant cause with politics unpopular in France.[citation needed]

title: Huguenot

title: Huguenot

text: A

text: term

text: used

text: originally

text: in

text: derision

text: Huguenot

text: has

text: unclear

text: origins

text: Various

text: hypotheses

text: have

text: been

text: promoted

text: The

text: nickname

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: a

text: combined

text: reference

text: to

text: the

text: Swiss

text: politician

text: Besançon

text: Hugues

text: died

text: and

text: the

text: religiously

text: conflicted

text: nature

text: of

text: Swiss

text: republicanism

text: in

text: his

text: time

text: using

text: a

text: clever

text: derogatory

text: pun

text: on

text: the

text: name

text: Hugues

text: by

text: way

text: of

text: the

text: Dutch

text: word

text: Huisgenoten

text: literally

text: housemates

text: referring

text: to

text: the

text: connotations

text: of

text: a

text: somewhat

text: related

text: word

text: in

text: German

text: Eidgenosse

text: Confederates

text: as

text: in

text: a

text: citizen

text: of

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Confederacy

text: Geneva

text: was

text: John

text: Calvin

text: 's

text: adopted

text: home

text: and

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: Calvinist

text: movement

text: In

text: Geneva

text: Hugues

text: though

text: Catholic

text: was

text: a

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Confederate

text: Party

text: so

text: called

text: because

text: it

text: favoured

text: independence

text: from

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Savoy

text: through

text: an

text: alliance

text: between

text: the

text: city

text: state

text: of

text: Geneva

text: and

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Confederation

text: The

text: label

text: Huguenot

text: was

text: purportedly

text: first

text: applied

text: in

text: France

text: to

text: those

text: conspirators

text: all

text: of

text: them

text: aristocratic

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Reformed

text: Church

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: Amboise

text: plot

text: of

text: a

text: foiled

text: attempt

text: to

text: wrest

text: power

text: in

text: France

text: from

text: the

text: influential

text: House

text: of

text: Guise

text: The

text: move

text: would

text: have

text: had

text: the

text: side

text: effect

text: of

text: fostering

text: relations

text: with

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Thus

text: Hugues

text: plus

text: Eidgenosse

text: by

text: way

text: of

text: Huisgenoten

text: supposedly

text: became

text: Huguenot

text: a

text: nickname

text: associating

text: the

text: Protestant

text: cause

text: with

text: politics

text: unpopular

text: in

text: France.[citation

text: needed

question: The term Huguenot was originally meant to confer?

answer: derision

text: derision

answer: derision

text: derision

answer: derision

text: derision

question: The term may be related to what politician from Switzerland?

answer: Besançon Hugues

text: Besançon Hugues

answer: Besançon Hugues

text: Besançon Hugues

answer: Besançon Hugues

text: Besançon Hugues

question: What Swiss city was the center of the Calvinist movement?

answer: Geneva

text: Geneva

answer: Geneva

text: Geneva

answer: Geneva

text: Geneva

question: What name was given to the plot to usurp power from the French House of Guise?

answer: Amboise plot

text: Amboise plot

answer: Amboise

text: Amboise

answer: the Amboise plot

text: the Amboise plot

question: When did this attempt take place?

answer: 1560

answer: 1560

answer: 1560

question: In what year was Swiss politician Besancon Hugues born?

question: What does Huisgenoten translate to in French?

text: housemates

question: Which city was John Calvin born in?

text: Geneva

question: What religion was John Calvin?

text: Catholic

question: In what year did the House of Guise gain influence?


text: Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where, during each stroke, the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam, whilst the hotter incoming admission steam will waste some of its energy in restoring working temperature. The aim of the uniflow is to remedy this defect and improve efficiency by providing an additional port uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction. By this means, the simple-expansion uniflow engine gives efficiency equivalent to that of classic compound systems with the added advantage of superior part-load performance, and comparable efficiency to turbines for smaller engines below one thousand horsepower. However, the thermal expansion gradient uniflow engines produce along the cylinder wall gives practical difficulties.[citation needed]. The Quasiturbine is a uniflow rotary steam engine where steam intakes in hot areas, while exhausting in cold areas.

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: Uniflow

text: engines

text: attempt

text: to

text: remedy

text: the

text: difficulties

text: arising

text: from

text: the

text: usual

text: counterflow

text: cycle

text: where

text: during

text: each

text: stroke

text: the

text: port

text: and

text: the

text: cylinder

text: walls

text: will

text: be

text: cooled

text: by

text: the

text: passing

text: exhaust

text: steam

text: whilst

text: the

text: hotter

text: incoming

text: admission

text: steam

text: will

text: waste

text: some

text: of

text: its

text: energy

text: in

text: restoring

text: working

text: temperature

text: The

text: aim

text: of

text: the

text: uniflow

text: is

text: to

text: remedy

text: this

text: defect

text: and

text: improve

text: efficiency

text: by

text: providing

text: an

text: additional

text: port

text: uncovered

text: by

text: the

text: piston

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: each

text: stroke

text: making

text: the

text: steam

text: flow

text: only

text: in

text: one

text: direction

text: By

text: this

text: means

text: the

text: simple

text: expansion

text: uniflow

text: engine

text: gives

text: efficiency

text: equivalent

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: classic

text: compound

text: systems

text: with

text: the

text: added

text: advantage

text: of

text: superior

text: part

text: load

text: performance

text: and

text: comparable

text: efficiency

text: to

text: turbines

text: for

text: smaller

text: engines

text: below

text: one

text: thousand

text: horsepower

text: However

text: the

text: thermal

text: expansion

text: gradient

text: uniflow

text: engines

text: produce

text: along

text: the

text: cylinder

text: wall

text: gives

text: practical

text: difficulties.[citation

text: needed

text: The

text: Quasiturbine

text: is

text: a

text: uniflow

text: rotary

text: steam

text: engine

text: where

text: steam

text: intakes

text: in

text: hot

text: areas

text: while

text: exhausting

text: in

text: cold

text: areas

question: What is the name of a uniflow engine that takes in steam in hot areas and exhausts it in cold?

answer: Quasiturbine

text: Quasiturbine

answer: Quasiturbine

text: Quasiturbine

answer: Quasiturbine

text: Quasiturbine

question: The uniflow engine is an attempt to fix an issue that arises in what cycle?

answer: counterflow

text: counterflow

answer: counterflow

text: counterflow

answer: counterflow

text: counterflow

question: What part is added to the uniflow engine to resolve the issue in the counterflow cycle?

answer: port

text: port

answer: additional port

text: additional port

answer: an additional port

text: an additional port

question: What is the name of a uniflow engine that takes in steam in hot areas and exhausts it in passing?

text: Quasiturbine

question: What cycle has an issue for which an expansion gradient attempts to fix?

text: counterflow

question: What part is added to the expansion gradient to resolve the issue in the counterflow cycle?

text: port

question: What attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from gradient performance?

text: Uniflow engines

question: What is the aim of the additional stroke?


text: The outcome of most votes can be predicted beforehand since political parties normally instruct members which way to vote. Parties entrust some MSPs, known as whips, with the task of ensuring that party members vote according to the party line. MSPs do not tend to vote against such instructions, since those who do are unlikely to reach higher political ranks in their parties. Errant members can be deselected as official party candidates during future elections, and, in serious cases, may be expelled from their parties outright. Thus, as with many Parliaments, the independence of Members of the Scottish Parliament tends to be low, and backbench rebellions by members who are discontent with their party's policies are rare. In some circumstances, however, parties announce "free votes", which allows Members to vote as they please. This is typically done on moral issues.

title: Scottish_Parliament

title: Scottish_Parliament

text: The

text: outcome

text: of

text: most

text: votes

text: can

text: be

text: predicted

text: beforehand

text: since

text: political

text: parties

text: normally

text: instruct

text: members

text: which

text: way

text: to

text: vote

text: Parties

text: entrust

text: some

text: MSPs

text: known

text: as

text: whips

text: with

text: the

text: task

text: of

text: ensuring

text: that

text: party

text: members

text: vote

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: party

text: line

text: MSPs

text: do

text: not

text: tend

text: to

text: vote

text: against

text: such

text: instructions

text: since

text: those

text: who

text: do

text: are

text: unlikely

text: to

text: reach

text: higher

text: political

text: ranks

text: in

text: their

text: parties

text: Errant

text: members

text: can

text: be

text: deselected

text: as

text: official

text: party

text: candidates

text: during

text: future

text: elections

text: and

text: in

text: serious

text: cases

text: may

text: be

text: expelled

text: from

text: their

text: parties

text: outright

text: Thus

text: as

text: with

text: many

text: Parliaments

text: the

text: independence

text: of

text: Members

text: of

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: tends

text: to

text: be

text: low

text: and

text: backbench

text: rebellions

text: by

text: members

text: who

text: are

text: discontent

text: with

text: their

text: party

text: 's

text: policies

text: are

text: rare

text: In

text: some

text: circumstances

text: however

text: parties

text: announce

text: free

text: votes

text: which

text: allows

text: Members

text: to

text: vote

text: as

text: they

text: please

text: This

text: is

text: typically

text: done

text: on

text: moral

text: issues

question: What can often be predicted beforehand?

answer: votes

text: votes

answer: outcome of most votes

text: outcome of most votes

answer: outcome

text: outcome

question: Who normally instructs members how to vote?

answer: political parties

text: political parties

answer: political parties

text: political parties

answer: political parties

text: political parties

question: Who has the task of ensuring party members vote according to the party line?

answer: whips

text: whips

answer: whips

text: whips

answer: whips

text: whips

question: What happens if a member doesn't vote the party line?

answer: deselected as official party candidates during future elections

text: deselected as official party candidates during future elections

answer: deselected as official party candidates

text: deselected as official party candidates

answer: deselected as official party candidates during future elections

text: deselected as official party candidates during future elections

question: What type of issues are members typically allowed to vote as they please?

answer: moral

text: moral

answer: moral

text: moral

answer: moral issues

text: moral issues

question: What can not be mostly predicted beforehand?

text: most votes

question: Who has the task of ensuring that party members don't vote according to party line?

text: whips

question: The independence of which Parliament tends to be high?

text: Scottish

question: Which type of rebellions are common in Scottish Parliament?

text: backbench


text: The Mongol rulers patronized the Yuan printing industry. Chinese printing technology was transferred to the Mongols through Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries. Some Yuan documents such as Wang Zhen's Nong Shu were printed with earthenware movable type, a technology invented in the 12th century. However, most published works were still produced through traditional block printing techniques. The publication of a Taoist text inscribed with the name of Töregene Khatun, Ögedei's wife, is one of the first printed works sponsored by the Mongols. In 1273, the Mongols created the Imperial Library Directorate, a government-sponsored printing office. The Yuan government established centers for printing throughout China. Local schools and government agencies were funded to support the publishing of books.

title: Yuan_dynasty

title: Yuan_dynasty

text: The

text: Mongol

text: rulers

text: patronized

text: the

text: Yuan

text: printing

text: industry

text: Chinese

text: printing

text: technology

text: was

text: transferred

text: to

text: the

text: Mongols

text: through

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Qocho

text: and

text: Tibetan

text: intermediaries

text: Some

text: Yuan

text: documents

text: such

text: as

text: Wang

text: Zhen

text: 's

text: Nong

text: Shu

text: were

text: printed

text: with

text: earthenware

text: movable

text: type

text: a

text: technology

text: invented

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: However

text: most

text: published

text: works

text: were

text: still

text: produced

text: through

text: traditional

text: block

text: printing

text: techniques

text: The

text: publication

text: of

text: a

text: Taoist

text: text

text: inscribed

text: with

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: Töregene

text: Khatun

text: Ögedei

text: 's

text: wife

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: printed

text: works

text: sponsored

text: by

text: the

text: Mongols

text: In

text: the

text: Mongols

text: created

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Library

text: Directorate

text: a

text: government

text: sponsored

text: printing

text: office

text: The

text: Yuan

text: government

text: established

text: centers

text: for

text: printing

text: throughout

text: China

text: Local

text: schools

text: and

text: government

text: agencies

text: were

text: funded

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: publishing

text: of

text: books

question: How did the Mongols acquire Chinese printing technology?

answer: through Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries

text: through Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries

answer: through Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries

text: through Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries

answer: through Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries

text: through Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries

question: Who wrote the Nong Shu?

answer: Wang Zhen

text: Wang Zhen

answer: Wang Zhen

text: Wang Zhen

answer: Wang Zhen

text: Wang Zhen

question: When was earthenware movable type invented?

answer: in the 12th century

text: in the 12th century

answer: 12th century

text: 12th century

answer: the 12th century

text: the 12th century

question: Who was Ogedei's wife?

answer: Töregene Khatun

text: Töregene Khatun

answer: Töregene Khatun

text: Töregene Khatun

answer: Töregene Khatun

text: Töregene Khatun

question: When was the Imperial Library Directorate established?

answer: 1273

answer: 1273

answer: In 1273

text: In 1273

question: How did the Mongols acquire Japanese printing technology?

question: Who rejected the Nong Shu?

text: Wang Zhen's

question: When was earthenware movable type destroyed?

text: 12th century

question: Who was Ogedei's husband?

text: Töregene Khatun

question: When was the Imperial Library Directorate not established?


text: Construction projects can suffer from preventable financial problems. Underbids happen when builders ask for too little money to complete the project. Cash flow problems exist when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials, and because they are a matter of having sufficient funds at a specific time, can arise even when the overall total is enough. Fraud is a problem in many fields, but is notoriously prevalent in the construction field. Financial planning for the project is intended to ensure that a solid plan with adequate safeguards and contingency plans are in place before the project is started and is required to ensure that the plan is properly executed over the life of the project.

title: Construction

title: Construction

text: Construction

text: projects

text: can

text: suffer

text: from

text: preventable

text: financial

text: problems

text: Underbids

text: happen

text: when

text: builders

text: ask

text: for

text: too

text: little

text: money

text: to

text: complete

text: the

text: project

text: Cash

text: flow

text: problems

text: exist

text: when

text: the

text: present

text: amount

text: of

text: funding

text: can

text: not

text: cover

text: the

text: current

text: costs

text: for

text: labour

text: and

text: materials

text: and

text: because

text: they

text: are

text: a

text: matter

text: of

text: having

text: sufficient

text: funds

text: at

text: a

text: specific

text: time

text: can

text: arise

text: even

text: when

text: the

text: overall

text: total

text: is

text: enough

text: Fraud

text: is

text: a

text: problem

text: in

text: many

text: fields

text: but

text: is

text: notoriously

text: prevalent

text: in

text: the

text: construction

text: field

text: Financial

text: planning

text: for

text: the

text: project

text: is

text: intended

text: to

text: ensure

text: that

text: a

text: solid

text: plan

text: with

text: adequate

text: safeguards

text: and

text: contingency

text: plans

text: are

text: in

text: place

text: before

text: the

text: project

text: is

text: started

text: and

text: is

text: required

text: to

text: ensure

text: that

text: the

text: plan

text: is

text: properly

text: executed

text: over

text: the

text: life

text: of

text: the

text: project

question: What can construction projects suffer from?

answer: preventable financial problems

text: preventable financial problems

answer: preventable financial problems

text: preventable financial problems

answer: preventable financial problems

text: preventable financial problems

question: What is an underbid?

answer: when builders ask for too little money to complete the project

text: when builders ask for too little money to complete the project

answer: when builders ask for too little money to complete the project

text: when builders ask for too little money to complete the project

answer: builders ask for too little money to complete the project

text: builders ask for too little money to complete the project

question: When do cash flow problems exist?

answer: when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials

text: when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials

answer: when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials

text: when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials

answer: present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials

text: present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials

question: What financial issue is notoriously prevalent in the construction field?

answer: Fraud

text: Fraud

answer: Fraud

text: Fraud

answer: Fraud

text: Fraud

question: What can a contingency plan suffer from?

text: preventable financial problems

question: What issue is common in the financial planning field?

text: Fraud

question: What is one reason a labour problem happens and can't be funded?

question: What guarantees a solid cash flow is in place before a project to assure its completion?

text: Financial planning

question: What describes when a builder doesn't ask for adequate safeguards?

text: Underbids


text: A job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply) competing for a job that few require (low demand) will result in a low wage for that job. This is because competition between workers drives down the wage. An example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing or customer service. Competition amongst workers tends to drive down wages due to the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job. A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply), but a large need for the positions (high demand), will result in high wages for that job. This is because competition between employers for employees will drive up the wage. Examples of this would include jobs that require highly developed skills, rare abilities, or a high level of risk. Competition amongst employers tends to drive up wages due to the nature of the job, since there is a relative shortage of workers for the particular position. Professional and labor organizations may limit the supply of workers which results in higher demand and greater incomes for members. Members may also receive higher wages through collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption.

title: Economic_inequality

title: Economic_inequality

text: A

text: job

text: where

text: there

text: are

text: many

text: workers

text: willing

text: to

text: work

text: a

text: large

text: amount

text: of

text: time

text: high

text: supply

text: competing

text: for

text: a

text: job

text: that

text: few

text: require

text: low

text: demand

text: will

text: result

text: in

text: a

text: low

text: wage

text: for

text: that

text: job

text: This

text: is

text: because

text: competition

text: between

text: workers

text: drives

text: down

text: the

text: wage

text: An

text: example

text: of

text: this

text: would

text: be

text: jobs

text: such

text: as

text: dish

text: washing

text: or

text: customer

text: service

text: Competition

text: amongst

text: workers

text: tends

text: to

text: drive

text: down

text: wages

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: expendable

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: worker

text: in

text: relation

text: to

text: his

text: or

text: her

text: particular

text: job

text: A

text: job

text: where

text: there

text: are

text: few

text: able

text: or

text: willing

text: workers

text: low

text: supply

text: but

text: a

text: large

text: need

text: for

text: the

text: positions

text: high

text: demand

text: will

text: result

text: in

text: high

text: wages

text: for

text: that

text: job

text: This

text: is

text: because

text: competition

text: between

text: employers

text: for

text: employees

text: will

text: drive

text: up

text: the

text: wage

text: Examples

text: of

text: this

text: would

text: include

text: jobs

text: that

text: require

text: highly

text: developed

text: skills

text: rare

text: abilities

text: or

text: a

text: high

text: level

text: of

text: risk

text: Competition

text: amongst

text: employers

text: tends

text: to

text: drive

text: up

text: wages

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: job

text: since

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: relative

text: shortage

text: of

text: workers

text: for

text: the

text: particular

text: position

text: Professional

text: and

text: labor

text: organizations

text: may

text: limit

text: the

text: supply

text: of

text: workers

text: which

text: results

text: in

text: higher

text: demand

text: and

text: greater

text: incomes

text: for

text: members

text: Members

text: may

text: also

text: receive

text: higher

text: wages

text: through

text: collective

text: bargaining

text: political

text: influence

text: or

text: corruption

question: What has the tendency to increase wages in a field or job position?

answer: Competition amongst workers

text: Competition amongst workers

answer: high demand

text: high demand

answer: competition between employers for employees

text: competition between employers for employees

question: When there are many workers competing for a few jobs its considered as what?

answer: low demand

text: low demand

answer: high supply

text: high supply

answer: low wage

text: low wage

question: What is the potential earnings for a job where there are few skilled workers but many available positions?

answer: high wages

text: high wages

answer: high wages

text: high wages

answer: high wages

text: high wages

question: What can lead to higher wages for members of labor organizations?

answer: collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption

text: collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption

answer: collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption

text: collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption

answer: collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption

text: collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption

question: Who works to get workers higher compensation?

answer: Professional and labor organizations

text: Professional and labor organizations

answer: Professional and labor organizations

text: Professional and labor organizations

answer: Professional and labor organizations

text: Professional and labor organizations

question: What does many workers willing to work for a lot of time competing for a job that only requires a few workers result in?

answer: low wage

text: low wage

answer: competition

text: competition

answer: low wage

text: low wage

question: What drives down wages in a job with many workers willing to work a lot?

answer: competition between workers

text: competition between workers

answer: competition

text: competition

answer: competition

text: competition

question: Why does competition among workers drive down wages?

answer: expendable nature of the worker

text: expendable nature of the worker

answer: (high supply) competing for a job that few require (low demand)

text: (high supply) competing for a job that few require (low demand)

answer: the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job

text: the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job

question: What type of wages result from jobs where there is low supply but high demand?

answer: high

text: high

answer: high wages

text: high wages

answer: high

text: high

question: While competition between workers drives down wages for jobs with a high supply of worker, whose competition drives wages up for the inverse?

answer: employers

text: employers

answer: employers

text: employers

answer: employers

text: employers

question: What has the tendency to decrease wages in a field or job position?

text: Competition amongst workers

question: When there are many workers competing for a many jobs its considered as what?

text: low demand

question: What is the potential earnings for a job where there are many skilled workers but many available positions?

text: high wages

question: What can lead to lower wages for members of labor organizations?

question: Who works to get workers lower compensation?

text: Professional and labor organizations