text: Immediately after Decision Time a "Members Debate" is held, which lasts for 45 minutes. Members Business is a debate on a motion proposed by an MSP who is not a Scottish minister. Such motions are on issues which may be of interest to a particular area such as a member's own constituency, an upcoming or past event or any other item which would otherwise not be accorded official parliamentary time. As well as the proposer, other members normally contribute to the debate. The relevant minister, whose department the debate and motion relate to "winds up" the debate by speaking after all other participants.

title: Scottish_Parliament

title: Scottish_Parliament

text: Immediately

text: after

text: Decision

text: Time

text: a

text: Members

text: Debate

text: is

text: held

text: which

text: lasts

text: for

text: minutes

text: Members

text: Business

text: is

text: a

text: debate

text: on

text: a

text: motion

text: proposed

text: by

text: an

text: MSP

text: who

text: is

text: not

text: a

text: Scottish

text: minister

text: Such

text: motions

text: are

text: on

text: issues

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: of

text: interest

text: to

text: a

text: particular

text: area

text: such

text: as

text: a

text: member

text: 's

text: own

text: constituency

text: an

text: upcoming

text: or

text: past

text: event

text: or

text: any

text: other

text: item

text: which

text: would

text: otherwise

text: not

text: be

text: accorded

text: official

text: parliamentary

text: time

text: As

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: proposer

text: other

text: members

text: normally

text: contribute

text: to

text: the

text: debate

text: The

text: relevant

text: minister

text: whose

text: department

text: the

text: debate

text: and

text: motion

text: relate

text: to

text: winds

text: up

text: the

text: debate

text: by

text: speaking

text: after

text: all

text: other

text: participants

question: When is the Members Debate held?

answer: Immediately after Decision Time

text: Immediately after Decision Time

answer: Immediately after Decision Time

text: Immediately after Decision Time

answer: Immediately after Decision Time

text: Immediately after Decision Time

question: How long does the Members Debate last?

answer: 45 minutes

text: 45 minutes

answer: 45 minutes

text: 45 minutes

answer: 45 minutes

text: 45 minutes

question: Why are debates on proposed motions by an MSP conducted?

answer: not a Scottish minister

text: not a Scottish minister

answer: may be of interest to a particular area such as a member's own constituency

text: may be of interest to a particular area such as a member's own constituency

answer: issues which may be of interest to a particular area such as a member's own constituency

text: issues which may be of interest to a particular area such as a member's own constituency

question: Who contributes to Members Business in addition to the proposer?

answer: other members

text: other members

answer: other members

text: other members

answer: other members

text: other members

question: What does the minister who was the catalyst of the Members Business do by speaking after everyone else?

answer: winds up

text: winds up

answer: winds up

text: winds up

answer: "winds up" the debate

text: "winds up" the debate

question: A "Members Debate" is usually held immediately before what?

text: Decision Time

question: Other member do not normally contribute to what?

text: debate

question: What debate lasts for 55 minutes?

text: Members Debate

question: What debate is a debate on a motion proposed by an MSP who is not a Scottish minister?

text: Members Debate


text: Various princes of the Holy Land arrived in Limassol at the same time, in particular Guy de Lusignan. All declared their support for Richard provided that he support Guy against his rival Conrad of Montferrat. The local barons abandoned Isaac, who considered making peace with Richard, joining him on the crusade, and offering his daughter in marriage to the person named by Richard. But Isaac changed his mind and tried to escape. Richard then proceeded to conquer the whole island, his troops being led by Guy de Lusignan. Isaac surrendered and was confined with silver chains, because Richard had promised that he would not place him in irons. By 1 June, Richard had conquered the whole island. His exploit was well publicized and contributed to his reputation; he also derived significant financial gains from the conquest of the island. Richard left for Acre on 5 June, with his allies. Before his departure, he named two of his Norman generals, Richard de Camville and Robert de Thornham, as governors of Cyprus.

title: Normans

title: Normans

text: Various

text: princes

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: Land

text: arrived

text: in

text: Limassol

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: in

text: particular

text: Guy

text: de

text: Lusignan

text: All

text: declared

text: their

text: support

text: for

text: Richard

text: provided

text: that

text: he

text: support

text: Guy

text: against

text: his

text: rival

text: Conrad

text: of

text: Montferrat

text: The

text: local

text: barons

text: abandoned

text: Isaac

text: who

text: considered

text: making

text: peace

text: with

text: Richard

text: joining

text: him

text: on

text: the

text: crusade

text: and

text: offering

text: his

text: daughter

text: in

text: marriage

text: to

text: the

text: person

text: named

text: by

text: Richard

text: But

text: Isaac

text: changed

text: his

text: mind

text: and

text: tried

text: to

text: escape

text: Richard

text: then

text: proceeded

text: to

text: conquer

text: the

text: whole

text: island

text: his

text: troops

text: being

text: led

text: by

text: Guy

text: de

text: Lusignan

text: Isaac

text: surrendered

text: and

text: was

text: confined

text: with

text: silver

text: chains

text: because

text: Richard

text: had

text: promised

text: that

text: he

text: would

text: not

text: place

text: him

text: in

text: irons

text: By

text: June

text: Richard

text: had

text: conquered

text: the

text: whole

text: island

text: His

text: exploit

text: was

text: well

text: publicized

text: and

text: contributed

text: to

text: his

text: reputation

text: he

text: also

text: derived

text: significant

text: financial

text: gains

text: from

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: Richard

text: left

text: for

text: Acre

text: on

text: June

text: with

text: his

text: allies

text: Before

text: his

text: departure

text: he

text: named

text: two

text: of

text: his

text: Norman

text: generals

text: Richard

text: de

text: Camville

text: and

text: Robert

text: de

text: Thornham

text: as

text: governors

text: of

text: Cyprus

question: Who was Guy's Rival?

answer: Conrad of Montferrat

text: Conrad of Montferrat

answer: Conrad of Montferrat

text: Conrad of Montferrat

answer: Conrad of Montferrat

text: Conrad of Montferrat

question: What were Isaac's chains made out of?

answer: silver

text: silver

answer: silver

text: silver

answer: silver

text: silver

question: Who led Richard's troops when Cyprus was conquered?

answer: Guy de Lusignan

text: Guy de Lusignan

answer: Guy de Lusignan

text: Guy de Lusignan

answer: Guy de Lusignan

text: Guy de Lusignan

question: Who's chains were made out of copper?

text: Isaac

question: Who led Issacs troops to Cyprus?

text: Richard

question: Who offered Issac his daughter?

text: Richard


text: Today, the Treaty of Lisbon prohibits anti-competitive agreements in Article 101(1), including price fixing. According to Article 101(2) any such agreements are automatically void. Article 101(3) establishes exemptions, if the collusion is for distributional or technological innovation, gives consumers a "fair share" of the benefit and does not include unreasonable restraints that risk eliminating competition anywhere (or compliant with the general principle of European Union law of proportionality). Article 102 prohibits the abuse of dominant position, such as price discrimination and exclusive dealing. Article 102 allows the European Council to regulations to govern mergers between firms (the current regulation is the Regulation 139/2004/EC). The general test is whether a concentration (i.e. merger or acquisition) with a community dimension (i.e. affects a number of EU member states) might significantly impede effective competition. Articles 106 and 107 provide that member state's right to deliver public services may not be obstructed, but that otherwise public enterprises must adhere to the same competition principles as companies. Article 107 lays down a general rule that the state may not aid or subsidise private parties in distortion of free competition and provides exemptions for charities, regional development objectives and in the event of a natural disaster.

title: European_Union_law

title: European_Union_law

text: Today

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Lisbon

text: prohibits

text: anti

text: competitive

text: agreements

text: in

text: Article

text: including

text: price

text: fixing

text: According

text: to

text: Article

text: any

text: such

text: agreements

text: are

text: automatically

text: void

text: Article

text: establishes

text: exemptions

text: if

text: the

text: collusion

text: is

text: for

text: distributional

text: or

text: technological

text: innovation

text: gives

text: consumers

text: a

text: fair

text: share

text: of

text: the

text: benefit

text: and

text: does

text: not

text: include

text: unreasonable

text: restraints

text: that

text: risk

text: eliminating

text: competition

text: anywhere

text: or

text: compliant

text: with

text: the

text: general

text: principle

text: of

text: European

text: Union

text: law

text: of

text: proportionality

text: Article

text: prohibits

text: the

text: abuse

text: of

text: dominant

text: position

text: such

text: as

text: price

text: discrimination

text: and

text: exclusive

text: dealing

text: Article

text: allows

text: the

text: European

text: Council

text: to

text: regulations

text: to

text: govern

text: mergers

text: between

text: firms

text: the

text: current

text: regulation

text: is

text: the

text: Regulation

text: The

text: general

text: test

text: is

text: whether

text: a

text: concentration

text: i.e.

text: merger

text: or

text: acquisition

text: with

text: a

text: community

text: dimension

text: i.e.

text: affects

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: EU

text: member

text: states

text: might

text: significantly

text: impede

text: effective

text: competition

text: Articles

text: and

text: provide

text: that

text: member

text: state

text: 's

text: right

text: to

text: deliver

text: public

text: services

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: obstructed

text: but

text: that

text: otherwise

text: public

text: enterprises

text: must

text: adhere

text: to

text: the

text: same

text: competition

text: principles

text: as

text: companies

text: Article

text: lays

text: down

text: a

text: general

text: rule

text: that

text: the

text: state

text: may

text: not

text: aid

text: or

text: subsidise

text: private

text: parties

text: in

text: distortion

text: of

text: free

text: competition

text: and

text: provides

text: exemptions

text: for

text: charities

text: regional

text: development

text: objectives

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: event

text: of

text: a

text: natural

text: disaster

question: In which article does the Treaty of Lisbon prohibit anti-competitive agreements?

answer: Article 101(1)

text: Article 101(1)

answer: Article 101(1)

text: Article 101(1)

answer: Article 101(1)

text: Article 101(1)

question: What does Article 102 of the Treaty of Lisbon prohibit?

answer: the abuse of dominant position

text: the abuse of dominant position

answer: the abuse of dominant position

text: the abuse of dominant position

answer: abuse of dominant position

text: abuse of dominant position

question: Which articles state that the member states' rights to deliver public services may not be obstructed?

answer: Articles 106 and 107

text: Articles 106 and 107

answer: Articles 106 and 107

text: Articles 106 and 107

answer: Articles 106 and 107

text: Articles 106 and 107

question: Which article allows the European Council to govern mergers between firms?

answer: Article 102

text: Article 102

answer: Article 102

text: Article 102

answer: Article 102

text: Article 102

question: What does the Treaty of Lisbon allow today?

question: What does Article 102 not prohibit?

text: abuse of dominant position,

question: What does Article 102 not allow the European Council to do?

question: Which artictle does not state that the member states' rights to deliver public services may not be obstructed?

text: Articles 106 and 107

question: What does Article 107 not lay down?


text: The variant forms of the name of the Rhine in modern languages are all derived from the Gaulish name Rēnos, which was adapted in Roman-era geography (1st century BC) as Greek Ῥῆνος (Rhēnos), Latin Rhenus.[note 3] The spelling with Rh- in English Rhine as well as in German Rhein and French Rhin is due to the influence of Greek orthography, while the vocalisation -i- is due to the Proto-Germanic adoption of the Gaulish name as *Rīnaz, via Old Frankish giving Old English Rín, Old High German Rīn, Dutch Rijn (formerly also spelled Rhijn)). The diphthong in modern German Rhein (also adopted in Romansh Rein, Rain) is a Central German development of the early modern period, the Alemannic name Rī(n) retaining the older vocalism,[note 4] as does Ripuarian Rhing, while Palatine has diphthongized Rhei, Rhoi. Spanish is with French in adopting the Germanic vocalism Rin-, while Italian, Occitan and Portuguese retain the Latin Ren-.

title: Rhine

title: Rhine

text: The

text: variant

text: forms

text: of

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: in

text: modern

text: languages

text: are

text: all

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Gaulish

text: name

text: Rēnos

text: which

text: was

text: adapted

text: in

text: Roman

text: era

text: geography

text: century

text: BC

text: as

text: Greek

text: Ῥῆνος

text: Rhēnos

text: Latin

text: Rhenus.[note

text: The

text: spelling

text: with

text: Rh-

text: in

text: English

text: Rhine

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: German

text: Rhein

text: and

text: French

text: Rhin

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: Greek

text: orthography

text: while

text: the

text: vocalisation

text: -i-

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: Proto

text: Germanic

text: adoption

text: of

text: the

text: Gaulish

text: name

text: as

text: Rīnaz

text: via

text: Old

text: Frankish

text: giving

text: Old

text: English

text: Rín

text: Old

text: High

text: German

text: Rīn

text: Dutch

text: Rijn

text: formerly

text: also

text: spelled

text: Rhijn

text: The

text: diphthong

text: in

text: modern

text: German

text: Rhein

text: also

text: adopted

text: in

text: Romansh

text: Rein

text: Rain

text: is

text: a

text: Central

text: German

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: modern

text: period

text: the

text: Alemannic

text: name

text: Rī(n

text: retaining

text: the

text: older

text: vocalism,[note

text: as

text: does

text: Ripuarian

text: Rhing

text: while

text: Palatine

text: has

text: diphthongized

text: Rhei

text: Rhoi

text: Spanish

text: is

text: with

text: French

text: in

text: adopting

text: the

text: Germanic

text: vocalism

text: Rin-

text: while

text: Italian

text: Occitan

text: and

text: Portuguese

text: retain

text: the

text: Latin

text: Ren-

question: Where does the name Rhine derive from?

answer: Gaulish name Rēnos

text: Gaulish name Rēnos

answer: Rēnos

text: Rēnos

answer: the Gaulish name Rēnos

text: the Gaulish name Rēnos

answer: Rēnos

text: Rēnos

answer: Rēnos

text: Rēnos

question: What is the French name for the Rhine?

answer: Rhin

text: Rhin

answer: Rhin

text: Rhin

answer: Rhin

text: Rhin

answer: Rhin

text: Rhin

answer: Rhin

text: Rhin

question: What is the Proto-Germanic adaptation of the name of the Rhine?

answer: Rīnaz

text: Rīnaz

answer: Rīnaz

text: Rīnaz

answer: *Rīnaz

text: *Rīnaz

answer: Rīnaz

text: Rīnaz

answer: Rīnaz

text: Rīnaz

question: What century did the name of the Rhine come from?

answer: 1st century BC

text: 1st century BC

answer: 1st

answer: Roman-era

text: Roman-era

answer: 1st century BC

text: 1st century BC

question: What does the name The Rhine come from?

answer: Gaulish name Rēnos

text: Gaulish name Rēnos

answer: Rhenus

text: Rhenus

answer: the Gaulish name Rēnos

text: the Gaulish name Rēnos

answer: 1st century BC

text: 1st century BC

answer: Rēnos

text: Rēnos

question: What is the Rhine called in French?

answer: Rhin

text: Rhin

answer: Rhin

text: Rhin

answer: Rhin

text: Rhin

answer: Rhin

text: Rhin

answer: Rhin

text: Rhin

question: What is the Proto-Germanic adoption of the Gaulish name of the Rhine?

answer: Rīnaz

text: Rīnaz

answer: Rīnaz

text: Rīnaz

answer: Rīnaz

text: Rīnaz

answer: Rīnaz

text: Rīnaz

answer: Rīnaz

text: Rīnaz

question: What is the Rhine called in Dutch?

answer: Rijn

text: Rijn

answer: Rijn

text: Rijn

answer: Rijn

text: Rijn

answer: Rijn

text: Rijn

answer: Rijn

text: Rijn

question: How was the Dutch name for the Rhine originally spelled?

answer: Rhijn

text: Rhijn

answer: Rhijn

text: Rhijn

answer: Rhijn

text: Rhijn

answer: Rhijn

text: Rhijn

answer: Rhijn

text: Rhijn

question: Where are the variant forms of the name of the Rhine in ancient languages derived from?

text: Gaulish name Rēnos

question: What century did the Germanic vocalism Rin come from?

text: 1st century BC

question: What century did the spelling with Rh- in English Rhine come from?

text: 1st century BC

question: What century did the French adopt the Germanic vocalism Rin-?

text: 1st century BC


text: The Rankine cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine. The cycle is an arrangement of components as is typically used for simple power production, and utilizes the phase change of water (boiling water producing steam, condensing exhaust steam, producing liquid water)) to provide a practical heat/power conversion system. The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop with some of the heat added being converted to work and the waste heat being removed in a condenser. The Rankine cycle is used in virtually all steam power production applications. In the 1990s, Rankine steam cycles generated about 90% of all electric power used throughout the world, including virtually all solar, biomass, coal and nuclear power plants. It is named after William John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath.

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: The

text: Rankine

text: cycle

text: is

text: the

text: fundamental

text: thermodynamic

text: underpinning

text: of

text: the

text: steam

text: engine

text: The

text: cycle

text: is

text: an

text: arrangement

text: of

text: components

text: as

text: is

text: typically

text: used

text: for

text: simple

text: power

text: production

text: and

text: utilizes

text: the

text: phase

text: change

text: of

text: water

text: boiling

text: water

text: producing

text: steam

text: condensing

text: exhaust

text: steam

text: producing

text: liquid

text: water

text: to

text: provide

text: a

text: practical

text: heat

text: power

text: conversion

text: system

text: The

text: heat

text: is

text: supplied

text: externally

text: to

text: a

text: closed

text: loop

text: with

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: heat

text: added

text: being

text: converted

text: to

text: work

text: and

text: the

text: waste

text: heat

text: being

text: removed

text: in

text: a

text: condenser

text: The

text: Rankine

text: cycle

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: virtually

text: all

text: steam

text: power

text: production

text: applications

text: In

text: the

text: Rankine

text: steam

text: cycles

text: generated

text: about

text: of

text: all

text: electric

text: power

text: used

text: throughout

text: the

text: world

text: including

text: virtually

text: all

text: solar

text: biomass

text: coal

text: and

text: nuclear

text: power

text: plants

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: William

text: John

text: Macquorn

text: Rankine

text: a

text: Scottish

text: polymath

question: What is the steam engine's thermodynamic basis?

answer: Rankine cycle

text: Rankine cycle

answer: The Rankine cycle

text: The Rankine cycle

answer: The Rankine cycle

text: The Rankine cycle

question: What happens to waste heat in the Rankine cycle?

answer: removed in a condenser

text: removed in a condenser

answer: removed in a condenser

text: removed in a condenser

answer: removed in a condenser

text: removed in a condenser

question: In what decade did the Rankine cycle create 90% of electric power?

answer: 1990s

answer: 1990s

answer: 1990s

question: Along with solar, coal and nuclear, what sort of plants notable use the Rankine process?

answer: biomass

text: biomass

answer: biomass

text: biomass

answer: biomass

text: biomass

question: What is William Rankine's nationality?

answer: Scottish

text: Scottish

answer: Scottish

text: Scottish

answer: Scottish

text: Scottish

question: What is the exhaust's thermodynamic basis?

text: Rankine cycle

question: What happens to waste heat in the water?

text: removed in a condenser

question: In what decade did the Rankine cycle create 90% of engine components?

question: What, along with solar, coal, and nuclear, uses the heat process?

text: biomass

question: What is William Jones's nationality?

text: Scottish


text: Since then, and so far, general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity. In GR, gravitation is not viewed as a force, but rather, objects moving freely in gravitational fields travel under their own inertia in straight lines through curved space-time – defined as the shortest space-time path between two space-time events. From the perspective of the object, all motion occurs as if there were no gravitation whatsoever. It is only when observing the motion in a global sense that the curvature of space-time can be observed and the force is inferred from the object's curved path. Thus, the straight line path in space-time is seen as a curved line in space, and it is called the ballistic trajectory of the object. For example, a basketball thrown from the ground moves in a parabola, as it is in a uniform gravitational field. Its space-time trajectory (when the extra ct dimension is added) is almost a straight line, slightly curved (with the radius of curvature of the order of few light-years). The time derivative of the changing momentum of the object is what we label as "gravitational force".

title: Force

title: Force

text: Since

text: then

text: and

text: so

text: far

text: general

text: relativity

text: has

text: been

text: acknowledged

text: as

text: the

text: theory

text: that

text: best

text: explains

text: gravity

text: In

text: GR

text: gravitation

text: is

text: not

text: viewed

text: as

text: a

text: force

text: but

text: rather

text: objects

text: moving

text: freely

text: in

text: gravitational

text: fields

text: travel

text: under

text: their

text: own

text: inertia

text: in

text: straight

text: lines

text: through

text: curved

text: space

text: time

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: shortest

text: space

text: time

text: path

text: between

text: two

text: space

text: time

text: events

text: From

text: the

text: perspective

text: of

text: the

text: object

text: all

text: motion

text: occurs

text: as

text: if

text: there

text: were

text: no

text: gravitation

text: whatsoever

text: It

text: is

text: only

text: when

text: observing

text: the

text: motion

text: in

text: a

text: global

text: sense

text: that

text: the

text: curvature

text: of

text: space

text: time

text: can

text: be

text: observed

text: and

text: the

text: force

text: is

text: inferred

text: from

text: the

text: object

text: 's

text: curved

text: path

text: Thus

text: the

text: straight

text: line

text: path

text: in

text: space

text: time

text: is

text: seen

text: as

text: a

text: curved

text: line

text: in

text: space

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: called

text: the

text: ballistic

text: trajectory

text: of

text: the

text: object

text: For

text: example

text: a

text: basketball

text: thrown

text: from

text: the

text: ground

text: moves

text: in

text: a

text: parabola

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: in

text: a

text: uniform

text: gravitational

text: field

text: Its

text: space

text: time

text: trajectory

text: when

text: the

text: extra

text: ct

text: dimension

text: is

text: added

text: is

text: almost

text: a

text: straight

text: line

text: slightly

text: curved

text: with

text: the

text: radius

text: of

text: curvature

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: of

text: few

text: light

text: years

text: The

text: time

text: derivative

text: of

text: the

text: changing

text: momentum

text: of

text: the

text: object

text: is

text: what

text: we

text: label

text: as

text: gravitational

text: force

question: What theory best explains gravity?

answer: general relativity

text: general relativity

answer: general relativity

text: general relativity

answer: general relativity

text: general relativity

answer: general relativity

text: general relativity

question: What space-time path is seen as a curved line in space?

answer: ballistic trajectory

text: ballistic trajectory

answer: path between two space-time events

text: path between two space-time events

answer: straight lines

text: straight lines

answer: the shortest space-time path between two space-time events.

text: the shortest space-time path between two space-time events.

question: What is the derivative of an object's changing momentum called?

answer: gravitational force

text: gravitational force

answer: gravitational force

text: gravitational force

answer: gravitational force

text: gravitational force

answer: gravitational force

text: gravitational force

question: In what sense must you be observing the curvature of space-time?

answer: global

text: global

answer: a global sense

text: a global sense

answer: in space

text: in space

answer: the perspective of the object

text: the perspective of the object

question: What theory least best describes gravity?

text: general relativity

question: What is viewed as a force in GR?

text: gravitation

question: The curved line path in space-time is seen as a what line in space?

text: straight

question: What describes objects not moving freely?

text: gravitation


text: According to economists David Castells-Quintana and Vicente Royuela, increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources, but also because it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions, drives people to poverty, constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility, and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation, unrest and conflict. Policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth.

title: Economic_inequality

title: Economic_inequality

text: According

text: to

text: economists

text: David

text: Castells

text: Quintana

text: and

text: Vicente

text: Royuela

text: increasing

text: inequality

text: harms

text: economic

text: growth

text: High

text: and

text: persistent

text: unemployment

text: in

text: which

text: inequality

text: increases

text: has

text: a

text: negative

text: effect

text: on

text: subsequent

text: long

text: run

text: economic

text: growth

text: Unemployment

text: can

text: harm

text: growth

text: not

text: only

text: because

text: it

text: is

text: a

text: waste

text: of

text: resources

text: but

text: also

text: because

text: it

text: generates

text: redistributive

text: pressures

text: and

text: subsequent

text: distortions

text: drives

text: people

text: to

text: poverty

text: constrains

text: liquidity

text: limiting

text: labor

text: mobility

text: and

text: erodes

text: self

text: esteem

text: promoting

text: social

text: dislocation

text: unrest

text: and

text: conflict

text: Policies

text: aiming

text: at

text: controlling

text: unemployment

text: and

text: in

text: particular

text: at

text: reducing

text: its

text: inequality

text: associated

text: effects

text: support

text: economic

text: growth

question: What do David Castlles-Quintana and Vicente Royuela do for a living?

answer: economists

text: economists

answer: economists

text: economists

answer: economists

text: economists

question: What does increasing inequality harm?

answer: economic growth

text: economic growth

answer: economic growth

text: economic growth

answer: economic growth

text: economic growth

question: What was persistent unemployment have a negative effect on?

answer: subsequent long-run economic growth

text: subsequent long-run economic growth

answer: subsequent long-run economic growth

text: subsequent long-run economic growth

answer: long-run economic growth

text: long-run economic growth

question: Why does unemployment harm growth?

answer: because it is a waste of resources

text: because it is a waste of resources

answer: waste of resources

text: waste of resources

answer: waste of resources

text: waste of resources

question: Policies which try to control unemployment support economic growth because they reduce what?

answer: inequality-associated effects

text: inequality-associated effects

answer: inequality-associated effects

text: inequality-associated effects

answer: inequality

text: inequality

question: What don't David Castlles-Quintana and Vicente Royuela do for a living?

text: economists

question: What does decreasing inequality harm?

text: economic growth

question: What was persistent unemployment have a positive effect on?

text: subsequent long-run economic growth

question: Why does unemployment help growth?

text: because it is a waste of resources

question: Policies which try to control unemployment support economic growth because they increase what?

text: inequality-associated effects


text: European Union law is applied by the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union. Where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights European Union law can be enforced by the courts of member states. In case of European Union law which should have been transposed into the laws of member states, such as Directives, the European Commission can take proceedings against the member state under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The European Court of Justice is the highest court able to interpret European Union law. Supplementary sources of European Union law include case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law.

title: European_Union_law

title: European_Union_law

text: European

text: Union

text: law

text: is

text: applied

text: by

text: the

text: courts

text: of

text: member

text: states

text: and

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Where

text: the

text: laws

text: of

text: member

text: states

text: provide

text: for

text: lesser

text: rights

text: European

text: Union

text: law

text: can

text: be

text: enforced

text: by

text: the

text: courts

text: of

text: member

text: states

text: In

text: case

text: of

text: European

text: Union

text: law

text: which

text: should

text: have

text: been

text: transposed

text: into

text: the

text: laws

text: of

text: member

text: states

text: such

text: as

text: Directives

text: the

text: European

text: Commission

text: can

text: take

text: proceedings

text: against

text: the

text: member

text: state

text: under

text: the

text: Treaty

text: on

text: the

text: Functioning

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: The

text: European

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: court

text: able

text: to

text: interpret

text: European

text: Union

text: law

text: Supplementary

text: sources

text: of

text: European

text: Union

text: law

text: include

text: case

text: law

text: by

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: international

text: law

text: and

text: general

text: principles

text: of

text: European

text: Union

text: law

question: Who applies European Union law?

answer: courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

text: courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

answer: the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

text: the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

answer: the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

text: the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

answer: the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

text: the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

question: Who can enforce the European Union law when member states provide lesser rights?

answer: courts of member states

text: courts of member states

answer: the courts of member states

text: the courts of member states

answer: the courts of member states

text: the courts of member states

answer: the courts of member states

text: the courts of member states

question: What is the highest court in the European Union?

answer: The European Court of Justice

text: The European Court of Justice

answer: The European Court of Justice

text: The European Court of Justice

answer: The European Court of Justice

text: The European Court of Justice

answer: The European Court of Justice

text: The European Court of Justice

question: What is one of the supplementary sources of European Union law?

answer: international law

text: international law

answer: case law by the Court of Justice

text: case law by the Court of Justice

answer: case law by the Court of Justice

text: case law by the Court of Justice

answer: case law by the Court of Justice

text: case law by the Court of Justice

question: Which two courts apply European Union law?

answer: courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

text: courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

answer: the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

text: the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

answer: the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

text: the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

answer: the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

text: the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

question: Under what treaty can the European Commission take action against member states?

answer: the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

text: the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

answer: the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

text: the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

answer: the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.

text: the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.

answer: the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

text: the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

question: Which court is the highest court in the European Union?

answer: The European Court of Justice

text: The European Court of Justice

answer: The European Court of Justice

text: The European Court of Justice

answer: The European Court of Justice

text: The European Court of Justice

answer: The European Court of Justice

text: The European Court of Justice

question: What is one supplementary source of European Union law?

answer: international law

text: international law

answer: international law

text: international law

answer: international law

text: international law

answer: international law

text: international law

question: By whom is European Law applied by?

answer: the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

text: the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

answer: the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

text: the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

answer: the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

text: the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

answer: the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

text: the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

question: Who can enforce European Union law?

answer: the courts of member states

text: the courts of member states

answer: the courts of member states

text: the courts of member states

answer: the courts of member states

text: the courts of member states

answer: the courts of member states

text: the courts of member states

question: What is the highest court in European Union law?

answer: The European Court of Justice

text: The European Court of Justice

answer: The European Court of Justice

text: The European Court of Justice

answer: The European Court of Justice

text: The European Court of Justice

answer: The European Court of Justice

text: The European Court of Justice

question: What are some supplementary sources of European Union law?

answer: case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law

text: case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law

answer: general principles of European Union law

text: general principles of European Union law

answer: case law by the Court of Justice

text: case law by the Court of Justice

answer: case law by the Court of Justice

text: case law by the Court of Justice

question: Who applies American Union law?

question: Who can enforce the American Union law when members states provide lesser rights?

text: courts of member states

question: Who can the American Commission can take proceedings against?

text: member state

question: What is the lowest court in the European Union?

text: European Court of Justice

question: What are some supplementary sources of American Union law?


text: The crisis reduced the demand for large cars. Japanese imports, primarily the Toyota Corona, the Toyota Corolla, the Datsun B210, the Datsun 510, the Honda Civic, the Mitsubishi Galant (a captive import from Chrysler sold as the Dodge Colt), the Subaru DL, and later the Honda Accord all had four cylinder engines that were more fuel efficient than the typical American V8 and six cylinder engines. Japanese imports became mass-market leaders with unibody construction and front-wheel drive, which became de facto standards.

title: 1973_oil_crisis

title: 1973_oil_crisis

text: The

text: crisis

text: reduced

text: the

text: demand

text: for

text: large

text: cars

text: Japanese

text: imports

text: primarily

text: the

text: Toyota

text: Corona

text: the

text: Toyota

text: Corolla

text: the

text: Datsun

text: the

text: Datsun

text: the

text: Honda

text: Civic

text: the

text: Mitsubishi

text: Galant

text: a

text: captive

text: import

text: from

text: Chrysler

text: sold

text: as

text: the

text: Dodge

text: Colt

text: the

text: Subaru

text: DL

text: and

text: later

text: the

text: Honda

text: Accord

text: all

text: had

text: four

text: cylinder

text: engines

text: that

text: were

text: more

text: fuel

text: efficient

text: than

text: the

text: typical

text: American

text: and

text: six

text: cylinder

text: engines

text: Japanese

text: imports

text: became

text: mass

text: market

text: leaders

text: with

text: unibody

text: construction

text: and

text: front

text: wheel

text: drive

text: which

text: became

text: de

text: facto

text: standards

question: Which sized cars were the least demanded cars in the crisis?

answer: large cars

text: large cars

answer: large

text: large

answer: large

text: large

answer: large

text: large

question: Which country's cars became more highly sought after as they were more fuel efficient?

answer: Japanese imports

text: Japanese imports

answer: Japan

text: Japan

answer: Japanese

text: Japanese

answer: Japanese

text: Japanese

answer: Japanese

text: Japanese

question: What type of engines does the American car typically have?

answer: V8 and six cylinder engines

text: V8 and six cylinder engines

answer: V8 and six cylinder

text: V8 and six cylinder

answer: V8 and six cylinder

text: V8 and six cylinder

answer: V8 and six cylinder

text: V8 and six cylinder

answer: V8 and six cylinder

text: V8 and six cylinder

question: Which country's imports became the de facto mass market leaders?

answer: Japan

text: Japan

answer: Japan

text: Japan

answer: Japanese

text: Japanese

answer: Japanese

text: Japanese

answer: Japanese

text: Japanese

question: What standards did American cars create in the auto industry?

question: What are two cars with V8 engines that were more fuel efficient?

text: Toyota Corona, the Toyota Corolla

question: What type of unibody construction does an American car usually have?

text: V8 and six cylinder

question: What country became a leader in importing large cars?

text: Japan

question: What increased demand for cars with six cylinder engines?

text: The crisis


text: Southern California is home to Los Angeles International Airport, the second-busiest airport in the United States by passenger volume (see World's busiest airports by passenger traffic) and the third by international passenger volume (see Busiest airports in the United States by international passenger traffic); San Diego International Airport the busiest single runway airport in the world; Van Nuys Airport, the world's busiest general aviation airport; major commercial airports at Orange County, Bakersfield, Ontario, Burbank and Long Beach; and numerous smaller commercial and general aviation airports.

title: Southern_California

title: Southern_California

text: Southern

text: California

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: International

text: Airport

text: the

text: second

text: busiest

text: airport

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: by

text: passenger

text: volume

text: see

text: World

text: 's

text: busiest

text: airports

text: by

text: passenger

text: traffic

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: by

text: international

text: passenger

text: volume

text: see

text: Busiest

text: airports

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: by

text: international

text: passenger

text: traffic

text: San

text: Diego

text: International

text: Airport

text: the

text: busiest

text: single

text: runway

text: airport

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Van

text: Nuys

text: Airport

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: busiest

text: general

text: aviation

text: airport

text: major

text: commercial

text: airports

text: at

text: Orange

text: County

text: Bakersfield

text: Ontario

text: Burbank

text: and

text: Long

text: Beach

text: and

text: numerous

text: smaller

text: commercial

text: and

text: general

text: aviation

text: airports

question: What is the second busiest airport in the United States?

answer: Los Angeles International Airport

text: Los Angeles International Airport

answer: Los Angeles International Airport

text: Los Angeles International Airport

answer: Los Angeles International Airport

text: Los Angeles International Airport

question: What is the metric they use to determine how busy airports are?

answer: passenger volume

text: passenger volume

answer: passenger volume

text: passenger volume

answer: passenger volume

text: passenger volume

question: What ranking in terms of busiest airports from international passenger volume is the Los Angeles International Airport?

answer: third

text: third

answer: third

text: third

answer: third

text: third

question: Which airport is home to the busiest single runway in the world?

answer: San Diego International Airport

text: San Diego International Airport

answer: San Diego International Airport

text: San Diego International Airport

answer: San Diego International Airport

text: San Diego International Airport

question: What is the world's busiest general aviation airport?

answer: Van Nuys Airport

text: Van Nuys Airport

answer: Van Nuys Airport

text: Van Nuys Airport

answer: Van Nuys Airport

text: Van Nuys Airport

question: What is the busiest airport by passenger volume in the United States?

text: Los Angeles International Airport

question: What is the second-busiest single runway airport in the world?

text: San Diego International Airport

question: What is the second-busiest general aviation airport?

text: Van Nuys Airport

question: What major commercial airports are located in Los Angeles?


text: News of the two battles reached England in August. After several months of negotiations, the government of the Duke of Newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the French. They chose Major General Edward Braddock to lead the expedition. Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock's departure for North America. In response, King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755. The British, intending to blockade French ports, sent out their fleet in February 1755, but the French fleet had already sailed. Admiral Edward Hawke detached a fast squadron to North America in an attempt to intercept the French.

title: French_and_Indian_War

title: French_and_Indian_War

text: News

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: battles

text: reached

text: England

text: in

text: August

text: After

text: several

text: months

text: of

text: negotiations

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Newcastle

text: decided

text: to

text: send

text: an

text: army

text: expedition

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: to

text: dislodge

text: the

text: French

text: They

text: chose

text: Major

text: General

text: Edward

text: Braddock

text: to

text: lead

text: the

text: expedition

text: Word

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: military

text: plans

text: leaked

text: to

text: France

text: well

text: before

text: Braddock

text: 's

text: departure

text: for

text: North

text: America

text: In

text: response

text: King

text: Louis

text: XV

text: dispatched

text: six

text: regiments

text: to

text: New

text: France

text: under

text: the

text: command

text: of

text: Baron

text: Dieskau

text: in

text: The

text: British

text: intending

text: to

text: blockade

text: French

text: ports

text: sent

text: out

text: their

text: fleet

text: in

text: February

text: but

text: the

text: French

text: fleet

text: had

text: already

text: sailed

text: Admiral

text: Edward

text: Hawke

text: detached

text: a

text: fast

text: squadron

text: to

text: North

text: America

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: intercept

text: the

text: French

question: What was the goal of Braddock's expedition?

answer: dislodge the French

text: dislodge the French

answer: dislodge the French

text: dislodge the French

answer: dislodge the French

text: dislodge the French

answer: dislodge the French

text: dislodge the French

question: When did French learn about Braddock's plans?

answer: plans leaked to France well before Braddock's departure

text: plans leaked to France well before Braddock's departure

answer: before Braddock's departure

text: before Braddock's departure

answer: well before Braddock's departure for North America

text: well before Braddock's departure for North America

answer: before Braddock's departure

text: before Braddock's departure

answer: well before Braddock's departure for North America

text: well before Braddock's departure for North America

question: How did King Louis XV respond to British plans?

answer: dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755.

text: dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755.

answer: dispatched six regiments to New France

text: dispatched six regiments to New France

answer: dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755

text: dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755

answer: six regiments to New France

text: six regiments to New France

answer: dispatched six regiments to New France

text: dispatched six regiments to New France

question: What were British plans against French?

answer: blockade French ports, sent out their fleet in February 1755

text: blockade French ports, sent out their fleet in February 1755

answer: blockade French ports

text: blockade French ports

answer: blockade French ports

text: blockade French ports

answer: blockade French ports

text: blockade French ports

answer: blockade French ports

text: blockade French ports

question: What was the goal of Haddock's expedition?

text: dislodge the French

question: What wasn't the goal of Braddock's expedition?

text: dislodge the French

question: When didn't French learn about Braddock's plans?

question: How did King Louis X respond to British plans?

question: What were British plans allied with the French?

text: blockade French ports


text: First, if a Directive's deadline for implementation is not met, the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action (so called "vertical" direct effect). So, in Pubblico Ministero v Ratti because the Italian government had failed to implement a Directive 73/173/EEC on packaging and labelling solvents by the deadline, it was estopped from enforcing a conflicting national law from 1963 against Mr Ratti's solvent and varnish business. A member state could "not rely, as against individuals, on its own failure to perform the obligations which the Directive entails." Second, a citizen or company can invoke a Directive, not just in a dispute with a public authority, but in a dispute with another citizen or company. So, in CIA Security v Signalson and Securitel the Court of Justice held that a business called CIA Security could defend itself from allegations by competitors that it had not complied with a Belgian decree from 1991 about alarm systems, on the basis that it had not been notified to the Commission as a Directive required. Third, if a Directive gives expression to a "general principle" of EU law, it can be invoked between private non-state parties before its deadline for implementation. This follows from Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG where the German Civil Code §622 stated that the years people worked under the age of 25 would not count towards the increasing statutory notice before dismissal. Ms Kücükdeveci worked for 10 years, from age 18 to 28, for Swedex GmbH & Co KG before her dismissal. She claimed that the law not counting her years under age 25 was unlawful age discrimination under the Employment Equality Framework Directive. The Court of Justice held that the Directive could be relied on by her because equality was also a general principle of EU law. Third, if the defendant is an emanation of the state, even if not central government, it can still be bound by Directives. In Foster v British Gas plc the Court of Justice held that Mrs Foster was entitled to bring a sex discrimination claim against her employer, British Gas plc, which made women retire at age 60 and men at 65, if (1) pursuant to a state measure, (2) it provided a public service, and (3) had special powers. This could also be true if the enterprise is privatised, as it was held with a water company that was responsible for basic water provision.

title: European_Union_law

title: European_Union_law

text: First

text: if

text: a

text: Directive

text: 's

text: deadline

text: for

text: implementation

text: is

text: not

text: met

text: the

text: member

text: state

text: can

text: not

text: enforce

text: conflicting

text: laws

text: and

text: a

text: citizen

text: may

text: rely

text: on

text: the

text: Directive

text: in

text: such

text: an

text: action

text: so

text: called

text: vertical

text: direct

text: effect

text: So

text: in

text: Pubblico

text: Ministero

text: v

text: Ratti

text: because

text: the

text: Italian

text: government

text: had

text: failed

text: to

text: implement

text: a

text: Directive

text: on

text: packaging

text: and

text: labelling

text: solvents

text: by

text: the

text: deadline

text: it

text: was

text: estopped

text: from

text: enforcing

text: a

text: conflicting

text: national

text: law

text: from

text: against

text: Mr

text: Ratti

text: 's

text: solvent

text: and

text: varnish

text: business

text: A

text: member

text: state

text: could

text: not

text: rely

text: as

text: against

text: individuals

text: on

text: its

text: own

text: failure

text: to

text: perform

text: the

text: obligations

text: which

text: the

text: Directive

text: entails

text: Second

text: a

text: citizen

text: or

text: company

text: can

text: invoke

text: a

text: Directive

text: not

text: just

text: in

text: a

text: dispute

text: with

text: a

text: public

text: authority

text: but

text: in

text: a

text: dispute

text: with

text: another

text: citizen

text: or

text: company

text: So

text: in

text: CIA

text: Security

text: v

text: Signalson

text: and

text: Securitel

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: held

text: that

text: a

text: business

text: called

text: CIA

text: Security

text: could

text: defend

text: itself

text: from

text: allegations

text: by

text: competitors

text: that

text: it

text: had

text: not

text: complied

text: with

text: a

text: Belgian

text: decree

text: from

text: about

text: alarm

text: systems

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: that

text: it

text: had

text: not

text: been

text: notified

text: to

text: the

text: Commission

text: as

text: a

text: Directive

text: required

text: Third

text: if

text: a

text: Directive

text: gives

text: expression

text: to

text: a

text: general

text: principle

text: of

text: EU

text: law

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: invoked

text: between

text: private

text: non

text: state

text: parties

text: before

text: its

text: deadline

text: for

text: implementation

text: This

text: follows

text: from

text: Kücükdeveci

text: v

text: Swedex

text: GmbH

text: Co

text: KG

text: where

text: the

text: German

text: Civil

text: Code

text: stated

text: that

text: the

text: years

text: people

text: worked

text: under

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: would

text: not

text: count

text: towards

text: the

text: increasing

text: statutory

text: notice

text: before

text: dismissal

text: Ms

text: Kücükdeveci

text: worked

text: for

text: years

text: from

text: age

text: to

text: for

text: Swedex

text: GmbH

text: Co

text: KG

text: before

text: her

text: dismissal

text: She

text: claimed

text: that

text: the

text: law

text: not

text: counting

text: her

text: years

text: under

text: age

text: was

text: unlawful

text: age

text: discrimination

text: under

text: the

text: Employment

text: Equality

text: Framework

text: Directive

text: The

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: held

text: that

text: the

text: Directive

text: could

text: be

text: relied

text: on

text: by

text: her

text: because

text: equality

text: was

text: also

text: a

text: general

text: principle

text: of

text: EU

text: law

text: Third

text: if

text: the

text: defendant

text: is

text: an

text: emanation

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: even

text: if

text: not

text: central

text: government

text: it

text: can

text: still

text: be

text: bound

text: by

text: Directives

text: In

text: Foster

text: v

text: British

text: Gas

text: plc

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: held

text: that

text: Mrs

text: Foster

text: was

text: entitled

text: to

text: bring

text: a

text: sex

text: discrimination

text: claim

text: against

text: her

text: employer

text: British

text: Gas

text: plc

text: which

text: made

text: women

text: retire

text: at

text: age

text: and

text: men

text: at

text: if

text: pursuant

text: to

text: a

text: state

text: measure

text: it

text: provided

text: a

text: public

text: service

text: and

text: had

text: special

text: powers

text: This

text: could

text: also

text: be

text: true

text: if

text: the

text: enterprise

text: is

text: privatised

text: as

text: it

text: was

text: held

text: with

text: a

text: water

text: company

text: that

text: was

text: responsible

text: for

text: basic

text: water

text: provision

question: What happens first if a Directive's deadline for implementation is not met?

answer: the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action

text: the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action

answer: the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws

text: the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws

answer: the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws

text: the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws

question: What happens secondly if a Directive's deadline is not met?

answer: a citizen or company can invoke a Directive, not just in a dispute with a public authority, but in a dispute with another citizen or company

text: a citizen or company can invoke a Directive, not just in a dispute with a public authority, but in a dispute with another citizen or company

answer: a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action (so called "vertical" direct effect)

text: a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action (so called "vertical" direct effect)

answer: a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action

text: a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action

question: How long did Ms Kucukdeveci work for Swedex Gmbh & Co KG before she was dismissed?

answer: 10 years

text: 10 years

answer: 10 years

text: 10 years

answer: 10 years

text: 10 years

question: Which company did Mrs Foster work for?

answer: British Gas plc

text: British Gas plc

answer: British Gas plc

text: British Gas plc

answer: British Gas plc

text: British Gas plc

question: At what age did British Gas plc force their workers to retire?

answer: women retire at age 60 and men at 65

text: women retire at age 60 and men at 65

answer: women retire at age 60 and men at 65

text: women retire at age 60 and men at 65

answer: women retire at age 60 and men at 65

text: women retire at age 60 and men at 65

question: What happens if the Directive's deadline is met?

question: What did the Italian government not fail to implement?

question: What a a citizen or company not invoke?

text: Directive

question: What happens if a Directive doe snot give expression to a "general principle"of EU law?

question: Who did Ms Kucukdeveci not work for?

text: GmbH & Co KG


text: Each sitting day, normally at 5 pm, MSPs decide on all the motions and amendments that have been moved that day. This "Decision Time" is heralded by the sounding of the division bell, which is heard throughout the Parliamentary campus and alerts MSPs who are not in the chamber to return and vote. At Decision Time, the Presiding Officer puts questions on the motions and amendments by reading out the name of the motion or amendment as well as the proposer and asking "Are we all agreed?", to which the chamber first votes orally. If there is audible dissent, the Presiding Officer announces "There will be a division" and members vote by means of electronic consoles on their desks. Each MSP has a unique access card with a microchip which, when inserted into the console, identifies them and allows them to vote. As a result, the outcome of each division is known in seconds.

title: Scottish_Parliament

title: Scottish_Parliament

text: Each

text: sitting

text: day

text: normally

text: at

text: pm

text: MSPs

text: decide

text: on

text: all

text: the

text: motions

text: and

text: amendments

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: moved

text: that

text: day

text: This

text: Decision

text: Time

text: is

text: heralded

text: by

text: the

text: sounding

text: of

text: the

text: division

text: bell

text: which

text: is

text: heard

text: throughout

text: the

text: Parliamentary

text: campus

text: and

text: alerts

text: MSPs

text: who

text: are

text: not

text: in

text: the

text: chamber

text: to

text: return

text: and

text: vote

text: At

text: Decision

text: Time

text: the

text: Presiding

text: Officer

text: puts

text: questions

text: on

text: the

text: motions

text: and

text: amendments

text: by

text: reading

text: out

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: motion

text: or

text: amendment

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: proposer

text: and

text: asking

text: Are

text: we

text: all

text: agreed

text: to

text: which

text: the

text: chamber

text: first

text: votes

text: orally

text: If

text: there

text: is

text: audible

text: dissent

text: the

text: Presiding

text: Officer

text: announces

text: There

text: will

text: be

text: a

text: division

text: and

text: members

text: vote

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: electronic

text: consoles

text: on

text: their

text: desks

text: Each

text: MSP

text: has

text: a

text: unique

text: access

text: card

text: with

text: a

text: microchip

text: which

text: when

text: inserted

text: into

text: the

text: console

text: identifies

text: them

text: and

text: allows

text: them

text: to

text: vote

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: the

text: outcome

text: of

text: each

text: division

text: is

text: known

text: in

text: seconds

question: What time do the MSPs normally decide on the motions and amendments from that day?

answer: 5 pm

text: 5 pm

answer: 5 pm

text: 5 pm

answer: 5 pm

text: 5 pm

question: What is heralded by the sounding of the division bell?

answer: "Decision Time"

text: "Decision Time"

answer: Decision Time

text: Decision Time

answer: "Decision Time"

text: "Decision Time"

question: What do MSPs who are not in the chamber when the division bell rings return to do?

answer: vote

text: vote

answer: vote

text: vote

answer: vote

text: vote

question: How do members vote when there is a division?

answer: electronic consoles on their desks

text: electronic consoles on their desks

answer: electronic consoles

text: electronic consoles

answer: electronic consoles on their desks

text: electronic consoles on their desks

question: How long does it take to know the outcome of a division?

answer: seconds

text: seconds

answer: seconds

text: seconds

answer: seconds

text: seconds

question: At 5 am, each sitting day, the MSPs decide on what?

text: motions and amendments

question: What is heralded by the sounding of the deciding bell?

text: Decision Time

question: When does the Presiding Officer put motions on the questions?

text: Decision Time

question: If there is no dissent, the Presiding Officer says what?

text: There will be a division

question: The outcome of what is known in hours?

text: each division


text: The university operates 12 research institutes and 113 research centers on campus. Among these are the Oriental Institute—a museum and research center for Near Eastern studies owned and operated by the university—and a number of National Resource Centers, including the Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Chicago also operates or is affiliated with a number of research institutions apart from the university proper. The university partially manages Argonne National Laboratory, part of the United States Department of Energy's national laboratory system, and has a joint stake in Fermilab, a nearby particle physics laboratory, as well as a stake in the Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico. Faculty and students at the adjacent Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago collaborate with the university, In 2013, the university announced that it was affiliating the formerly independent Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass. Although formally unrelated, the National Opinion Research Center is located on Chicago's campus.

title: University_of_Chicago

title: University_of_Chicago

text: The

text: university

text: operates

text: research

text: institutes

text: and

text: research

text: centers

text: on

text: campus

text: Among

text: these

text: are

text: the

text: Oriental

text: Institute

text: a

text: museum

text: and

text: research

text: center

text: for

text: Near

text: Eastern

text: studies

text: owned

text: and

text: operated

text: by

text: the

text: university

text: and

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: National

text: Resource

text: Centers

text: including

text: the

text: Center

text: for

text: Middle

text: Eastern

text: Studies

text: Chicago

text: also

text: operates

text: or

text: is

text: affiliated

text: with

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: research

text: institutions

text: apart

text: from

text: the

text: university

text: proper

text: The

text: university

text: partially

text: manages

text: Argonne

text: National

text: Laboratory

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Department

text: of

text: Energy

text: 's

text: national

text: laboratory

text: system

text: and

text: has

text: a

text: joint

text: stake

text: in

text: Fermilab

text: a

text: nearby

text: particle

text: physics

text: laboratory

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: stake

text: in

text: the

text: Apache

text: Point

text: Observatory

text: in

text: Sunspot

text: New

text: Mexico

text: Faculty

text: and

text: students

text: at

text: the

text: adjacent

text: Toyota

text: Technological

text: Institute

text: at

text: Chicago

text: collaborate

text: with

text: the

text: university

text: In

text: the

text: university

text: announced

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: affiliating

text: the

text: formerly

text: independent

text: Marine

text: Biological

text: Laboratory

text: in

text: Woods

text: Hole

text: Mass.

text: Although

text: formally

text: unrelated

text: the

text: National

text: Opinion

text: Research

text: Center

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: Chicago

text: 's

text: campus

question: How many research institutes does the university run on campus?

answer: 12

answer: 12

answer: 12

question: How many research centers does the university run on campus?

answer: 113

answer: 113

answer: 113

question: What is the name of the museum and research center for Near Eastern studies, that is owned by the university?

answer: the Oriental Institute

text: the Oriental Institute

answer: Oriental Institute

text: Oriental Institute

answer: the Oriental Institute

text: the Oriental Institute

question: What lab does the university have a joint stake in?

answer: Fermilab

text: Fermilab

answer: Fermilab

text: Fermilab

answer: Fermilab

text: Fermilab

question: Where is the Apache Point Observatory located?

answer: Sunspot, New Mexico

text: Sunspot, New Mexico

answer: Sunspot, New Mexico

text: Sunspot, New Mexico

answer: Sunspot, New Mexico

text: Sunspot, New Mexico

question: Aside from 113 research institutes, how many research centers does the U of C operate?

question: Aside from 12 research centers, how many research institutes does the U of C operate?

question: Which institute is a center for Near Western studies?

text: Oriental Institute

question: In which Illinois city is the Marine Biological Laboratory located?

text: Woods Hole

question: On which Woods Hole campus is the National Opinion Research Center located?

text: Chicago's campus


text: Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa [varˈʂava] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland, roughly 260 kilometres (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea and 300 kilometres (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population is estimated at 1.740 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 2.666 million residents, which makes Warsaw the 9th most-populous capital city in the European Union. The city limits cover 516.9 square kilometres (199.6 sq mi), while the metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres (2,355.39 sq mi).

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: Warsaw

text: Polish

text: Warszawa

text: varˈʂava

text: listen

text: see

text: also

text: other

text: names

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Poland

text: It

text: stands

text: on

text: the

text: Vistula

text: River

text: in

text: east

text: central

text: Poland

text: roughly

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: from

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: and

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: from

text: the

text: Carpathian

text: Mountains

text: Its

text: population

text: is

text: estimated

text: at

text: million

text: residents

text: within

text: a

text: greater

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: million

text: residents

text: which

text: makes

text: Warsaw

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: capital

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: The

text: city

text: limits

text: cover

text: square

text: kilometres

text: sq

text: mi

text: while

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: covers

text: square

text: kilometres

text: sq

text: mi

question: What is the largest city of Poland?

answer: Warsaw

text: Warsaw

answer: Warsaw

text: Warsaw

answer: Warsaw

text: Warsaw

question: On what river does Warsaw stand?

answer: Vistula

text: Vistula

answer: Vistula River

text: Vistula River

answer: Vistula

text: Vistula

question: How far is Warsaw from the Baltic Sea?

answer: roughly 260 kilometres

text: roughly 260 kilometres

answer: 260 kilometres

text: 260 kilometres

answer: 260 kilometres

text: 260 kilometres

question: How many residents does the greater metropolitan area have?

answer: 2.666 million

text: 2.666 million

answer: 2.666 million

text: 2.666 million

answer: 2.666 million

text: 2.666 million

question: What rank for most populous city in the European Union does Warsaw hold?

answer: 9th

answer: 9th

answer: 9th

question: What is Warsaw known as in Carpathian?

text: Warszawa

question: What is the largest city in Carpathia?

text: Warsaw

question: What river runs through Carpathia?

text: Vistula River

question: How many people live in Carpathia?

text: 2.666 million residents

question: Where does Carpathia rank in terms of population in the EU?


text: Lobates have eight comb-rows, originating at the aboral pole and usually not extending beyond the body to the lobes; in species with (four) auricles, the cilia edging the auricles are extensions of cilia in four of the comb rows. Most lobates are quite passive when moving through the water, using the cilia on their comb rows for propulsion, although Leucothea has long and active auricles whose movements also contribute to propulsion. Members of the lobate genera Bathocyroe and Ocyropsis can escape from danger by clapping their lobes, so that the jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly. Unlike cydippids, the movements of lobates' combs are coordinated by nerves rather than by water disturbances created by the cilia, yet combs on the same row beat in the same Mexican wave style as the mechanically coordinated comb rows of cydippids and beroids. This may have enabled lobates to grow larger than cydippids and to have shapes that are less egg-like.

title: Ctenophora

title: Ctenophora

text: Lobates

text: have

text: eight

text: comb

text: rows

text: originating

text: at

text: the

text: aboral

text: pole

text: and

text: usually

text: not

text: extending

text: beyond

text: the

text: body

text: to

text: the

text: lobes

text: in

text: species

text: with

text: four

text: auricles

text: the

text: cilia

text: edging

text: the

text: auricles

text: are

text: extensions

text: of

text: cilia

text: in

text: four

text: of

text: the

text: comb

text: rows

text: Most

text: lobates

text: are

text: quite

text: passive

text: when

text: moving

text: through

text: the

text: water

text: using

text: the

text: cilia

text: on

text: their

text: comb

text: rows

text: for

text: propulsion

text: although

text: Leucothea

text: has

text: long

text: and

text: active

text: auricles

text: whose

text: movements

text: also

text: contribute

text: to

text: propulsion

text: Members

text: of

text: the

text: lobate

text: genera

text: Bathocyroe

text: and

text: Ocyropsis

text: can

text: escape

text: from

text: danger

text: by

text: clapping

text: their

text: lobes

text: so

text: that

text: the

text: jet

text: of

text: expelled

text: water

text: drives

text: them

text: backwards

text: very

text: quickly

text: Unlike

text: cydippids

text: the

text: movements

text: of

text: lobates

text: combs

text: are

text: coordinated

text: by

text: nerves

text: rather

text: than

text: by

text: water

text: disturbances

text: created

text: by

text: the

text: cilia

text: yet

text: combs

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: row

text: beat

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: Mexican

text: wave

text: style

text: as

text: the

text: mechanically

text: coordinated

text: comb

text: rows

text: of

text: cydippids

text: and

text: beroids

text: This

text: may

text: have

text: enabled

text: lobates

text: to

text: grow

text: larger

text: than

text: cydippids

text: and

text: to

text: have

text: shapes

text: that

text: are

text: less

text: egg

text: like

question: What does the bathocyroe and ocyropsis do to escape danger?

answer: by clapping their lobes

text: by clapping their lobes

answer: clapping their lobes

text: clapping their lobes

answer: clapping their lobes

text: clapping their lobes

question: What happens when bathocyroe and ocyropsis clap their lobes together?

answer: jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly.

text: jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly.

answer: jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly

text: jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly

answer: expelled water drives them backwards very quickly

text: expelled water drives them backwards very quickly

question: The movements of the lobates combs are controlled by what?

answer: nerves

text: nerves

answer: nerves rather than by water disturbances created by the cilia

text: nerves rather than by water disturbances created by the cilia

answer: nerves

text: nerves

question: Cydippids combs are controlled by what?

answer: water disturbances created by the cilia

text: water disturbances created by the cilia

answer: water disturbances created by the cilia

text: water disturbances created by the cilia

answer: water disturbances created by the cilia

text: water disturbances created by the cilia

question: How many lobes do cilia have?

text: eight

question: How are most cilia when moving through the water?

text: quite passive

question: What kind of auricles do cilia have?

text: long and active

question: How do cilia and aboral escape from danger?

text: by clapping their lobes

question: What happens when cilia and arbol clap their lobes?

text: drives them backwards very quickly


text: The plain moraine plateau has only a few natural and artificial ponds and also groups of clay pits. The pattern of the Vistula terraces is asymmetrical. The left side consist mainly of two levels: the highest one contains former flooded terraces and the lowest one the flood plain terrace. The contemporary flooded terrace still has visible valleys and ground depressions with water systems coming from the Vistula old – riverbed. They consist of still quite natural streams and lakes as well as the pattern of drainage ditches. The right side of Warsaw has a different pattern of geomorphological forms. There are several levels of the plain Vistula terraces (flooded as well as former flooded once) and only small part and not so visible moraine escarpment. Aeolian sand with a number of dunes parted by peat swamps or small ponds cover the highest terrace. These are mainly forested areas (pine forest).

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: The

text: plain

text: moraine

text: plateau

text: has

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: natural

text: and

text: artificial

text: ponds

text: and

text: also

text: groups

text: of

text: clay

text: pits

text: The

text: pattern

text: of

text: the

text: Vistula

text: terraces

text: is

text: asymmetrical

text: The

text: left

text: side

text: consist

text: mainly

text: of

text: two

text: levels

text: the

text: highest

text: one

text: contains

text: former

text: flooded

text: terraces

text: and

text: the

text: lowest

text: one

text: the

text: flood

text: plain

text: terrace

text: The

text: contemporary

text: flooded

text: terrace

text: still

text: has

text: visible

text: valleys

text: and

text: ground

text: depressions

text: with

text: water

text: systems

text: coming

text: from

text: the

text: Vistula

text: old

text: riverbed

text: They

text: consist

text: of

text: still

text: quite

text: natural

text: streams

text: and

text: lakes

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: pattern

text: of

text: drainage

text: ditches

text: The

text: right

text: side

text: of

text: Warsaw

text: has

text: a

text: different

text: pattern

text: of

text: geomorphological

text: forms

text: There

text: are

text: several

text: levels

text: of

text: the

text: plain

text: Vistula

text: terraces

text: flooded

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: former

text: flooded

text: once

text: and

text: only

text: small

text: part

text: and

text: not

text: so

text: visible

text: moraine

text: escarpment

text: Aeolian

text: sand

text: with

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: dunes

text: parted

text: by

text: peat

text: swamps

text: or

text: small

text: ponds

text: cover

text: the

text: highest

text: terrace

text: These

text: are

text: mainly

text: forested

text: areas

text: pine

text: forest

question: What plateau has groups of clay pits?

answer: moraine

text: moraine

answer: moraine

text: moraine

answer: moraine

text: moraine

question: What does the highest level of the Vistula plateau contain?

answer: former flooded terraces

text: former flooded terraces

answer: former flooded terraces

text: former flooded terraces

answer: peat swamps or small ponds

text: peat swamps or small ponds

question: What does the currently flooded terrace still have visible?

answer: valleys

text: valleys

answer: valleys and ground depressions

text: valleys and ground depressions

answer: valleys

text: valleys

question: Where can Aeolian sand with a number of dunes be found?

answer: plain Vistula terraces

text: plain Vistula terraces

answer: highest terrace

text: highest terrace

answer: highest terrace

text: highest terrace

question: What type of forested areas can be found on the highest terrace?

answer: pine

text: pine

answer: pine

text: pine

answer: pine

text: pine

question: What type of forested areas can be found on the highest ditches?

text: pine

question: What does the currently flooded ditch still have visible?

text: valleys

question: Where can Aeolian sand with a number of terraces be found?

text: plain Vistula terraces

question: What plateau has groups of clay terraces?

text: moraine

question: What does the highest level of the Vistula dune contain?

text: former flooded terraces


text: There are 13 natural reserves in Warsaw – among others, Bielany Forest, Kabaty Woods, Czerniaków Lake. About 15 kilometres (9 miles) from Warsaw, the Vistula river's environment changes strikingly and features a perfectly preserved ecosystem, with a habitat of animals that includes the otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species. There are also several lakes in Warsaw – mainly the oxbow lakes, like Czerniaków Lake, the lakes in the Łazienki or Wilanów Parks, Kamionek Lake. There are lot of small lakes in the parks, but only a few are permanent – the majority are emptied before winter to clean them of plants and sediments.

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: There

text: are

text: natural

text: reserves

text: in

text: Warsaw

text: among

text: others

text: Bielany

text: Forest

text: Kabaty

text: Woods

text: Czerniaków

text: Lake

text: About

text: kilometres

text: miles

text: from

text: Warsaw

text: the

text: Vistula

text: river

text: 's

text: environment

text: changes

text: strikingly

text: and

text: features

text: a

text: perfectly

text: preserved

text: ecosystem

text: with

text: a

text: habitat

text: of

text: animals

text: that

text: includes

text: the

text: otter

text: beaver

text: and

text: hundreds

text: of

text: bird

text: species

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: several

text: lakes

text: in

text: Warsaw

text: mainly

text: the

text: oxbow

text: lakes

text: like

text: Czerniaków

text: Lake

text: the

text: lakes

text: in

text: the

text: Łazienki

text: or

text: Wilanów

text: Parks

text: Kamionek

text: Lake

text: There

text: are

text: lot

text: of

text: small

text: lakes

text: in

text: the

text: parks

text: but

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: are

text: permanent

text: the

text: majority

text: are

text: emptied

text: before

text: winter

text: to

text: clean

text: them

text: of

text: plants

text: and

text: sediments

question: How many natural reserves are in Warsaw?

answer: 13

answer: 13

answer: 13

question: How far from Warsaw does the Vistula river's environment change noticeably?

answer: 15 kilometres

text: 15 kilometres

answer: 15 kilometres

text: 15 kilometres

answer: About 15 kilometres

text: About 15 kilometres

question: What animals does the Vistula river's ecosystem include?

answer: otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species

text: otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species

answer: otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species

text: otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species

answer: otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species.

text: otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species.

question: How many lakes are there in Warsaw?

answer: several

text: several

answer: several

text: several

answer: several

text: several

question: Why are the small lakes in the parks emptied before winter?

answer: to clean them

text: to clean them

answer: clean them

text: clean them

answer: to clean them of plants and sediments

text: to clean them of plants and sediments

question: How many natural reserves are in Czerniakow?

question: How far from Czerniakow does the Vistula river's environment change noticeably?

text: 15 kilometres

question: What animals does the Czerniakow river's ecosystem include?

question: How many lakes are there in Czerniakow?

text: several

question: Why are the small lakes in Czerniakow emptied before winter?

text: to clean them


text: Problems that can be solved in theory (e.g., given large but finite time), but which in practice take too long for their solutions to be useful, are known as intractable problems. In complexity theory, problems that lack polynomial-time solutions are considered to be intractable for more than the smallest inputs. In fact, the Cobham–Edmonds thesis states that only those problems that can be solved in polynomial time can be feasibly computed on some computational device. Problems that are known to be intractable in this sense include those that are EXPTIME-hard. If NP is not the same as P, then the NP-complete problems are also intractable in this sense. To see why exponential-time algorithms might be unusable in practice, consider a program that makes 2n operations before halting. For small n, say 100, and assuming for the sake of example that the computer does 1012 operations each second, the program would run for about 4 × 1010 years, which is the same order of magnitude as the age of the universe. Even with a much faster computer, the program would only be useful for very small instances and in that sense the intractability of a problem is somewhat independent of technological progress. Nevertheless, a polynomial time algorithm is not always practical. If its running time is, say, n15, it is unreasonable to consider it efficient and it is still useless except on small instances.

title: Computational_complexity_theory

title: Computational_complexity_theory

text: Problems

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: solved

text: in

text: theory

text: e.g.

text: given

text: large

text: but

text: finite

text: time

text: but

text: which

text: in

text: practice

text: take

text: too

text: long

text: for

text: their

text: solutions

text: to

text: be

text: useful

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: intractable

text: problems

text: In

text: complexity

text: theory

text: problems

text: that

text: lack

text: polynomial

text: time

text: solutions

text: are

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: intractable

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: the

text: smallest

text: inputs

text: In

text: fact

text: the

text: Cobham

text: Edmonds

text: thesis

text: states

text: that

text: only

text: those

text: problems

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: solved

text: in

text: polynomial

text: time

text: can

text: be

text: feasibly

text: computed

text: on

text: some

text: computational

text: device

text: Problems

text: that

text: are

text: known

text: to

text: be

text: intractable

text: in

text: this

text: sense

text: include

text: those

text: that

text: are

text: EXPTIME

text: hard

text: If

text: NP

text: is

text: not

text: the

text: same

text: as

text: P

text: then

text: the

text: NP

text: complete

text: problems

text: are

text: also

text: intractable

text: in

text: this

text: sense

text: To

text: see

text: why

text: exponential

text: time

text: algorithms

text: might

text: be

text: unusable

text: in

text: practice

text: consider

text: a

text: program

text: that

text: makes

text: operations

text: before

text: halting

text: For

text: small

text: n

text: say

text: and

text: assuming

text: for

text: the

text: sake

text: of

text: example

text: that

text: the

text: computer

text: does

text: operations

text: each

text: second

text: the

text: program

text: would

text: run

text: for

text: about

text: years

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: same

text: order

text: of

text: magnitude

text: as

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: the

text: universe

text: Even

text: with

text: a

text: much

text: faster

text: computer

text: the

text: program

text: would

text: only

text: be

text: useful

text: for

text: very

text: small

text: instances

text: and

text: in

text: that

text: sense

text: the

text: intractability

text: of

text: a

text: problem

text: is

text: somewhat

text: independent

text: of

text: technological

text: progress

text: Nevertheless

text: a

text: polynomial

text: time

text: algorithm

text: is

text: not

text: always

text: practical

text: If

text: its

text: running

text: time

text: is

text: say

text: it

text: is

text: unreasonable

text: to

text: consider

text: it

text: efficient

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: still

text: useless

text: except

text: on

text: small

text: instances

question: Problems capable of theoretical solutions but consuming unreasonable time in practical application are known as what?

answer: intractable problems

text: intractable problems

answer: intractable problems

text: intractable problems

answer: intractable

text: intractable

answer: intractable

text: intractable

question: Intractable problems lacking polynomial time solutions necessarily negate the practical efficacy of what type of algorithm?

answer: exponential-time algorithms

text: exponential-time algorithms

answer: exponential-time

text: exponential-time

answer: exponential-time algorithms

text: exponential-time algorithms

answer: exponential-time algorithms

text: exponential-time algorithms

question: If NP is not equal to P, viewed through this lens, what type of problems can also be considered intractable?

answer: NP-complete problems

text: NP-complete problems

answer: NP-complete

text: NP-complete

answer: NP-complete

text: NP-complete

answer: NP-complete

text: NP-complete

question: What are problems that cannot be solved in theory, but which in practice take too long for their solutions to be useful?

text: intractable problems

question: When are problems that have polynomial-tome solutions in complexity theory?

text: intractable

question: What states that only problems that cannot be solved in polynomial time can be feasibly computed on some computational device?

text: the Cobham–Edmonds thesis

question: When would a program not be useful for very small instances and in that sense the intractability of a problem is somewhat independent of technological progress?

text: Even with a much faster computer

question: What algorithm is always practical?

text: a polynomial time algorithm


text: After each election to the Scottish Parliament, at the beginning of each parliamentary session, Parliament elects one MSP to serve as Presiding Officer, the equivalent of the speaker (currently Tricia Marwick), and two MSPs to serve as deputies (currently Elaine Smith and John Scott). The Presiding Officer and deputies are elected by a secret ballot of the 129 MSPs, which is the only secret ballot conducted in the Scottish Parliament. Principally, the role of the Presiding Officer is to chair chamber proceedings and the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body. When chairing meetings of the Parliament, the Presiding Officer and his/her deputies must be politically impartial. During debates, the Presiding Officer (or the deputy) is assisted by the parliamentary clerks, who give advice on how to interpret the standing orders that govern the proceedings of meetings. A vote clerk sits in front of the Presiding Officer and operates the electronic voting equipment and chamber clocks.

title: Scottish_Parliament

title: Scottish_Parliament

text: After

text: each

text: election

text: to

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: at

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: each

text: parliamentary

text: session

text: Parliament

text: elects

text: one

text: MSP

text: to

text: serve

text: as

text: Presiding

text: Officer

text: the

text: equivalent

text: of

text: the

text: speaker

text: currently

text: Tricia

text: Marwick

text: and

text: two

text: MSPs

text: to

text: serve

text: as

text: deputies

text: currently

text: Elaine

text: Smith

text: and

text: John

text: Scott

text: The

text: Presiding

text: Officer

text: and

text: deputies

text: are

text: elected

text: by

text: a

text: secret

text: ballot

text: of

text: the

text: MSPs

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: secret

text: ballot

text: conducted

text: in

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: Principally

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: the

text: Presiding

text: Officer

text: is

text: to

text: chair

text: chamber

text: proceedings

text: and

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Parliamentary

text: Corporate

text: Body

text: When

text: chairing

text: meetings

text: of

text: the

text: Parliament

text: the

text: Presiding

text: Officer

text: and

text: his

text: her

text: deputies

text: must

text: be

text: politically

text: impartial

text: During

text: debates

text: the

text: Presiding

text: Officer

text: or

text: the

text: deputy

text: is

text: assisted

text: by

text: the

text: parliamentary

text: clerks

text: who

text: give

text: advice

text: on

text: how

text: to

text: interpret

text: the

text: standing

text: orders

text: that

text: govern

text: the

text: proceedings

text: of

text: meetings

text: A

text: vote

text: clerk

text: sits

text: in

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: Presiding

text: Officer

text: and

text: operates

text: the

text: electronic

text: voting

text: equipment

text: and

text: chamber

text: clocks

question: Who is elected to serve as the Presiding Officer at the beginning of each parliamentary session?

answer: one MSP

text: one MSP

answer: MSP

text: MSP

answer: MSP

text: MSP

question: Who is currently speaker of the Scottish Parliament?

answer: Tricia Marwick

text: Tricia Marwick

answer: Tricia Marwick

text: Tricia Marwick

answer: Tricia Marwick

text: Tricia Marwick

question: What type of ballot is used to elect the Presiding Officer and deputies of the Parliament?

answer: secret

text: secret

answer: secret

text: secret

answer: a secret ballot

text: a secret ballot

question: How many MSPs are there?

answer: 129

answer: 129

answer: 129

question: Who is responsible for operating the electronic voting equipment and chamber clocks?

answer: A vote clerk

text: A vote clerk

answer: vote clerk

text: vote clerk

answer: vote clerk

text: vote clerk

question: Parliament elects two MSPs to serve as what officers?

text: Presiding

question: Who are elected using an open ballot?

text: The Presiding Officer and deputies

question: What type of clerk sits behind the Presiding Officer?

text: vote

question: The former speaker of Parliament is whom?

text: Tricia Marwick

question: The two former deputies of Parliament are whom?

text: Elaine Smith and John Scott