text: In 2006, a toxic waste spill off the coast of Côte d'Ivoire, from a European ship, prompted the Commission to look into legislation against toxic waste. Environment Commissioner Stavros Dimas stated that "Such highly toxic waste should never have left the European Union". With countries such as Spain not even having a crime against shipping toxic waste, Franco Frattini, the Justice, Freedom and Security Commissioner, proposed with Dimas to create criminal sentences for "ecological crimes". The competence for the Union to do this was contested in 2005 at the Court of Justice resulting in a victory for the Commission. That ruling set a precedent that the Commission, on a supranational basis, may legislate in criminal law – something never done before. So far, the only other proposal has been the draft intellectual property rights directive. Motions were tabled in the European Parliament against that legislation on the basis that criminal law should not be an EU competence, but was rejected at vote. However, in October 2007, the Court of Justice ruled that the Commission could not propose what the criminal sanctions could be, only that there must be some.

title: European_Union_law

title: European_Union_law

text: In

text: a

text: toxic

text: waste

text: spill

text: off

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: Côte

text: d'Ivoire

text: from

text: a

text: European

text: ship

text: prompted

text: the

text: Commission

text: to

text: look

text: into

text: legislation

text: against

text: toxic

text: waste

text: Environment

text: Commissioner

text: Stavros

text: Dimas

text: stated

text: that

text: Such

text: highly

text: toxic

text: waste

text: should

text: never

text: have

text: left

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: With

text: countries

text: such

text: as

text: Spain

text: not

text: even

text: having

text: a

text: crime

text: against

text: shipping

text: toxic

text: waste

text: Franco

text: Frattini

text: the

text: Justice

text: Freedom

text: and

text: Security

text: Commissioner

text: proposed

text: with

text: Dimas

text: to

text: create

text: criminal

text: sentences

text: for

text: ecological

text: crimes

text: The

text: competence

text: for

text: the

text: Union

text: to

text: do

text: this

text: was

text: contested

text: in

text: at

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: resulting

text: in

text: a

text: victory

text: for

text: the

text: Commission

text: That

text: ruling

text: set

text: a

text: precedent

text: that

text: the

text: Commission

text: on

text: a

text: supranational

text: basis

text: may

text: legislate

text: in

text: criminal

text: law

text: something

text: never

text: done

text: before

text: So

text: far

text: the

text: only

text: other

text: proposal

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: draft

text: intellectual

text: property

text: rights

text: directive

text: Motions

text: were

text: tabled

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Parliament

text: against

text: that

text: legislation

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: that

text: criminal

text: law

text: should

text: not

text: be

text: an

text: EU

text: competence

text: but

text: was

text: rejected

text: at

text: vote

text: However

text: in

text: October

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: ruled

text: that

text: the

text: Commission

text: could

text: not

text: propose

text: what

text: the

text: criminal

text: sanctions

text: could

text: be

text: only

text: that

text: there

text: must

text: be

text: some

question: In which year did a toxic waste spill from a European ship prompt the Commission to look into legislation against waste?

answer: 2006

answer: 2006

answer: 2006

question: At the time, countries such as Spain didn't have a crime against what?

answer: shipping toxic waste

text: shipping toxic waste

answer: shipping toxic waste

text: shipping toxic waste

answer: toxic waste

text: toxic waste

question: When did the Court of Justice rule that the Commission could only propose that there must be some criminal sanctions?

answer: October 2007

text: October 2007

answer: 2007

answer: 2007

question: When was the competence for the Union to create criminal sentences for ecological crimes contested?

answer: 2005

answer: 2005

answer: 2005

question: What year did a toxic waste spill from an American ship prompt the Commission to look into legislation against waste?

question: What did countries such as Spain have a crime against?

text: shipping toxic waste

question: What did Franco Frattini, the Justice, Freedom and Security Commissioner, and Dimas reject?

question: When did the Court of Justice deny that the Commission could only propose that there must some criminal sanctions?

text: October 2007


text: Wealth concentration is a theoretical[according to whom?] process by which, under certain conditions, newly created wealth concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities. According to this theory, those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth, thus are the beneficiaries of the new wealth. Over time, wealth condensation can significantly contribute to the persistence of inequality within society. Thomas Piketty in his book Capital in the Twenty-First Century argues that the fundamental force for divergence is the usually greater return of capital (r) than economic growth (g), and that larger fortunes generate higher returns [pp. 384 Table 12.2, U.S. university endowment size vs. real annual rate of return]

title: Economic_inequality

title: Economic_inequality

text: Wealth

text: concentration

text: is

text: a

text: theoretical[according

text: to

text: whom

text: process

text: by

text: which

text: under

text: certain

text: conditions

text: newly

text: created

text: wealth

text: concentrates

text: in

text: the

text: possession

text: of

text: already

text: wealthy

text: individuals

text: or

text: entities

text: According

text: to

text: this

text: theory

text: those

text: who

text: already

text: hold

text: wealth

text: have

text: the

text: means

text: to

text: invest

text: in

text: new

text: sources

text: of

text: creating

text: wealth

text: or

text: to

text: otherwise

text: leverage

text: the

text: accumulation

text: of

text: wealth

text: thus

text: are

text: the

text: beneficiaries

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: wealth

text: Over

text: time

text: wealth

text: condensation

text: can

text: significantly

text: contribute

text: to

text: the

text: persistence

text: of

text: inequality

text: within

text: society

text: Thomas

text: Piketty

text: in

text: his

text: book

text: Capital

text: in

text: the

text: Twenty

text: First

text: Century

text: argues

text: that

text: the

text: fundamental

text: force

text: for

text: divergence

text: is

text: the

text: usually

text: greater

text: return

text: of

text: capital

text: r

text: than

text: economic

text: growth

text: g

text: and

text: that

text: larger

text: fortunes

text: generate

text: higher

text: returns

text: pp

text: Table

text: U.S.

text: university

text: endowment

text: size

text: vs.

text: real

text: annual

text: rate

text: of

text: return

question: What process attributes new wealth to those that already have it?

answer: Wealth concentration

text: Wealth concentration

answer: Wealth concentration

text: Wealth concentration

answer: Wealth concentration

text: Wealth concentration

question: According to the wealth concentration theory, what advantage do the wealthy have in accumulating new wealth?

answer: means to invest

text: means to invest

answer: the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth

text: the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth

answer: means to invest in new sources of creating wealth

text: means to invest in new sources of creating wealth

question: What has the highest impact on wealth accumulation and the resulting income inequality?

answer: greater return of capital

text: greater return of capital

answer: wealth condensation

text: wealth condensation

answer: wealth condensation

text: wealth condensation

question: What tends to lead to more money?

answer: larger fortunes

text: larger fortunes

answer: wealth condensation

text: wealth condensation

answer: wealth

text: wealth

question: Where does newly created wealth concentrate?

answer: the possession of already-wealthy individuals

text: the possession of already-wealthy individuals

answer: in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities

text: in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities

answer: already-wealthy individuals

text: already-wealthy individuals

question: Who is best able to leverage the accumulation of wealth?

answer: those who already hold wealth

text: those who already hold wealth

answer: those who already hold wealth

text: those who already hold wealth

answer: those who already hold wealth

text: those who already hold wealth

question: What can significantly contribute to the continuing inequality in a society over time?

answer: wealth condensation

text: wealth condensation

answer: wealth condensation

text: wealth condensation

answer: wealth condensation

text: wealth condensation

question: Who wrote the book "Capital in the Twenty-First Century"?

answer: Thomas Piketty

text: Thomas Piketty

answer: Thomas Piketty

text: Thomas Piketty

answer: Thomas Piketty

text: Thomas Piketty

question: What do larger fortunes generate?

answer: higher returns

text: higher returns

answer: higher returns

text: higher returns

answer: higher returns

text: higher returns

question: What process attributes old wealth to those that already have it?

text: Wealth concentration

question: According to the wealth concentration theory, what disadvantage do the wealthy have in accumulating new wealth?

text: means to invest

question: What has the lowest impact on wealth accumulation and the resulting income inequality?

text: greater return of capital

question: What tends to lead to less money?

text: larger fortunes

question: Where does oldly created wealth concentrate?


text:
Oxygen gas can also be produced through electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen. DC electricity must be used: if AC is used, the gases in each limb consist of hydrogen and oxygen in the explosive ratio 2:1. Contrary to popular belief, the 2:1 ratio observed in the DC electrolysis of acidified water does not prove that the empirical formula of water is H2O unless certain assumptions are made about the molecular formulae of hydrogen and oxygen themselves. A similar method is the electrocatalytic O
2 evolution from oxides and oxoacids. Chemical catalysts can be used as well, such as in chemical oxygen generators or oxygen candles that are used as part of the life-support equipment on submarines, and are still part of standard equipment on commercial airliners in case of depressurization emergencies. Another air separation technology involves forcing air to dissolve through ceramic membranes based on zirconium dioxide by either high pressure or an electric current, to produce nearly pure O
2 gas.

title: Oxygen

title: Oxygen

text: Oxygen

text: gas

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: produced

text: through

text: electrolysis

text: of

text: water

text: into

text: molecular

text: oxygen

text: and

text: hydrogen

text: DC

text: electricity

text: must

text: be

text: used

text: if

text: AC

text: is

text: used

text: the

text: gases

text: in

text: each

text: limb

text: consist

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: oxygen

text: in

text: the

text: explosive

text: ratio

text: Contrary

text: to

text: popular

text: belief

text: the

text: ratio

text: observed

text: in

text: the

text: DC

text: electrolysis

text: of

text: acidified

text: water

text: does

text: not

text: prove

text: that

text: the

text: empirical

text: formula

text: of

text: water

text: is

text: unless

text: certain

text: assumptions

text: are

text: made

text: about

text: the

text: molecular

text: formulae

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: oxygen

text: themselves

text: A

text: similar

text: method

text: is

text: the

text: electrocatalytic

text: O

text: evolution

text: from

text: oxides

text: and

text: oxoacids

text: Chemical

text: catalysts

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: well

text: such

text: as

text: in

text: chemical

text: oxygen

text: generators

text: or

text: oxygen

text: candles

text: that

text: are

text: used

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: life

text: support

text: equipment

text: on

text: submarines

text: and

text: are

text: still

text: part

text: of

text: standard

text: equipment

text: on

text: commercial

text: airliners

text: in

text: case

text: of

text: depressurization

text: emergencies

text: Another

text: air

text: separation

text: technology

text: involves

text: forcing

text: air

text: to

text: dissolve

text: through

text: ceramic

text: membranes

text: based

text: on

text: zirconium

text: dioxide

text: by

text: either

text: high

text: pressure

text: or

text: an

text: electric

text: current

text: to

text: produce

text: nearly

text: pure

text: O

text: gas

question: Electrolysis of what can be used to produce oxygen and hydrogen?

answer: water

text: water

answer: water

text: water

answer: water

text: water

answer: water

text: water

question: What does the electrolysis of water produce?

answer: oxygen and hydrogen

text: oxygen and hydrogen

answer: oxygen and hydrogen

text: oxygen and hydrogen

answer: molecular oxygen and hydrogen

text: molecular oxygen and hydrogen

answer: molecular oxygen and hydrogen

text: molecular oxygen and hydrogen

answer: Oxygen gas

text: Oxygen gas

question: What type of electric current is needed for electrolysis?

answer: DC

text: DC

answer: DC electricity

text: DC electricity

answer: DC

text: DC

answer: DC electricity

text: DC electricity

question: What is the source of oxygen production through electrocatalytic means?

answer: oxides and oxoacids

text: oxides and oxoacids

answer: oxides and oxoacids

text: oxides and oxoacids

answer: oxides and oxoacids

text: oxides and oxoacids

answer: oxides and oxoacids

text: oxides and oxoacids

answer: oxides and oxoacids

text: oxides and oxoacids

question: What other catalysts can be used to produce oxygen?

answer: Chemical

text: Chemical

answer: Chemical

text: Chemical

answer: Chemical

text: Chemical

answer: chemical oxygen generators or oxygen candles

text: chemical oxygen generators or oxygen candles

answer: Chemical

text: Chemical

question: What can be produced through electrolysis of molecular water?

text: oxygen and hydrogen

question: Why must DC electricity not be used?

question: What chemical catalysts can be used in electrocatalytic O2 evolution?

question: What do oxoacids evolve from?


text: Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It was initially called "New College" or "the college at New Towne". In 1638, the college became home for North America's first known printing press, carried by the ship John of London. In 1639, the college was renamed Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard, who was an alumnus of the University of Cambridge. He had left the school £779 and his library of some 400 books. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650.

title: Harvard_University

title: Harvard_University

text: Harvard

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: by

text: vote

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: and

text: General

text: Court

text: of

text: the

text: Massachusetts

text: Bay

text: Colony

text: It

text: was

text: initially

text: called

text: New

text: College

text: or

text: the

text: college

text: at

text: New

text: Towne

text: In

text: the

text: college

text: became

text: home

text: for

text: North

text: America

text: 's

text: first

text: known

text: printing

text: press

text: carried

text: by

text: the

text: ship

text: John

text: of

text: London

text: In

text: the

text: college

text: was

text: renamed

text: Harvard

text: College

text: after

text: deceased

text: clergyman

text: John

text: Harvard

text: who

text: was

text: an

text: alumnus

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Cambridge

text: He

text: had

text: left

text: the

text: school

text: and

text: his

text: library

text: of

text: some

text: books

text: The

text: charter

text: creating

text: the

text: Harvard

text: Corporation

text: was

text: granted

text: in

question: In what year was the school formed?

answer: 1636

answer: 1636

answer: 1636

question: What organization arranged to founding of school?

answer: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: Massachusetts Bay Colony

answer: Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

answer: Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

question: What year was North America's first printing press started?

answer: 1638

answer: 1638

answer: 1638

question: In what year was the school renamed as Harvard College?

answer: 1639

answer: 1639

answer: 1639

question: In what year was the charter granted for Harvard Corporation?

answer: 1650

answer: 1650

answer: 1650

question: What was the ship of John of London called?

text: New Towne

question: What did the Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony vote for John Harvard to have in 1650?

question: Who founded Cambridge in 1650?

text: John Harvard

question: When did John of London come to live in Cambridge?

question: What university was John of London an alum of?

text: the University of Cambridge


text: Free movement of goods within the European Union is achieved by a customs union, and the principle of non-discrimination. The EU manages imports from non-member states, duties between member states are prohibited, and imports circulate freely. In addition under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union article 34, ‘Quantitative restrictions on imports and all measures having equivalent effect shall be prohibited between Member States’. In Procureur du Roi v Dassonville the Court of Justice held that this rule meant all "trading rules" that are "enacted by Member States" which could hinder trade "directly or indirectly, actually or potentially" would be caught by article 34. This meant that a Belgian law requiring Scotch whisky imports to have a certificate of origin was unlikely to be lawful. It discriminated against parallel importers like Mr Dassonville, who could not get certificates from authorities in France, where they bought the Scotch. This "wide test", to determine what could potentially be an unlawful restriction on trade, applies equally to actions by quasi-government bodies, such as the former "Buy Irish" company that had government appointees. It also means states can be responsible for private actors. For instance, in Commission v France French farmer vigilantes were continually sabotaging shipments of Spanish strawberries, and even Belgian tomato imports. France was liable for these hindrances to trade because the authorities ‘manifestly and persistently abstained' from preventing the sabotage. Generally speaking, if a member state has laws or practices that directly discriminate against imports (or exports under TFEU article 35) then it must be justified under article 36. The justifications include public morality, policy or security, "protection of health and life of humans, animals or plants", "national treasures" of "artistic, historic or archaeological value" and "industrial and commercial property." In addition, although not clearly listed, environmental protection can justify restrictions on trade as an overriding requirement derived from TFEU article 11. More generally, it has been increasingly acknowledged that fundamental human rights should take priority over all trade rules. So, in Schmidberger v Austria the Court of Justice held that Austria did not infringe article 34 by failing to ban a protest that blocked heavy traffic passing over the A13, Brenner Autobahn, en route to Italy. Although many companies, including Mr Schmidberger's German undertaking, were prevented from trading, the Court of Justice reasoned that freedom of association is one of the ‘fundamental pillars of a democratic society’, against which the free movement of goods had to be balanced, and was probably subordinate. If a member state does appeal to the article 36 justification, the measures it takes have to be applied proportionately. This means the rule must be pursue a legitimate aim and (1) be suitable to achieve the aim, (2) be necessary, so that a less restrictive measure could not achieve the same result, and (3) be reasonable in balancing the interests of free trade with interests in article 36.

title: European_Union_law

title: European_Union_law

text: Free

text: movement

text: of

text: goods

text: within

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: is

text: achieved

text: by

text: a

text: customs

text: union

text: and

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: non

text: discrimination

text: The

text: EU

text: manages

text: imports

text: from

text: non

text: member

text: states

text: duties

text: between

text: member

text: states

text: are

text: prohibited

text: and

text: imports

text: circulate

text: freely

text: In

text: addition

text: under

text: the

text: Treaty

text: on

text: the

text: Functioning

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: article

text: Quantitative

text: restrictions

text: on

text: imports

text: and

text: all

text: measures

text: having

text: equivalent

text: effect

text: shall

text: be

text: prohibited

text: between

text: Member

text: States’

text: In

text: Procureur

text: du

text: Roi

text: v

text: Dassonville

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: held

text: that

text: this

text: rule

text: meant

text: all

text: trading

text: rules

text: that

text: are

text: enacted

text: by

text: Member

text: States

text: which

text: could

text: hinder

text: trade

text: directly

text: or

text: indirectly

text: actually

text: or

text: potentially

text: would

text: be

text: caught

text: by

text: article

text: This

text: meant

text: that

text: a

text: Belgian

text: law

text: requiring

text: Scotch

text: whisky

text: imports

text: to

text: have

text: a

text: certificate

text: of

text: origin

text: was

text: unlikely

text: to

text: be

text: lawful

text: It

text: discriminated

text: against

text: parallel

text: importers

text: like

text: Mr

text: Dassonville

text: who

text: could

text: not

text: get

text: certificates

text: from

text: authorities

text: in

text: France

text: where

text: they

text: bought

text: the

text: Scotch

text: This

text: wide

text: test

text: to

text: determine

text: what

text: could

text: potentially

text: be

text: an

text: unlawful

text: restriction

text: on

text: trade

text: applies

text: equally

text: to

text: actions

text: by

text: quasi

text: government

text: bodies

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: former

text: Buy

text: Irish

text: company

text: that

text: had

text: government

text: appointees

text: It

text: also

text: means

text: states

text: can

text: be

text: responsible

text: for

text: private

text: actors

text: For

text: instance

text: in

text: Commission

text: v

text: France

text: French

text: farmer

text: vigilantes

text: were

text: continually

text: sabotaging

text: shipments

text: of

text: Spanish

text: strawberries

text: and

text: even

text: Belgian

text: tomato

text: imports

text: France

text: was

text: liable

text: for

text: these

text: hindrances

text: to

text: trade

text: because

text: the

text: authorities

text: manifestly

text: and

text: persistently

text: abstained

text: from

text: preventing

text: the

text: sabotage

text: Generally

text: speaking

text: if

text: a

text: member

text: state

text: has

text: laws

text: or

text: practices

text: that

text: directly

text: discriminate

text: against

text: imports

text: or

text: exports

text: under

text: TFEU

text: article

text: then

text: it

text: must

text: be

text: justified

text: under

text: article

text: The

text: justifications

text: include

text: public

text: morality

text: policy

text: or

text: security

text: protection

text: of

text: health

text: and

text: life

text: of

text: humans

text: animals

text: or

text: plants

text: national

text: treasures

text: of

text: artistic

text: historic

text: or

text: archaeological

text: value

text: and

text: industrial

text: and

text: commercial

text: property

text: In

text: addition

text: although

text: not

text: clearly

text: listed

text: environmental

text: protection

text: can

text: justify

text: restrictions

text: on

text: trade

text: as

text: an

text: overriding

text: requirement

text: derived

text: from

text: TFEU

text: article

text: More

text: generally

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: increasingly

text: acknowledged

text: that

text: fundamental

text: human

text: rights

text: should

text: take

text: priority

text: over

text: all

text: trade

text: rules

text: So

text: in

text: Schmidberger

text: v

text: Austria

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: held

text: that

text: Austria

text: did

text: not

text: infringe

text: article

text: by

text: failing

text: to

text: ban

text: a

text: protest

text: that

text: blocked

text: heavy

text: traffic

text: passing

text: over

text: the

text: Brenner

text: Autobahn

text: en

text: route

text: to

text: Italy

text: Although

text: many

text: companies

text: including

text: Mr

text: Schmidberger

text: 's

text: German

text: undertaking

text: were

text: prevented

text: from

text: trading

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: reasoned

text: that

text: freedom

text: of

text: association

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: fundamental

text: pillars

text: of

text: a

text: democratic

text: society’

text: against

text: which

text: the

text: free

text: movement

text: of

text: goods

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: balanced

text: and

text: was

text: probably

text: subordinate

text: If

text: a

text: member

text: state

text: does

text: appeal

text: to

text: the

text: article

text: justification

text: the

text: measures

text: it

text: takes

text: have

text: to

text: be

text: applied

text: proportionately

text: This

text: means

text: the

text: rule

text: must

text: be

text: pursue

text: a

text: legitimate

text: aim

text: and

text: be

text: suitable

text: to

text: achieve

text: the

text: aim

text: be

text: necessary

text: so

text: that

text: a

text: less

text: restrictive

text: measure

text: could

text: not

text: achieve

text: the

text: same

text: result

text: and

text: be

text: reasonable

text: in

text: balancing

text: the

text: interests

text: of

text: free

text: trade

text: with

text: interests

text: in

text: article

question: What helps the process of free movement of goods?

answer: a customs union, and the principle of non-discrimination

text: a customs union, and the principle of non-discrimination

answer: a customs union

text: a customs union

answer: a customs union

text: a customs union

question: What did did article 34 discriminate against in Procureur du Roi v Dassonville?

answer: parallel importers like Mr Dassonville

text: parallel importers like Mr Dassonville

answer: parallel importers

text: parallel importers

answer: parallel importers

text: parallel importers

question: Article 34 meant states could be responsible for what?

answer: private actors

text: private actors

answer: private actors

text: private actors

answer: private actors

text: private actors

question: In which case were French vigilantes sabotaging shipments of Spanish Strawberries?

answer: Commission v France

text: Commission v France

answer: Commission v France French

text: Commission v France French

answer: Commission v France French

text: Commission v France French

question: In Schmidberger v Austria, the Court of Justice came to the conclusion that Austria didn't infringe upon article 34 by failing to ban a what?

answer: a protest that blocked heavy traffic

text: a protest that blocked heavy traffic

answer: a protest

text: a protest

answer: a protest

text: a protest

question: What does not help the free movement of goods?

question: What is not prohibited between member states?

text: duties

question: What the the EU not manage from non-member states?

text: imports

question: What were states not responsible for in Article 34?

text: private actors

question: What case were French vigilantes helping shipments of Spanish Strawberries?

text: Commission v France


text: In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490. Plague epidemics ravaged London in 1563, 1593, 1603, 1625, 1636, and 1665, reducing its population by 10 to 30% during those years. Over 10% of Amsterdam's population died in 1623–25, and again in 1635–36, 1655, and 1664. Plague occurred in Venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528. The plague of 1576–77 killed 50,000 in Venice, almost a third of the population. Late outbreaks in central Europe included the Italian Plague of 1629–1631, which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years' War, and the Great Plague of Vienna in 1679. Over 60% of Norway's population died in 1348–50. The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654.

title: Black_Death

title: Black_Death

text: In

text: perhaps

text: people

text: died

text: of

text: the

text: plague

text: in

text: Paris

text: During

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: the

text: plague

text: was

text: present

text: in

text: Paris

text: around

text: per

text: cent

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: The

text: Black

text: Death

text: ravaged

text: Europe

text: for

text: three

text: years

text: before

text: it

text: continued

text: on

text: into

text: Russia

text: where

text: the

text: disease

text: was

text: present

text: somewhere

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: times

text: between

text: to

text: Plague

text: epidemics

text: ravaged

text: London

text: in

text: and

text: reducing

text: its

text: population

text: by

text: to

text: during

text: those

text: years

text: Over

text: of

text: Amsterdam

text: 's

text: population

text: died

text: in

text: and

text: again

text: in

text: and

text: Plague

text: occurred

text: in

text: Venice

text: times

text: between

text: and

text: The

text: plague

text: of

text: killed

text: in

text: Venice

text: almost

text: a

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: Late

text: outbreaks

text: in

text: central

text: Europe

text: included

text: the

text: Italian

text: Plague

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: troop

text: movements

text: during

text: the

text: Thirty

text: Years

text: War

text: and

text: the

text: Great

text: Plague

text: of

text: Vienna

text: in

text: Over

text: of

text: Norway

text: 's

text: population

text: died

text: in

text: The

text: last

text: plague

text: outbreak

text: ravaged

text: Oslo

text: in

question: How many people died of plague in Paris in 1466?

answer: 40,000

answer: 40,000

answer: 40,000

question: The black plague ravaged Europe for three years followed by what country?

answer: Russia

text: Russia

answer: Russia

text: Russia

answer: Russia

text: Russia

question: How many times did plague occur in Venice?

answer: 22 times between 1361 and 1528

text: 22 times between 1361 and 1528

answer: 22

answer: 22

question: Which outbreak was associated with troops in the thirty years war?

answer: the Italian Plague of 1629–1631

text: the Italian Plague of 1629–1631

answer: Italian Plague

text: Italian Plague

answer: Italian Plague

text: Italian Plague

question: When was the last plague outbreak?

answer: The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654.

text: The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654.

answer: 1654

answer: 1654

question: What percentage of the population of Paris died of the plague in 1466?

question: How many people lived in Oslo at the start of the plague outbreak in 1654?

question: What percentage of Venice residents died of the plague in 1361?

text: 10 to 30%

question: Who did Italy fight during the Thirty Years War?

text: Russia

question: How many people lived in Norway in 1348?


text: Historically, forces were first quantitatively investigated in conditions of static equilibrium where several forces canceled each other out. Such experiments demonstrate the crucial properties that forces are additive vector quantities: they have magnitude and direction. When two forces act on a point particle, the resulting force, the resultant (also called the net force), can be determined by following the parallelogram rule of vector addition: the addition of two vectors represented by sides of a parallelogram, gives an equivalent resultant vector that is equal in magnitude and direction to the transversal of the parallelogram. The magnitude of the resultant varies from the difference of the magnitudes of the two forces to their sum, depending on the angle between their lines of action. However, if the forces are acting on an extended body, their respective lines of application must also be specified in order to account for their effects on the motion of the body.

title: Force

title: Force

text: Historically

text: forces

text: were

text: first

text: quantitatively

text: investigated

text: in

text: conditions

text: of

text: static

text: equilibrium

text: where

text: several

text: forces

text: canceled

text: each

text: other

text: out

text: Such

text: experiments

text: demonstrate

text: the

text: crucial

text: properties

text: that

text: forces

text: are

text: additive

text: vector

text: quantities

text: they

text: have

text: magnitude

text: and

text: direction

text: When

text: two

text: forces

text: act

text: on

text: a

text: point

text: particle

text: the

text: resulting

text: force

text: the

text: resultant

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: net

text: force

text: can

text: be

text: determined

text: by

text: following

text: the

text: parallelogram

text: rule

text: of

text: vector

text: addition

text: the

text: addition

text: of

text: two

text: vectors

text: represented

text: by

text: sides

text: of

text: a

text: parallelogram

text: gives

text: an

text: equivalent

text: resultant

text: vector

text: that

text: is

text: equal

text: in

text: magnitude

text: and

text: direction

text: to

text: the

text: transversal

text: of

text: the

text: parallelogram

text: The

text: magnitude

text: of

text: the

text: resultant

text: varies

text: from

text: the

text: difference

text: of

text: the

text: magnitudes

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: forces

text: to

text: their

text: sum

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: angle

text: between

text: their

text: lines

text: of

text: action

text: However

text: if

text: the

text: forces

text: are

text: acting

text: on

text: an

text: extended

text: body

text: their

text: respective

text: lines

text: of

text: application

text: must

text: also

text: be

text: specified

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: account

text: for

text: their

text: effects

text: on

text: the

text: motion

text: of

text: the

text: body

question: In what conditions were forces first measured historically?

answer: static equilibrium

text: static equilibrium

answer: static equilibrium

text: static equilibrium

answer: conditions of static equilibrium

text: conditions of static equilibrium

answer: static equilibrium

text: static equilibrium

answer: static equilibrium

text: static equilibrium

question: What do forces have with regard to additive quantities?

answer: magnitude and direction

text: magnitude and direction

answer: magnitude and direction

text: magnitude and direction

answer: magnitude and direction

text: magnitude and direction

answer: magnitude and direction

text: magnitude and direction

answer: magnitude and direction

text: magnitude and direction

question: What is the resultant force called when two forces act on a particle?

answer: net force

text: net force

answer: net force

text: net force

answer: the resultant (also called the net force)

text: the resultant (also called the net force)

answer: net force

text: net force

answer: net force

text: net force

question: When forces are acting on an extended body, what do you need to account for motion effects?

answer: respective lines of application

text: respective lines of application

answer: respective lines of application

text: respective lines of application

answer: their respective lines of application

text: their respective lines of application

answer: their respective lines of application

text: their respective lines of application

answer: their effects on the motion of the body

text: their effects on the motion of the body

question: What geometric shape is used in equations to determine net force?

answer: parallelogram

text: parallelogram

answer: parallelogram

text: parallelogram

answer: parallelogram

text: parallelogram

answer: parallelogram

text: parallelogram

answer: parallelogram

text: parallelogram

question: When three forces act on a point particle, what happens?

question: What is also called the nut force?

text: the resultant

question: The magnitude of the resultant varies from the similarities of what?

text: magnitudes

question: What must be specified in order to account for their effects on the motion of the head?

text: their respective lines of application


text: The system of bureaucracy created by Kublai Khan reflected various cultures in the empire, including that of the Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists. While the official terminology of the institutions may indicate the government structure was almost purely that of native Chinese dynasties, the Yuan bureaucracy actually consisted of a mix of elements from different cultures. The Chinese-style elements of the bureaucracy mainly came from the native Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties. Chinese advisers such as Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu gave strong influence to Kublai's early court, and the central government administration was established within the first decade of Kublai's reign. This government adopted the traditional Chinese tripartite division of authority among civil, military, and censorial offices, including the Central Secretariat (Zhongshu Sheng) to manage civil affairs, the Privy Council (Chinese: 樞密院) to manage military affairs, and the Censorate to conduct internal surveillance and inspection. The actual functions of both central and local government institutions, however, showed a major overlap between the civil and military jurisdictions, due to the Mongol traditional reliance on military institutions and offices as the core of governance. Nevertheless, such a civilian bureaucracy, with the Central Secretariat as the top institution that was (directly or indirectly) responsible for most other governmental agencies (such as the traditional Chinese-style Six Ministries), was created in China. At various times another central government institution called the Department of State Affairs (Shangshu Sheng) that mainly dealt with finance was established (such as during the reign of Külüg Khan or Emperor Wuzong), but was usually abandoned shortly afterwards.

title: Yuan_dynasty

title: Yuan_dynasty

text: The

text: system

text: of

text: bureaucracy

text: created

text: by

text: Kublai

text: Khan

text: reflected

text: various

text: cultures

text: in

text: the

text: empire

text: including

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: Khitans

text: Jurchens

text: Mongols

text: and

text: Tibetan

text: Buddhists

text: While

text: the

text: official

text: terminology

text: of

text: the

text: institutions

text: may

text: indicate

text: the

text: government

text: structure

text: was

text: almost

text: purely

text: that

text: of

text: native

text: Chinese

text: dynasties

text: the

text: Yuan

text: bureaucracy

text: actually

text: consisted

text: of

text: a

text: mix

text: of

text: elements

text: from

text: different

text: cultures

text: The

text: Chinese

text: style

text: elements

text: of

text: the

text: bureaucracy

text: mainly

text: came

text: from

text: the

text: native

text: Tang

text: Song

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Khitan

text: Liao

text: and

text: Jurchen

text: Jin

text: dynasties

text: Chinese

text: advisers

text: such

text: as

text: Liu

text: Bingzhong

text: and

text: Yao

text: Shu

text: gave

text: strong

text: influence

text: to

text: Kublai

text: 's

text: early

text: court

text: and

text: the

text: central

text: government

text: administration

text: was

text: established

text: within

text: the

text: first

text: decade

text: of

text: Kublai

text: 's

text: reign

text: This

text: government

text: adopted

text: the

text: traditional

text: Chinese

text: tripartite

text: division

text: of

text: authority

text: among

text: civil

text: military

text: and

text: censorial

text: offices

text: including

text: the

text: Central

text: Secretariat

text: Zhongshu

text: Sheng

text: to

text: manage

text: civil

text: affairs

text: the

text: Privy

text: Council

text: Chinese

text: 樞密院

text: to

text: manage

text: military

text: affairs

text: and

text: the

text: Censorate

text: to

text: conduct

text: internal

text: surveillance

text: and

text: inspection

text: The

text: actual

text: functions

text: of

text: both

text: central

text: and

text: local

text: government

text: institutions

text: however

text: showed

text: a

text: major

text: overlap

text: between

text: the

text: civil

text: and

text: military

text: jurisdictions

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: Mongol

text: traditional

text: reliance

text: on

text: military

text: institutions

text: and

text: offices

text: as

text: the

text: core

text: of

text: governance

text: Nevertheless

text: such

text: a

text: civilian

text: bureaucracy

text: with

text: the

text: Central

text: Secretariat

text: as

text: the

text: top

text: institution

text: that

text: was

text: directly

text: or

text: indirectly

text: responsible

text: for

text: most

text: other

text: governmental

text: agencies

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: traditional

text: Chinese

text: style

text: Six

text: Ministries

text: was

text: created

text: in

text: China

text: At

text: various

text: times

text: another

text: central

text: government

text: institution

text: called

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: State

text: Affairs

text: Shangshu

text: Sheng

text: that

text: mainly

text: dealt

text: with

text: finance

text: was

text: established

text: such

text: as

text: during

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Külüg

text: Khan

text: or

text: Emperor

text: Wuzong

text: but

text: was

text: usually

text: abandoned

text: shortly

text: afterwards

question: What cultures were part of Kublai's administration?

answer: Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists

text: Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists

answer: Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists.

text: Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists.

answer: the Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists

text: the Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists

question: What dynasties inspired the Chinese-like elements of Kublai's government?

answer: Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties

text: Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties

answer: native Chinese dynasties

text: native Chinese dynasties

answer: Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties

text: Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties

question: Who were two of Kublai's Chinese advisers?

answer: Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu

text: Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu

answer: Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu

text: Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu

answer: Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu

text: Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu

question: What kind of division of power did Kublai's government have?

answer: tripartite

text: tripartite

answer: tripartite division

text: tripartite division

answer: tripartite

text: tripartite

question: What were the three parts of Kublai's government?

answer: civil, military, and censorial offices

text: civil, military, and censorial offices

answer: civil, military, and censorial

text: civil, military, and censorial

answer: civil, military, and censorial offices

text: civil, military, and censorial offices

question: What cultures were not part of Kublai's administration?

question: What dynasties inspired the Japanese-like elements of Kublai's government?

question: Who was the third of Kublai's Chinese advisers?

text: Yao Shu

question: What kind of division of power did Kublai's government never have?

text: tripartite


text: Warsaw's mixture of architectural styles reflects the turbulent history of the city and country. During the Second World War, Warsaw was razed to the ground by bombing raids and planned destruction. After liberation, rebuilding began as in other cities of the communist-ruled PRL. Most of the historical buildings were thoroughly reconstructed. However, some of the buildings from the 19th century that had been preserved in reasonably reconstructible form were nonetheless eradicated in the 1950s and 1960s (e.g. Leopold Kronenberg Palace). Mass residential blocks were erected, with basic design typical of Eastern bloc countries.

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: Warsaw

text: 's

text: mixture

text: of

text: architectural

text: styles

text: reflects

text: the

text: turbulent

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: country

text: During

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: Warsaw

text: was

text: razed

text: to

text: the

text: ground

text: by

text: bombing

text: raids

text: and

text: planned

text: destruction

text: After

text: liberation

text: rebuilding

text: began

text: as

text: in

text: other

text: cities

text: of

text: the

text: communist

text: ruled

text: PRL

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: historical

text: buildings

text: were

text: thoroughly

text: reconstructed

text: However

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: buildings

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: that

text: had

text: been

text: preserved

text: in

text: reasonably

text: reconstructible

text: form

text: were

text: nonetheless

text: eradicated

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: e.g.

text: Leopold

text: Kronenberg

text: Palace

text: Mass

text: residential

text: blocks

text: were

text: erected

text: with

text: basic

text: design

text: typical

text: of

text: Eastern

text: bloc

text: countries

question: What does Warsaw's mixture of architectural styles reflect?

answer: turbulent history of the city

text: turbulent history of the city

answer: turbulent history of the city and country

text: turbulent history of the city and country

answer: turbulent history of the city

text: turbulent history of the city

question: When was Warsaw completely razed to the ground by bombing raids?

answer: During the Second World War

text: During the Second World War

answer: Second World War

text: Second World War

answer: During the Second World War

text: During the Second World War

question: When did Warsaw start to rebuild?

answer: After liberation

text: After liberation

answer: After liberation

text: After liberation

answer: After liberation

text: After liberation

question: What building from the 19th century was destroyed between the 1950s and 1960s?

answer: Leopold Kronenberg Palace

text: Leopold Kronenberg Palace

answer: Leopold Kronenberg Palace

text: Leopold Kronenberg Palace

answer: Leopold Kronenberg Palace

text: Leopold Kronenberg Palace

question: What style were the mass constructed residential blocks designed in?

answer: typical of Eastern bloc countries

text: typical of Eastern bloc countries

answer: basic design typical of Eastern bloc countries

text: basic design typical of Eastern bloc countries

answer: design typical of Eastern bloc countries

text: design typical of Eastern bloc countries

question: When did Warsaw Palace start to rebuild?

text: After liberation

question: What does Warsaw Palace's mixture of architectural styles reflect?

text: turbulent history of the city

question: What building from the 19th century was destroyed between the 1930s and 1940s?

text: Leopold Kronenberg Palace

question: When was Warsaw Palace completely razed to the ground by bombing raids?

text: During the Second World War

question: What style were the mass constructed Palace blocks designed in?

text: typical of Eastern bloc countries


text: In one experiment, Lavoisier observed that there was no overall increase in weight when tin and air were heated in a closed container. He noted that air rushed in when he opened the container, which indicated that part of the trapped air had been consumed. He also noted that the tin had increased in weight and that increase was the same as the weight of the air that rushed back in. This and other experiments on combustion were documented in his book Sur la combustion en général, which was published in 1777. In that work, he proved that air is a mixture of two gases; 'vital air', which is essential to combustion and respiration, and azote (Gk. ἄζωτον "lifeless"), which did not support either. Azote later became nitrogen in English, although it has kept the name in French and several other European languages.

title: Oxygen

title: Oxygen

text: In

text: one

text: experiment

text: Lavoisier

text: observed

text: that

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: overall

text: increase

text: in

text: weight

text: when

text: tin

text: and

text: air

text: were

text: heated

text: in

text: a

text: closed

text: container

text: He

text: noted

text: that

text: air

text: rushed

text: in

text: when

text: he

text: opened

text: the

text: container

text: which

text: indicated

text: that

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: trapped

text: air

text: had

text: been

text: consumed

text: He

text: also

text: noted

text: that

text: the

text: tin

text: had

text: increased

text: in

text: weight

text: and

text: that

text: increase

text: was

text: the

text: same

text: as

text: the

text: weight

text: of

text: the

text: air

text: that

text: rushed

text: back

text: in

text: This

text: and

text: other

text: experiments

text: on

text: combustion

text: were

text: documented

text: in

text: his

text: book

text: Sur

text: la

text: combustion

text: en

text: général

text: which

text: was

text: published

text: in

text: In

text: that

text: work

text: he

text: proved

text: that

text: air

text: is

text: a

text: mixture

text: of

text: two

text: gases

text: vital

text: air

text: which

text: is

text: essential

text: to

text: combustion

text: and

text: respiration

text: and

text: azote

text: Gk

text: ἄζωτον

text: lifeless

text: which

text: did

text: not

text: support

text: either

text: Azote

text: later

text: became

text: nitrogen

text: in

text: English

text: although

text: it

text: has

text: kept

text: the

text: name

text: in

text: French

text: and

text: several

text: other

text: European

text: languages

question: What did Lavoisier conclude was consumed by combustion in his experiments?

answer: air

text: air

answer: air

text: air

answer: air

text: air

answer: part of the trapped air

text: part of the trapped air

answer: air

text: air

question: In what way did Lavoisier see that the tin he used in his experiment had increased?

answer: weight

text: weight

answer: weight

text: weight

answer: weight

text: weight

answer: that increase was the same as the weight of the air that rushed back in

text: that increase was the same as the weight of the air that rushed back in

answer: the tin had increased in weight and that increase was the same as the weight of the air that rushed back in

text: the tin had increased in weight and that increase was the same as the weight of the air that rushed back in

question: What did Lavoisier perceive the air had lost as much as the tin had gained

answer: weight

text: weight

answer: weight

text: weight

answer: weight

text: weight

answer: weight

text: weight

answer: weight

text: weight

question: In what year did Lavoisier publish his work on combustion?

answer: 1777

answer: 1777

answer: 1777

answer: 1777

answer: 1777

question: What second part of air was deemed lifeless by Lavoisier?

answer: azote

text: azote

answer: azote

text: azote

answer: azote

text: azote

answer: azote

text: azote

answer: azote

text: azote

question: What is another term for vital air?

text: azote

question: What is the English word for nitrogen?

text: Azote

question: When was the book, Sur, published?


text: In general, there are three sectors of construction: buildings, infrastructure and industrial. Building construction is usually further divided into residential and non-residential (commercial/institutional). Infrastructure is often called heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering. It includes large public works, dams, bridges, highways, water/wastewater and utility distribution. Industrial includes refineries, process chemical, power generation, mills and manufacturing plants. There are other ways to break the industry into sectors or markets.

title: Construction

title: Construction

text: In

text: general

text: there

text: are

text: three

text: sectors

text: of

text: construction

text: buildings

text: infrastructure

text: and

text: industrial

text: Building

text: construction

text: is

text: usually

text: further

text: divided

text: into

text: residential

text: and

text: non

text: residential

text: commercial

text: institutional

text: Infrastructure

text: is

text: often

text: called

text: heavy

text: highway

text: heavy

text: civil

text: or

text: heavy

text: engineering

text: It

text: includes

text: large

text: public

text: works

text: dams

text: bridges

text: highways

text: water

text: wastewater

text: and

text: utility

text: distribution

text: Industrial

text: includes

text: refineries

text: process

text: chemical

text: power

text: generation

text: mills

text: and

text: manufacturing

text: plants

text: There

text: are

text: other

text: ways

text: to

text: break

text: the

text: industry

text: into

text: sectors

text: or

text: markets

question: What are the three sectors of construction?

answer: buildings, infrastructure and industrial

text: buildings, infrastructure and industrial

answer: buildings, infrastructure and industrial

text: buildings, infrastructure and industrial

answer: buildings, infrastructure and industrial

text: buildings, infrastructure and industrial

question: Building construction is usually further divided into what categories?

answer: residential and non-residential

text: residential and non-residential

answer: residential and non-residential (commercial/institutional)

text: residential and non-residential (commercial/institutional)

answer: residential and non-residential (commercial/institutional)

text: residential and non-residential (commercial/institutional)

question: Infrastructure is often called what?

answer: heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering

text: heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering

answer: heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering

text: heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering

answer: heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering

text: heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering

question: Large public works, dams, bridges, highways, water/wastewater and utility distribution are under what construction sector?

answer: Infrastructure

text: Infrastructure

answer: Infrastructure

text: Infrastructure

answer: Infrastructure

text: Infrastructure

question: Refineries, process chemical, power generation, mills and manufacturing plants are under what sector of construction?

answer: Industrial

text: Industrial

answer: heavy civil or heavy engineering

text: heavy civil or heavy engineering

answer: Industrial

text: Industrial

question: What are buildings, stuctures and industrial?

text: three sectors of construction

question: What type of constuction is eivided into private and public buildings?

text: Building construction

question: What sector includes large public works but not utility distribution?

text: Infrastructure

question: What sector include utility distribution and refineries?

text: industrial

question: What three sectors of public works are there?

question: How is utility distribution further divided?

question: What are refineries often called?

question: What are some examples of markets?

question: What can residential and non-residential also be broken into?

text: sectors or markets


text: The motion picture, television, and music industry is centered on the Los Angeles in southern California. Hollywood, a district within Los Angeles, is also a name associated with the motion picture industry. Headquartered in southern California are The Walt Disney Company (which also owns ABC), Sony Pictures, Universal, MGM, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Brothers. Universal, Warner Brothers, and Sony also run major record companies as well.

title: Southern_California

title: Southern_California

text: The

text: motion

text: picture

text: television

text: and

text: music

text: industry

text: is

text: centered

text: on

text: the

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: in

text: southern

text: California

text: Hollywood

text: a

text: district

text: within

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: is

text: also

text: a

text: name

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: motion

text: picture

text: industry

text: Headquartered

text: in

text: southern

text: California

text: are

text: The

text: Walt

text: Disney

text: Company

text: which

text: also

text: owns

text: ABC

text: Sony

text: Pictures

text: Universal

text: MGM

text: Paramount

text: Pictures

text: Century

text: Fox

text: and

text: Warner

text: Brothers

text: Universal

text: Warner

text: Brothers

text: and

text: Sony

text: also

text: run

text: major

text: record

text: companies

text: as

text: well

question: What is the name given to the district that is associated with the motion picture industry?

answer: Hollywood

text: Hollywood

answer: Hollywood

text: Hollywood

answer: Hollywood

text: Hollywood

question: Which city does the Hollywood district belong to?

answer: Los Angeles

text: Los Angeles

answer: Los Angeles

text: Los Angeles

answer: Los Angeles

text: Los Angeles

question: Which company owns ABC?

answer: The Walt Disney Company

text: The Walt Disney Company

answer: The Walt Disney Company

text: The Walt Disney Company

answer: The Walt Disney Company

text: The Walt Disney Company

question: Other than the motion picture and television industry, what other major industry is centered in Los Angeles?

answer: music

text: music

answer: major record companies

text: major record companies

question: Other than Universal and Warner Brothers, what other company runs a major record company?

answer: Sony

text: Sony

answer: Sony

text: Sony

answer: Sony

text: Sony

question: What company owns ACB?

text: The Walt Disney Company

question: What three industries are centered in Hollywood?

question: Where is Los Angeles a district of?

text: Hollywood

question: What major companies are headquartered in Los Angeles?


text: Economist Simon Kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality are in large part the result of stages of development. According to Kuznets, countries with low levels of development have relatively equal distributions of wealth. As a country develops, it acquires more capital, which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality. Eventually, through various possible redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs, more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality.

title: Economic_inequality

title: Economic_inequality

text: Economist

text: Simon

text: Kuznets

text: argued

text: that

text: levels

text: of

text: economic

text: inequality

text: are

text: in

text: large

text: part

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: stages

text: of

text: development

text: According

text: to

text: Kuznets

text: countries

text: with

text: low

text: levels

text: of

text: development

text: have

text: relatively

text: equal

text: distributions

text: of

text: wealth

text: As

text: a

text: country

text: develops

text: it

text: acquires

text: more

text: capital

text: which

text: leads

text: to

text: the

text: owners

text: of

text: this

text: capital

text: having

text: more

text: wealth

text: and

text: income

text: and

text: introducing

text: inequality

text: Eventually

text: through

text: various

text: possible

text: redistribution

text: mechanisms

text: such

text: as

text: social

text: welfare

text: programs

text: more

text: developed

text: countries

text: move

text: back

text: to

text: lower

text: levels

text: of

text: inequality

question: What types of programs help to redistribute wealth?

answer: social welfare

text: social welfare

answer: social welfare

text: social welfare

answer: social welfare

text: social welfare

question: What is the level of inequality in underdeveloped countries?

answer: relatively equal

text: relatively equal

answer: relatively equal distributions of wealth

text: relatively equal distributions of wealth

answer: low

text: low

question: What introduces inequality to a country?

answer: more capital

text: more capital

answer: more capital

text: more capital

answer: more capital

text: more capital

question: What leads to lower income inequality?

answer: redistribution mechanisms

text: redistribution mechanisms

answer: redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs

text: redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs

answer: redistribution mechanisms

text: redistribution mechanisms

question: What profession does Simon Kuznets have?

answer: Economist

text: Economist

answer: Economist

text: Economist

answer: Economist

text: Economist

question: What did Kuznets argue resulted from stages of development?

answer: levels of economic inequality

text: levels of economic inequality

answer: economic inequality

text: economic inequality

answer: economic inequality

text: economic inequality

question: What does a country acquire as it develops?

answer: more capital

text: more capital

answer: more capital

text: more capital

answer: more capital

text: more capital

question: What do the owners of more capital end up having?

answer: more wealth

text: more wealth

answer: more wealth and income

text: more wealth and income

answer: wealth and income

text: wealth and income

question: What do redistribution mechanisms lead to?

answer: lower levels of inequality

text: lower levels of inequality

answer: lower levels of inequality

text: lower levels of inequality

answer: lower levels of inequality

text: lower levels of inequality

question: What types of programs don't help to redistribute wealth?

text: social welfare

question: What is the level of inequality in overdeveloped countries?

text: relatively equal

question: What doesn't introduce inequality to a country?

text: more capital

question: What leads to higher income inequality?

text: redistribution mechanisms

question: What profession doesn't Simon Kuznets have?

text: Economist


text: The Victorian Alps in the northeast are the coldest part of Victoria. The Alps are part of the Great Dividing Range mountain system extending east-west through the centre of Victoria. Average temperatures are less than 9 °C (48 °F) in winter and below 0 °C (32 °F) in the highest parts of the ranges. The state's lowest minimum temperature of −11.7 °C (10.9 °F) was recorded at Omeo on 13 June 1965, and again at Falls Creek on 3 July 1970. Temperature extremes for the state are listed in the table below:

title: Victoria_(Australia)

title: Victoria_(Australia

text: The

text: Victorian

text: Alps

text: in

text: the

text: northeast

text: are

text: the

text: coldest

text: part

text: of

text: Victoria

text: The

text: Alps

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Dividing

text: Range

text: mountain

text: system

text: extending

text: east

text: west

text: through

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: Victoria

text: Average

text: temperatures

text: are

text: less

text: than

text: C

text: F

text: in

text: winter

text: and

text: below

text: C

text: F

text: in

text: the

text: highest

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: ranges

text: The

text: state

text: 's

text: lowest

text: minimum

text: temperature

text: of

text: C

text: F

text: was

text: recorded

text: at

text: Omeo

text: on

text: June

text: and

text: again

text: at

text: Falls

text: Creek

text: on

text: July

text: Temperature

text: extremes

text: for

text: the

text: state

text: are

text: listed

text: in

text: the

text: table

text: below

question: Where is the coldest section of Victoria?

answer: Victorian Alps

text: Victorian Alps

answer: The Victorian Alps

text: The Victorian Alps

answer: Victorian Alps

text: Victorian Alps

question: Of what mountain system are the Victorian Alps a part?

answer: Great Dividing Range

text: Great Dividing Range

answer: the Great Dividing Range

text: the Great Dividing Range

answer: Great Dividing Range

text: Great Dividing Range

question: In what direction does the mountain system extend?

answer: east-west

text: east-west

answer: east-west

text: east-west

answer: east-west

text: east-west

question: What is the temperature in the highest portion of the mountain range in winter?

answer: below 0 °C

text: below 0 °C

answer: below 0 °C

text: below 0 °C

answer: below 0 °C (32 °F)

text: below 0 °C (32 °F)

question: What is the lowest recorded temperature in Victoria?

answer: −11.7 °C

text: −11.7 °C

answer: −11.7 °C

text: −11.7 °C

answer: −11.7 °C (10.9 °F)

text: −11.7 °C (10.9 °F)

question: Where is the highest section of Victoria?

text: Victorian Alps

question: Of what mountain system are the Omeo Alps a part?

text: Great Dividing Range

question: In what direction does the river system extend?

text: east-west

question: What is the temperature in the valley of the mountain range in winter?

text: below 0 °C

question: What is the lowest recorded wind chill in Victoria?

text: −11.7 °C


text: Since ~3000 yr BP (= years Before Present), human impact is seen in the delta. As a result of increasing land clearance (Bronze Age agriculture), in the upland areas (central Germany), the sediment load of the Rhine has strongly increased and delta growth has sped up. This caused increased flooding and sedimentation, ending peat formation in the delta. The shifting of river channels to new locations, on the floodplain (termed avulsion), was the main process distributing sediment across the subrecent delta. Over the past 6000 years, approximately 80 avulsions have occurred. Direct human impact in the delta started with peat mining, for salt and fuel, from Roman times onward. This was followed by embankment, of the major distributaries and damming of minor distributaries, which took place in the 11–13th century AD. Thereafter, canals were dug, bends were short cut and groynes were built, to prevent the river's channels from migrating or silting up.

title: Rhine

title: Rhine

text: Since

text: yr

text: BP

text: years

text: Before

text: Present

text: human

text: impact

text: is

text: seen

text: in

text: the

text: delta

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: increasing

text: land

text: clearance

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: agriculture

text: in

text: the

text: upland

text: areas

text: central

text: Germany

text: the

text: sediment

text: load

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: has

text: strongly

text: increased

text: and

text: delta

text: growth

text: has

text: sped

text: up

text: This

text: caused

text: increased

text: flooding

text: and

text: sedimentation

text: ending

text: peat

text: formation

text: in

text: the

text: delta

text: The

text: shifting

text: of

text: river

text: channels

text: to

text: new

text: locations

text: on

text: the

text: floodplain

text: termed

text: avulsion

text: was

text: the

text: main

text: process

text: distributing

text: sediment

text: across

text: the

text: subrecent

text: delta

text: Over

text: the

text: past

text: years

text: approximately

text: avulsions

text: have

text: occurred

text: Direct

text: human

text: impact

text: in

text: the

text: delta

text: started

text: with

text: peat

text: mining

text: for

text: salt

text: and

text: fuel

text: from

text: Roman

text: times

text: onward

text: This

text: was

text: followed

text: by

text: embankment

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: distributaries

text: and

text: damming

text: of

text: minor

text: distributaries

text: which

text: took

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: Thereafter

text: canals

text: were

text: dug

text: bends

text: were

text: short

text: cut

text: and

text: groynes

text: were

text: built

text: to

text: prevent

text: the

text: river

text: 's

text: channels

text: from

text: migrating

text: or

text: silting

text: up

question: When have humans started impacting the delta?

answer: 3000 yr BP

text: 3000 yr BP

answer: ~3000 yr BP

text: ~3000 yr BP

answer: ~3000 yr BP

text: ~3000 yr BP

question: What increased in the Rhine because of the land clearance in the upland areas?

answer: sediment load

text: sediment load

answer: sediment load

text: sediment load

answer: sediment load

text: sediment load

question: What has increased sediment and delta growth also produced in the Rhine?

answer: increased flooding and sedimentation

text: increased flooding and sedimentation

answer: Bronze Age agriculture

text: Bronze Age agriculture

answer: increased flooding and sedimentation

text: increased flooding and sedimentation

question: How many avulsions have occurred in the past 6000 yeas?

answer: 80

answer: 80

answer: 80

question: When did embankment of the major Rhine distributaries take palce?

answer: 11–13th century

text: 11–13th century

answer: 11–13th century AD

text: 11–13th century AD

answer: 11–13th century AD

text: 11–13th century AD

question: How long have humans been impacting the delta for?

text: 3000 yr BP

question: How many years has Bronze Age agriculture gone on for?

text: 6000 years

question: How many upland areas are in central Germany?

question: How long did peat mining from the Roman times last for?

text: 6000 years

question: What centuries did the Roman times take place within?

text: 11–13th century AD


text: The conquest of Cyprus by the Anglo-Norman forces of the Third Crusade opened a new chapter in the history of the island, which would be under Western European domination for the following 380 years. Although not part of a planned operation, the conquest had much more permanent results than initially expected.

title: Normans

title: Normans

text: The

text: conquest

text: of

text: Cyprus

text: by

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Norman

text: forces

text: of

text: the

text: Third

text: Crusade

text: opened

text: a

text: new

text: chapter

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: which

text: would

text: be

text: under

text: Western

text: European

text: domination

text: for

text: the

text: following

text: years

text: Although

text: not

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: planned

text: operation

text: the

text: conquest

text: had

text: much

text: more

text: permanent

text: results

text: than

text: initially

text: expected

question: How long did Western Europe control Cyprus?

answer: 380 years

text: 380 years

answer: 380 years

text: 380 years

answer: 380 years

text: 380 years

question: Who defeated Anglo-Norman forces during the third Crusade?

text: Cyprus

question: Who dominated Western Europe for 380 years?

text: Cyprus


text: The embargo had a negative influence on the US economy by causing immediate demands to address the threats to U.S. energy security. On an international level, the price increases changed competitive positions in many industries, such as automobiles. Macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary impacts. The embargo left oil companies searching for new ways to increase oil supplies, even in rugged terrain such as the Arctic. Finding oil and developing new fields usually required five to ten years before significant production.

title: 1973_oil_crisis

title: 1973_oil_crisis

text: The

text: embargo

text: had

text: a

text: negative

text: influence

text: on

text: the

text: US

text: economy

text: by

text: causing

text: immediate

text: demands

text: to

text: address

text: the

text: threats

text: to

text: U.S.

text: energy

text: security

text: On

text: an

text: international

text: level

text: the

text: price

text: increases

text: changed

text: competitive

text: positions

text: in

text: many

text: industries

text: such

text: as

text: automobiles

text: Macroeconomic

text: problems

text: consisted

text: of

text: both

text: inflationary

text: and

text: deflationary

text: impacts

text: The

text: embargo

text: left

text: oil

text: companies

text: searching

text: for

text: new

text: ways

text: to

text: increase

text: oil

text: supplies

text: even

text: in

text: rugged

text: terrain

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Finding

text: oil

text: and

text: developing

text: new

text: fields

text: usually

text: required

text: five

text: to

text: ten

text: years

text: before

text: significant

text: production

question: What has a negative influence over the US economy?

answer: The embargo

text: The embargo

answer: The embargo

text: The embargo

answer: The embargo

text: The embargo

answer: The embargo

text: The embargo

answer: embargo

text: embargo

question: On an international level, which industry's competitive positions is affected?

answer: automobiles

text: automobiles

answer: automobiles

text: automobiles

answer: automobiles

text: automobiles

answer: automobiles

text: automobiles

answer: automobiles

text: automobiles

question: Which problem consists of both  inflationary and deflationary impacts?

answer: Macroeconomic problems

text: Macroeconomic problems

answer: Macroeconomic

text: Macroeconomic

answer: Macroeconomic

text: Macroeconomic

answer: Macroeconomic

text: Macroeconomic

answer: Macroeconomic

text: Macroeconomic

question: The oil crisis caused oil companies to increase oil supplies in which area?

answer: Arctic

text: Arctic

answer: Arctic

text: Arctic

answer: Arctic

text: Arctic

answer: the Arctic

text: the Arctic

answer: the Arctic

text: the Arctic

question: How long does it take for new areas to have significant oil production?

answer: five to ten years

text: five to ten years

answer: five to ten years

text: five to ten years

answer: five to ten years

text: five to ten years

answer: five to ten years

text: five to ten years

answer: five to ten years

text: five to ten years

question: What did developing new oil fields have a negative influence on?

text: the US economy

question: How did developing new oil fields influence the US economy?

question: What did energy security do on an international level?

question: What problem consists of trying to increase oil supplies and threats to US energy security?

text: Macroeconomic problems

question: What did macroeconomic problems cause oil companies to search for?

text: new ways to increase oil supplies


text: During the 20th century, historians John Gallagher (1919–1980) and Ronald Robinson (1920–1999) constructed a framework for understanding European imperialism. They claim that European imperialism was influential, and Europeans rejected the notion that "imperialism" required formal, legal control by one government over another country. "In their view, historians have been mesmerized by formal empire and maps of the world with regions colored red. The bulk of British emigration, trade, and capital went to areas outside the formal British Empire. Key to their thinking is the idea of empire 'informally if possible and formally if necessary.'"[attribution needed] Because of the resources made available by imperialism, the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected in the decades before World War I, making the many imperial powers rich and prosperous.

title: Imperialism

title: Imperialism

text: During

text: the

text: century

text: historians

text: John

text: Gallagher

text: and

text: Ronald

text: Robinson

text: constructed

text: a

text: framework

text: for

text: understanding

text: European

text: imperialism

text: They

text: claim

text: that

text: European

text: imperialism

text: was

text: influential

text: and

text: Europeans

text: rejected

text: the

text: notion

text: that

text: imperialism

text: required

text: formal

text: legal

text: control

text: by

text: one

text: government

text: over

text: another

text: country

text: In

text: their

text: view

text: historians

text: have

text: been

text: mesmerized

text: by

text: formal

text: empire

text: and

text: maps

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: regions

text: colored

text: red

text: The

text: bulk

text: of

text: British

text: emigration

text: trade

text: and

text: capital

text: went

text: to

text: areas

text: outside

text: the

text: formal

text: British

text: Empire

text: Key

text: to

text: their

text: thinking

text: is

text: the

text: idea

text: of

text: empire

text: informally

text: if

text: possible

text: and

text: formally

text: if

text: necessary.'"[attribution

text: needed

text: Because

text: of

text: the

text: resources

text: made

text: available

text: by

text: imperialism

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: economy

text: grew

text: significantly

text: and

text: became

text: much

text: more

text: interconnected

text: in

text: the

text: decades

text: before

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: making

text: the

text: many

text: imperial

text: powers

text: rich

text: and

text: prosperous

question: When was John Gallagher born?

answer: 1919

answer: 1919

answer: 1919

answer: 1919

answer: 1919

question: When did Ronald Robinson die?

answer: 1999

answer: 1999

answer: 1999

answer: 1999

answer: 1999

question: What profession were Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher?

answer: historians

text: historians

answer: historians

text: historians

answer: historians

text: historians

answer: historians

text: historians

answer: historians

text: historians

question: What grew on a global scale as a result of imperialism?

answer: the world's economy

text: the world's economy

answer: economy

text: economy

answer: economy

text: economy

answer: world's economy

text: world's economy

answer: world's economy

text: world's economy

question: Who was made rich and prosperous prior to World War 1

answer: many imperial powers

text: many imperial powers

answer: imperial powers

text: imperial powers

answer: imperial powers

text: imperial powers

answer: imperial powers

text: imperial powers

question: Which historian was popular in the 21st century?

text: John Gallagher

question: What profession did Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher not share?

question: What grew on a global scale as a result of non-imperialism?

text: world's economy

question: Who was made rich and prosperous prior to World War 2?

text: many imperial powers


text: Despite the high position given to Muslims, some policies of the Yuan Emperors severely discriminated against them, restricting Halal slaughter and other Islamic practices like circumcision, as well as Kosher butchering for Jews, forcing them to eat food the Mongol way. Toward the end, corruption and the persecution became so severe that Muslim generals joined Han Chinese in rebelling against the Mongols. The Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang had Muslim generals like Lan Yu who rebelled against the Mongols and defeated them in combat. Some Muslim communities had a Chinese surname which meant "barracks" and could also mean "thanks". Many Hui Muslims claim this is because that they played an important role in overthrowing the Mongols and it was given in thanks by the Han Chinese for assisting them. During the war fighting the Mongols, among the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang's armies was the Hui Muslim Feng Sheng. The Muslims in the semu class also revolted against the Yuan dynasty in the Ispah Rebellion but the rebellion was crushed and the Muslims were massacred by the Yuan loyalist commander Chen Youding.

title: Yuan_dynasty

title: Yuan_dynasty

text: Despite

text: the

text: high

text: position

text: given

text: to

text: Muslims

text: some

text: policies

text: of

text: the

text: Yuan

text: Emperors

text: severely

text: discriminated

text: against

text: them

text: restricting

text: Halal

text: slaughter

text: and

text: other

text: Islamic

text: practices

text: like

text: circumcision

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Kosher

text: butchering

text: for

text: Jews

text: forcing

text: them

text: to

text: eat

text: food

text: the

text: Mongol

text: way

text: Toward

text: the

text: end

text: corruption

text: and

text: the

text: persecution

text: became

text: so

text: severe

text: that

text: Muslim

text: generals

text: joined

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: in

text: rebelling

text: against

text: the

text: Mongols

text: The

text: Ming

text: founder

text: Zhu

text: Yuanzhang

text: had

text: Muslim

text: generals

text: like

text: Lan

text: Yu

text: who

text: rebelled

text: against

text: the

text: Mongols

text: and

text: defeated

text: them

text: in

text: combat

text: Some

text: Muslim

text: communities

text: had

text: a

text: Chinese

text: surname

text: which

text: meant

text: barracks

text: and

text: could

text: also

text: mean

text: thanks

text: Many

text: Hui

text: Muslims

text: claim

text: this

text: is

text: because

text: that

text: they

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: overthrowing

text: the

text: Mongols

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: given

text: in

text: thanks

text: by

text: the

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: for

text: assisting

text: them

text: During

text: the

text: war

text: fighting

text: the

text: Mongols

text: among

text: the

text: Ming

text: Emperor

text: Zhu

text: Yuanzhang

text: 's

text: armies

text: was

text: the

text: Hui

text: Muslim

text: Feng

text: Sheng

text: The

text: Muslims

text: in

text: the

text: semu

text: class

text: also

text: revolted

text: against

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: in

text: the

text: Ispah

text: Rebellion

text: but

text: the

text: rebellion

text: was

text: crushed

text: and

text: the

text: Muslims

text: were

text: massacred

text: by

text: the

text: Yuan

text: loyalist

text: commander

text: Chen

text: Youding

question: What Yuan policies did Muslims dislike?

answer: restricting Halal slaughter and other Islamic practices like circumcision

text: restricting Halal slaughter and other Islamic practices like circumcision

answer: circumcision

text: circumcision

answer: restricting Halal slaughter and other Islamic practices like circumcision

text: restricting Halal slaughter and other Islamic practices like circumcision

question: What Jewish practice did the Yuan ban?

answer: Kosher butchering

text: Kosher butchering

answer: Kosher butchering

text: Kosher butchering

question: Who founded the Ming dynasty?

answer: Zhu Yuanzhang

text: Zhu Yuanzhang

answer: Zhu Yuanzhang

text: Zhu Yuanzhang

answer: thanks

text: thanks

question: What was the second meaning of a Chinese word for 'barracks'?

answer: thanks

text: thanks

answer: thanks

text: thanks

answer: thanks

text: thanks

question: Who revolted in the Ispah Rebellion?

answer: Muslims in the semu class

text: Muslims in the semu class

answer: Muslims in the semu class

text: Muslims in the semu class

answer: Muslims in the semu class

text: Muslims in the semu class

question: What Yuan policies did Muslims like?

question: What Jewish practice did the Yuan keep?

text: Kosher butchering

question: Who founded the Ding dynasty?

text: Zhu Yuanzhang

question: What was the second meaning of a Japanese word for 'barracks'?

text: thanks

question: Who was obediant in the Ispah Rebellion?

text: Muslims in the semu class


text: An early important political response to the opening of hostilities was the convening of the Albany Congress in June and July, 1754. The goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians, since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal in the success in the war that was unfolding. The plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown. Nevertheless, the format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence.

title: French_and_Indian_War

title: French_and_Indian_War

text: An

text: early

text: important

text: political

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: opening

text: of

text: hostilities

text: was

text: the

text: convening

text: of

text: the

text: Albany

text: Congress

text: in

text: June

text: and

text: July

text: The

text: goal

text: of

text: the

text: congress

text: was

text: to

text: formalize

text: a

text: unified

text: front

text: in

text: trade

text: and

text: negotiations

text: with

text: various

text: Indians

text: since

text: allegiance

text: of

text: the

text: various

text: tribes

text: and

text: nations

text: was

text: seen

text: to

text: be

text: pivotal

text: in

text: the

text: success

text: in

text: the

text: war

text: that

text: was

text: unfolding

text: The

text: plan

text: that

text: the

text: delegates

text: agreed

text: to

text: was

text: never

text: ratified

text: by

text: the

text: colonial

text: legislatures

text: nor

text: approved

text: of

text: by

text: the

text: crown

text: Nevertheless

text: the

text: format

text: of

text: the

text: congress

text: and

text: many

text: specifics

text: of

text: the

text: plan

text: became

text: the

text: prototype

text: for

text: confederation

text: during

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

question: What political response was convening in June/July 1754?

answer: Albany Congress

text: Albany Congress

answer: Albany Congress

text: Albany Congress

answer: the opening of hostilities

text: the opening of hostilities

answer: Albany Congress

text: Albany Congress

answer: Albany Congress

text: Albany Congress

question: What was the goal of congress?

answer: formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians, since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal

text: formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians, since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal

answer: formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians

text: formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians

answer: formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians

text: formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians

answer: unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians

text: unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians

answer: to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians

text: to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians

question: Was the plan formalized?

answer: The plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown

text: The plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown

answer: was never ratified

text: was never ratified

answer: never ratified

text: never ratified

answer: never ratified

text: never ratified

answer: The plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified

text: The plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified

question: What was the importance of the congress?

answer: format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence

text: format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence

answer: became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence

text: became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence

answer: became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence

text: became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence

answer: prototype for confederation

text: prototype for confederation

answer: became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence

text: became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence

question: What political response was convening in June/July 1745?

text: Albany Congress

question: What political response wasn't convening in June/July 1754?

text: Albany Congress

question: What wasn't the goal of congress?

question: Was the plan informalized?

question: What was the unimportance of the congress?


text: Undergraduate admission to Harvard is characterized by the Carnegie Foundation as "more selective, lower transfer-in". Harvard College accepted 5.3% of applicants for the class of 2019, a record low and the second lowest acceptance rate among all national universities. Harvard College ended its early admissions program in 2007 as the program was believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants applying to selective universities, yet for the class of 2016 an Early Action program was reintroduced.

title: Harvard_University

title: Harvard_University

text: Undergraduate

text: admission

text: to

text: Harvard

text: is

text: characterized

text: by

text: the

text: Carnegie

text: Foundation

text: as

text: more

text: selective

text: lower

text: transfer

text: in

text: Harvard

text: College

text: accepted

text: of

text: applicants

text: for

text: the

text: class

text: of

text: a

text: record

text: low

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: lowest

text: acceptance

text: rate

text: among

text: all

text: national

text: universities

text: Harvard

text: College

text: ended

text: its

text: early

text: admissions

text: program

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: program

text: was

text: believed

text: to

text: disadvantage

text: low

text: income

text: and

text: under

text: represented

text: minority

text: applicants

text: applying

text: to

text: selective

text: universities

text: yet

text: for

text: the

text: class

text: of

text: an

text: Early

text: Action

text: program

text: was

text: reintroduced

question: What is the applicant admission rate for class of 2019?

answer: accepted 5.3% of applicants

text: accepted 5.3% of applicants

answer: 5.3%

answer: 5.3%

question: In what year did Harvard end its early admission program?

answer: 2007

answer: 2007

answer: 2007

question: Why did Harvard end its early admission program?

answer: disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants

text: disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants

answer: believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants

text: believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants

answer: believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants

text: believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants

question: In what year was an early admission program reintroduced?

answer: 2016

answer: 2016

answer: 2016

question: How is admission to the Early Action program characterized?

text: "more selective, lower transfer-in"

question: What acceptance rate does the Early Action program have for 2019?

question: What rank does the Early Action program have among all others?

text: the second lowest acceptance rate

question: When did the Carnegie Foundation start managing statistics for university admissions?

question: What applicants does the Carnegie Foundation want to have more support for?


text: Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity. According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff, it was cells – more precisely, phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses. In contrast, the humoral theory of immunity, held, among others, by Robert Koch and Emil von Behring, stated that the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism’s “humors” rather than its cells.

title: Immune_system

title: Immune_system

text: Immunology

text: is

text: strongly

text: experimental

text: in

text: everyday

text: practice

text: but

text: is

text: also

text: characterized

text: by

text: an

text: ongoing

text: theoretical

text: attitude

text: Many

text: theories

text: have

text: been

text: suggested

text: in

text: immunology

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: present

text: time

text: The

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: saw

text: a

text: battle

text: between

text: cellular

text: and

text: humoral

text: theories

text: of

text: immunity

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: cellular

text: theory

text: of

text: immunity

text: represented

text: in

text: particular

text: by

text: Elie

text: Metchnikoff

text: it

text: was

text: cells

text: more

text: precisely

text: phagocytes

text: that

text: were

text: responsible

text: for

text: immune

text: responses

text: In

text: contrast

text: the

text: humoral

text: theory

text: of

text: immunity

text: held

text: among

text: others

text: by

text: Robert

text: Koch

text: and

text: Emil

text: von

text: Behring

text: stated

text: that

text: the

text: active

text: immune

text: agents

text: were

text: soluble

text: components

text: molecules

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: organism

text: ’s

text: humors

text: rather

text: than

text: its

text: cells

question: What were the two main theories of immunity at the end of the 19th century?

answer: "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity

text: "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity

answer: "cellular" and "humoral"

text: "cellular" and "humoral"

answer: "cellular" and "humoral" theories

text: "cellular" and "humoral" theories

question: Who was the main proponent of the cellular theory of immunity?

answer: Elie Metchnikoff

text: Elie Metchnikoff

answer: Elie Metchnikoff

text: Elie Metchnikoff

answer: Elie Metchnikoff

text: Elie Metchnikoff

question: Under Elie Metchnikoff's cellular theory, what cells were responsible for immune response?

answer: phagocytes

text: phagocytes

answer: phagocytes

text: phagocytes

answer: phagocytes

text: phagocytes

question: What two scientists were proponents of the humoral theory of immunity?

answer: Robert Koch and Emil von Behring

text: Robert Koch and Emil von Behring

answer: Robert Koch and Emil von Behring

text: Robert Koch and Emil von Behring

answer: Robert Koch and Emil von Behring,

text: Robert Koch and Emil von Behring,

question: According to the humoral theory of immunity, what were the bodies immune agents?

answer: soluble components (molecules)

text: soluble components (molecules)

answer: soluble components

text: soluble components

answer: soluble components (molecules)

text: soluble components (molecules)

question: What was suggested in immunology before the 19th century?

text: theories

question: Who was the main detractor of the cellular theory of immunity?

text: Elie Metchnikoff

question: Who were the main detractors of the humoral theory of immunity?

text: Robert Koch and Emil von Behring

question: What did cellular theory claim was in an organism's humors?

text: active immune agents