text:
This combination of cancellations and σ and π overlaps results in dioxygen's double bond character and reactivity, and a triplet electronic ground state. An electron configuration with two unpaired electrons as found in dioxygen (see the filled π* orbitals in the diagram), orbitals that are of equal energy—i.e., degenerate—is a configuration termed a spin triplet state. Hence, the ground state of the O
2 molecule is referred to as triplet oxygen.[b] The highest energy, partially filled orbitals are antibonding, and so their filling weakens the bond order from three to two. Because of its unpaired electrons, triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic molecules, which have paired electron spins; this prevents spontaneous combustion.

title: Oxygen

title: Oxygen

text: This

text: combination

text: of

text: cancellations

text: and

text: σ

text: and

text: π

text: overlaps

text: results

text: in

text: dioxygen

text: 's

text: double

text: bond

text: character

text: and

text: reactivity

text: and

text: a

text: triplet

text: electronic

text: ground

text: state

text: An

text: electron

text: configuration

text: with

text: two

text: unpaired

text: electrons

text: as

text: found

text: in

text: dioxygen

text: see

text: the

text: filled

text: π

text: orbitals

text: in

text: the

text: diagram

text: orbitals

text: that

text: are

text: of

text: equal

text: energy

text: i.e

text: degenerate

text: is

text: a

text: configuration

text: termed

text: a

text: spin

text: triplet

text: state

text: Hence

text: the

text: ground

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: O

text: molecule

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: triplet

text: oxygen.[b

text: The

text: highest

text: energy

text: partially

text: filled

text: orbitals

text: are

text: antibonding

text: and

text: so

text: their

text: filling

text: weakens

text: the

text: bond

text: order

text: from

text: three

text: to

text: two

text: Because

text: of

text: its

text: unpaired

text: electrons

text: triplet

text: oxygen

text: reacts

text: only

text: slowly

text: with

text: most

text: organic

text: molecules

text: which

text: have

text: paired

text: electron

text: spins

text: this

text: prevents

text: spontaneous

text: combustion

question: What is the term for the arrangement of two unpaired electrons in dioxygen?

answer: spin triplet state

text: spin triplet state

answer: spin triplet state

text: spin triplet state

answer: spin triplet state

text: spin triplet state

answer: spin triplet state

text: spin triplet state

answer: a spin triplet state

text: a spin triplet state

question: How is the O2 molecule referred to in its ground state?

answer: triplet oxygen

text: triplet oxygen

answer: O

text: O

answer: triplet oxygen

text: triplet oxygen

answer: triplet oxygen

text: triplet oxygen

answer: triplet oxygen

text: triplet oxygen

question: What causes triplet oxygen to react slowly?

answer: unpaired electrons

text: unpaired electrons

answer: its unpaired electrons

text: its unpaired electrons

answer: its unpaired electrons

text: its unpaired electrons

answer: Because of its unpaired electrons

text: Because of its unpaired electrons

answer: unpaired electrons

text: unpaired electrons

question: What type of combustion does the slow reaction of triplet oxygen prevent?

answer: spontaneous

text: spontaneous

answer: spontaneous combustion

text: spontaneous combustion

answer: spontaneous

text: spontaneous

answer: spontaneous

text: spontaneous

answer: spontaneous combustion

text: spontaneous combustion

question: What are the weakly filled higher orbitals of oxygen?

answer: antibonding

text: antibonding

answer: antibonding

text: antibonding

answer: antibonding

text: antibonding

answer: antibonding

text: antibonding

answer: antibonding

text: antibonding

question: What is the ground state of the O molecule referred to as?

text: triplet oxygen

question: What results in dioxygen's triplet bond character?

question: What does double oxygen react slowly with?

text: most organic molecules

question: What does double oxygen reacting slowly with most organic molecules prevent?

text: spontaneous combustion


text:
Oxygen gas (O
2) can be toxic at elevated partial pressures, leading to convulsions and other health problems.[j] Oxygen toxicity usually begins to occur at partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals (kPa), equal to about 50% oxygen composition at standard pressure or 2.5 times the normal sea-level O
2 partial pressure of about 21 kPa. This is not a problem except for patients on mechanical ventilators, since gas supplied through oxygen masks in medical applications is typically composed of only 30%–50% O
2 by volume (about 30 kPa at standard pressure). (although this figure also is subject to wide variation, depending on type of mask).

title: Oxygen

title: Oxygen

text: Oxygen

text: gas

text: O

text: can

text: be

text: toxic

text: at

text: elevated

text: partial

text: pressures

text: leading

text: to

text: convulsions

text: and

text: other

text: health

text: problems.[j

text: Oxygen

text: toxicity

text: usually

text: begins

text: to

text: occur

text: at

text: partial

text: pressures

text: more

text: than

text: kilopascals

text: kPa

text: equal

text: to

text: about

text: oxygen

text: composition

text: at

text: standard

text: pressure

text: or

text: times

text: the

text: normal

text: sea

text: level

text: O

text: partial

text: pressure

text: of

text: about

text: kPa

text: This

text: is

text: not

text: a

text: problem

text: except

text: for

text: patients

text: on

text: mechanical

text: ventilators

text: since

text: gas

text: supplied

text: through

text: oxygen

text: masks

text: in

text: medical

text: applications

text: is

text: typically

text: composed

text: of

text: only

text: O

text: by

text: volume

text: about

text: kPa

text: at

text: standard

text: pressure

text: although

text: this

text: figure

text: also

text: is

text: subject

text: to

text: wide

text: variation

text: depending

text: on

text: type

text: of

text: mask

question: When can oxygen gas produce a toxic condition?

answer: at elevated partial pressures

text: at elevated partial pressures

answer: elevated partial pressures

text: elevated partial pressures

answer: at elevated partial pressures

text: at elevated partial pressures

answer: at elevated partial pressures

text: at elevated partial pressures

answer: elevated partial pressures

text: elevated partial pressures

question: At what point does oxygen toxicity begin to happen?

answer: 50 kilopascals

text: 50 kilopascals

answer: at partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals

text: at partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals

answer: 50 kilopascals

text: 50 kilopascals

answer: more than 50 kilopascals

text: more than 50 kilopascals

answer: at partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals

text: at partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals

question: To what is 50 kilopascals equal?

answer: 50% oxygen

text: 50% oxygen

answer: about 50% oxygen composition at standard pressure

text: about 50% oxygen composition at standard pressure

answer: about 50% oxygen composition at standard pressure

text: about 50% oxygen composition at standard pressure

question: What medical appliance can be a concern for oxygen toxicity?

answer: mechanical ventilators

text: mechanical ventilators

answer: mechanical ventilators

text: mechanical ventilators

answer: mechanical ventilators

text: mechanical ventilators

answer: oxygen masks

text: oxygen masks

answer: mechanical ventilators

text: mechanical ventilators

question: What percentage of oxygen is usually supplied by a medical mask?

answer: 30%–50%

answer: 30%–50%

answer: 30%–50%

answer: 30%–50%

question: When can partial oxygen be toxic?

question: What is equal to 5% oxygen consumption?

text: 50 kilopascals (kPa)

question: What does kAp stand for?

text: kilopascals

question: What is composed of 21%-50% O2 by volume?

text: gas supplied through oxygen masks


text: Many questions regarding prime numbers remain open, such as Goldbach's conjecture (that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes), and the twin prime conjecture (that there are infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2). Such questions spurred the development of various branches of number theory, focusing on analytic or algebraic aspects of numbers. Primes are used in several routines in information technology, such as public-key cryptography, which makes use of properties such as the difficulty of factoring large numbers into their prime factors. Prime numbers give rise to various generalizations in other mathematical domains, mainly algebra, such as prime elements and prime ideals.

title: Prime_number

title: Prime_number

text: Many

text: questions

text: regarding

text: prime

text: numbers

text: remain

text: open

text: such

text: as

text: Goldbach

text: 's

text: conjecture

text: that

text: every

text: even

text: integer

text: greater

text: than

text: can

text: be

text: expressed

text: as

text: the

text: sum

text: of

text: two

text: primes

text: and

text: the

text: twin

text: prime

text: conjecture

text: that

text: there

text: are

text: infinitely

text: many

text: pairs

text: of

text: primes

text: whose

text: difference

text: is

text: Such

text: questions

text: spurred

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: various

text: branches

text: of

text: number

text: theory

text: focusing

text: on

text: analytic

text: or

text: algebraic

text: aspects

text: of

text: numbers

text: Primes

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: several

text: routines

text: in

text: information

text: technology

text: such

text: as

text: public

text: key

text: cryptography

text: which

text: makes

text: use

text: of

text: properties

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: difficulty

text: of

text: factoring

text: large

text: numbers

text: into

text: their

text: prime

text: factors

text: Prime

text: numbers

text: give

text: rise

text: to

text: various

text: generalizations

text: in

text: other

text: mathematical

text: domains

text: mainly

text: algebra

text: such

text: as

text: prime

text: elements

text: and

text: prime

text: ideals

question: What is the name of the supposition that any number larger than 2 can be represented as the sum of two primes?

answer: Goldbach's conjecture

text: Goldbach's conjecture

answer: Goldbach's conjecture

text: Goldbach's conjecture

answer: Goldbach's conjecture

text: Goldbach's conjecture

answer: Goldbach's conjecture

text: Goldbach's conjecture

answer: Goldbach's conjecture

text: Goldbach's conjecture

question: What is the name of the supposition that there are infinite pairs of primes whose difference is 2?

answer: the twin prime conjecture

text: the twin prime conjecture

answer: twin prime conjecture

text: twin prime conjecture

answer: twin prime conjecture

text: twin prime conjecture

answer: twin prime conjecture

text: twin prime conjecture

answer: twin prime conjecture

text: twin prime conjecture

question: Besides the analytic property of numbers, what other property of numbers does number theory focus on?

answer: algebraic aspects

text: algebraic aspects

answer: algebraic

text: algebraic

answer: algebraic

text: algebraic

answer: algebraic

text: algebraic

answer: algebraic aspects

text: algebraic aspects

question: What is the application of prime numbers used in information technology which utilizes the fact that factoring very large prime numbers is very challenging?

answer: public-key cryptography

text: public-key cryptography

answer: public-key cryptography

text: public-key cryptography

answer: public-key cryptography

text: public-key cryptography

answer: cryptography

text: cryptography

answer: public-key cryptography

text: public-key cryptography

question: What is the name of one algebraic generalization prime numbers have inspired?

answer: prime ideals

text: prime ideals

answer: prime elements

text: prime elements

answer: prime elements

text: prime elements

answer: prime elements

text: prime elements

question: What is the name of the supposition that any number larger than 1 can be represented as the sum of two primes?

text: Goldbach's conjecture

question: What is the name of the supposition that there are infinite pairs of primes whose difference is prime?

text: the twin prime conjecture

question: Besides the analytic property of Goldbach's conjecture, what other property of Goldbach's conjecture does number theory focus on?

text: algebraic aspects

question: What is the application of prime numbers used in information technology which utilizes the fact that factoring very large prime numbers is expressed in the sum of two primes?

text: public-key cryptography

question: What is the name of one algebraic generalization Goldbach's conjecture has inspired?

text: prime ideals


text: Before the foundation can be dug, contractors are typically required to verify and have existing utility lines marked, either by the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services. This lessens the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities, which could cause outages and potentially hazardous situations. During the construction of a building, the municipal building inspector inspects the building periodically to ensure that the construction adheres to the approved plans and the local building code. Once construction is complete and a final inspection has been passed, an occupancy permit may be issued.

title: Construction

title: Construction

text: Before

text: the

text: foundation

text: can

text: be

text: dug

text: contractors

text: are

text: typically

text: required

text: to

text: verify

text: and

text: have

text: existing

text: utility

text: lines

text: marked

text: either

text: by

text: the

text: utilities

text: themselves

text: or

text: through

text: a

text: company

text: specializing

text: in

text: such

text: services

text: This

text: lessens

text: the

text: likelihood

text: of

text: damage

text: to

text: the

text: existing

text: electrical

text: water

text: sewage

text: phone

text: and

text: cable

text: facilities

text: which

text: could

text: cause

text: outages

text: and

text: potentially

text: hazardous

text: situations

text: During

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: a

text: building

text: the

text: municipal

text: building

text: inspector

text: inspects

text: the

text: building

text: periodically

text: to

text: ensure

text: that

text: the

text: construction

text: adheres

text: to

text: the

text: approved

text: plans

text: and

text: the

text: local

text: building

text: code

text: Once

text: construction

text: is

text: complete

text: and

text: a

text: final

text: inspection

text: has

text: been

text: passed

text: an

text: occupancy

text: permit

text: may

text: be

text: issued

question: Who is required to verify and have existing utility lines marked?

answer: contractors

text: contractors

answer: contractors

text: contractors

answer: contractors

text: contractors

question: Having existing utility lines marked lessens the likelihood of what?

answer: damage

text: damage

answer: the likelihood of damage

text: the likelihood of damage

answer: the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities

text: the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities

question: What are some existing facilities?

answer: electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities

text: electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities

answer: electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable

text: electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable

answer: electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities

text: electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities

question: Who inspects the building periodically to ensure that the construction adheres to the approved plans and the local building code?

answer: the municipal building inspector

text: the municipal building inspector

answer: municipal building inspector

text: municipal building inspector

answer: the municipal building inspector

text: the municipal building inspector

question: What is issued once construction is complete and a final inspection has been passed?

answer: an occupancy permit

text: an occupancy permit

answer: occupancy permit

text: occupancy permit

answer: an occupancy permit

text: an occupancy permit

question: What happens before the foundation is dug and when a final inspection is passed?

text: an occupancy permit may be issued

question: What do building inspectors do about utility lines?

question: What does digging a foundation prevent damage to?

question: What do contractors look to ensure during building construction?

question: What do contractors inspect during building construction?

text: the building


text: The adoption of compounding was common for industrial units, for road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880; it was not universally popular in railway locomotives where it was often perceived as complicated. This is partly due to the harsh railway operating environment and limited space afforded by the loading gauge (particularly in Britain, where compounding was never common and not employed after 1930). However, although never in the majority, it was popular in many other countries.

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: The

text: adoption

text: of

text: compounding

text: was

text: common

text: for

text: industrial

text: units

text: for

text: road

text: engines

text: and

text: almost

text: universal

text: for

text: marine

text: engines

text: after

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: universally

text: popular

text: in

text: railway

text: locomotives

text: where

text: it

text: was

text: often

text: perceived

text: as

text: complicated

text: This

text: is

text: partly

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: harsh

text: railway

text: operating

text: environment

text: and

text: limited

text: space

text: afforded

text: by

text: the

text: loading

text: gauge

text: particularly

text: in

text: Britain

text: where

text: compounding

text: was

text: never

text: common

text: and

text: not

text: employed

text: after

text: However

text: although

text: never

text: in

text: the

text: majority

text: it

text: was

text: popular

text: in

text: many

text: other

text: countries

question: After what year was compounding frequently used in marine engines?

answer: 1880

answer: 1880

answer: 1880

question: Compounding was not popular in the construction of what machines?

answer: railway locomotives

text: railway locomotives

answer: railway locomotives

text: railway locomotives

answer: railway locomotives

text: railway locomotives

question: What was compounding seen as being in the locomotive construction industry?

answer: complicated

text: complicated

answer: complicated

text: complicated

answer: complicated

text: complicated

question: After what year did compounding cease to be used in Britain?

answer: 1930

answer: 1930

answer: 1930

question: Along with marine engines and industrial units, in what machines was compounding popular?

answer: road engines

text: road engines

answer: road engines

text: road engines

answer: road engines

text: road engines

question: After what year was compounding frequently used in railway engines?

question: Compounding was not popular in the loading of what machines?

text: railway locomotives

question: What was compounding seen as being in the marine industry?

text: complicated

question: After what year did marine locomotives cease to be used in Britain?

question: Along with marine engines and industrial units, in what machines were marine locomotives popular?

text: road engines


text: An Islamist movement influenced by Salafism and the jihad in Afghanistan, as well as the Muslim Brotherhood, was the FIS or Front Islamique de Salut (the Islamic Salvation Front) in Algeria. Founded as a broad Islamist coalition in 1989 it was led by Abbassi Madani, and a charismatic Islamist young preacher, Ali Belhadj. Taking advantage of economic failure and unpopular social liberalization and secularization by the ruling leftist-nationalist FLN government, it used its preaching to advocate the establishment of a legal system following Sharia law, economic liberalization and development program, education in Arabic rather than French, and gender segregation, with women staying home to alleviate the high rate of unemployment among young Algerian men. The FIS won sweeping victories in local elections and it was going to win national elections in 1991 when voting was canceled by a military coup d'état.

title: Islamism

title: Islamism

text: An

text: Islamist

text: movement

text: influenced

text: by

text: Salafism

text: and

text: the

text: jihad

text: in

text: Afghanistan

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Muslim

text: Brotherhood

text: was

text: the

text: FIS

text: or

text: Front

text: Islamique

text: de

text: Salut

text: the

text: Islamic

text: Salvation

text: Front

text: in

text: Algeria

text: Founded

text: as

text: a

text: broad

text: Islamist

text: coalition

text: in

text: it

text: was

text: led

text: by

text: Abbassi

text: Madani

text: and

text: a

text: charismatic

text: Islamist

text: young

text: preacher

text: Ali

text: Belhadj

text: Taking

text: advantage

text: of

text: economic

text: failure

text: and

text: unpopular

text: social

text: liberalization

text: and

text: secularization

text: by

text: the

text: ruling

text: leftist

text: nationalist

text: FLN

text: government

text: it

text: used

text: its

text: preaching

text: to

text: advocate

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: a

text: legal

text: system

text: following

text: Sharia

text: law

text: economic

text: liberalization

text: and

text: development

text: program

text: education

text: in

text: Arabic

text: rather

text: than

text: French

text: and

text: gender

text: segregation

text: with

text: women

text: staying

text: home

text: to

text: alleviate

text: the

text: high

text: rate

text: of

text: unemployment

text: among

text: young

text: Algerian

text: men

text: The

text: FIS

text: won

text: sweeping

text: victories

text: in

text: local

text: elections

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: going

text: to

text: win

text: national

text: elections

text: in

text: when

text: voting

text: was

text: canceled

text: by

text: a

text: military

text: coup

text: d'état

question: What does the acronym FIS stand for?

answer: Front Islamique de Salut

text: Front Islamique de Salut

answer: Front Islamique de Salut

text: Front Islamique de Salut

answer: Front Islamique de Salut

text: Front Islamique de Salut

question: Where was the FIS formed?

answer: Algeria

text: Algeria

answer: Algeria

text: Algeria

answer: Afghanistan

text: Afghanistan

question: When was the FIS founded?

answer: 1989

answer: 1989

answer: 1989

question: One of FIS' agenda items was to force women to start doing what?

answer: staying home

text: staying home

answer: staying home to alleviate the high rate of unemployment among young Algerian men

text: staying home to alleviate the high rate of unemployment among young Algerian men

answer: staying home

text: staying home

question: What were the national elections in 1991 canceled by?

answer: a military coup d'état

text: a military coup d'état

answer: a military coup d'état

text: a military coup d'état

answer: a military coup d'état

text: a military coup d'état

question: What does the acronym FISS stand for?

text: Front Islamique de Salut

question: Where was the FLIS formed?

text: Algeria

question: When was the FLIS founded?

question: One of FIS' agenda items was to force men to start doing what?

text: staying home

question: What were the national elections in 1994 canceled by?

text: military coup d'état


text: These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99 based graph featured in publicity. Even at the draft stage, this finding was disputed by contrarians: in May 2000 Fred Singer's Science and Environmental Policy Project held a press event on Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C., featuring comments on the graph Wibjörn Karlén and Singer argued against the graph at a United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation hearing on 18 July 2000. Contrarian John Lawrence Daly featured a modified version of the IPCC 1990 schematic, which he mis-identified as appearing in the IPCC 1995 report, and argued that "Overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report, the IPCC presented the 'Hockey Stick' as the new orthodoxy with hardly an apology or explanation for the abrupt U-turn since its 1995 report". Criticism of the MBH99 reconstruction in a review paper, which was quickly discredited in the Soon and Baliunas controversy, was picked up by the Bush administration, and a Senate speech by US Republican senator James Inhofe alleged that "manmade global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people". The data and methodology used to produce the "hockey stick graph" was criticized in papers by Stephen McIntyre and Ross McKitrick, and in turn the criticisms in these papers were examined by other studies and comprehensively refuted by Wahl & Ammann 2007, which showed errors in the methods used by McIntyre and McKitrick.

title: Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change

text: These

text: studies

text: were

text: widely

text: presented

text: as

text: demonstrating

text: that

text: the

text: current

text: warming

text: period

text: is

text: exceptional

text: in

text: comparison

text: to

text: temperatures

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: the

text: based

text: graph

text: featured

text: in

text: publicity

text: Even

text: at

text: the

text: draft

text: stage

text: this

text: finding

text: was

text: disputed

text: by

text: contrarians

text: in

text: May

text: Fred

text: Singer

text: 's

text: Science

text: and

text: Environmental

text: Policy

text: Project

text: held

text: a

text: press

text: event

text: on

text: Capitol

text: Hill

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: featuring

text: comments

text: on

text: the

text: graph

text: Wibjörn

text: Karlén

text: and

text: Singer

text: argued

text: against

text: the

text: graph

text: at

text: a

text: United

text: States

text: Senate

text: Committee

text: on

text: Commerce

text: Science

text: and

text: Transportation

text: hearing

text: on

text: July

text: Contrarian

text: John

text: Lawrence

text: Daly

text: featured

text: a

text: modified

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: IPCC

text: schematic

text: which

text: he

text: mis

text: identified

text: as

text: appearing

text: in

text: the

text: IPCC

text: report

text: and

text: argued

text: that

text: Overturning

text: its

text: own

text: previous

text: view

text: in

text: the

text: report

text: the

text: IPCC

text: presented

text: the

text: Hockey

text: Stick

text: as

text: the

text: new

text: orthodoxy

text: with

text: hardly

text: an

text: apology

text: or

text: explanation

text: for

text: the

text: abrupt

text: U

text: turn

text: since

text: its

text: report

text: Criticism

text: of

text: the

text: reconstruction

text: in

text: a

text: review

text: paper

text: which

text: was

text: quickly

text: discredited

text: in

text: the

text: Soon

text: and

text: Baliunas

text: controversy

text: was

text: picked

text: up

text: by

text: the

text: Bush

text: administration

text: and

text: a

text: Senate

text: speech

text: by

text: US

text: Republican

text: senator

text: James

text: Inhofe

text: alleged

text: that

text: manmade

text: global

text: warming

text: is

text: the

text: greatest

text: hoax

text: ever

text: perpetrated

text: on

text: the

text: American

text: people

text: The

text: data

text: and

text: methodology

text: used

text: to

text: produce

text: the

text: hockey

text: stick

text: graph

text: was

text: criticized

text: in

text: papers

text: by

text: Stephen

text: McIntyre

text: and

text: Ross

text: McKitrick

text: and

text: in

text: turn

text: the

text: criticisms

text: in

text: these

text: papers

text: were

text: examined

text: by

text: other

text: studies

text: and

text: comprehensively

text: refuted

text: by

text: Wahl

text: Ammann

text: which

text: showed

text: errors

text: in

text: the

text: methods

text: used

text: by

text: McIntyre

text: and

text: McKitrick

question: What range of years was the current warming compared to?

answer: between 1000 and 1900

text: between 1000 and 1900

answer: 1000 and 1900

text: 1000 and 1900

answer: 1000 and 1900

text: 1000 and 1900

question: Who led the Science and Environmental Policy Project?

answer: Fred Singer

text: Fred Singer

answer: Fred Singer

text: Fred Singer

answer: Fred Singer

text: Fred Singer

question: Where did Singer hold a press conference in May 2000?

answer: Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.

text: Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.

answer: Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.

text: Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.

answer: Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.

text: Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.

question: When did Singer dispute the graph at a Senate hearing?

answer: 18 July 2000

text: 18 July 2000

answer: May 2000

text: May 2000

answer: 18 July 2000

text: 18 July 2000

question: What Senate committee did Singer speak to in July 2000?

answer: United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation

text: United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation

answer: Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation

text: Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation

answer: United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation

text: United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation

question: Which years did studies find that warming was exceptional?

text: between 1000 and 1900

question: Who argued for including the graph in the final report?

text: Wibjörn Karlén

question: What did Karlen and Singer present to the US senate?

question: On what date did John Lawrence Daly present the IPCC 1995 report?

text: 18 July 2000

question: Which graph was supported by McIntyre and McKitrick?

text: hockey stick graph


text: As well as being added, forces can also be resolved into independent components at right angles to each other. A horizontal force pointing northeast can therefore be split into two forces, one pointing north, and one pointing east. Summing these component forces using vector addition yields the original force. Resolving force vectors into components of a set of basis vectors is often a more mathematically clean way to describe forces than using magnitudes and directions. This is because, for orthogonal components, the components of the vector sum are uniquely determined by the scalar addition of the components of the individual vectors. Orthogonal components are independent of each other because forces acting at ninety degrees to each other have no effect on the magnitude or direction of the other. Choosing a set of orthogonal basis vectors is often done by considering what set of basis vectors will make the mathematics most convenient. Choosing a basis vector that is in the same direction as one of the forces is desirable, since that force would then have only one non-zero component. Orthogonal force vectors can be three-dimensional with the third component being at right-angles to the other two.

title: Force

title: Force

text: As

text: well

text: as

text: being

text: added

text: forces

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: resolved

text: into

text: independent

text: components

text: at

text: right

text: angles

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: A

text: horizontal

text: force

text: pointing

text: northeast

text: can

text: therefore

text: be

text: split

text: into

text: two

text: forces

text: one

text: pointing

text: north

text: and

text: one

text: pointing

text: east

text: Summing

text: these

text: component

text: forces

text: using

text: vector

text: addition

text: yields

text: the

text: original

text: force

text: Resolving

text: force

text: vectors

text: into

text: components

text: of

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: basis

text: vectors

text: is

text: often

text: a

text: more

text: mathematically

text: clean

text: way

text: to

text: describe

text: forces

text: than

text: using

text: magnitudes

text: and

text: directions

text: This

text: is

text: because

text: for

text: orthogonal

text: components

text: the

text: components

text: of

text: the

text: vector

text: sum

text: are

text: uniquely

text: determined

text: by

text: the

text: scalar

text: addition

text: of

text: the

text: components

text: of

text: the

text: individual

text: vectors

text: Orthogonal

text: components

text: are

text: independent

text: of

text: each

text: other

text: because

text: forces

text: acting

text: at

text: ninety

text: degrees

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: have

text: no

text: effect

text: on

text: the

text: magnitude

text: or

text: direction

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: Choosing

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: orthogonal

text: basis

text: vectors

text: is

text: often

text: done

text: by

text: considering

text: what

text: set

text: of

text: basis

text: vectors

text: will

text: make

text: the

text: mathematics

text: most

text: convenient

text: Choosing

text: a

text: basis

text: vector

text: that

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: direction

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: forces

text: is

text: desirable

text: since

text: that

text: force

text: would

text: then

text: have

text: only

text: one

text: non

text: zero

text: component

text: Orthogonal

text: force

text: vectors

text: can

text: be

text: three

text: dimensional

text: with

text: the

text: third

text: component

text: being

text: at

text: right

text: angles

text: to

text: the

text: other

text: two

question: Whwn forces are at right ngles to each other what can they be broken down to?

answer: independent components

text: independent components

answer: independent components

text: independent components

answer: independent components

text: independent components

answer: independent components

text: independent components

question: If a force is pointing horizontally to the northeast, how many forces can you split the force into?

answer: two

text: two

answer: two

text: two

answer: two

text: two

answer: two

text: two

question: What do you get when you figure the sum of forces with vector addition?

answer: the original force

text: the original force

answer: the original force

text: the original force

answer: the original force

text: the original force

answer: the original force

text: the original force

question: What are the independant components of a vector sum that has been determined by scalar addition of individual vectors?

answer: orthogonal

text: orthogonal

answer: uniquely determined

text: uniquely determined

answer: orthogonal components

text: orthogonal components

answer: orthogonal components

text: orthogonal components

question: What can orthogonal forces be when there are three components with two at right angles to each other?

answer: three-dimensional

text: three-dimensional

answer: three-dimensional

text: three-dimensional

answer: three-dimensional

text: three-dimensional

answer: three-dimensional

text: three-dimensional

question: As well as being subtracted, forces can also what?

question: A vertical force pointing northeast can be split into how many forces?

text: two

question: What yields the non original force?

text: vector addition

question: Orthogonal force vectors can can four-dimensional with what?


text:
Reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide ion (O−
2) and hydrogen peroxide (H
2O
2), are dangerous by-products of oxygen use in organisms. Parts of the immune system of higher organisms create peroxide, superoxide, and singlet oxygen to destroy invading microbes. Reactive oxygen species also play an important role in the hypersensitive response of plants against pathogen attack. Oxygen is toxic to obligately anaerobic organisms, which were the dominant form of early life on Earth until O
2 began to accumulate in the atmosphere about 2.5 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event, about a billion years after the first appearance of these organisms.

title: Oxygen

title: Oxygen

text: Reactive

text: oxygen

text: species

text: such

text: as

text: superoxide

text: ion

text: O−

text: and

text: hydrogen

text: peroxide

text: H

text: are

text: dangerous

text: by

text: products

text: of

text: oxygen

text: use

text: in

text: organisms

text: Parts

text: of

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: of

text: higher

text: organisms

text: create

text: peroxide

text: superoxide

text: and

text: singlet

text: oxygen

text: to

text: destroy

text: invading

text: microbes

text: Reactive

text: oxygen

text: species

text: also

text: play

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: hypersensitive

text: response

text: of

text: plants

text: against

text: pathogen

text: attack

text: Oxygen

text: is

text: toxic

text: to

text: obligately

text: anaerobic

text: organisms

text: which

text: were

text: the

text: dominant

text: form

text: of

text: early

text: life

text: on

text: Earth

text: until

text: O

text: began

text: to

text: accumulate

text: in

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: about

text: billion

text: years

text: ago

text: during

text: the

text: Great

text: Oxygenation

text: Event

text: about

text: a

text: billion

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: first

text: appearance

text: of

text: these

text: organisms

question: What do the reactive forms of oxygen produce in organisms?

answer: dangerous by-products

text: dangerous by-products

answer: the immune system

text: the immune system

answer: hypersensitive response of plants against pathogen attack

text: hypersensitive response of plants against pathogen attack

answer: dangerous by-products of oxygen use in organisms

text: dangerous by-products of oxygen use in organisms

question: For what purpose do organisms make peroxide and superoxide?

answer: destroy invading microbes

text: destroy invading microbes

answer: to destroy invading microbes

text: to destroy invading microbes

answer: destroy invading microbes

text: destroy invading microbes

answer: to destroy invading microbes

text: to destroy invading microbes

answer: destroy invading microbes

text: destroy invading microbes

question: Against what does reactive oxygen play in plant defense?

answer: pathogen attack

text: pathogen attack

answer: pathogen attack

text: pathogen attack

answer: pathogen attack

text: pathogen attack

answer: pathogen attack

text: pathogen attack

answer: pathogen

text: pathogen

question: To what type of organisms is oxygen toxic?

answer: anaerobic

text: anaerobic

answer: obligately anaerobic organisms

text: obligately anaerobic organisms

answer: obligately anaerobic

text: obligately anaerobic

answer: obligately anaerobic

text: obligately anaerobic

answer: obligately anaerobic organisms

text: obligately anaerobic organisms

question: When did O2 begin to acculturate in the atmosphere?

answer: 2.5 billion years ago

text: 2.5 billion years ago

answer: 2.5 billion years ago

text: 2.5 billion years ago

answer: about 2.5 billion years ago

text: about 2.5 billion years ago

answer: about 2.5 billion years ago

text: about 2.5 billion years ago

answer: 2.5 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event

text: 2.5 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event

question: What is 2H02?

text: hydrogen peroxide

question: What is formula for the reactive oxygen ion?

question: What are products of oxygen use in organisms?

question: What began to accumulate 5.2 billion years ago?

question: What event occurred 5.2 billion years ago?

text: Great Oxygenation Event


text: All Recognized Student Organizations, from the University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt to Model UN, in addition to academic teams, sports club, arts groups, and more are funded by The University of Chicago Student Government. Student Government is made up of graduate and undergraduate students elected to represent members from their respective academic unit. It is led by an Executive Committee, chaired by a President with the assistance of two Vice Presidents, one for Administration and the other for Student Life, elected together as a slate by the student body each spring. Its annual budget is greater than $2 million.

title: University_of_Chicago

title: University_of_Chicago

text: All

text: Recognized

text: Student

text: Organizations

text: from

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: Scavenger

text: Hunt

text: to

text: Model

text: UN

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: academic

text: teams

text: sports

text: club

text: arts

text: groups

text: and

text: more

text: are

text: funded

text: by

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: Student

text: Government

text: Student

text: Government

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: graduate

text: and

text: undergraduate

text: students

text: elected

text: to

text: represent

text: members

text: from

text: their

text: respective

text: academic

text: unit

text: It

text: is

text: led

text: by

text: an

text: Executive

text: Committee

text: chaired

text: by

text: a

text: President

text: with

text: the

text: assistance

text: of

text: two

text: Vice

text: Presidents

text: one

text: for

text: Administration

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: for

text: Student

text: Life

text: elected

text: together

text: as

text: a

text: slate

text: by

text: the

text: student

text: body

text: each

text: spring

text: Its

text: annual

text: budget

text: is

text: greater

text: than

text: million

question: Who makes up the Student Government?

answer: graduate and undergraduate students

text: graduate and undergraduate students

answer: graduate and undergraduate students

text: graduate and undergraduate students

answer: graduate and undergraduate students elected to represent members from their respective academic unit

text: graduate and undergraduate students elected to represent members from their respective academic unit

question: Who leads the Student Government?

answer: an Executive Committee

text: an Executive Committee

answer: Executive Committee

text: Executive Committee

answer: an Executive Committee

text: an Executive Committee

question: How many vice presidents are on the Student Board?

answer: two

text: two

answer: two

text: two

answer: two

text: two

question: Roughly how much is the Student Government's budget?

answer: greater than $2 million

text: greater than $2 million

answer: $2 million

text: $2 million

answer: greater than $2 million

text: greater than $2 million

question: What organizations are funded by the student government?

text: All Recognized Student Organizations

question: The Chicago government is made up of what type of students?

text: graduate and undergraduate

question: Who are members of the sports club elected to represent?

question: The student government is led by the president and chaired by who?

text: Executive Committee

question: What is the annual budget for the Scavenger Hunt?

text: $2 million


text: Michael Oppenheimer, a long-time participant in the IPCC and coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report conceded in Science Magazine's State of the Planet 2008-2009 some limitations of the IPCC consensus approach and asks for concurring, smaller assessments of special problems instead of the large scale approach as in the previous IPCC assessment reports. It has become more important to provide a broader exploration of uncertainties. Others see as well mixed blessings of the drive for consensus within the IPCC process and ask to include dissenting or minority positions or to improve statements about uncertainties.

text: Michael

text: Oppenheimer

text: a

text: long

text: time

text: participant

text: in

text: the

text: IPCC

text: and

text: coordinating

text: lead

text: author

text: of

text: the

text: Fifth

text: Assessment

text: Report

text: conceded

text: in

text: Science

text: Magazine

text: 's

text: State

text: of

text: the

text: Planet

text: some

text: limitations

text: of

text: the

text: IPCC

text: consensus

text: approach

text: and

text: asks

text: for

text: concurring

text: smaller

text: assessments

text: of

text: special

text: problems

text: instead

text: of

text: the

text: large

text: scale

text: approach

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: previous

text: IPCC

text: assessment

text: reports

text: It

text: has

text: become

text: more

text: important

text: to

text: provide

text: a

text: broader

text: exploration

text: of

text: uncertainties

text: Others

text: see

text: as

text: well

text: mixed

text: blessings

text: of

text: the

text: drive

text: for

text: consensus

text: within

text: the

text: IPCC

text: process

text: and

text: ask

text: to

text: include

text: dissenting

text: or

text: minority

text: positions

text: or

text: to

text: improve

text: statements

text: about

text: uncertainties

question: What role did Michael Oppenheimer have in the IPCC's reports?

answer: coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report

text: coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report

answer: participant in the IPCC and coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report

text: participant in the IPCC and coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report

answer: coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report

text: coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report

question: Who published the State of the Planet 2008-2009 report?

answer: Science Magazine

text: Science Magazine

answer: Science Magazine

text: Science Magazine

answer: Science Magazine's

text: Science Magazine's

question: What approach did Oppenheimer advocate?

answer: concurring, smaller assessments of special problems

text: concurring, smaller assessments of special problems

answer: smaller assessments of special problems instead of the large scale approach

text: smaller assessments of special problems instead of the large scale approach

answer: concurring, smaller assessments of special problems

text: concurring, smaller assessments of special problems

question: Who was the author of the fourth assessment report?

text: Michael Oppenheimer

question: When was the fifth assessment report written?

question: What reports did Michael Oppenheimer suggest needed to contain a broad exploration of certainties?

text: IPCC assessment reports

question: Where are dissenting opinions published?

text: IPCC assessment reports

question: In which magazine did Oppenheimer defend the consensus approach?

text: Science Magazine


text: The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, and worked them into a functional hierarchical system in both Normandy and in England. The new Norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old French aristocracy, most of whom traced their lineage to Franks of the Carolingian dynasty. Most Norman knights remained poor and land-hungry, and by 1066 Normandy had been exporting fighting horsemen for more than a generation. Many Normans of Italy, France and England eventually served as avid Crusaders under the Italo-Norman prince Bohemund I and the Anglo-Norman king Richard the Lion-Heart.

title: Normans

title: Normans

text: The

text: Normans

text: thereafter

text: adopted

text: the

text: growing

text: feudal

text: doctrines

text: of

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: worked

text: them

text: into

text: a

text: functional

text: hierarchical

text: system

text: in

text: both

text: Normandy

text: and

text: in

text: England

text: The

text: new

text: Norman

text: rulers

text: were

text: culturally

text: and

text: ethnically

text: distinct

text: from

text: the

text: old

text: French

text: aristocracy

text: most

text: of

text: whom

text: traced

text: their

text: lineage

text: to

text: Franks

text: of

text: the

text: Carolingian

text: dynasty

text: Most

text: Norman

text: knights

text: remained

text: poor

text: and

text: land

text: hungry

text: and

text: by

text: Normandy

text: had

text: been

text: exporting

text: fighting

text: horsemen

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: generation

text: Many

text: Normans

text: of

text: Italy

text: France

text: and

text: England

text: eventually

text: served

text: as

text: avid

text: Crusaders

text: under

text: the

text: Italo

text: Norman

text: prince

text: Bohemund

text: I

text: and

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Norman

text: king

text: Richard

text: the

text: Lion

text: Heart

question: What was one of the Norman's major exports?

answer: fighting horsemen

text: fighting horsemen

answer: fighting horsemen

text: fighting horsemen

answer: fighting horsemen

text: fighting horsemen

question: Who adopted the fuedel doctrines of the Normans?

text: France

question: What was one of the Norman's major imports?

text: fighting horsemen

question: Who's arristocracy eventually served as avid Crusaders?

text: Italy, France and England


text: Newton's First Law of Motion states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity unless acted upon by an external net force or resultant force. This law is an extension of Galileo's insight that constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force (see a more detailed description of this below). Newton proposed that every object with mass has an innate inertia that functions as the fundamental equilibrium "natural state" in place of the Aristotelian idea of the "natural state of rest". That is, the first law contradicts the intuitive Aristotelian belief that a net force is required to keep an object moving with constant velocity. By making rest physically indistinguishable from non-zero constant velocity, Newton's First Law directly connects inertia with the concept of relative velocities. Specifically, in systems where objects are moving with different velocities, it is impossible to determine which object is "in motion" and which object is "at rest". In other words, to phrase matters more technically, the laws of physics are the same in every inertial frame of reference, that is, in all frames related by a Galilean transformation.

title: Force

title: Force

text: Newton

text: 's

text: First

text: Law

text: of

text: Motion

text: states

text: that

text: objects

text: continue

text: to

text: move

text: in

text: a

text: state

text: of

text: constant

text: velocity

text: unless

text: acted

text: upon

text: by

text: an

text: external

text: net

text: force

text: or

text: resultant

text: force

text: This

text: law

text: is

text: an

text: extension

text: of

text: Galileo

text: 's

text: insight

text: that

text: constant

text: velocity

text: was

text: associated

text: with

text: a

text: lack

text: of

text: net

text: force

text: see

text: a

text: more

text: detailed

text: description

text: of

text: this

text: below

text: Newton

text: proposed

text: that

text: every

text: object

text: with

text: mass

text: has

text: an

text: innate

text: inertia

text: that

text: functions

text: as

text: the

text: fundamental

text: equilibrium

text: natural

text: state

text: in

text: place

text: of

text: the

text: Aristotelian

text: idea

text: of

text: the

text: natural

text: state

text: of

text: rest

text: That

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: law

text: contradicts

text: the

text: intuitive

text: Aristotelian

text: belief

text: that

text: a

text: net

text: force

text: is

text: required

text: to

text: keep

text: an

text: object

text: moving

text: with

text: constant

text: velocity

text: By

text: making

text: rest

text: physically

text: indistinguishable

text: from

text: non

text: zero

text: constant

text: velocity

text: Newton

text: 's

text: First

text: Law

text: directly

text: connects

text: inertia

text: with

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: relative

text: velocities

text: Specifically

text: in

text: systems

text: where

text: objects

text: are

text: moving

text: with

text: different

text: velocities

text: it

text: is

text: impossible

text: to

text: determine

text: which

text: object

text: is

text: in

text: motion

text: and

text: which

text: object

text: is

text: at

text: rest

text: In

text: other

text: words

text: to

text: phrase

text: matters

text: more

text: technically

text: the

text: laws

text: of

text: physics

text: are

text: the

text: same

text: in

text: every

text: inertial

text: frame

text: of

text: reference

text: that

text: is

text: in

text: all

text: frames

text: related

text: by

text: a

text: Galilean

text: transformation

question: Whose First Law of Motion says that unless acted upon be forces, objects would continue to move at a constant velocity?

answer: Newton

text: Newton

answer: Newton's

text: Newton's

answer: Newton's

text: Newton's

answer: Newton's

text: Newton's

answer: Newton's

text: Newton's

question: What insight of Galileo was associated with constant velocity?

answer: lack of net force

text: lack of net force

answer: lack of net force

text: lack of net force

answer: constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force

text: constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force

answer: constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force

text: constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force

answer: lack of net force

text: lack of net force

question: Who proposed that innate intertial is the natural state of objects?

answer: Newton

text: Newton

answer: Newton

text: Newton

answer: Newton

text: Newton

answer: Newton

text: Newton

answer: Newton

text: Newton

question: What law connects relative velocities with inertia?

answer: Newton's First

text: Newton's First

answer: first law

text: first law

answer: Newton's First Law

text: Newton's First Law

answer: First Law

text: First Law

answer: Newton's First Law

text: Newton's First Law

question: What are the laws of physics of Galileo, in reference to objest in motion and rest?

answer: the same

text: the same

answer: a Galilean transformation

text: a Galilean transformation

answer: Galilean transformation

text: Galilean transformation

answer: the laws of physics are the same in every inertial frame of reference

text: the laws of physics are the same in every inertial frame of reference

answer: the same in every inertial frame of reference

text: the same in every inertial frame of reference

question: Newton's Second Law of Motion states what?

question: The second law contradicts what belief?

question: Whose law made rest physically indistinguishable from zero constant velocity?

text: Newton's First Law

question: What laws are different in every inertial frame of reference?

text: physics


text: Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection. The symptoms of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are caused by increased blood flow into tissue. Inflammation is produced by eicosanoids and cytokines, which are released by injured or infected cells. Eicosanoids include prostaglandins that produce fever and the dilation of blood vessels associated with inflammation, and leukotrienes that attract certain white blood cells (leukocytes). Common cytokines include interleukins that are responsible for communication between white blood cells; chemokines that promote chemotaxis; and interferons that have anti-viral effects, such as shutting down protein synthesis in the host cell. Growth factors and cytotoxic factors may also be released. These cytokines and other chemicals recruit immune cells to the site of infection and promote healing of any damaged tissue following the removal of pathogens.

title: Immune_system

title: Immune_system

text: Inflammation

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: responses

text: of

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: to

text: infection

text: The

text: symptoms

text: of

text: inflammation

text: are

text: redness

text: swelling

text: heat

text: and

text: pain

text: which

text: are

text: caused

text: by

text: increased

text: blood

text: flow

text: into

text: tissue

text: Inflammation

text: is

text: produced

text: by

text: eicosanoids

text: and

text: cytokines

text: which

text: are

text: released

text: by

text: injured

text: or

text: infected

text: cells

text: Eicosanoids

text: include

text: prostaglandins

text: that

text: produce

text: fever

text: and

text: the

text: dilation

text: of

text: blood

text: vessels

text: associated

text: with

text: inflammation

text: and

text: leukotrienes

text: that

text: attract

text: certain

text: white

text: blood

text: cells

text: leukocytes

text: Common

text: cytokines

text: include

text: interleukins

text: that

text: are

text: responsible

text: for

text: communication

text: between

text: white

text: blood

text: cells

text: chemokines

text: that

text: promote

text: chemotaxis

text: and

text: interferons

text: that

text: have

text: anti

text: viral

text: effects

text: such

text: as

text: shutting

text: down

text: protein

text: synthesis

text: in

text: the

text: host

text: cell

text: Growth

text: factors

text: and

text: cytotoxic

text: factors

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: released

text: These

text: cytokines

text: and

text: other

text: chemicals

text: recruit

text: immune

text: cells

text: to

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: infection

text: and

text: promote

text: healing

text: of

text: any

text: damaged

text: tissue

text: following

text: the

text: removal

text: of

text: pathogens

question: What is one of the first responses the immune system has to infection?

answer: Inflammation

text: Inflammation

answer: Inflammation

text: Inflammation

answer: Inflammation

text: Inflammation

question: What causes the symptoms of inflammation?

answer: increased blood flow into tissue

text: increased blood flow into tissue

answer: increased blood flow into tissue

text: increased blood flow into tissue

answer: increased blood flow into tissue

text: increased blood flow into tissue

question: What compounds are released by injured or infected cells, triggering inflammation?

answer: eicosanoids and cytokines

text: eicosanoids and cytokines

answer: eicosanoids and cytokines

text: eicosanoids and cytokines

answer: eicosanoids

text: eicosanoids

question: Eicosanoids include what compounds that result in fever and blood vessel dilation?

answer: prostaglandins

text: prostaglandins

answer: prostaglandins

text: prostaglandins

answer: prostaglandins

text: prostaglandins

question: What cytokines are responsible for communication between white blood cells?

answer: interleukins

text: interleukins

answer: interleukins

text: interleukins

answer: interleukins

text: interleukins

question: What is one of the last responses of the immune system to infection?

text: Inflammation

question: What is not a symptom that is caused by inflammation?

text: swelling

question: What substances do healthy cells produce?

text: eicosanoids and cytokines

question: What is a rare cytokine?

text: interleukins

question: What chemical keeps immune cells away from the site of infection?

text: cytokines


text: Where CHP is not used, steam turbines in power stations use surface condensers as a cold sink. The condensers are cooled by water flow from oceans, rivers, lakes, and often by cooling towers which evaporate water to provide cooling energy removal. The resulting condensed hot water output from the condenser is then put back into the boiler via a pump. A dry type cooling tower is similar to an automobile radiator and is used in locations where water is costly. Evaporative (wet) cooling towers use the rejected heat to evaporate water; this water is kept separate from the condensate, which circulates in a closed system and returns to the boiler. Such towers often have visible plumes due to the evaporated water condensing into droplets carried up by the warm air. Evaporative cooling towers need less water flow than "once-through" cooling by river or lake water; a 700 megawatt coal-fired power plant may use about 3600 cubic metres of make-up water every hour for evaporative cooling, but would need about twenty times as much if cooled by river water.[citation needed]

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: Where

text: CHP

text: is

text: not

text: used

text: steam

text: turbines

text: in

text: power

text: stations

text: use

text: surface

text: condensers

text: as

text: a

text: cold

text: sink

text: The

text: condensers

text: are

text: cooled

text: by

text: water

text: flow

text: from

text: oceans

text: rivers

text: lakes

text: and

text: often

text: by

text: cooling

text: towers

text: which

text: evaporate

text: water

text: to

text: provide

text: cooling

text: energy

text: removal

text: The

text: resulting

text: condensed

text: hot

text: water

text: output

text: from

text: the

text: condenser

text: is

text: then

text: put

text: back

text: into

text: the

text: boiler

text: via

text: a

text: pump

text: A

text: dry

text: type

text: cooling

text: tower

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: an

text: automobile

text: radiator

text: and

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: locations

text: where

text: water

text: is

text: costly

text: Evaporative

text: wet

text: cooling

text: towers

text: use

text: the

text: rejected

text: heat

text: to

text: evaporate

text: water

text: this

text: water

text: is

text: kept

text: separate

text: from

text: the

text: condensate

text: which

text: circulates

text: in

text: a

text: closed

text: system

text: and

text: returns

text: to

text: the

text: boiler

text: Such

text: towers

text: often

text: have

text: visible

text: plumes

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: evaporated

text: water

text: condensing

text: into

text: droplets

text: carried

text: up

text: by

text: the

text: warm

text: air

text: Evaporative

text: cooling

text: towers

text: need

text: less

text: water

text: flow

text: than

text: once

text: through

text: cooling

text: by

text: river

text: or

text: lake

text: water

text: a

text: megawatt

text: coal

text: fired

text: power

text: plant

text: may

text: use

text: about

text: cubic

text: metres

text: of

text: make

text: up

text: water

text: every

text: hour

text: for

text: evaporative

text: cooling

text: but

text: would

text: need

text: about

text: twenty

text: times

text: as

text: much

text: if

text: cooled

text: by

text: river

text: water.[citation

text: needed

question: What do power station steam turbines use as a cold sink in the absence of CHP?

answer: surface condensers

text: surface condensers

answer: surface condensers

text: surface condensers

answer: surface condensers

text: surface condensers

question: What device is a dry cooling tower similar to?

answer: automobile radiator

text: automobile radiator

answer: automobile radiator

text: automobile radiator

answer: an automobile radiator

text: an automobile radiator

question: In what sort of places are dry cooling towers used?

answer: where water is costly

text: where water is costly

answer: where water is costly

text: where water is costly

answer: locations where water is costly

text: locations where water is costly

question: An evaporative cooling tower is also referred to as what kind of cooling tower?

answer: wet

text: wet

answer: wet

text: wet

answer: wet

text: wet

question: About how many cubic meters of make-up water is used by a 700-megawatt coal-fired power plant for evaporative cooling hourly?

answer: 3600

answer: 3600

answer: 3600

question: What do power station steam turbines use as a cold sink in the absence of water?

text: surface condensers

question: What device is energy removal similar to?

text: automobile radiator

question: In what sort of places are rivers used?

text: where water is costly

question: A water cooling tower is also referred to as what kind of cooling tower?

text: wet

question: About how many cubic meters of make-up water is used by a 700-megawatt water-fired power plant for evaporative cooling hourly?


text: Legally, only non-profit trusts and societies can run schools in India. They will have to satisfy a number of infrastructure and human resource related criteria to get Recognition (a form of license) from the government. Critics of this system point out that this leads to corruption by school inspectors who check compliance and to fewer schools in a country that has the largest adult illiterate population in the world. While official data does not capture the real extent of private schooling in the country, various studies have reported unpopularity of government schools and an increasing number of private schools. The Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), which evaluates learning levels in rural India, has been reporting poorer academic achievement in government schools than in private schools. A key difference between the government and private schools is that the medium of education in private schools is English while it is the local language in government schools.

title: Private_school

title: Private_school

text: Legally

text: only

text: non

text: profit

text: trusts

text: and

text: societies

text: can

text: run

text: schools

text: in

text: India

text: They

text: will

text: have

text: to

text: satisfy

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: infrastructure

text: and

text: human

text: resource

text: related

text: criteria

text: to

text: get

text: Recognition

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: license

text: from

text: the

text: government

text: Critics

text: of

text: this

text: system

text: point

text: out

text: that

text: this

text: leads

text: to

text: corruption

text: by

text: school

text: inspectors

text: who

text: check

text: compliance

text: and

text: to

text: fewer

text: schools

text: in

text: a

text: country

text: that

text: has

text: the

text: largest

text: adult

text: illiterate

text: population

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: While

text: official

text: data

text: does

text: not

text: capture

text: the

text: real

text: extent

text: of

text: private

text: schooling

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: various

text: studies

text: have

text: reported

text: unpopularity

text: of

text: government

text: schools

text: and

text: an

text: increasing

text: number

text: of

text: private

text: schools

text: The

text: Annual

text: Status

text: of

text: Education

text: Report

text: ASER

text: which

text: evaluates

text: learning

text: levels

text: in

text: rural

text: India

text: has

text: been

text: reporting

text: poorer

text: academic

text: achievement

text: in

text: government

text: schools

text: than

text: in

text: private

text: schools

text: A

text: key

text: difference

text: between

text: the

text: government

text: and

text: private

text: schools

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: medium

text: of

text: education

text: in

text: private

text: schools

text: is

text: English

text: while

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: local

text: language

text: in

text: government

text: schools

question: Along with trusts, what other non-profits are allowed to run schools in India?

answer: societies

text: societies

answer: societies

text: societies

answer: societies

text: societies

question: What country has the most illiterate adults in the world?

answer: India

text: India

answer: India

text: India

answer: India

text: India

question: What is the full name of the ASER?

answer: Annual Status of Education Report

text: Annual Status of Education Report

answer: Annual Status of Education Report

text: Annual Status of Education Report

answer: Annual Status of Education Report

text: Annual Status of Education Report

question: What is the purpose of the ASER?

answer: evaluates learning levels in rural India

text: evaluates learning levels in rural India

answer: evaluates learning levels in rural India

text: evaluates learning levels in rural India

answer: evaluates learning levels in rural India

text: evaluates learning levels in rural India

question: In private schools, what language are classes taught in?

answer: English

text: English

answer: English

text: English

answer: English

text: English

question: Who can legally teach English in India?

text: only non-profit trusts and societies

question: What do government schools have to do to be able to teach English?

question: What is happening to the number of government schools in rural India?

text: increasing

question: What did the ASER report show about how people feel about private schools?

question: What does poor academic achievement lead to according to critics?

text: corruption


text: LeGrande writes that "the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible. In reviewing the voluminous literature on the subject, the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties. Like Alice in Wonderland, he often finds that specific terminology has no more (or no less) meaning than the individual orator intends it to have." He encourages a distinction between lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience.

title: Civil_disobedience

title: Civil_disobedience

text: LeGrande

text: writes

text: that

text: the

text: formulation

text: of

text: a

text: single

text: all

text: encompassing

text: definition

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: is

text: extremely

text: difficult

text: if

text: not

text: impossible

text: In

text: reviewing

text: the

text: voluminous

text: literature

text: on

text: the

text: subject

text: the

text: student

text: of

text: civil

text: disobedience

text: rapidly

text: finds

text: himself

text: surrounded

text: by

text: a

text: maze

text: of

text: semantical

text: problems

text: and

text: grammatical

text: niceties

text: Like

text: Alice

text: in

text: Wonderland

text: he

text: often

text: finds

text: that

text: specific

text: terminology

text: has

text: no

text: more

text: or

text: no

text: less

text: meaning

text: than

text: the

text: individual

text: orator

text: intends

text: it

text: to

text: have

text: He

text: encourages

text: a

text: distinction

text: between

text: lawful

text: protest

text: demonstration

text: nonviolent

text: civil

text: disobedience

text: and

text: violent

text: civil

text: disobedience

question: Who wrote that it is difficult to produce an all inclusive definition of civil disobedience?

answer: LeGrande

text: LeGrande

answer: LeGrande

text: LeGrande

answer: LeGrande

text: LeGrande

answer: LeGrande

text: LeGrande

answer: LeGrande

text: LeGrande

question: Le Grande also wrote that defining the term civil disobedience so difficult it could be described as?

answer: impossible

text: impossible

answer: a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties

text: a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties

answer: impossible

text: impossible

answer: impossible

text: impossible

question: Le grand asks for a variance of what three terms?

answer: lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience

text: lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience

answer: lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience

text: lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience

answer: lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience

text: lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience

answer: lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience

text: lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience

answer: lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience

text: lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience

question: Le grand states that students studying civil disobedience will often run into grammatical niceties and what other problem?

answer: semantical

text: semantical

answer: semantical

text: semantical

answer: a maze of semantical problems

text: a maze of semantical problems

answer: semantical

text: semantical

answer: semantical problems

text: semantical problems

question: Le grand concludes that an author's words offer only what they intended for them to imply regarding this type of terminology?

answer: specific

text: specific

answer: civil disobedience

text: civil disobedience

answer: specific

text: specific

answer: specific

text: specific

question: Who said that writing a good description of civil disobedience is hard?

answer: LeGrande

text: LeGrande

answer: LeGrande

text: LeGrande

answer: LeGrande

text: LeGrande

answer: LeGrande

text: LeGrande

answer: LeGrande

text: LeGrande

question: How much literature has been written regarding civil disobedience?

answer: voluminous literature

text: voluminous literature

answer: voluminous

text: voluminous

answer: voluminous

text: voluminous

answer: voluminous

text: voluminous

question: What issue plagues the literature about civil disobedience?

answer: semantical problems and grammatical niceties

text: semantical problems and grammatical niceties

answer: maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties

text: maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties

answer: semantical problems and grammatical niceties

text: semantical problems and grammatical niceties

answer: semantical problems and grammatical niceties

text: semantical problems and grammatical niceties

question: What type of protest falls under civil disobedience without aggression?

answer: nonviolent civil disobedience

text: nonviolent civil disobedience

answer: nonviolent civil disobedience

text: nonviolent civil disobedience

answer: nonviolent

text: nonviolent

answer: nonviolent

text: nonviolent

answer: nonviolent

text: nonviolent

question: What type of civil disobedience is accompanied by aggression?

answer: violent civil disobedience

text: violent civil disobedience

answer: violent civil disobedience

text: violent civil disobedience

answer: violent

text: violent

answer: violent

text: violent

answer: violent

text: violent

question: Who wrote that its difficult to formulate a definition of grammatical niceties?

text: LeGrande

question: What did LeGrande write about grammatical niceties?

question: What are you surrounded with if trying to study about violence in society?

question: How much has been written about the subject of grammar?

text: voluminous literature

question: What novel was written by LeGrande?

text: Alice in Wonderland


text: Earlier papers studying problems solvable by Turing machines with specific bounded resources include  John Myhill's definition of linear bounded automata (Myhill 1960), Raymond Smullyan's study of rudimentary sets (1961), as well as Hisao Yamada's paper on real-time computations (1962). Somewhat earlier, Boris Trakhtenbrot (1956), a pioneer in the field from the USSR, studied another specific complexity measure. As he remembers:

title: Computational_complexity_theory

title: Computational_complexity_theory

text: Earlier

text: papers

text: studying

text: problems

text: solvable

text: by

text: Turing

text: machines

text: with

text: specific

text: bounded

text: resources

text: include

text: John

text: Myhill

text: 's

text: definition

text: of

text: linear

text: bounded

text: automata

text: Myhill

text: Raymond

text: Smullyan

text: 's

text: study

text: of

text: rudimentary

text: sets

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Hisao

text: Yamada

text: 's

text: paper

text: on

text: real

text: time

text: computations

text: Somewhat

text: earlier

text: Boris

text: Trakhtenbrot

text: a

text: pioneer

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: from

text: the

text: USSR

text: studied

text: another

text: specific

text: complexity

text: measure

text: As

text: he

text: remembers

question: Who provided a definition of linear bounded automata in 1960?

answer: John Myhill

text: John Myhill

answer: John Myhill

text: John Myhill

answer: John Myhill

text: John Myhill

question: In what year did Raymond Sullivan publish a study of rudimentary sets?

answer: 1961

answer: 1961

answer: 1961

question: In 1962, who was responsible for the authorship of a paper published on real time-computations?

answer: Hisao Yamada

text: Hisao Yamada

answer: Hisao Yamada

text: Hisao Yamada

answer: Hisao Yamada

text: Hisao Yamada

question: Who wrote later papers studying problems solvable by Turning machines?

text: John Myhill's

question: Who provided a definition of linear bounded automata in 1970?

text: John Myhill's

question: What year did Dick Sullivan publish a study on rudimentary sets?

question: Who wrote a paper on real time computations in 1973?

text: Hisao Yamada

question: Who was pioneer and studied specific complexity measure in 1948?

text: Boris Trakhtenbrot


text: Warsaw is located on two main geomorphologic formations: the plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley with its asymmetrical pattern of different terraces. The Vistula River is the specific axis of Warsaw, which divides the city into two parts, left and right. The left one is situated both on the moraine plateau (10 to 25 m (32.8 to 82.0 ft) above Vistula level) and on the Vistula terraces (max. 6.5 m (21.3 ft) above Vistula level). The significant element of the relief, in this part of Warsaw, is the edge of moraine plateau called Warsaw Escarpment. It is 20 to 25 m (65.6 to 82.0 ft) high in the Old Town and Central district and about 10 m (32.8 ft) in the north and south of Warsaw. It goes through the city and plays an important role as a landmark.

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: Warsaw

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: two

text: main

text: geomorphologic

text: formations

text: the

text: plain

text: moraine

text: plateau

text: and

text: the

text: Vistula

text: Valley

text: with

text: its

text: asymmetrical

text: pattern

text: of

text: different

text: terraces

text: The

text: Vistula

text: River

text: is

text: the

text: specific

text: axis

text: of

text: Warsaw

text: which

text: divides

text: the

text: city

text: into

text: two

text: parts

text: left

text: and

text: right

text: The

text: left

text: one

text: is

text: situated

text: both

text: on

text: the

text: moraine

text: plateau

text: to

text: m

text: to

text: ft

text: above

text: Vistula

text: level

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: Vistula

text: terraces

text: max

text: m

text: ft

text: above

text: Vistula

text: level

text: The

text: significant

text: element

text: of

text: the

text: relief

text: in

text: this

text: part

text: of

text: Warsaw

text: is

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: moraine

text: plateau

text: called

text: Warsaw

text: Escarpment

text: It

text: is

text: to

text: m

text: to

text: ft

text: high

text: in

text: the

text: Old

text: Town

text: and

text: Central

text: district

text: and

text: about

text: m

text: ft

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: south

text: of

text: Warsaw

text: It

text: goes

text: through

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: plays

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: as

text: a

text: landmark

question: How many geomorphologic formations is Warsaw on?

answer: two

text: two

answer: two

text: two

answer: two

text: two

question: What formation has an asymmetrical pattern of different terraces?

answer: Vistula Valley

text: Vistula Valley

answer: geomorphologic

text: geomorphologic

answer: Vistula Valley

text: Vistula Valley

question: What is the axis of Warsaw which divides it into two parts?

answer: Vistula River

text: Vistula River

answer: Vistula River

text: Vistula River

answer: Vistula River

text: Vistula River

question: Which plateau is the left part of Warsaw on?

answer: moraine

text: moraine

answer: moraine

text: moraine

answer: moraine

text: moraine

question: What is the edge of the moraine plateau called?

answer: Warsaw Escarpment

text: Warsaw Escarpment

answer: Warsaw Escarpment

text: Warsaw Escarpment

answer: Warsaw Escarpment

text: Warsaw Escarpment

question: What formation has an asymmetrical pattern of different landmarks?

text: Vistula Valley

question: How many geomorphologic formations is Vistula on?

text: two

question: What is the axis of Vistula which divides it into two parts?

text: Vistula River

question: What is the edge of the Vistula plateau called?

text: Warsaw Escarpment

question: Which plateau is the left part of Vistula on?

text: moraine


text: In 2001, 16 national science academies issued a joint statement on climate change. The joint statement was made by the Australian Academy of Science, the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society of Canada, the Caribbean Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the French Academy of Sciences, the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina, the Indian National Science Academy, the Indonesian Academy of Sciences, the Royal Irish Academy, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (Italy), the Academy of Sciences Malaysia, the Academy Council of the Royal Society of New Zealand, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and the Royal Society (UK). The statement, also published as an editorial in the journal Science, stated "we support the [TAR's] conclusion that it is at least 90% certain that temperatures will continue to rise, with average global surface temperature projected to increase by between 1.4 and 5.8 °C above 1990 levels by 2100". The TAR has also been endorsed by the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences, Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, and European Geosciences Union (refer to "Endorsements of the IPCC").

text: In

text: national

text: science

text: academies

text: issued

text: a

text: joint

text: statement

text: on

text: climate

text: change

text: The

text: joint

text: statement

text: was

text: made

text: by

text: the

text: Australian

text: Academy

text: of

text: Science

text: the

text: Royal

text: Flemish

text: Academy

text: of

text: Belgium

text: for

text: Science

text: and

text: the

text: Arts

text: the

text: Brazilian

text: Academy

text: of

text: Sciences

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: of

text: Canada

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: Academy

text: of

text: Sciences

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Academy

text: of

text: Sciences

text: the

text: French

text: Academy

text: of

text: Sciences

text: the

text: German

text: Academy

text: of

text: Natural

text: Scientists

text: Leopoldina

text: the

text: Indian

text: National

text: Science

text: Academy

text: the

text: Indonesian

text: Academy

text: of

text: Sciences

text: the

text: Royal

text: Irish

text: Academy

text: Accademia

text: Nazionale

text: dei

text: Lincei

text: Italy

text: the

text: Academy

text: of

text: Sciences

text: Malaysia

text: the

text: Academy

text: Council

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: of

text: New

text: Zealand

text: the

text: Royal

text: Swedish

text: Academy

text: of

text: Sciences

text: and

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: UK

text: The

text: statement

text: also

text: published

text: as

text: an

text: editorial

text: in

text: the

text: journal

text: Science

text: stated

text: we

text: support

text: the

text: TAR

text: 's

text: conclusion

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: at

text: least

text: certain

text: that

text: temperatures

text: will

text: continue

text: to

text: rise

text: with

text: average

text: global

text: surface

text: temperature

text: projected

text: to

text: increase

text: by

text: between

text: and

text: C

text: above

text: levels

text: by

text: The

text: TAR

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: endorsed

text: by

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Foundation

text: for

text: Climate

text: and

text: Atmospheric

text: Sciences

text: Canadian

text: Meteorological

text: and

text: Oceanographic

text: Society

text: and

text: European

text: Geosciences

text: Union

text: refer

text: to

text: Endorsements

text: of

text: the

text: IPCC

question: When was the joint statement on climate change issued?

answer: 2001

answer: 2001

answer: 2001

question: How many organizations issued the joint statement on climate change?

answer: 16 national science academies

text: 16 national science academies

answer: 16

answer: 16

question: Which journal was the joint statement published in?

answer: Science

text: Science

answer: Science

text: Science

answer: Science

text: Science

question: How sure did the statement say scientists were that temperatures would keep rising?

answer: at least 90%

text: at least 90%

answer: at least 90%

text: at least 90%

answer: at least 90% certain

text: at least 90% certain

question: How much did the statement predict global surface temperature would increase by 2100?

answer: between 1.4 and 5.8 °C above 1990 levels

text: between 1.4 and 5.8 °C above 1990 levels

answer: 1.4 and 5.8 °C

text: 1.4 and 5.8 °C

answer: between 1.4 and 5.8 °C

text: between 1.4 and 5.8 °C

question: In what year did 12 national science academies issue a joint statement on climate change?

question: Which society was responsible for the publication of the joint statement?

text: Royal Society (UK)

question: What journal was the facts of climate change published in?

text: the journal Science

question: Who concluded that CO2 would raise by 90%?

text: TAR

question: What year is average CO2 levels expected to increase by 90%?


text: The project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements. Constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner. Some legal requirements come from malum in se considerations, or the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad – bridge collapses or explosions. Other legal requirements come from malum prohibitum considerations, or things that are a matter of custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district and residences to a residential district. An attorney may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the building will be built, either by arguing that a rule is inapplicable (the bridge design will not cause a collapse), or that the custom is no longer needed (acceptance of live-work spaces has grown in the community).

title: Construction

title: Construction

text: The

text: project

text: must

text: adhere

text: to

text: zoning

text: and

text: building

text: code

text: requirements

text: Constructing

text: a

text: project

text: that

text: fails

text: to

text: adhere

text: to

text: codes

text: does

text: not

text: benefit

text: the

text: owner

text: Some

text: legal

text: requirements

text: come

text: from

text: malum

text: in

text: se

text: considerations

text: or

text: the

text: desire

text: to

text: prevent

text: things

text: that

text: are

text: indisputably

text: bad

text: bridge

text: collapses

text: or

text: explosions

text: Other

text: legal

text: requirements

text: come

text: from

text: malum

text: prohibitum

text: considerations

text: or

text: things

text: that

text: are

text: a

text: matter

text: of

text: custom

text: or

text: expectation

text: such

text: as

text: isolating

text: businesses

text: to

text: a

text: business

text: district

text: and

text: residences

text: to

text: a

text: residential

text: district

text: An

text: attorney

text: may

text: seek

text: changes

text: or

text: exemptions

text: in

text: the

text: law

text: that

text: governs

text: the

text: land

text: where

text: the

text: building

text: will

text: be

text: built

text: either

text: by

text: arguing

text: that

text: a

text: rule

text: is

text: inapplicable

text: the

text: bridge

text: design

text: will

text: not

text: cause

text: a

text: collapse

text: or

text: that

text: the

text: custom

text: is

text: no

text: longer

text: needed

text: acceptance

text: of

text: live

text: work

text: spaces

text: has

text: grown

text: in

text: the

text: community

question: What must a project adhere to?

answer: zoning and building code requirements

text: zoning and building code requirements

answer: zoning and building code requirements

text: zoning and building code requirements

answer: zoning and building code requirements

text: zoning and building code requirements

question: Constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit whom?

answer: the owner

text: the owner

answer: owner

text: owner

answer: the owner

text: the owner

question: What is malum in se considerations?

answer: the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad

text: the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad

answer: desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad

text: desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad

answer: the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad

text: the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad

question: What are malum prohibitum considerations?

answer: things that are a matter of custom or expectation

text: things that are a matter of custom or expectation

answer: things that are a matter of custom or expectation

text: things that are a matter of custom or expectation

answer: things that are a matter of custom or expectation

text: things that are a matter of custom or expectation

question: Who may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the building will be built?

answer: An attorney

text: An attorney

answer: attorney

text: attorney

answer: An attorney

text: An attorney

question: What must an attorney adhere to?

text: zoning and building code requirements

question: Who doesn't benefit when a project doesn't follow a residential district?

text: the owner

question: What do exemptions come from that prevent bad things?

text: malum in se considerations

question: What is one way an attorney tries to get a business district changed?

text: arguing that a rule is inapplicable

question: What does a custom or expectation do to affect a building before its built?

text: seek changes or exemptions


text: Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830. This book, which influenced the thought of Charles Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the Earth's history and are still occurring today. In contrast, catastrophism is the theory that Earth's features formed in single, catastrophic events and remained unchanged thereafter. Though Hutton believed in uniformitarianism, the idea was not widely accepted at the time.

title: Geology

title: Geology

text: Sir

text: Charles

text: Lyell

text: first

text: published

text: his

text: famous

text: book

text: Principles

text: of

text: Geology

text: in

text: This

text: book

text: which

text: influenced

text: the

text: thought

text: of

text: Charles

text: Darwin

text: successfully

text: promoted

text: the

text: doctrine

text: of

text: uniformitarianism

text: This

text: theory

text: states

text: that

text: slow

text: geological

text: processes

text: have

text: occurred

text: throughout

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: history

text: and

text: are

text: still

text: occurring

text: today

text: In

text: contrast

text: catastrophism

text: is

text: the

text: theory

text: that

text: Earth

text: 's

text: features

text: formed

text: in

text: single

text: catastrophic

text: events

text: and

text: remained

text: unchanged

text: thereafter

text: Though

text: Hutton

text: believed

text: in

text: uniformitarianism

text: the

text: idea

text: was

text: not

text: widely

text: accepted

text: at

text: the

text: time

question: First published by Sir Charles Lyell in 1830 this book was called what?

answer: Principles of Geology

text: Principles of Geology

answer: Principles of Geology

text: Principles of Geology

answer: Principles of Geology

text: Principles of Geology

question: What doctrine did the doctrine of the Principles of Geology successfully promote?

answer: uniformitarianism

text: uniformitarianism

answer: uniformitarianism

text: uniformitarianism

answer: uniformitarianism

text: uniformitarianism

question: Which theory states that slow geological processes are still occurring today, and have occurred throughout Earth's history?

answer: uniformitarianism

text: uniformitarianism

answer: uniformitarianism

text: uniformitarianism

answer: uniformitarianism

text: uniformitarianism

question: Which theory states that Earth's features remained unchanged after forming in one single catastrophic event?

answer: catastrophism

text: catastrophism

answer: catastrophism

text: catastrophism

answer: catastrophism

text: catastrophism

question: Which famous evolutionist was influenced by the book Principles of Geology?

answer: Charles Darwin

text: Charles Darwin

answer: Charles Darwin

text: Charles Darwin

answer: Charles Darwin

text: Charles Darwin

question: What did Charles Darwin publish in 1830?

text: Principles of Geology

question: What did Charles Darwin successfully promote?

text: the doctrine of uniformitarianism

question: What does catastrophism believe is still occurring today?

text: geological processes

question: What did people think about catastrophism during Charles Darwin's time?

question: What did Hutton believe was formed in one catastrophic event?

text: Earth's features

question: What book did Darwin publish in 1830?

text: Principles of Geology

question: What idea by Charles Lyell was widely accepted at the time of publication?

text: uniformitarianism

question: When was Sir Charles Lyell born?

question: Whom was Charles Lyell influenced by?

text: Charles Darwin

question: Lyell's book failed to publicize what view?

text: uniformitarianism