text: With Istanbul as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the center of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late nineteenth century. The empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century, with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, but it dissolved in the aftermath of World War I, leading to the emergence of the new state of Turkey in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland, as well as the creation of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states, thus ending Turkish colonial ambitions.

title: Imperialism

title: Imperialism

text: With

text: Istanbul

text: as

text: its

text: capital

text: and

text: control

text: of

text: lands

text: around

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: basin

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: was

text: at

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: interactions

text: between

text: the

text: Eastern

text: and

text: Western

text: worlds

text: for

text: six

text: centuries

text: Following

text: a

text: long

text: period

text: of

text: military

text: setbacks

text: against

text: European

text: powers

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: gradually

text: declined

text: into

text: the

text: late

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: The

text: empire

text: allied

text: with

text: Germany

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: with

text: the

text: imperial

text: ambition

text: of

text: recovering

text: its

text: lost

text: territories

text: but

text: it

text: dissolved

text: in

text: the

text: aftermath

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: emergence

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: state

text: of

text: Turkey

text: in

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Anatolian

text: heartland

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: modern

text: Balkan

text: and

text: Middle

text: Eastern

text: states

text: thus

text: ending

text: Turkish

text: colonial

text: ambitions

question: What was the capital of the Ottoman empire?

answer: Istanbul

text: Istanbul

answer: Istanbul

text: Istanbul

answer: Istanbul

text: Istanbul

answer: Istanbul

text: Istanbul

answer: Istanbul

text: Istanbul

question: Who did the Ottoman empire ally with in WW I?

answer: Germany

text: Germany

answer: Germany

text: Germany

answer: Germany

text: Germany

answer: Germany

text: Germany

answer: Germany

text: Germany

question: Which country today is a remnant of the Ottoman empire?

answer: Turkey

text: Turkey

answer: Turkey

text: Turkey

answer: Turkey

text: Turkey

answer: Turkey

text: Turkey

answer: Turkey

text: Turkey

question: What ended Turkish imperial Ambitions?

answer: World War I

text: World War I

answer: creation of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states

text: creation of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states

answer: the creation of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states

text: the creation of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states

answer: creation of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states

text: creation of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states

answer: creation of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states

text: creation of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states

question: What was not the capital of the Ottoman empire?

text: Istanbul

question: Where was the less popular trading center for the Ottoman empire?

text: Mediterranean basin

question: Who did the Ottoman empire ally with in WWII?

text: Germany

question: Which country today is not a remnant of the Ottoman empire?

text: Germany

question: What ended French imperial Ambitions?

text: World War I


text: In 2012 the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world. It was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in Central Europe. Today Warsaw is considered an "Alpha–" global city, a major international tourist destination and a significant cultural, political and economic hub. Warsaw's economy, by a wide variety of industries, is characterised by FMCG manufacturing, metal processing, steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing. The city is a significant centre of research and development, BPO, ITO, as well as of the Polish media industry. The Warsaw Stock Exchange is one of the largest and most important in Central and Eastern Europe. Frontex, the European Union agency for external border security, has its headquarters in Warsaw. It has been said that Warsaw, together with Frankfurt, London, Paris and Barcelona is one of the cities with the highest number of skyscrapers in the European Union. Warsaw has also been called "Eastern Europe’s chic cultural capital with thriving art and club scenes and serious restaurants".

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: In

text: the

text: Economist

text: Intelligence

text: Unit

text: ranked

text: Warsaw

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: liveable

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: ranked

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: liveable

text: cities

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: Today

text: Warsaw

text: is

text: considered

text: an

text: Alpha–

text: global

text: city

text: a

text: major

text: international

text: tourist

text: destination

text: and

text: a

text: significant

text: cultural

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: hub

text: Warsaw

text: 's

text: economy

text: by

text: a

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: industries

text: is

text: characterised

text: by

text: FMCG

text: manufacturing

text: metal

text: processing

text: steel

text: and

text: electronic

text: manufacturing

text: and

text: food

text: processing

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: a

text: significant

text: centre

text: of

text: research

text: and

text: development

text: BPO

text: ITO

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: Polish

text: media

text: industry

text: The

text: Warsaw

text: Stock

text: Exchange

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: important

text: in

text: Central

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: Frontex

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: agency

text: for

text: external

text: border

text: security

text: has

text: its

text: headquarters

text: in

text: Warsaw

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: said

text: that

text: Warsaw

text: together

text: with

text: Frankfurt

text: London

text: Paris

text: and

text: Barcelona

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: cities

text: with

text: the

text: highest

text: number

text: of

text: skyscrapers

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Warsaw

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: called

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: ’s

text: chic

text: cultural

text: capital

text: with

text: thriving

text: art

text: and

text: club

text: scenes

text: and

text: serious

text: restaurants

question: Who ranked Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world?

answer: Economist Intelligence Unit

text: Economist Intelligence Unit

answer: Economist Intelligence Unit

text: Economist Intelligence Unit

answer: Economist Intelligence Unit

text: Economist Intelligence Unit

question: When was Warsaw ranked as the 32nd most liveable city in the world?

answer: 2012

answer: 2012

answer: 2012

question: What is Warsaw's economy characterized by?

answer: wide variety of industries

text: wide variety of industries

answer: FMCG manufacturing, metal processing, steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing

text: FMCG manufacturing, metal processing, steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing

answer: FMCG manufacturing

text: FMCG manufacturing

question: What exchange in Warsaw is one of the most important for Central and Eastern Europe?

answer: Stock

text: Stock

answer: Warsaw Stock Exchange

text: Warsaw Stock Exchange

answer: Warsaw Stock Exchange

text: Warsaw Stock Exchange

question: What is the name of the European Union agency for external border security?

answer: Frontex

text: Frontex

answer: Frontex

text: Frontex

answer: Frontex

text: Frontex

question: Who ranked Warsaw as 22nd most liveable city in the world?

text: Economist Intelligence Unit

question: What is FMCG's economy characterized by?

text: wide variety of industries

question: What exchange in the FMCG is one of the most important for Central and Eastern Europe?

text: Stock

question: When was Warsaw ranked as the 22nd most liveable city in the world?

question: WHat is the name of the FMCG agency for external border security?

text: Frontex


text: In 2010 the Amazon rainforest experienced another severe drought, in some ways more extreme than the 2005 drought. The affected region was approximate 1,160,000 square miles (3,000,000 km2) of rainforest, compared to 734,000 square miles (1,900,000 km2) in 2005. The 2010 drought had three epicenters where vegetation died off, whereas in 2005 the drought was focused on the southwestern part. The findings were published in the journal Science. In a typical year the Amazon absorbs 1.5 gigatons of carbon dioxide; during 2005 instead 5 gigatons were released and in 2010 8 gigatons were released.

title: Amazon_rainforest

title: Amazon_rainforest

text: In

text: the

text: Amazon

text: rainforest

text: experienced

text: another

text: severe

text: drought

text: in

text: some

text: ways

text: more

text: extreme

text: than

text: the

text: drought

text: The

text: affected

text: region

text: was

text: approximate

text: square

text: miles

text: of

text: rainforest

text: compared

text: to

text: square

text: miles

text: in

text: The

text: drought

text: had

text: three

text: epicenters

text: where

text: vegetation

text: died

text: off

text: whereas

text: in

text: the

text: drought

text: was

text: focused

text: on

text: the

text: southwestern

text: part

text: The

text: findings

text: were

text: published

text: in

text: the

text: journal

text: Science

text: In

text: a

text: typical

text: year

text: the

text: Amazon

text: absorbs

text: gigatons

text: of

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: during

text: instead

text: gigatons

text: were

text: released

text: and

text: in

text: gigatons

text: were

text: released

question: In what year did the Amazon experience a drought that may have been more extreme than in 2005?

answer: 2010

answer: 2010

answer: 2010

question: How many square miles large was the region impacted by the 2010 drought?

answer: 1,160,000

answer: 1,160,000

answer: 1,160,000

question: How many areas were impacted by the the death of vegetation in the 2010 drought?

answer: three epicenters

text: three epicenters

answer: three epicenters

text: three epicenters

answer: three

text: three

question: The southern part of the Amazon forest was mainly impacted by drought in what year?

answer: 2005

answer: 2005

answer: 2005

question: How many tons of carbon are absorbed the Amazon in a typical year?

answer: 1.5 gigatons

text: 1.5 gigatons

answer: 1.5 gigatons

text: 1.5 gigatons

answer: 1.5 gigatons

text: 1.5 gigatons

question: Amazon rain forest experienced another mild drought in what year

question: The Amazon releases how much carbon dioxide each year?

text: 1.5 gigatons

question: The 2010 drought had three what were vegetation increased?

text: epicenters

question: In 2005 the force absorbed how much carbon dioxide?

text: 5 gigatons

question: In 2010 the force absorbed 8 Gt of what

text: carbon dioxide


text:
The common allotrope of elemental oxygen on Earth is called dioxygen, O
2. It is the form that is a major part of the Earth's atmosphere (see Occurrence). O2 has a bond length of 121 pm and a bond energy of 498 kJ·mol−1, which is smaller than the energy of other double bonds or pairs of single bonds in the biosphere and responsible for the exothermic reaction of O2 with any organic molecule. Due to its energy content, O2 is used by complex forms of life, such as animals, in cellular respiration (see Biological role). Other aspects of O
2 are covered in the remainder of this article.

title: Oxygen

title: Oxygen

text: The

text: common

text: allotrope

text: of

text: elemental

text: oxygen

text: on

text: Earth

text: is

text: called

text: dioxygen

text: O

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: form

text: that

text: is

text: a

text: major

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: atmosphere

text: see

text: Occurrence

text: has

text: a

text: bond

text: length

text: of

text: pm

text: and

text: a

text: bond

text: energy

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: smaller

text: than

text: the

text: energy

text: of

text: other

text: double

text: bonds

text: or

text: pairs

text: of

text: single

text: bonds

text: in

text: the

text: biosphere

text: and

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: exothermic

text: reaction

text: of

text: with

text: any

text: organic

text: molecule

text: Due

text: to

text: its

text: energy

text: content

text: is

text: used

text: by

text: complex

text: forms

text: of

text: life

text: such

text: as

text: animals

text: in

text: cellular

text: respiration

text: see

text: Biological

text: role

text: Other

text: aspects

text: of

text: O

text: are

text: covered

text: in

text: the

text: remainder

text: of

text: this

text: article

question: What is the most common form of oxygen on the planet?

answer: dioxygen

text: dioxygen

answer: dioxygen

text: dioxygen

answer: dioxygen

text: dioxygen

answer: dioxygen

text: dioxygen

question: What is the scientific designation of oxygen?

answer: O2

question: What part the composition of the Earth's atmosphere is comprised of oxygen?

answer: major

text: major

answer: major

text: major

answer: major

text: major

answer: a major part

text: a major part

answer: major

text: major

question: What characteristic of oxygen makes it necessary to life?

answer: energy content

text: energy content

answer: its energy content

text: its energy content

answer: energy content

text: energy content

answer: energy content

text: energy content

answer: its energy content

text: its energy content

question: For what purpose is oxygen used by animal life?

answer: cellular respiration

text: cellular respiration

answer: cellular respiration

text: cellular respiration

answer: cellular respiration

text: cellular respiration

answer: in cellular respiration

text: in cellular respiration

answer: cellular respiration

text: cellular respiration

question: What is oxygen on Earth, O, referred to as?

text: dioxygen

question: What has a bond energy of 121 pm?

question: What has a bond length of 498 kJ·mol−1?

question: Why do animals use O2 for biological respiration?

text: energy content


text: Several barriers protect organisms from infection, including mechanical, chemical, and biological barriers. The waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton of insects, the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs, and skin are examples of mechanical barriers that are the first line of defense against infection. However, as organisms cannot be completely sealed from their environments, other systems act to protect body openings such as the lungs, intestines, and the genitourinary tract. In the lungs, coughing and sneezing mechanically eject pathogens and other irritants from the respiratory tract. The flushing action of tears and urine also mechanically expels pathogens, while mucus secreted by the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract serves to trap and entangle microorganisms.

title: Immune_system

title: Immune_system

text: Several

text: barriers

text: protect

text: organisms

text: from

text: infection

text: including

text: mechanical

text: chemical

text: and

text: biological

text: barriers

text: The

text: waxy

text: cuticle

text: of

text: many

text: leaves

text: the

text: exoskeleton

text: of

text: insects

text: the

text: shells

text: and

text: membranes

text: of

text: externally

text: deposited

text: eggs

text: and

text: skin

text: are

text: examples

text: of

text: mechanical

text: barriers

text: that

text: are

text: the

text: first

text: line

text: of

text: defense

text: against

text: infection

text: However

text: as

text: organisms

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: completely

text: sealed

text: from

text: their

text: environments

text: other

text: systems

text: act

text: to

text: protect

text: body

text: openings

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: lungs

text: intestines

text: and

text: the

text: genitourinary

text: tract

text: In

text: the

text: lungs

text: coughing

text: and

text: sneezing

text: mechanically

text: eject

text: pathogens

text: and

text: other

text: irritants

text: from

text: the

text: respiratory

text: tract

text: The

text: flushing

text: action

text: of

text: tears

text: and

text: urine

text: also

text: mechanically

text: expels

text: pathogens

text: while

text: mucus

text: secreted

text: by

text: the

text: respiratory

text: and

text: gastrointestinal

text: tract

text: serves

text: to

text: trap

text: and

text: entangle

text: microorganisms

question: What is a mechanical barrier in insects that protects the insect?

answer: exoskeleton

text: exoskeleton

answer: exoskeleton

text: exoskeleton

answer: exoskeleton

text: exoskeleton

question: What is an example of a mechanical barrier on leaves?

answer: The waxy cuticle

text: The waxy cuticle

answer: waxy cuticle

text: waxy cuticle

answer: waxy cuticle

text: waxy cuticle

question: What responses protect the lungs by mechanically ejecting pathogens from the respiratory system?

answer: coughing and sneezing

text: coughing and sneezing

answer: coughing and sneezing

text: coughing and sneezing

answer: coughing and sneezing

text: coughing and sneezing

question: What is secreted by the respiratory tract to trap microorganisms?

answer: mucus

text: mucus

answer: mucus

text: mucus

answer: mucus

text: mucus

question: The flushing action of what expels pathogens from the eyes?

answer: tears

text: tears

answer: tears

text: tears

answer: tears

text: tears

question: What kind of barrier does not protect organisms from infection?

text: mechanical

question: What is an example of a chemical barrier?

text: waxy cuticle

question: What is the last line of defense against infection?

text: mechanical barriers

question: What ejects pathogens from the gastrointestinal tract?

text: coughing and sneezing

question: What is not an example of a mechanical barrier?

text: skin


text: Another important library – the University Library, founded in 1816, is home to over two million items. The building was designed by architects Marek Budzyński and Zbigniew Badowski and opened on 15 December 1999. It is surrounded by green. The University Library garden, designed by Irena Bajerska, was opened on 12 June 2002. It is one of the largest and most beautiful roof gardens in Europe with an area of more than 10,000 m2 (107,639.10 sq ft), and plants covering 5,111 m2 (55,014.35 sq ft). As the university garden it is open to the public every day.

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: Another

text: important

text: library

text: the

text: University

text: Library

text: founded

text: in

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: over

text: two

text: million

text: items

text: The

text: building

text: was

text: designed

text: by

text: architects

text: Marek

text: Budzyński

text: and

text: Zbigniew

text: Badowski

text: and

text: opened

text: on

text: December

text: It

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: green

text: The

text: University

text: Library

text: garden

text: designed

text: by

text: Irena

text: Bajerska

text: was

text: opened

text: on

text: June

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: beautiful

text: roof

text: gardens

text: in

text: Europe

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: sq

text: ft

text: and

text: plants

text: covering

text: sq

text: ft

text: As

text: the

text: university

text: garden

text: it

text: is

text: open

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: every

text: day

question: When was the University Library founded?

answer: 1816

answer: 1816

answer: 1816

question: How many items is the University Library home to?

answer: over two million

text: over two million

answer: over two million

text: over two million

answer: over two million

text: over two million

question: What profession does Zbigniew Badowski have?

answer: architects

text: architects

answer: architects

text: architects

answer: architects

text: architects

question: Who designed the garden for the University Library?

answer: Irena Bajerska

text: Irena Bajerska

answer: Irena Bajerska

text: Irena Bajerska

answer: Irena Bajerska

text: Irena Bajerska

question: How much area does the University Library garden cover?

answer: 10,000 m2

text: 10,000 m2

answer: more than 10,000 m2

text: more than 10,000 m2

answer: 10,000 m2

text: 10,000 m2

question: When was the University Library closed?

question: How many items is the Zbigniew Library home to?

text: over two million

question: What profession does Zbigniew Marek have?

text: architects

question: Who designed the garden for the Marek Library?

text: Irena Bajerska

question: How much area does the University Library cover?

text: 10,000 m2


text: Building activity occurred in numerous noble palaces and churches during the later decades of the 17th century. One of the best examples of this architecture are Krasiński Palace (1677–1683), Wilanów Palace (1677–1696) and St. Kazimierz Church (1688–1692). The most impressive examples of rococo architecture are Czapski Palace (1712–1721), Palace of the Four Winds (1730s) and Visitationist Church (façade 1728–1761). The neoclassical architecture in Warsaw can be described by the simplicity of the geometrical forms teamed with a great inspiration from the Roman period. Some of the best examples of the neoclassical style are the Palace on the Water (rebuilt 1775–1795), Królikarnia (1782–1786), Carmelite Church (façade 1761–1783) and Evangelical Holy Trinity Church (1777–1782). The economic growth during the first years of Congress Poland caused a rapid rise architecture. The Neoclassical revival affected all aspects of architecture, the most notable are the Great Theater (1825–1833) and buildings located at Bank Square (1825–1828).

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: Building

text: activity

text: occurred

text: in

text: numerous

text: noble

text: palaces

text: and

text: churches

text: during

text: the

text: later

text: decades

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: examples

text: of

text: this

text: architecture

text: are

text: Krasiński

text: Palace

text: Wilanów

text: Palace

text: and

text: St.

text: Kazimierz

text: Church

text: The

text: most

text: impressive

text: examples

text: of

text: rococo

text: architecture

text: are

text: Czapski

text: Palace

text: Palace

text: of

text: the

text: Four

text: Winds

text: and

text: Visitationist

text: Church

text: façade

text: The

text: neoclassical

text: architecture

text: in

text: Warsaw

text: can

text: be

text: described

text: by

text: the

text: simplicity

text: of

text: the

text: geometrical

text: forms

text: teamed

text: with

text: a

text: great

text: inspiration

text: from

text: the

text: Roman

text: period

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: examples

text: of

text: the

text: neoclassical

text: style

text: are

text: the

text: Palace

text: on

text: the

text: Water

text: rebuilt

text: Królikarnia

text: Carmelite

text: Church

text: façade

text: and

text: Evangelical

text: Holy

text: Trinity

text: Church

text: The

text: economic

text: growth

text: during

text: the

text: first

text: years

text: of

text: Congress

text: Poland

text: caused

text: a

text: rapid

text: rise

text: architecture

text: The

text: Neoclassical

text: revival

text: affected

text: all

text: aspects

text: of

text: architecture

text: the

text: most

text: notable

text: are

text: the

text: Great

text: Theater

text: and

text: buildings

text: located

text: at

text: Bank

text: Square

question: When did building activity in the palaces and churches take place in the later decades of?

answer: 17th century

text: 17th century

answer: 17th century

text: 17th century

answer: 17th century.

text: 17th century.

question: When did building activity occur on St. Kazimierz Church?

answer: 1688–1692

answer: 1677–1683

answer: 1688–1692

question: What type of architecture is the Palace of Four Windows an impressive example of?

answer: rococo

text: rococo

answer: rococo

text: rococo

answer: rococo

text: rococo

question: What is being described when simplicity of geometrical forms are teamed with inspiration from the Roman period?

answer: neoclassical architecture

text: neoclassical architecture

answer: neoclassical architecture

text: neoclassical architecture

answer: neoclassical architecture

text: neoclassical architecture

question: When was the Palace on the Water rebuilt?

answer: 1775–1795

answer: 1696

answer: 1775–1795

question: When did building activity occur on Banki Palace?

question: When was the Palace on the Bank rebuilt?

question: When did painting activity in the palaces and churches take place in the later decades of?

text: 17th century

question: What type of architecture is the Palace of Bank an impressive example of?

text: rococo

question: What is being described when simplicity of geometrical forms are teamed with inspiration from the French period?

text: neoclassical architecture


text: Fourth, national courts have a duty to interpret domestic law "as far as possible in the light of the wording and purpose of the directive". Textbooks (though not the Court itself) often called this "indirect effect". In Marleasing SA v La Comercial SA the Court of Justice held that a Spanish Court had to interpret its general Civil Code provisions, on contracts lacking cause or defrauding creditors, to conform with the First Company Law Directive article 11, that required incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons. The Court of Justice quickly acknowledged that the duty of interpretation cannot contradict plain words in a national statute. But, fifth, if a member state has failed to implement a Directive, a citizen may not be able to bring claims against other non-state parties, but can sue the member state itself for failure to implement the law. So, in Francovich v Italy, the Italian government had failed to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent, as the Insolvency Protection Directive required. Francovich, the former employee of a bankrupt Venetian firm, was therefore allowed to claim 6 million Lira from the Italian government in damages for his loss. The Court of Justice held that if a Directive would confer identifiable rights on individuals, and there is a causal link between a member state's violation of EU and a claimant's loss, damages must be paid. The fact that the incompatible law is an Act of Parliament is no defence.

title: European_Union_law

title: European_Union_law

text: Fourth

text: national

text: courts

text: have

text: a

text: duty

text: to

text: interpret

text: domestic

text: law

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: possible

text: in

text: the

text: light

text: of

text: the

text: wording

text: and

text: purpose

text: of

text: the

text: directive

text: Textbooks

text: though

text: not

text: the

text: Court

text: itself

text: often

text: called

text: this

text: indirect

text: effect

text: In

text: Marleasing

text: SA

text: v

text: La

text: Comercial

text: SA

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: held

text: that

text: a

text: Spanish

text: Court

text: had

text: to

text: interpret

text: its

text: general

text: Civil

text: Code

text: provisions

text: on

text: contracts

text: lacking

text: cause

text: or

text: defrauding

text: creditors

text: to

text: conform

text: with

text: the

text: First

text: Company

text: Law

text: Directive

text: article

text: that

text: required

text: incorporations

text: would

text: only

text: be

text: nullified

text: for

text: a

text: fixed

text: list

text: of

text: reasons

text: The

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: quickly

text: acknowledged

text: that

text: the

text: duty

text: of

text: interpretation

text: can

text: not

text: contradict

text: plain

text: words

text: in

text: a

text: national

text: statute

text: But

text: fifth

text: if

text: a

text: member

text: state

text: has

text: failed

text: to

text: implement

text: a

text: Directive

text: a

text: citizen

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: bring

text: claims

text: against

text: other

text: non

text: state

text: parties

text: but

text: can

text: sue

text: the

text: member

text: state

text: itself

text: for

text: failure

text: to

text: implement

text: the

text: law

text: So

text: in

text: Francovich

text: v

text: Italy

text: the

text: Italian

text: government

text: had

text: failed

text: to

text: set

text: up

text: an

text: insurance

text: fund

text: for

text: employees

text: to

text: claim

text: unpaid

text: wages

text: if

text: their

text: employers

text: had

text: gone

text: insolvent

text: as

text: the

text: Insolvency

text: Protection

text: Directive

text: required

text: Francovich

text: the

text: former

text: employee

text: of

text: a

text: bankrupt

text: Venetian

text: firm

text: was

text: therefore

text: allowed

text: to

text: claim

text: million

text: Lira

text: from

text: the

text: Italian

text: government

text: in

text: damages

text: for

text: his

text: loss

text: The

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: held

text: that

text: if

text: a

text: Directive

text: would

text: confer

text: identifiable

text: rights

text: on

text: individuals

text: and

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: causal

text: link

text: between

text: a

text: member

text: state

text: 's

text: violation

text: of

text: EU

text: and

text: a

text: claimant

text: 's

text: loss

text: damages

text: must

text: be

text: paid

text: The

text: fact

text: that

text: the

text: incompatible

text: law

text: is

text: an

text: Act

text: of

text: Parliament

text: is

text: no

text: defence

question: Which courts have a duty to interpret domestic law as far as possible?

answer: national courts

text: national courts

answer: national courts

text: national courts

answer: national courts

text: national courts

question: What does the First Company Law Directive article 11 require?

answer: incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons

text: incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons

answer: incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons

text: incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons

answer: incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons

text: incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons

question: What did the Italian government fail to do in Francovich v Italy?

answer: failed to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent

text: failed to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent

answer: to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent, as the Insolvency Protection Directive required

text: to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent, as the Insolvency Protection Directive required

answer: to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent, as the Insolvency Protection Directive required

text: to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent, as the Insolvency Protection Directive required

question: How much money was Francovich allowed to claim from the Italian goverment in damages?

answer: 6 million Lira

text: 6 million Lira

answer: 6 million Lira

text: 6 million Lira

answer: 6 million Lira

text: 6 million Lira

question: Which courts do not have a duty to interpret  domestic law as far a possible?

text: national courts

question: What does the First Company Law Directive article 11 not require?

question: What did the Court of Justice not acknowledge?

question: What did the Italian government not fail to do in Francovich v Italy?

question: How much money did Francovich not allowed to claim from the Italian government in claims?

text: 6 million Lira


text: Reserved matters are subjects that are outside the legislative competence of the Scotland Parliament. The Scottish Parliament is unable to legislate on such issues that are reserved to, and dealt with at, Westminster (and where Ministerial functions usually lie with UK Government ministers). These include abortion, broadcasting policy, civil service, common markets for UK goods and services, constitution, electricity, coal, oil, gas, nuclear energy, defence and national security, drug policy, employment, foreign policy and relations with Europe, most aspects of transport safety and regulation, National Lottery, protection of borders, social security and stability of UK's fiscal, economic and monetary system.

title: Scottish_Parliament

title: Scottish_Parliament

text: Reserved

text: matters

text: are

text: subjects

text: that

text: are

text: outside

text: the

text: legislative

text: competence

text: of

text: the

text: Scotland

text: Parliament

text: The

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: is

text: unable

text: to

text: legislate

text: on

text: such

text: issues

text: that

text: are

text: reserved

text: to

text: and

text: dealt

text: with

text: at

text: Westminster

text: and

text: where

text: Ministerial

text: functions

text: usually

text: lie

text: with

text: UK

text: Government

text: ministers

text: These

text: include

text: abortion

text: broadcasting

text: policy

text: civil

text: service

text: common

text: markets

text: for

text: UK

text: goods

text: and

text: services

text: constitution

text: electricity

text: coal

text: oil

text: gas

text: nuclear

text: energy

text: defence

text: and

text: national

text: security

text: drug

text: policy

text: employment

text: foreign

text: policy

text: and

text: relations

text: with

text: Europe

text: most

text: aspects

text: of

text: transport

text: safety

text: and

text: regulation

text: National

text: Lottery

text: protection

text: of

text: borders

text: social

text: security

text: and

text: stability

text: of

text: UK

text: 's

text: fiscal

text: economic

text: and

text: monetary

text: system

question: What is the name of matters outside the legislative ability of the Scottish Parliament?

answer: Reserved

text: Reserved

answer: Reserved

text: Reserved

answer: Reserved matters

text: Reserved matters

question: Issues dealt with at Westminster are not ones who is able to deal with?

answer: Scottish Parliament

text: Scottish Parliament

answer: The Scottish Parliament

text: The Scottish Parliament

answer: The Scottish Parliament

text: The Scottish Parliament

question: Where are issues like abortion and drug policy legislated on?

answer: Westminster

text: Westminster

answer: Westminster

text: Westminster

answer: Westminster

text: Westminster

question: Most aspects of transport safety is a subject dealt with by whom?

answer: UK Government ministers

text: UK Government ministers

answer: UK Government ministers

text: UK Government ministers

answer: Westminster

text: Westminster

question: Unreserved matters are subjects who are where?

question: Who is able to legislate on issues that are reserved to Westminster?

text: Scottish Parliament

question: What functions usually lie with US Government ministers?

text: Ministerial

question: Subjects that are inside the legislative competence of the Scotland Parliament are called what?

text: Reserved matters


text: The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War. The war was fought between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as Native American allies. At the start of the war, the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 European settlers, compared with 2 million in the British North American colonies. The outnumbered French particularly depended on the Indians. Long in conflict, the metropole nations declared war on each other in 1756, escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict.

title: French_and_Indian_War

title: French_and_Indian_War

text: The

text: French

text: and

text: Indian

text: War

text: was

text: the

text: North

text: American

text: theater

text: of

text: the

text: worldwide

text: Seven

text: Years

text: War

text: The

text: war

text: was

text: fought

text: between

text: the

text: colonies

text: of

text: British

text: America

text: and

text: New

text: France

text: with

text: both

text: sides

text: supported

text: by

text: military

text: units

text: from

text: their

text: parent

text: countries

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: France

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Native

text: American

text: allies

text: At

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: the

text: French

text: North

text: American

text: colonies

text: had

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: roughly

text: European

text: settlers

text: compared

text: with

text: million

text: in

text: the

text: British

text: North

text: American

text: colonies

text: The

text: outnumbered

text: French

text: particularly

text: depended

text: on

text: the

text: Indians

text: Long

text: in

text: conflict

text: the

text: metropole

text: nations

text: declared

text: war

text: on

text: each

text: other

text: in

text: escalating

text: the

text: war

text: from

text: a

text: regional

text: affair

text: into

text: an

text: intercontinental

text: conflict

question: When was the French and Indian War?

answer: 1754–1763

answer: 1754–1763

answer: 1754–1763

answer: 1754–1763

answer: 1754–1763

question: Who fought in the French and Indian war?

answer: colonies of British America and New France

text: colonies of British America and New France

answer: colonies of British America and New France

text: colonies of British America and New France

answer: British America and New France

text: British America and New France

answer: British America and New France

text: British America and New France

answer: the colonies of British America and New France

text: the colonies of British America and New France

question: How many people were in French North American Colonies?

answer: roughly 60,000 European settlers

text: roughly 60,000 European settlers

answer: 60,000

answer: 60,000

answer: 60,000

answer: 60,000 European settlers

text: 60,000 European settlers

question: How many people were in British North American Colonies?

answer: 2 million

text: 2 million

answer: 2 million

text: 2 million

answer: 2 million

text: 2 million

answer: 2 million

text: 2 million

answer: 2 million

text: 2 million

question: When wasn't the French and Indian War?

question: When was the French and Indian Treaty?

question: Who allied in the French and Indian war?

question: How many people weren't in French North American Colonies?

text: roughly 60,000 European settlers

question: How many people weren't in British North American Colonies?

text: 2 million


text: Politically, the system of government created by Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system. Nevertheless, socially the educated Chinese elite were in general not given the degree of esteem that they had been accorded previously under native Chinese dynasties. Although the traditional Chinese elite were not given their share of power, the Mongols and the Semuren (various allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empire) largely remained strangers to the mainstream Chinese culture, and this dichotomy gave the Yuan regime a somewhat strong "colonial" coloration. The unequal treatment is possibly due to the fear of transferring power to the ethnic Chinese under their rule. The Mongols and Semuren were given certain advantages in the dynasty, and this would last even after the restoration of the imperial examination in the early 14th century. In general there were very few North Chinese or Southerners reaching the highest-post in the government compared with the possibility that Persians did so in the Ilkhanate. Later the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty also mentioned the discrimination that existed during the Yuan dynasty. In response to an objection against the use of "barbarians" in his government, the Yongle Emperor answered: "... Discrimination was used by the Mongols during the Yuan dynasty, who employed only "Mongols and Tartars" and discarded northern and southern Chinese and this was precisely the cause that brought disaster upon them".

title: Yuan_dynasty

title: Yuan_dynasty

text: Politically

text: the

text: system

text: of

text: government

text: created

text: by

text: Kublai

text: Khan

text: was

text: the

text: product

text: of

text: a

text: compromise

text: between

text: Mongolian

text: patrimonial

text: feudalism

text: and

text: the

text: traditional

text: Chinese

text: autocratic

text: bureaucratic

text: system

text: Nevertheless

text: socially

text: the

text: educated

text: Chinese

text: elite

text: were

text: in

text: general

text: not

text: given

text: the

text: degree

text: of

text: esteem

text: that

text: they

text: had

text: been

text: accorded

text: previously

text: under

text: native

text: Chinese

text: dynasties

text: Although

text: the

text: traditional

text: Chinese

text: elite

text: were

text: not

text: given

text: their

text: share

text: of

text: power

text: the

text: Mongols

text: and

text: the

text: Semuren

text: various

text: allied

text: groups

text: from

text: Central

text: Asia

text: and

text: the

text: western

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: largely

text: remained

text: strangers

text: to

text: the

text: mainstream

text: Chinese

text: culture

text: and

text: this

text: dichotomy

text: gave

text: the

text: Yuan

text: regime

text: a

text: somewhat

text: strong

text: colonial

text: coloration

text: The

text: unequal

text: treatment

text: is

text: possibly

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: fear

text: of

text: transferring

text: power

text: to

text: the

text: ethnic

text: Chinese

text: under

text: their

text: rule

text: The

text: Mongols

text: and

text: Semuren

text: were

text: given

text: certain

text: advantages

text: in

text: the

text: dynasty

text: and

text: this

text: would

text: last

text: even

text: after

text: the

text: restoration

text: of

text: the

text: imperial

text: examination

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: In

text: general

text: there

text: were

text: very

text: few

text: North

text: Chinese

text: or

text: Southerners

text: reaching

text: the

text: highest

text: post

text: in

text: the

text: government

text: compared

text: with

text: the

text: possibility

text: that

text: Persians

text: did

text: so

text: in

text: the

text: Ilkhanate

text: Later

text: the

text: Yongle

text: Emperor

text: of

text: the

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: also

text: mentioned

text: the

text: discrimination

text: that

text: existed

text: during

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: In

text: response

text: to

text: an

text: objection

text: against

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: barbarians

text: in

text: his

text: government

text: the

text: Yongle

text: Emperor

text: answered

text: Discrimination

text: was

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: Mongols

text: during

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: who

text: employed

text: only

text: Mongols

text: and

text: Tartars

text: and

text: discarded

text: northern

text: and

text: southern

text: Chinese

text: and

text: this

text: was

text: precisely

text: the

text: cause

text: that

text: brought

text: disaster

text: upon

text: them

question: What Mongolian system did Kublai's government compromise with?

answer: patrimonial feudalism

text: patrimonial feudalism

answer: patrimonial feudalism

text: patrimonial feudalism

answer: patrimonial feudalism

text: patrimonial feudalism

question: What Chinese system did Kublai's government compromise with?

answer: traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system

text: traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system

answer: autocratic-bureaucratic

text: autocratic-bureaucratic

answer: autocratic-bureaucratic system

text: autocratic-bureaucratic system

question: Who were the Semuren?

answer: allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empire

text: allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empire

answer: various allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empire

text: various allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empire

answer: various allied groups

text: various allied groups

question: How did the unequal treatment of Chinese versus Mongols in the Yuan make the dynasty seem?

answer: colonial

text: colonial

answer: somewhat strong "colonial" coloration

text: somewhat strong "colonial" coloration

answer: colonial

text: colonial

question: Where were Persians more successful compared to Chinese in the Yuan?

answer: Ilkhanate

text: Ilkhanate

answer: Ilkhanate

text: Ilkhanate

answer: reaching the highest-post in the government

text: reaching the highest-post in the government

question: What Mongolian system did Kublai's government uncompromise with?

text: patrimonial feudalism

question: What Chinese system did Kublai's government not compromise with?

question: Who were the Samuron?

text: allied groups from Central Asia

question: How did the equal treatment of Chinese versus Mongols in the Yuan make the dynasty seem?

text: colonial


text: Harvard has purchased tracts of land in Allston, a walk across the Charles River from Cambridge, with the intent of major expansion southward. The university now owns approximately fifty percent more land in Allston than in Cambridge. Proposals to connect the Cambridge campus with the new Allston campus include new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram. Plans also call for sinking part of Storrow Drive (at Harvard's expense) for replacement with park land and pedestrian access to the Charles River, as well as the construction of bike paths, and buildings throughout the Allston campus. The institution asserts that such expansion will benefit not only the school, but surrounding community, pointing to such features as the enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space which will also be publicly accessible.

title: Harvard_University

title: Harvard_University

text: Harvard

text: has

text: purchased

text: tracts

text: of

text: land

text: in

text: Allston

text: a

text: walk

text: across

text: the

text: Charles

text: River

text: from

text: Cambridge

text: with

text: the

text: intent

text: of

text: major

text: expansion

text: southward

text: The

text: university

text: now

text: owns

text: approximately

text: fifty

text: percent

text: more

text: land

text: in

text: Allston

text: than

text: in

text: Cambridge

text: Proposals

text: to

text: connect

text: the

text: Cambridge

text: campus

text: with

text: the

text: new

text: Allston

text: campus

text: include

text: new

text: and

text: enlarged

text: bridges

text: a

text: shuttle

text: service

text: and/or

text: a

text: tram

text: Plans

text: also

text: call

text: for

text: sinking

text: part

text: of

text: Storrow

text: Drive

text: at

text: Harvard

text: 's

text: expense

text: for

text: replacement

text: with

text: park

text: land

text: and

text: pedestrian

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: Charles

text: River

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: bike

text: paths

text: and

text: buildings

text: throughout

text: the

text: Allston

text: campus

text: The

text: institution

text: asserts

text: that

text: such

text: expansion

text: will

text: benefit

text: not

text: only

text: the

text: school

text: but

text: surrounding

text: community

text: pointing

text: to

text: such

text: features

text: as

text: the

text: enhanced

text: transit

text: infrastructure

text: possible

text: shuttles

text: open

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: and

text: park

text: space

text: which

text: will

text: also

text: be

text: publicly

text: accessible

question: How much more land does the school own in Allston than Cambridge?

answer: approximately fifty percent

text: approximately fifty percent

answer: fifty percent

text: fifty percent

answer: fifty percent more

text: fifty percent more

question: What are some proposals to connect campuses?

answer: new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram.

text: new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram.

answer: new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram

text: new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram

answer: new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram

text: new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram

question: What additional benefits are there to surrounding community of expansion?

answer: enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space which will also be publicly accessible.

text: enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space which will also be publicly accessible.

answer: enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space which will also be publicly accessible

text: enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space which will also be publicly accessible

answer: enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space

text: enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space

question: What has Cambridge purchased in Allston?

text: tracts of land

question: Why has Cambridge purchased land in Allston?

question: How much land does Cambridge own in Allston?

text: fifty percent

question: Who does Cambridge say the expansion will benefit?

question: What infrastructure will be improved in Storrow Drive?

text: transit


text: Steam engines are external combustion engines, where the working fluid is separate from the combustion products. Non-combustion heat sources such as solar power, nuclear power or geothermal energy may be used. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle. In the cycle, water is heated and transforms into steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure. When expanded through pistons or turbines, mechanical work is done. The reduced-pressure steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler.

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: Steam

text: engines

text: are

text: external

text: combustion

text: engines

text: where

text: the

text: working

text: fluid

text: is

text: separate

text: from

text: the

text: combustion

text: products

text: Non

text: combustion

text: heat

text: sources

text: such

text: as

text: solar

text: power

text: nuclear

text: power

text: or

text: geothermal

text: energy

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: The

text: ideal

text: thermodynamic

text: cycle

text: used

text: to

text: analyze

text: this

text: process

text: is

text: called

text: the

text: Rankine

text: cycle

text: In

text: the

text: cycle

text: water

text: is

text: heated

text: and

text: transforms

text: into

text: steam

text: within

text: a

text: boiler

text: operating

text: at

text: a

text: high

text: pressure

text: When

text: expanded

text: through

text: pistons

text: or

text: turbines

text: mechanical

text: work

text: is

text: done

text: The

text: reduced

text: pressure

text: steam

text: is

text: then

text: condensed

text: and

text: pumped

text: back

text: into

text: the

text: boiler

question: Along with geothermal and nuclear, what is a notable non-combustion heat source?

answer: solar

text: solar

answer: solar power

text: solar power

answer: solar power, nuclear power or geothermal energy

text: solar power, nuclear power or geothermal energy

answer: solar

text: solar

question: What ideal thermodynamic cycle analyzes the process by which steam engines work?

answer: Rankine

text: Rankine

answer: Rankine cycle

text: Rankine cycle

answer: Rankine cycle

text: Rankine cycle

answer: Rankine cycle

text: Rankine cycle

question: In the Rankine cycle, what does water turn into when heated?

answer: steam

text: steam

answer: steam

text: steam

answer: steam

text: steam

answer: steam

text: steam

question: At what pressure is water heated in the Rankine cycle?

answer: high

text: high

answer: high

text: high

answer: high pressure

text: high pressure

answer: high

text: high

question: What types of engines are steam engines?

answer: external combustion

text: external combustion

answer: external combustion

text: external combustion

answer: external combustion engines

text: external combustion engines

answer: external combustion

text: external combustion

question: Along with geothermal and nuclear, what is a notable combustion heat source?

text: solar

question: What ideal thermodynamic cycle analyzes the process by which solar engines work?

text: Rankine

question: In the Rankine cycle, what does nuclear power turn into when heated?

text: steam

question: At what pressure is nuclear power heated in the Rankine cycle?

text: high

question: What types of engines are solar engines?

text: external combustion


text: The conflict is known by multiple names. In British America, wars were often named after the sitting British monarch, such as King William's War or Queen Anne's War. As there had already been a King George's War in the 1740s, British colonists named the second war in King George's reign after their opponents, and it became known as the French and Indian War. This traditional name continues as the standard in the United States, but it obscures the fact that Indians fought on both sides of the conflict, and that this was part of the Seven Years' War, a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain. American historians generally use the traditional name or sometimes the Seven Years' War. Other, less frequently used names for the war include the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire.

title: French_and_Indian_War

title: French_and_Indian_War

text: The

text: conflict

text: is

text: known

text: by

text: multiple

text: names

text: In

text: British

text: America

text: wars

text: were

text: often

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: sitting

text: British

text: monarch

text: such

text: as

text: King

text: William

text: 's

text: War

text: or

text: Queen

text: Anne

text: 's

text: War

text: As

text: there

text: had

text: already

text: been

text: a

text: King

text: George

text: 's

text: War

text: in

text: the

text: British

text: colonists

text: named

text: the

text: second

text: war

text: in

text: King

text: George

text: 's

text: reign

text: after

text: their

text: opponents

text: and

text: it

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: French

text: and

text: Indian

text: War

text: This

text: traditional

text: name

text: continues

text: as

text: the

text: standard

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: but

text: it

text: obscures

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: Indians

text: fought

text: on

text: both

text: sides

text: of

text: the

text: conflict

text: and

text: that

text: this

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Seven

text: Years

text: War

text: a

text: much

text: larger

text: conflict

text: between

text: France

text: and

text: Great

text: Britain

text: American

text: historians

text: generally

text: use

text: the

text: traditional

text: name

text: or

text: sometimes

text: the

text: Seven

text: Years

text: War

text: Other

text: less

text: frequently

text: used

text: names

text: for

text: the

text: war

text: include

text: the

text: Fourth

text: Intercolonial

text: War

text: and

text: the

text: Great

text: War

text: for

text: the

text: Empire

question: When was King George's war?

answer: 1740s

answer: 1740s

answer: 1740s

answer: 1740s

answer: 1740s

question: What is the confusion of the French and Indian war?

answer: Indians fought on both sides of the conflict, and that this was part of the Seven Years' War

text: Indians fought on both sides of the conflict, and that this was part of the Seven Years' War

answer: Indians fought on both sides of the conflict

text: Indians fought on both sides of the conflict

answer: obscures the fact that Indians fought on both sides of the conflict, and that this was part of the Seven Years' War

text: obscures the fact that Indians fought on both sides of the conflict, and that this was part of the Seven Years' War

answer: Seven Years' War

text: Seven Years' War

answer: it obscures the fact that Indians fought on both sides of the conflict

text: it obscures the fact that Indians fought on both sides of the conflict

question: What was the Seven Years War?

answer: much larger conflict between France and Great Britain

text: much larger conflict between France and Great Britain

answer: conflict between France and Great Britain

text: conflict between France and Great Britain

answer: in King George's reign

text: in King George's reign

answer: conflict between France and Great Britain

text: conflict between France and Great Britain

answer: a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain

text: a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain

question: What are other alternative names for French and Indian War?

answer: Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire

text: Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire

answer: Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire

text: Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire

answer: Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire

text: Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire

answer: Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire

text: Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire

answer: the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire

text: the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire

question: When wasn't King George's war?

question: When was Queen George's war?

question: What isn't the confusion of the French and Indian war?

question: What was the Six Years War?

question: What aren't other alternative names for French and Indian War?


text: In response to American aid to Israel, on October 16, 1973, OPEC raised the posted price of oil by 70%, to $5.11 a barrel. The following day, oil ministers agreed to the embargo, a cut in production by five percent from September's output and to continue to cut production in five percent monthly increments until their economic and political objectives were met. On October 19, Nixon requested Congress to appropriate $2.2 billion in emergency aid to Israel, including $1.5 billion in outright grants. George Lenczowski notes, "Military supplies did not exhaust Nixon's eagerness to prevent Israel's collapse...This [$2.2 billion] decision triggered a collective OPEC response." Libya immediately announced it would embargo oil shipments to the United States. Saudi Arabia and the other Arab oil-producing states joined the embargo on October 20, 1973. At their Kuwait meeting, OAPEC proclaimed the embargo that curbed exports to various countries and blocked all oil deliveries to the US as a "principal hostile country".

title: 1973_oil_crisis

title: 1973_oil_crisis

text: In

text: response

text: to

text: American

text: aid

text: to

text: Israel

text: on

text: October

text: OPEC

text: raised

text: the

text: posted

text: price

text: of

text: oil

text: by

text: to

text: a

text: barrel

text: The

text: following

text: day

text: oil

text: ministers

text: agreed

text: to

text: the

text: embargo

text: a

text: cut

text: in

text: production

text: by

text: five

text: percent

text: from

text: September

text: 's

text: output

text: and

text: to

text: continue

text: to

text: cut

text: production

text: in

text: five

text: percent

text: monthly

text: increments

text: until

text: their

text: economic

text: and

text: political

text: objectives

text: were

text: met

text: On

text: October

text: Nixon

text: requested

text: Congress

text: to

text: appropriate

text: billion

text: in

text: emergency

text: aid

text: to

text: Israel

text: including

text: billion

text: in

text: outright

text: grants

text: George

text: Lenczowski

text: notes

text: Military

text: supplies

text: did

text: not

text: exhaust

text: Nixon

text: 's

text: eagerness

text: to

text: prevent

text: Israel

text: 's

text: collapse

text: This

text: billion

text: decision

text: triggered

text: a

text: collective

text: OPEC

text: response

text: Libya

text: immediately

text: announced

text: it

text: would

text: embargo

text: oil

text: shipments

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: Arab

text: oil

text: producing

text: states

text: joined

text: the

text: embargo

text: on

text: October

text: At

text: their

text: Kuwait

text: meeting

text: OAPEC

text: proclaimed

text: the

text: embargo

text: that

text: curbed

text: exports

text: to

text: various

text: countries

text: and

text: blocked

text: all

text: oil

text: deliveries

text: to

text: the

text: US

text: as

text: a

text: principal

text: hostile

text: country

question: Why did OPEC raise the price of oil to $5.11?

answer: In response to American aid to Israel

text: In response to American aid to Israel

answer: In response to American aid to Israel

text: In response to American aid to Israel

answer: In response to American aid to Israel

text: In response to American aid to Israel

answer: In response to American aid to Israel

text: In response to American aid to Israel

answer: American aid to Israel

text: American aid to Israel

question: When did they raise the price of oil to $5.11?

answer: October 16, 1973,

text: October 16, 1973,

answer: October 16, 1973

text: October 16, 1973

answer: October 16, 1973

text: October 16, 1973

answer: October 16, 1973

text: October 16, 1973

answer: October 16, 1973

text: October 16, 1973

question: Why did the oil ministers agree to a cut in oil production?

answer: until their economic and political objectives were met

text: until their economic and political objectives were met

answer: In response to American aid to Israel

text: In response to American aid to Israel

answer: OPEC raised the posted price of oil

text: OPEC raised the posted price of oil

answer: until their economic and political objectives were met

text: until their economic and political objectives were met

question: How much was the emergency aid to Israel?

answer: $2.2 billion

text: $2.2 billion

answer: $2.2 billion

text: $2.2 billion

answer: $2.2 billion

text: $2.2 billion

answer: $2.2 billion

text: $2.2 billion

answer: $2.2 billion

text: $2.2 billion

question: Why did OPEC block oil deliveries to the United States?

answer: American aid to Israel

text: American aid to Israel

answer: Nixon requested Congress to appropriate $2.2 billion in emergency aid to Israel

text: Nixon requested Congress to appropriate $2.2 billion in emergency aid to Israel

answer: OAPEC proclaimed the embargo that curbed exports to various countries and blocked all oil deliveries to the US as a "principal hostile country

text: OAPEC proclaimed the embargo that curbed exports to various countries and blocked all oil deliveries to the US as a "principal hostile country

answer: OAPEC proclaimed the embargo that curbed exports to various countries

text: OAPEC proclaimed the embargo that curbed exports to various countries

answer: American aid to Israel

text: American aid to Israel

question: What did Geroge Lenczowski do to the price of oil on October 16, 1973?

question: What did various countries request of Congress?

question: What decision triggered a response from a principal hostile country?

text: This [$2.2 billion] decision

question: What was the announcement made immediately by Kuwait?

question: What did Nixon join on October 20, 1973?

text: the embargo

question: OPEC did what to the prices of oil on October 16th?

text: raised the posted price of oil

question: What percentage did OPEC raise the price of oil?

question: What was the price of oil after the raise?

text: $5.11 a barrel

question: Who announced it would embargo oil shipments to the US?

text: Libya

question: When did Saudi Arabia join the embargo?

text: October 20, 1973


text:
In 1891 Scottish chemist James Dewar was able to produce enough liquid oxygen to study. The first commercially viable process for producing liquid oxygen was independently developed in 1895 by German engineer Carl von Linde and British engineer William Hampson. Both men lowered the temperature of air until it liquefied and then distilled the component gases by boiling them off one at a time and capturing them. Later, in 1901, oxyacetylene welding was demonstrated for the first time by burning a mixture of acetylene and compressed O
2. This method of welding and cutting metal later became common.

title: Oxygen

title: Oxygen

text: In

text: Scottish

text: chemist

text: James

text: Dewar

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: produce

text: enough

text: liquid

text: oxygen

text: to

text: study

text: The

text: first

text: commercially

text: viable

text: process

text: for

text: producing

text: liquid

text: oxygen

text: was

text: independently

text: developed

text: in

text: by

text: German

text: engineer

text: Carl

text: von

text: Linde

text: and

text: British

text: engineer

text: William

text: Hampson

text: Both

text: men

text: lowered

text: the

text: temperature

text: of

text: air

text: until

text: it

text: liquefied

text: and

text: then

text: distilled

text: the

text: component

text: gases

text: by

text: boiling

text: them

text: off

text: one

text: at

text: a

text: time

text: and

text: capturing

text: them

text: Later

text: in

text: oxyacetylene

text: welding

text: was

text: demonstrated

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: by

text: burning

text: a

text: mixture

text: of

text: acetylene

text: and

text: compressed

text: O

text: This

text: method

text: of

text: welding

text: and

text: cutting

text: metal

text: later

text: became

text: common

question: What chemist managed to make enough liquid oxygen to use for study?

answer: James Dewar

text: James Dewar

answer: James Dewar

text: James Dewar

answer: James Dewar

text: James Dewar

answer: Dewar

text: Dewar

answer: James Dewar

text: James Dewar

question: In what year did Dewar experiment on liquid oxygen?

answer: 1891

answer: 1891

answer: 1891

answer: 1891

answer: 1891

question: When was liquid oxygen developed for commercial use?

answer: 1895

answer: 1895

answer: 1895

answer: 1895

answer: 1895

question: What welding process was demonstrated in 1901?

answer: oxyacetylene

text: oxyacetylene

answer: oxyacetylene welding

text: oxyacetylene welding

answer: oxyacetylene welding

text: oxyacetylene welding

answer: oxyacetylene welding

text: oxyacetylene welding

answer: oxyacetylene

text: oxyacetylene

question: Who produced enough oxygen to study in 1819?

text: James Dewar

question: What was developed in 1859?

question: What was developed by Carl von Hampson and William Linde?

question: What was demonstrated for the first time in 1910?

text: oxyacetylene welding


text: In the fall quarter of 2014, the University of Chicago enrolled 5,792 students in the College, 3,468 students in its four graduate divisions, 5,984 students in its professional schools, and 15,244 students overall. In the 2012 Spring Quarter, international students comprised almost 19% of the overall study body, over 26% of students were domestic ethnic minorities, and about 44% of enrolled students were female. Admissions to the University of Chicago is highly selective. The middle 50% band of SAT scores for the undergraduate class of 2015, excluding the writing section, was 1420–1530, the average MCAT score for entering students in the Pritzker School of Medicine in 2011 was 36, and the median LSAT score for entering students in the Law School in 2011 was 171. In 2015, the College of the University of Chicago had an acceptance rate of 7.8% for the Class of 2019, the lowest in the college's history.

title: University_of_Chicago

title: University_of_Chicago

text: In

text: the

text: fall

text: quarter

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: enrolled

text: students

text: in

text: the

text: College

text: students

text: in

text: its

text: four

text: graduate

text: divisions

text: students

text: in

text: its

text: professional

text: schools

text: and

text: students

text: overall

text: In

text: the

text: Spring

text: Quarter

text: international

text: students

text: comprised

text: almost

text: of

text: the

text: overall

text: study

text: body

text: over

text: of

text: students

text: were

text: domestic

text: ethnic

text: minorities

text: and

text: about

text: of

text: enrolled

text: students

text: were

text: female

text: Admissions

text: to

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: is

text: highly

text: selective

text: The

text: middle

text: band

text: of

text: SAT

text: scores

text: for

text: the

text: undergraduate

text: class

text: of

text: excluding

text: the

text: writing

text: section

text: was

text: the

text: average

text: MCAT

text: score

text: for

text: entering

text: students

text: in

text: the

text: Pritzker

text: School

text: of

text: Medicine

text: in

text: was

text: and

text: the

text: median

text: LSAT

text: score

text: for

text: entering

text: students

text: in

text: the

text: Law

text: School

text: in

text: was

text: In

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: had

text: an

text: acceptance

text: rate

text: of

text: for

text: the

text: Class

text: of

text: the

text: lowest

text: in

text: the

text: college

text: 's

text: history

question: In the fall quarter of 2014, how many students signed up for the college?

answer: 5,792

answer: 5,792

answer: 5,792

question: In the fall quarter of 2014, how many students signed up for the university's four graduate divisions?

answer: 3,468

answer: 3,468

answer: 3,468

question: In the fall quarter of 2014, how many students signed up for the university's professional schools?

answer: 5,984

answer: 5,984

answer: 5,984

question: In the fall quarter of 2014, how many students signed up for the university's  in total?

answer: 15,244

answer: 15,244

answer: 15,244

question: Who made up 19% of the student body in the 2012 Spring Quarter?

answer: international students

text: international students

answer: international students

text: international students

answer: international students

text: international students

question: How many students enrolled at the College during the spring of 2014?

question: The University enrolled 3,468 students in the College  and how many in it's graduate divisions?

question: How many students did the University enroll in its five graduate divisions in 2014?

question: The University enrolled 5,984 students in the College  and how many in its professional schools?

question: What year did the College have the highest acceptance rate in its history?


text: Most early Greeks did not even consider 1 to be a number, so they could not consider it to be a prime. By the Middle Ages and Renaissance many mathematicians included 1 as the first prime number. In the mid-18th century Christian Goldbach listed 1 as the first prime in his famous correspondence with Leonhard Euler -- who did not agree. In the 19th century many mathematicians still considered the number 1 to be a prime. For example, Derrick Norman Lehmer's list of primes up to 10,006,721, reprinted as late as 1956, started with 1 as its first prime. Henri Lebesgue is said to be the last professional mathematician to call 1 prime. By the early 20th century, mathematicians began to accept that 1 is not a prime number, but rather forms its own special category as a "unit".

title: Prime_number

title: Prime_number

text: Most

text: early

text: Greeks

text: did

text: not

text: even

text: consider

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: number

text: so

text: they

text: could

text: not

text: consider

text: it

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: prime

text: By

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: and

text: Renaissance

text: many

text: mathematicians

text: included

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: prime

text: number

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: Christian

text: Goldbach

text: listed

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: prime

text: in

text: his

text: famous

text: correspondence

text: with

text: Leonhard

text: Euler

text: who

text: did

text: not

text: agree

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: many

text: mathematicians

text: still

text: considered

text: the

text: number

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: prime

text: For

text: example

text: Derrick

text: Norman

text: Lehmer

text: 's

text: list

text: of

text: primes

text: up

text: to

text: reprinted

text: as

text: late

text: as

text: started

text: with

text: as

text: its

text: first

text: prime

text: Henri

text: Lebesgue

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: last

text: professional

text: mathematician

text: to

text: call

text: prime

text: By

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: mathematicians

text: began

text: to

text: accept

text: that

text: is

text: not

text: a

text: prime

text: number

text: but

text: rather

text: forms

text: its

text: own

text: special

text: category

text: as

text: a

text: unit

question: What number did early Greeks not regard as a true number?

answer: 1

answer: 1

answer: 1

answer: 1

answer: 1

question: Who included 1 as the first prime number in the mid 18th century?

answer: Christian Goldbach

text: Christian Goldbach

answer: Christian Goldbach

text: Christian Goldbach

answer: Christian Goldbach

text: Christian Goldbach

answer: mathematicians

text: mathematicians

answer: mathematicians

text: mathematicians

question: In the mid 18th century, who did not concur that 1 should be the first prime number?

answer: Leonhard Euler

text: Leonhard Euler

answer: Leonhard Euler

text: Leonhard Euler

answer: Leonhard Euler

text: Leonhard Euler

answer: Leonhard Euler

text: Leonhard Euler

answer: Leonhard Euler

text: Leonhard Euler

question: How many primes were included in Derrick Norman Lehmer's list of prime numbers?

answer: 10,006,721

answer: primes up to 10,006,721

text: primes up to 10,006,721

answer: 10,006,721

answer: 10,006,721

answer: 10,006,721

question: What type of number do modern mathematicians consider 1 to be?

answer: its own special category as a "unit"

text: its own special category as a "unit"

answer: unit

text: unit

answer: a "unit"

text: a "unit"

answer: unit

text: unit

answer: a "unit

text: a "unit

question: What number did Henri Lebesgue not regard as a true number?

question: Who included 1 as the first prime number in the mid 20th century?

text: Christian Goldbach

question: In the mid 20th century, who did not concur that 1 should be the first prime number?

text: Leonhard Euler

question: How many primes were included in the early Greek's list of prime numbers?

question: What type of number did the early Greeks consider 1 to be?

text: its own special category as a "unit"


text: Their local rivals, Polonia Warsaw, have significantly fewer supporters, yet they managed to win Ekstraklasa Championship in 2000. They also won the country’s championship in 1946, and won the cup twice as well. Polonia's home venue is located at Konwiktorska Street, a ten-minute walk north from the Old Town. Polonia was relegated from the country's top flight in 2013 because of their disastrous financial situation. They are now playing in the 4th league (5th tier in Poland) -the bottom professional league in the National – Polish Football Association (PZPN) structure.

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: Their

text: local

text: rivals

text: Polonia

text: Warsaw

text: have

text: significantly

text: fewer

text: supporters

text: yet

text: they

text: managed

text: to

text: win

text: Ekstraklasa

text: Championship

text: in

text: They

text: also

text: won

text: the

text: country

text: ’s

text: championship

text: in

text: and

text: won

text: the

text: cup

text: twice

text: as

text: well

text: Polonia

text: 's

text: home

text: venue

text: is

text: located

text: at

text: Konwiktorska

text: Street

text: a

text: ten

text: minute

text: walk

text: north

text: from

text: the

text: Old

text: Town

text: Polonia

text: was

text: relegated

text: from

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: top

text: flight

text: in

text: because

text: of

text: their

text: disastrous

text: financial

text: situation

text: They

text: are

text: now

text: playing

text: in

text: the

text: league

text: tier

text: in

text: Poland

text: -the

text: bottom

text: professional

text: league

text: in

text: the

text: National

text: Polish

text: Football

text: Association

text: PZPN

text: structure

question: Who won the Ekstraklasa Championship in 2000?

answer: Polonia Warsaw

text: Polonia Warsaw

answer: Polonia Warsaw

text: Polonia Warsaw

answer: Polonia Warsaw

text: Polonia Warsaw

question: When did Polonia Warsaw win the country's championship prior to 2000?

answer: 1946

answer: 1946

answer: 1946

question: How many times has Polonia won the cup?

answer: twice

text: twice

answer: twice

text: twice

answer: twice

text: twice

question: Where is Polonia's home venue located?

answer: at Konwiktorska Street

text: at Konwiktorska Street

answer: Konwiktorska Street

text: Konwiktorska Street

answer: Konwiktorska Street

text: Konwiktorska Street

question: Why was Polonia relegated from the country's top flight in 2013?

answer: disastrous financial situation

text: disastrous financial situation

answer: their disastrous financial situation

text: their disastrous financial situation

answer: disastrous financial situation.

text: disastrous financial situation.

question: Who won the PZPN Championship in 2000?

text: Polonia Warsaw

question: When did Polonia Ekstraklasa win the country's championship prior to 2000?

question: How many times has Ekstraklasa won the cup?

text: twice

question: Where is Ekstraklasa's home venue located?

text: Konwiktorska Street

question: Why was Ekstrakiasa relegated from the country's top flight in 2013?

text: disastrous financial situation


text: The best, worst and average case complexity refer to three different ways of measuring the time complexity (or any other complexity measure) of different inputs of the same size. Since some inputs of size n may be faster to solve than others, we define the following complexities:

title: Computational_complexity_theory

title: Computational_complexity_theory

text: The

text: best

text: worst

text: and

text: average

text: case

text: complexity

text: refer

text: to

text: three

text: different

text: ways

text: of

text: measuring

text: the

text: time

text: complexity

text: or

text: any

text: other

text: complexity

text: measure

text: of

text: different

text: inputs

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: size

text: Since

text: some

text: inputs

text: of

text: size

text: n

text: may

text: be

text: faster

text: to

text: solve

text: than

text: others

text: we

text: define

text: the

text: following

text: complexities

question: What are the three primary expressions used to represent case complexity?

answer: best, worst and average

text: best, worst and average

answer: best, worst and average case

text: best, worst and average case

answer: best, worst and average case complexity

text: best, worst and average case complexity

question: Case complexity likelihoods provide variable probabilities of what general measure?

answer: complexity measure

text: complexity measure

answer: complexity

text: complexity

answer: complexity

text: complexity

question: What is one common example of a critical complexity measure?

answer: time

text: time

answer: time complexity

text: time complexity

answer: time complexity

text: time complexity

question: Case complexities provide three likelihoods of what differing variable that remains the same size?

answer: inputs

text: inputs

answer: inputs

text: inputs

answer: inputs

text: inputs

question: What are the three secondary expressions used to represent case complexity?

text: best, worst and average

question: What three different ways are used to measure space complexity?

text: best, worst and average

question: What is one not common example of a critical complexity measure?

text: time

question: What differing variable remains the same size when providing the four likelihoods of case complexities?

text: inputs


text: Medical knowledge had stagnated during the Middle Ages. The most authoritative account at the time came from the medical faculty in Paris in a report to the king of France that blamed the heavens, in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a "great pestilence in the air". This report became the first and most widely circulated of a series of plague tracts that sought to give advice to sufferers. That the plague was caused by bad air became the most widely accepted theory. Today, this is known as the Miasma theory. The word 'plague' had no special significance at this time, and only the recurrence of outbreaks during the Middle Ages gave it the name that has become the medical term.

title: Black_Death

title: Black_Death

text: Medical

text: knowledge

text: had

text: stagnated

text: during

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: The

text: most

text: authoritative

text: account

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: came

text: from

text: the

text: medical

text: faculty

text: in

text: Paris

text: in

text: a

text: report

text: to

text: the

text: king

text: of

text: France

text: that

text: blamed

text: the

text: heavens

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: a

text: conjunction

text: of

text: three

text: planets

text: in

text: that

text: caused

text: a

text: great

text: pestilence

text: in

text: the

text: air

text: This

text: report

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: and

text: most

text: widely

text: circulated

text: of

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: plague

text: tracts

text: that

text: sought

text: to

text: give

text: advice

text: to

text: sufferers

text: That

text: the

text: plague

text: was

text: caused

text: by

text: bad

text: air

text: became

text: the

text: most

text: widely

text: accepted

text: theory

text: Today

text: this

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Miasma

text: theory

text: The

text: word

text: plague

text: had

text: no

text: special

text: significance

text: at

text: this

text: time

text: and

text: only

text: the

text: recurrence

text: of

text: outbreaks

text: during

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: gave

text: it

text: the

text: name

text: that

text: has

text: become

text: the

text: medical

text: term

question: What was the black death originally blamed on?

answer: the heavens

text: the heavens

answer: the heavens

text: the heavens

answer: the heavens

text: the heavens

question: Who was the medical report written for?

answer: the king of France

text: the king of France

answer: king of France

text: king of France

answer: king of France

text: king of France

question: What is the newer, more widely accepted theory behind the spread of the plague?

answer: That the plague was caused by bad air

text: That the plague was caused by bad air

answer: bad air

text: bad air

answer: great pestilence in the air

text: great pestilence in the air

question: What is the bad air theory officially known as?

answer: Miasma theory

text: Miasma theory

answer: Miasma theory.

text: Miasma theory.

answer: Miasma theory

text: Miasma theory

question: In what city did the king of France live?

text: Paris

question: What actually caused the plague?

text: bad air

question: In what year was the medical faculty in Paris established?

question: In what year did medical knowledge begin to stagnate during the Middle Ages?


text: The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory, where each pathogen is "remembered" by a signature antigen. The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific "non-self" antigens during a process called antigen presentation. Antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells. The ability to mount these tailored responses is maintained in the body by "memory cells". Should a pathogen infect the body more than once, these specific memory cells are used to quickly eliminate it.

title: Immune_system

title: Immune_system

text: The

text: adaptive

text: immune

text: system

text: evolved

text: in

text: early

text: vertebrates

text: and

text: allows

text: for

text: a

text: stronger

text: immune

text: response

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: immunological

text: memory

text: where

text: each

text: pathogen

text: is

text: remembered

text: by

text: a

text: signature

text: antigen

text: The

text: adaptive

text: immune

text: response

text: is

text: antigen

text: specific

text: and

text: requires

text: the

text: recognition

text: of

text: specific

text: non

text: self

text: antigens

text: during

text: a

text: process

text: called

text: antigen

text: presentation

text: Antigen

text: specificity

text: allows

text: for

text: the

text: generation

text: of

text: responses

text: that

text: are

text: tailored

text: to

text: specific

text: pathogens

text: or

text: pathogen

text: infected

text: cells

text: The

text: ability

text: to

text: mount

text: these

text: tailored

text: responses

text: is

text: maintained

text: in

text: the

text: body

text: by

text: memory

text: cells

text: Should

text: a

text: pathogen

text: infect

text: the

text: body

text: more

text: than

text: once

text: these

text: specific

text: memory

text: cells

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: quickly

text: eliminate

text: it

question: In what types of organisms did the adaptive immune system first evolve?

answer: vertebrates

text: vertebrates

answer: vertebrates

text: vertebrates

answer: early vertebrates

text: early vertebrates

question: The adaptive immune system recognizes non-self antigens during a process called what?

answer: antigen presentation

text: antigen presentation

answer: antigen presentation

text: antigen presentation

answer: antigen presentation

text: antigen presentation

question: Antigen specificity  allows responses that are specific to certain types of what?

answer: pathogens or pathogen-infected cells

text: pathogens or pathogen-infected cells

answer: pathogens

text: pathogens

answer: pathogen-infected cells

text: pathogen-infected cells

question: What evolved in later vertebrates?

text: adaptive immune system

question: What immune response is not antigen-specific?

text: adaptive immune response

question: What is not needed for adaptive immune responses?

question: What allows for responses that are not tailored to a specific pathogen?

text: Antigen specificity

question: What is used to eliminate a pathogen that infects the body once?

text: memory cells


text: With modern insights into quantum mechanics and technology that can accelerate particles close to the speed of light, particle physics has devised a Standard Model to describe forces between particles smaller than atoms. The Standard Model predicts that exchanged particles called gauge bosons are the fundamental means by which forces are emitted and absorbed. Only four main interactions are known: in order of decreasing strength, they are: strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational.:2–10:79 High-energy particle physics observations made during the 1970s and 1980s confirmed that the weak and electromagnetic forces are expressions of a more fundamental electroweak interaction.

title: Force

title: Force

text: With

text: modern

text: insights

text: into

text: quantum

text: mechanics

text: and

text: technology

text: that

text: can

text: accelerate

text: particles

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: speed

text: of

text: light

text: particle

text: physics

text: has

text: devised

text: a

text: Standard

text: Model

text: to

text: describe

text: forces

text: between

text: particles

text: smaller

text: than

text: atoms

text: The

text: Standard

text: Model

text: predicts

text: that

text: exchanged

text: particles

text: called

text: gauge

text: bosons

text: are

text: the

text: fundamental

text: means

text: by

text: which

text: forces

text: are

text: emitted

text: and

text: absorbed

text: Only

text: four

text: main

text: interactions

text: are

text: known

text: in

text: order

text: of

text: decreasing

text: strength

text: they

text: are

text: strong

text: electromagnetic

text: weak

text: and

text: High

text: energy

text: particle

text: physics

text: observations

text: made

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: confirmed

text: that

text: the

text: weak

text: and

text: electromagnetic

text: forces

text: are

text: expressions

text: of

text: a

text: more

text: fundamental

text: electroweak

text: interaction

question: What has partical physics made to describe sub-atomic forces?

answer: Standard Model

text: Standard Model

answer: Standard Model

text: Standard Model

answer: Standard Model

text: Standard Model

answer: Standard Model

text: Standard Model

answer: a Standard Model

text: a Standard Model

answer: a Standard Model

text: a Standard Model

question: What are the exchanged particles predicted by the standard Model?

answer: gauge bosons

text: gauge bosons

answer: gauge bosons

text: gauge bosons

answer: gauge bosons

text: gauge bosons

answer: gauge bosons

text: gauge bosons

answer: gauge bosons

text: gauge bosons

answer: gauge bosons

text: gauge bosons

question: What is the strongest main interaction?

answer: strong

text: strong

answer: strong

text: strong

answer: strong,

text: strong,

answer: strong

text: strong

answer: strong

text: strong

answer: strong, electromagnetic

text: strong, electromagnetic

question: What is the weakest main interaction?

answer: gravitational

text: gravitational

answer: gravitational

text: gravitational

answer: gravitational

text: gravitational

answer: gravitational

text: gravitational

answer: gravitational

text: gravitational

answer: gravitational

text: gravitational

question: What are weak and electromatic forces expressions of?

answer: electroweak interaction

text: electroweak interaction

answer: a more fundamental electroweak interaction

text: a more fundamental electroweak interaction

answer: more fundamental electroweak interaction.

text: more fundamental electroweak interaction.

answer: a more fundamental electroweak interaction

text: a more fundamental electroweak interaction

answer: fundamental electroweak interaction.

text: fundamental electroweak interaction.

question: What can decelerate particles close to the speed of light?

text: quantum mechanics and technology

question: Particle physics has created a Unique Model to describe what?

question: The Unique Model predicts that exchanged particles are the fundamental means by what?

text: forces are emitted and absorbed

question: How many main interactions are not know?

text: four


text: The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in Bródno (9th/10th century) and Jazdów (12th/13th century). After Jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa. The Prince of Płock, Bolesław II of Masovia, established this settlement, the modern-day Warsaw, in about 1300. In the beginning of the 14th century it became one of the seats of the Dukes of Masovia, becoming the official capital of Masovian Duchy in 1413. 14th-century Warsaw's economy rested on mostly crafts and trade. Upon the extinction of the local ducal line, the duchy was reincorporated into the Polish Crown in 1526.

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: The

text: first

text: fortified

text: settlements

text: on

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: today

text: 's

text: Warsaw

text: were

text: located

text: in

text: Bródno

text: century

text: and

text: Jazdów

text: century

text: After

text: Jazdów

text: was

text: raided

text: by

text: nearby

text: clans

text: and

text: dukes

text: a

text: new

text: similar

text: settlement

text: was

text: established

text: on

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: a

text: small

text: fishing

text: village

text: called

text: Warszowa

text: The

text: Prince

text: of

text: Płock

text: Bolesław

text: II

text: of

text: Masovia

text: established

text: this

text: settlement

text: the

text: modern

text: day

text: Warsaw

text: in

text: about

text: In

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: it

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: seats

text: of

text: the

text: Dukes

text: of

text: Masovia

text: becoming

text: the

text: official

text: capital

text: of

text: Masovian

text: Duchy

text: in

text: century

text: Warsaw

text: 's

text: economy

text: rested

text: on

text: mostly

text: crafts

text: and

text: trade

text: Upon

text: the

text: extinction

text: of

text: the

text: local

text: ducal

text: line

text: the

text: duchy

text: was

text: reincorporated

text: into

text: the

text: Polish

text: Crown

text: in

question: What city, raided by clans and dukes, preceded the founding of Warszowa?

answer: Jazdów

text: Jazdów

answer: Jazdów

text: Jazdów

answer: Jazdów

text: Jazdów

question: Who was Boleslaw II of Masovia?

answer: The Prince of Płock

text: The Prince of Płock

answer: Prince of Płock

text: Prince of Płock

answer: Prince of Płock

text: Prince of Płock

question: When was the settlement which would become Warsaw established?

answer: 1300

answer: 1300

answer: 1300

question: In what year did Warszowa become the official capital of the Masovian Duchy?

answer: 1413

answer: 1413

answer: 1413

question: When was the Masovian Duchy reincorporated into the Polish Crown?

answer: 1526

answer: 1526

answer: 1526

question: Who was Masovia II of Boleslaw?

text: The Prince of Płock

question: When was the settlement which would become Boleslaw established?

question: What city, raided by clans and dukes, preceded the founding of Boleslaw?

text: Jazdów

question: In what year did Boleslaw become the official capital of the Masovian Duchy?

question: When was the Bolelsaw Duchy reincorporated into the Polish Crown?