text: A method to lessen the magnitude of this heating and cooling was invented in 1804 by British engineer Arthur Woolf, who patented his Woolf high-pressure compound engine in 1805. In the compound engine, high-pressure steam from the boiler expands in a high-pressure (HP) cylinder and then enters one or more subsequent lower-pressure (LP) cylinders. The complete expansion of the steam now occurs across multiple cylinders and as less expansion now occurs in each cylinder less heat is lost by the steam in each. This reduces the magnitude of cylinder heating and cooling, increasing the efficiency of the engine. By staging the expansion in multiple cylinders, torque variability can be reduced. To derive equal work from lower-pressure steam requires a larger cylinder volume as this steam occupies a greater volume. Therefore, the bore, and often the stroke, are increased in low-pressure cylinders resulting in larger cylinders.

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: A

text: method

text: to

text: lessen

text: the

text: magnitude

text: of

text: this

text: heating

text: and

text: cooling

text: was

text: invented

text: in

text: by

text: British

text: engineer

text: Arthur

text: Woolf

text: who

text: patented

text: his

text: Woolf

text: high

text: pressure

text: compound

text: engine

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: compound

text: engine

text: high

text: pressure

text: steam

text: from

text: the

text: boiler

text: expands

text: in

text: a

text: high

text: pressure

text: HP

text: cylinder

text: and

text: then

text: enters

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: subsequent

text: lower

text: pressure

text: LP

text: cylinders

text: The

text: complete

text: expansion

text: of

text: the

text: steam

text: now

text: occurs

text: across

text: multiple

text: cylinders

text: and

text: as

text: less

text: expansion

text: now

text: occurs

text: in

text: each

text: cylinder

text: less

text: heat

text: is

text: lost

text: by

text: the

text: steam

text: in

text: each

text: This

text: reduces

text: the

text: magnitude

text: of

text: cylinder

text: heating

text: and

text: cooling

text: increasing

text: the

text: efficiency

text: of

text: the

text: engine

text: By

text: staging

text: the

text: expansion

text: in

text: multiple

text: cylinders

text: torque

text: variability

text: can

text: be

text: reduced

text: To

text: derive

text: equal

text: work

text: from

text: lower

text: pressure

text: steam

text: requires

text: a

text: larger

text: cylinder

text: volume

text: as

text: this

text: steam

text: occupies

text: a

text: greater

text: volume

text: Therefore

text: the

text: bore

text: and

text: often

text: the

text: stroke

text: are

text: increased

text: in

text: low

text: pressure

text: cylinders

text: resulting

text: in

text: larger

text: cylinders

question: Who patented a high-pressure compound engine in 1805?

answer: Arthur Woolf

text: Arthur Woolf

answer: Arthur Woolf

text: Arthur Woolf

answer: Arthur Woolf

text: Arthur Woolf

question: What nationality was Arthur Woolf?

answer: British

text: British

answer: British

text: British

answer: British

text: British

question: What is decreased by staging expansion across multiple cylinders?

answer: torque variability

text: torque variability

answer: torque variability

text: torque variability

answer: torque variability

text: torque variability

question: What needs to be larger to get the same work out of lower pressure steam?

answer: cylinder volume

text: cylinder volume

answer: cylinder

text: cylinder

answer: cylinder volume

text: cylinder volume

question: Who patented a high-pressure compound engine in 1804?

text: Arthur Woolf

question: What nationality was Arthur Smith?

text: British

question: What is decreased by staging expansion across one cylinder?

text: torque variability

question: What needs to be larger to get the same work out of lower pressure cooling?

text: cylinder volume

question: Who patented the Woolf cooling cylinder?

text: Arthur Woolf


text: "The word ‘empire’ comes from the Latin word imperium; for which the closest modern English equivalent would perhaps be ‘sovereignty’, or simply ‘rule’". The greatest distinction of an empire is through the amount of land that a nation has conquered and expanded. Political power grew from conquering land, however cultural and economic aspects flourished through sea and trade routes. A distinction about empires is "that although political empires were built mostly by expansion overland, economic and cultural influences spread at least as much by sea". Some of the main aspects of trade that went overseas consisted of animals and plant products. European empires in Asia and Africa "have come to be seen as the classic forms of imperialism: and indeed most books on the subject confine themselves to the European seaborne empires". European expansion caused the world to be divided by how developed and developing nation are portrayed through the world systems theory. The two main regions are the core and the periphery. The core consists of high areas of income and profit; the periphery is on the opposing side of the spectrum consisting of areas of low income and profit. These critical theories of Geo-politics have led to increased discussion of the meaning and impact of imperialism on the modern post-colonial world. The Russian leader Lenin suggested that "imperialism was the highest form of capitalism, claiming that imperialism developed after colonialism, and was distinguished from colonialism by monopoly capitalism". This idea from Lenin stresses how important new political world order has become in our modern era. Geopolitics now focuses on states becoming major economic players in the market; some states today are viewed as empires due to their political and economic authority over other nations.

title: Imperialism

title: Imperialism

text: The

text: word

text: empire’

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: word

text: imperium

text: for

text: which

text: the

text: closest

text: modern

text: English

text: equivalent

text: would

text: perhaps

text: be

text: sovereignty’

text: or

text: simply

text: rule’

text: The

text: greatest

text: distinction

text: of

text: an

text: empire

text: is

text: through

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: land

text: that

text: a

text: nation

text: has

text: conquered

text: and

text: expanded

text: Political

text: power

text: grew

text: from

text: conquering

text: land

text: however

text: cultural

text: and

text: economic

text: aspects

text: flourished

text: through

text: sea

text: and

text: trade

text: routes

text: A

text: distinction

text: about

text: empires

text: is

text: that

text: although

text: political

text: empires

text: were

text: built

text: mostly

text: by

text: expansion

text: overland

text: economic

text: and

text: cultural

text: influences

text: spread

text: at

text: least

text: as

text: much

text: by

text: sea

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: aspects

text: of

text: trade

text: that

text: went

text: overseas

text: consisted

text: of

text: animals

text: and

text: plant

text: products

text: European

text: empires

text: in

text: Asia

text: and

text: Africa

text: have

text: come

text: to

text: be

text: seen

text: as

text: the

text: classic

text: forms

text: of

text: imperialism

text: and

text: indeed

text: most

text: books

text: on

text: the

text: subject

text: confine

text: themselves

text: to

text: the

text: European

text: seaborne

text: empires

text: European

text: expansion

text: caused

text: the

text: world

text: to

text: be

text: divided

text: by

text: how

text: developed

text: and

text: developing

text: nation

text: are

text: portrayed

text: through

text: the

text: world

text: systems

text: theory

text: The

text: two

text: main

text: regions

text: are

text: the

text: core

text: and

text: the

text: periphery

text: The

text: core

text: consists

text: of

text: high

text: areas

text: of

text: income

text: and

text: profit

text: the

text: periphery

text: is

text: on

text: the

text: opposing

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: spectrum

text: consisting

text: of

text: areas

text: of

text: low

text: income

text: and

text: profit

text: These

text: critical

text: theories

text: of

text: Geo

text: politics

text: have

text: led

text: to

text: increased

text: discussion

text: of

text: the

text: meaning

text: and

text: impact

text: of

text: imperialism

text: on

text: the

text: modern

text: post

text: colonial

text: world

text: The

text: Russian

text: leader

text: Lenin

text: suggested

text: that

text: imperialism

text: was

text: the

text: highest

text: form

text: of

text: capitalism

text: claiming

text: that

text: imperialism

text: developed

text: after

text: colonialism

text: and

text: was

text: distinguished

text: from

text: colonialism

text: by

text: monopoly

text: capitalism

text: This

text: idea

text: from

text: Lenin

text: stresses

text: how

text: important

text: new

text: political

text: world

text: order

text: has

text: become

text: in

text: our

text: modern

text: era

text: Geopolitics

text: now

text: focuses

text: on

text: states

text: becoming

text: major

text: economic

text: players

text: in

text: the

text: market

text: some

text: states

text: today

text: are

text: viewed

text: as

text: empires

text: due

text: to

text: their

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: authority

text: over

text: other

text: nations

question: The amount of land a country controls is its greatest what?

answer: distinction

text: distinction

answer: distinction

text: distinction

answer: distinction

text: distinction

answer: distinction

text: distinction

answer: distinction

text: distinction

question: Western Imperialism divided the globe according to which theory?

answer: the world systems theory

text: the world systems theory

answer: world systems theory

text: world systems theory

answer: world systems theory.

text: world systems theory.

answer: world systems theory

text: world systems theory

question: Who suggested that imperialism was the "highest" form of capitalism?

answer: Lenin

text: Lenin

answer: Lenin

text: Lenin

answer: Lenin

text: Lenin

question: One country's authority over a number of others would constitute the original country as what?

answer: empires

text: empires

answer: empires

text: empires

question: Most imperialism was carried out using which method of transport?

answer: seaborne

text: seaborne

answer: land

text: land

answer: sea and trade routes

text: sea and trade routes

answer: sea

text: sea

question: The amount of land a country controls is its worst what?

text: distinction

question: Western Imperialism united the globe according to which theory?

text: world systems theory

question: Who suggested that imperialism was the "lowest" form of capitalism?

text: Lenin

question: One country's authority over no others would constitute the original country as what?

text: empires

question: No imperialism was carried out using which method of transport?

text: seaborne


text: Emperor Gegeen Khan, Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321 to 1323. He continued his father's policies to reform the government based on the Confucian principles, with the help of his newly appointed grand chancellor Baiju. During his reign, the Da Yuan Tong Zhi (Chinese: 大元通制, "the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan"), a huge collection of codes and regulations of the Yuan dynasty begun by his father, was formally promulgated. Gegeen was assassinated in a coup involving five princes from a rival faction, perhaps steppe elite opposed to Confucian reforms. They placed Yesün Temür (or Taidingdi) on the throne, and, after an unsuccessful attempt to calm the princes, he also succumbed to regicide.

title: Yuan_dynasty

title: Yuan_dynasty

text: Emperor

text: Gegeen

text: Khan

text: Ayurbarwada

text: 's

text: son

text: and

text: successor

text: ruled

text: for

text: only

text: two

text: years

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: continued

text: his

text: father

text: 's

text: policies

text: to

text: reform

text: the

text: government

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: Confucian

text: principles

text: with

text: the

text: help

text: of

text: his

text: newly

text: appointed

text: grand

text: chancellor

text: Baiju

text: During

text: his

text: reign

text: the

text: Da

text: Yuan

text: Tong

text: Zhi

text: Chinese

text: 大元通制

text: the

text: comprehensive

text: institutions

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Yuan

text: a

text: huge

text: collection

text: of

text: codes

text: and

text: regulations

text: of

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: begun

text: by

text: his

text: father

text: was

text: formally

text: promulgated

text: Gegeen

text: was

text: assassinated

text: in

text: a

text: coup

text: involving

text: five

text: princes

text: from

text: a

text: rival

text: faction

text: perhaps

text: steppe

text: elite

text: opposed

text: to

text: Confucian

text: reforms

text: They

text: placed

text: Yesün

text: Temür

text: or

text: Taidingdi

text: on

text: the

text: throne

text: and

text: after

text: an

text: unsuccessful

text: attempt

text: to

text: calm

text: the

text: princes

text: he

text: also

text: succumbed

text: to

text: regicide

question: Who was Ayurbarwada's son?

answer: Gegeen Khan

text: Gegeen Khan

answer: Gegeen Khan

text: Gegeen Khan

answer: Gegeen Khan

text: Gegeen Khan

question: When was Geegen the emperor?

answer: 1321 to 1323

text: 1321 to 1323

answer: 1321 to 1323

text: 1321 to 1323

answer: from 1321 to 1323

text: from 1321 to 1323

question: Who did Gegeen appoint as grand chancellor?

answer: Baiju

text: Baiju

answer: Baiju

text: Baiju

answer: Baiju

text: Baiju

question: What did 'Da Yuan Tong Zhi' mean?

answer: "the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan"

text: "the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan"

answer: the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan

text: the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan

answer: the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan

text: the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan

question: How many rival princes were involved in assassinating Gegeen?

answer: five

text: five

answer: five

text: five

answer: five

text: five

question: Who was Ayurbarwada's daughter?

text: Gegeen Khan

question: When was Geegen the senator?

text: 1321 to 1323

question: Who did Gegeen appoint as grand senator?

text: Baiju

question: What did 'Di Yuan Shi' mean?

question: How many rival princes were involved in living with Gegeen?

text: five


text: Ergänzungsschulen are secondary or post-secondary (non-tertiary) schools, which are run by private individuals, private organizations or rarely, religious groups and offer a type of education which is not available at public schools. Most of these schools are vocational schools. However, these vocational schools are not part of the German dual education system. Ergänzungsschulen have the freedom to operate outside of government regulation and are funded in whole by charging their students tuition fees.

title: Private_school

title: Private_school

text: Ergänzungsschulen

text: are

text: secondary

text: or

text: post

text: secondary

text: non

text: tertiary

text: schools

text: which

text: are

text: run

text: by

text: private

text: individuals

text: private

text: organizations

text: or

text: rarely

text: religious

text: groups

text: and

text: offer

text: a

text: type

text: of

text: education

text: which

text: is

text: not

text: available

text: at

text: public

text: schools

text: Most

text: of

text: these

text: schools

text: are

text: vocational

text: schools

text: However

text: these

text: vocational

text: schools

text: are

text: not

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: dual

text: education

text: system

text: Ergänzungsschulen

text: have

text: the

text: freedom

text: to

text: operate

text: outside

text: of

text: government

text: regulation

text: and

text: are

text: funded

text: in

text: whole

text: by

text: charging

text: their

text: students

text: tuition

text: fees

question: What are private secondary schools in Germany called?

answer: Ergänzungsschulen

text: Ergänzungsschulen

answer: Ergänzungsschulen

text: Ergänzungsschulen

answer: Ergänzungsschulen

text: Ergänzungsschulen

question: What types of schools are most ergänzungsschulen?

answer: vocational

text: vocational

answer: secondary or post-secondary

text: secondary or post-secondary

answer: vocational schools

text: vocational schools

question: How are ergänzungsschulen funded?

answer: tuition

text: tuition

answer: tuition

text: tuition

answer: tuition fees

text: tuition fees

question: Along with private individuals and organizations, what groups sometimes runs ergänzungsschulen?

answer: religious

text: religious

answer: religious groups

text: religious groups

answer: religious

text: religious

question: What are public schools called in Germany?

text: Ergänzungsschulen

question: What are most public schools not a part of?

text: the German dual education system

question: What do public schools operate outside of in Germany?

text: government regulation

question: How are public schools funded?

question: What group will rarely run a public school?

text: religious


text: Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines, but they soon fought in Byzantine service in Sicily. They were prominent alongside Varangian and Lombard contingents in the Sicilian campaign of George Maniaces in 1038–40. There is debate whether the Normans in Greek service actually were from Norman Italy, and it now seems likely only a few came from there. It is also unknown how many of the "Franks", as the Byzantines called them, were Normans and not other Frenchmen.

title: Normans

title: Normans

text: Soon

text: after

text: the

text: Normans

text: began

text: to

text: enter

text: Italy

text: they

text: entered

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: and

text: then

text: Armenia

text: fighting

text: against

text: the

text: Pechenegs

text: the

text: Bulgars

text: and

text: especially

text: the

text: Seljuk

text: Turks

text: Norman

text: mercenaries

text: were

text: first

text: encouraged

text: to

text: come

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Lombards

text: to

text: act

text: against

text: the

text: Byzantines

text: but

text: they

text: soon

text: fought

text: in

text: Byzantine

text: service

text: in

text: Sicily

text: They

text: were

text: prominent

text: alongside

text: Varangian

text: and

text: Lombard

text: contingents

text: in

text: the

text: Sicilian

text: campaign

text: of

text: George

text: Maniaces

text: in

text: There

text: is

text: debate

text: whether

text: the

text: Normans

text: in

text: Greek

text: service

text: actually

text: were

text: from

text: Norman

text: Italy

text: and

text: it

text: now

text: seems

text: likely

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: came

text: from

text: there

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: unknown

text: how

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: Franks

text: as

text: the

text: Byzantines

text: called

text: them

text: were

text: Normans

text: and

text: not

text: other

text: Frenchmen

question: Who was the Normans' main enemy in Italy, the Byzantine Empire and Armenia?

answer: Seljuk Turks

text: Seljuk Turks

answer: the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks

text: the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks

answer: the Seljuk Turks

text: the Seljuk Turks

question: Who entered Italy soon after the Byzantine Empire?

text: Normans

question: Who did the Normans fight in Italy?

question: Who did the Normans encourage to come to the south?

text: Lombards

question: During what campaign did the Vargian and Lombard fight?


text: Formed in November 1990 by the equal merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting, BSkyB became the UK's largest digital subscription television company. Following BSkyB's 2014 acquisition of Sky Italia and a majority 90.04% interest in Sky Deutschland in November 2014, its holding company British Sky Broadcasting Group plc changed its name to Sky plc. The United Kingdom operations also changed the company name from British Sky Broadcasting Limited to Sky UK Limited, still trading as Sky.

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom)

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom

text: Formed

text: in

text: November

text: by

text: the

text: equal

text: merger

text: of

text: Sky

text: Television

text: and

text: British

text: Satellite

text: Broadcasting

text: BSkyB

text: became

text: the

text: UK

text: 's

text: largest

text: digital

text: subscription

text: television

text: company

text: Following

text: BSkyB

text: 's

text: acquisition

text: of

text: Sky

text: Italia

text: and

text: a

text: majority

text: interest

text: in

text: Sky

text: Deutschland

text: in

text: November

text: its

text: holding

text: company

text: British

text: Sky

text: Broadcasting

text: Group

text: plc

text: changed

text: its

text: name

text: to

text: Sky

text: plc

text: The

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: operations

text: also

text: changed

text: the

text: company

text: name

text: from

text: British

text: Sky

text: Broadcasting

text: Limited

text: to

text: Sky

text: UK

text: Limited

text: still

text: trading

text: as

text: Sky

question: What company was formed by the merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting?

answer: BSkyB

text: BSkyB

answer: BSkyB

text: BSkyB

answer: BSkyB

text: BSkyB

question: Who is the UK's largest digital subscription television company?

answer: BSkyB

text: BSkyB

answer: BSkyB

text: BSkyB

answer: BSkyB

text: BSkyB

question: What year did BSkyB acquire Sky Italia?

answer: 2014

answer: 2014

answer: 2014

question: What is the name of the holding company for BSkyB?

answer: Sky plc

text: Sky plc

answer: British Sky Broadcasting Group plc

text: British Sky Broadcasting Group plc

answer: British Sky Broadcasting Group plc

text: British Sky Broadcasting Group plc

question: What is the name of the United Kingdom operation for BSkyB?

answer: Sky UK Limited

text: Sky UK Limited

answer: Sky UK Limited

text: Sky UK Limited

answer: Sky UK Limited

text: Sky UK Limited

question: What company was angry about the merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting?

text: BSkyB

question: Who is the UK's smallest digital subscription television company?

text: BSkyB

question: What year did BSkyB remove Sky Italia?

question: When did BSkyB become the largest US television company?

question: What company no longer trades as Sky?

text: Sky UK Limited


text: In what became known as the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 24 August – 3 October 1572, Catholics killed thousands of Huguenots in Paris. Similar massacres took place in other towns in the weeks following. The main provincial towns and cities experiencing the Massacre were Aix, Bordeaux, Bourges, Lyons, Meaux, Orleans, Rouen, Toulouse, and Troyes. Nearly 3,000 Protestants were slaughtered in Toulouse alone. The exact number of fatalities throughout the country is not known. On 23–24 August, between about 2,000 and 3,000 Protestants were killed in Paris and between 3,000 and 7,000 more in the French provinces. By 17 September, almost 25,000 Protestants had been massacred in Paris alone. Beyond Paris, the killings continued until 3 October. An amnesty granted in 1573 pardoned the perpetrators.[citation needed]

title: Huguenot

title: Huguenot

text: In

text: what

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: St.

text: Bartholomew

text: 's

text: Day

text: Massacre

text: of

text: August

text: October

text: Catholics

text: killed

text: thousands

text: of

text: Huguenots

text: in

text: Paris

text: Similar

text: massacres

text: took

text: place

text: in

text: other

text: towns

text: in

text: the

text: weeks

text: following

text: The

text: main

text: provincial

text: towns

text: and

text: cities

text: experiencing

text: the

text: Massacre

text: were

text: Aix

text: Bordeaux

text: Bourges

text: Lyons

text: Meaux

text: Orleans

text: Rouen

text: Toulouse

text: and

text: Troyes

text: Nearly

text: Protestants

text: were

text: slaughtered

text: in

text: Toulouse

text: alone

text: The

text: exact

text: number

text: of

text: fatalities

text: throughout

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: not

text: known

text: On

text: August

text: between

text: about

text: and

text: Protestants

text: were

text: killed

text: in

text: Paris

text: and

text: between

text: and

text: more

text: in

text: the

text: French

text: provinces

text: By

text: September

text: almost

text: Protestants

text: had

text: been

text: massacred

text: in

text: Paris

text: alone

text: Beyond

text: Paris

text: the

text: killings

text: continued

text: until

text: October

text: An

text: amnesty

text: granted

text: in

text: pardoned

text: the

text: perpetrators.[citation

text: needed

question: When was the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre?

answer: 24 August – 3 October 1572

text: 24 August – 3 October 1572

answer: 24 August – 3 October 1572

text: 24 August – 3 October 1572

answer: 24 August – 3 October 1572

text: 24 August – 3 October 1572

question: What group killed thousands of Huguenots?

answer: Catholics

text: Catholics

answer: Catholics

text: Catholics

answer: Catholics

text: Catholics

question: How many Huguenots were killed in Toulouse?

answer: Nearly 3,000

text: Nearly 3,000

answer: Nearly 3,000

text: Nearly 3,000

answer: Nearly 3,000

text: Nearly 3,000

question: When was amnesty granted to those responsible for the massacre?

answer: 1573

answer: 1573

answer: 1573

question: Reports document that how many Parisien Protestants were killed by September 17?

answer: almost 25,000

text: almost 25,000

answer: almost 25,000

text: almost 25,000

answer: almost 25,000

text: almost 25,000

question: How many Huguenots were killed in Bordeaux?

question: In which French city was about 2,000 Huguenots killed?

text: Lyons

question: How many Huguenots were killed altogether in France?

question: How many Huguenots were slaughtered in Orleans?

question: How many Huguenots were slain in Toulouse?


text: Around 2.5 million years ago (ending 11,600 years ago) was the geological period of the Ice Ages. Since approximately 600,000 years ago, six major Ice Ages have occurred, in which sea level dropped 120 m (390 ft) and much of the continental margins became exposed. In the Early Pleistocene, the Rhine followed a course to the northwest, through the present North Sea. During the so-called Anglian glaciation (~450,000 yr BP, marine oxygen isotope stage 12), the northern part of the present North Sea was blocked by the ice and a large lake developed, that overflowed through the English Channel. This caused the Rhine's course to be diverted through the English Channel. Since then, during glacial times, the river mouth was located offshore of Brest, France and rivers, like the Thames and the Seine, became tributaries to the Rhine. During interglacials, when sea level rose to approximately the present level, the Rhine built deltas, in what is now the Netherlands.

title: Rhine

title: Rhine

text: Around

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: ending

text: years

text: ago

text: was

text: the

text: geological

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Ice

text: Ages

text: Since

text: approximately

text: years

text: ago

text: six

text: major

text: Ice

text: Ages

text: have

text: occurred

text: in

text: which

text: sea

text: level

text: dropped

text: m

text: ft

text: and

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: continental

text: margins

text: became

text: exposed

text: In

text: the

text: Early

text: Pleistocene

text: the

text: Rhine

text: followed

text: a

text: course

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: through

text: the

text: present

text: North

text: Sea

text: During

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: Anglian

text: glaciation

text: yr

text: BP

text: marine

text: oxygen

text: isotope

text: stage

text: the

text: northern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: present

text: North

text: Sea

text: was

text: blocked

text: by

text: the

text: ice

text: and

text: a

text: large

text: lake

text: developed

text: that

text: overflowed

text: through

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: This

text: caused

text: the

text: Rhine

text: 's

text: course

text: to

text: be

text: diverted

text: through

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: Since

text: then

text: during

text: glacial

text: times

text: the

text: river

text: mouth

text: was

text: located

text: offshore

text: of

text: Brest

text: France

text: and

text: rivers

text: like

text: the

text: Thames

text: and

text: the

text: Seine

text: became

text: tributaries

text: to

text: the

text: Rhine

text: During

text: interglacials

text: when

text: sea

text: level

text: rose

text: to

text: approximately

text: the

text: present

text: level

text: the

text: Rhine

text: built

text: deltas

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: the

text: Netherlands

question: What period was 2.5 million years ago?

answer: Ice Ages

text: Ice Ages

answer: geological period

text: geological period

answer: geological period of the Ice Ages

text: geological period of the Ice Ages

question: How many major ice ages have occurred?

answer: six

text: six

answer: six

text: six

answer: six

text: six

question: How far did the sea level drop in the ice ages?

answer: 120 m

text: 120 m

answer: 120 m

text: 120 m

answer: 120 m

text: 120 m

question: In early Pleistocene, what direction did the Rhine flow?

answer: northwest

text: northwest

answer: northwest

text: northwest

answer: northwest

text: northwest

question: During glacial times, where was the mouth of the Rhine located?

answer: Brest

text: Brest

answer: Brest, France

text: Brest, France

answer: offshore of Brest,

text: offshore of Brest,

question: How long did the Ice Ages last?

text: 600,000 years

question: How high did the sea level rise during the ice ages?

text: 120 m

question: When did the Rhine travel southwest into the North Sea?

text: Early Pleistocene

question: What country is the English Channel located in?

text: France


text: Other prominent alumni include anthropologists David Graeber and Donald Johanson, who is best known for discovering the fossil of a female hominid australopithecine known as "Lucy" in the Afar Triangle region, psychologist John B. Watson, American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism, communication theorist Harold Innis, chess grandmaster Samuel Reshevsky, and conservative international relations scholar and White House Coordinator of Security Planning for the National Security Council Samuel P. Huntington.

title: University_of_Chicago

title: University_of_Chicago

text: Other

text: prominent

text: alumni

text: include

text: anthropologists

text: David

text: Graeber

text: and

text: Donald

text: Johanson

text: who

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: discovering

text: the

text: fossil

text: of

text: a

text: female

text: hominid

text: australopithecine

text: known

text: as

text: Lucy

text: in

text: the

text: Afar

text: Triangle

text: region

text: psychologist

text: John

text: B.

text: Watson

text: American

text: psychologist

text: who

text: established

text: the

text: psychological

text: school

text: of

text: behaviorism

text: communication

text: theorist

text: Harold

text: Innis

text: chess

text: grandmaster

text: Samuel

text: Reshevsky

text: and

text: conservative

text: international

text: relations

text: scholar

text: and

text: White

text: House

text: Coordinator

text: of

text: Security

text: Planning

text: for

text: the

text: National

text: Security

text: Council

text: Samuel

text: P.

text: Huntington

question: What anthropologists are also university alumni members?

answer: David Graeber and Donald Johanson

text: David Graeber and Donald Johanson

answer: David Graeber

text: David Graeber

answer: David Graeber and Donald Johanson

text: David Graeber and Donald Johanson

question: What chess grandmaster is also a university alumni?

answer: Samuel Reshevsky

text: Samuel Reshevsky

answer: Samuel Reshevsky

text: Samuel Reshevsky

answer: Samuel Reshevsky

text: Samuel Reshevsky

question: What conservative international relations scholar is also a university alumni?

answer: Samuel P. Huntington

text: Samuel P. Huntington

answer: Samuel P. Huntington

text: Samuel P. Huntington

answer: Samuel P. Huntington

text: Samuel P. Huntington

question: Who are best known for uncovering the fossil of John B Watson?

text: David Graeber and Donald Johanson

question: Who did John B Watson and David Graeber discover a fossil of?

question: The male fossil known as Lucy was discovered by who?

text: David Graeber and Donald Johanson

question: Who is the White House Coordinator of Security Planning and also an anthropologist?

text: Samuel P. Huntington

question: Who established the psychological school of conservative international relations?

text: John B. Watson


text: The Daily Mail newspaper reported in 2012 that the UK government's benefits agency was checking claimants' "Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone" – as, it claimed, subscription to sports channels would betray a man's presence in the household. In December, the UK’s parliament heard a claim that a subscription to BSkyB was ‘often damaging’, along with alcohol, tobacco and gambling. Conservative MP Alec Shelbrooke was proposing the payments of benefits and tax credits on a "Welfare Cash Card", in the style of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, that could be used to buy only "essentials".

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom)

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom

text: The

text: Daily

text: Mail

text: newspaper

text: reported

text: in

text: that

text: the

text: UK

text: government

text: 's

text: benefits

text: agency

text: was

text: checking

text: claimants

text: Sky

text: TV

text: bills

text: to

text: establish

text: if

text: a

text: woman

text: in

text: receipt

text: of

text: benefits

text: as

text: a

text: single

text: mother

text: is

text: wrongly

text: claiming

text: to

text: be

text: living

text: alone

text: as

text: it

text: claimed

text: subscription

text: to

text: sports

text: channels

text: would

text: betray

text: a

text: man

text: 's

text: presence

text: in

text: the

text: household

text: In

text: December

text: the

text: UK

text: ’s

text: parliament

text: heard

text: a

text: claim

text: that

text: a

text: subscription

text: to

text: BSkyB

text: was

text: often

text: damaging’

text: along

text: with

text: alcohol

text: tobacco

text: and

text: gambling

text: Conservative

text: MP

text: Alec

text: Shelbrooke

text: was

text: proposing

text: the

text: payments

text: of

text: benefits

text: and

text: tax

text: credits

text: on

text: a

text: Welfare

text: Cash

text: Card

text: in

text: the

text: style

text: of

text: the

text: Supplemental

text: Nutrition

text: Assistance

text: Program

text: that

text: could

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: buy

text: only

text: essentials

question: What did Alec Shelbrooke propose payments of benefits to be made on?

answer: Welfare Cash Card

text: Welfare Cash Card

answer: Welfare Cash Card

text: Welfare Cash Card

answer: Welfare Cash Card

text: Welfare Cash Card

question: What could the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program purchase?

answer: essentials

text: essentials

answer: only "essentials"

text: only "essentials"

answer: essentials

text: essentials

question: what did the UK parliment hear that a subscription to BSkyB was?

answer: often damaging

text: often damaging

answer: often damaging

text: often damaging

answer: often damaging

text: often damaging

question: What was the UK governments benefits agenchy checking in 2012?

answer: Sky TV bills

text: Sky TV bills

answer: claimants' "Sky TV bills

text: claimants' "Sky TV bills

answer: claimants

text: claimants

question: What did the benefits agency think sports channels on a TV bill meant?

answer: a man's presence

text: a man's presence

answer: mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone

text: mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone

answer: betray a man's presence in the household

text: betray a man's presence in the household

question: What did Alec Shelbrooke propose payments of benefits never be made on?

text: Welfare Cash Card

question: What could the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program never sell?

text: essentials

question: What did the UK parliment decide that a subscription to BSkyB was?

text: often damaging

question: What did the benefits agency think sports channels on a TV bill ignored?

text: a man's presence

question: What was the UK governments benefits agency destroying in 2012?

text: Sky TV bills


text: Möngke Khan commenced a military campaign against the Chinese Song dynasty in southern China. The Mongol force that invaded southern China was far greater than the force they sent to invade the Middle East in 1256. He died in 1259 without a successor. Kublai returned from fighting the Song in 1260 when he learned that his brother, Ariq Böke, was challenging his claim to the throne. Kublai convened a kurultai in Kaiping that elected him Great Khan. A rival kurultai in Mongolia proclaimed Ariq Böke Great Khan, beginning a civil war. Kublai depended on the cooperation of his Chinese subjects to ensure that his army received ample resources. He bolstered his popularity among his subjects by modeling his government on the bureaucracy of traditional Chinese dynasties and adopting the Chinese era name of Zhongtong. Ariq Böke was hampered by inadequate supplies and surrendered in 1264. All of the three western khanates (Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate and Ilkhanate) became functionally autonomous, although only the Ilkhans truly recognized Kublai as Great Khan. Civil strife had permanently divided the Mongol Empire.

title: Yuan_dynasty

title: Yuan_dynasty

text: Möngke

text: Khan

text: commenced

text: a

text: military

text: campaign

text: against

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Song

text: dynasty

text: in

text: southern

text: China

text: The

text: Mongol

text: force

text: that

text: invaded

text: southern

text: China

text: was

text: far

text: greater

text: than

text: the

text: force

text: they

text: sent

text: to

text: invade

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: in

text: He

text: died

text: in

text: without

text: a

text: successor

text: Kublai

text: returned

text: from

text: fighting

text: the

text: Song

text: in

text: when

text: he

text: learned

text: that

text: his

text: brother

text: Ariq

text: Böke

text: was

text: challenging

text: his

text: claim

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: Kublai

text: convened

text: a

text: kurultai

text: in

text: Kaiping

text: that

text: elected

text: him

text: Great

text: Khan

text: A

text: rival

text: kurultai

text: in

text: Mongolia

text: proclaimed

text: Ariq

text: Böke

text: Great

text: Khan

text: beginning

text: a

text: civil

text: war

text: Kublai

text: depended

text: on

text: the

text: cooperation

text: of

text: his

text: Chinese

text: subjects

text: to

text: ensure

text: that

text: his

text: army

text: received

text: ample

text: resources

text: He

text: bolstered

text: his

text: popularity

text: among

text: his

text: subjects

text: by

text: modeling

text: his

text: government

text: on

text: the

text: bureaucracy

text: of

text: traditional

text: Chinese

text: dynasties

text: and

text: adopting

text: the

text: Chinese

text: era

text: name

text: of

text: Zhongtong

text: Ariq

text: Böke

text: was

text: hampered

text: by

text: inadequate

text: supplies

text: and

text: surrendered

text: in

text: All

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: western

text: khanates

text: Golden

text: Horde

text: Chagatai

text: Khanate

text: and

text: Ilkhanate

text: became

text: functionally

text: autonomous

text: although

text: only

text: the

text: Ilkhans

text: truly

text: recognized

text: Kublai

text: as

text: Great

text: Khan

text: Civil

text: strife

text: had

text: permanently

text: divided

text: the

text: Mongol

text: Empire

question: Who led a Mongol attack on the Song dynasty?

answer: Möngke Khan

text: Möngke Khan

answer: Möngke Khan

text: Möngke Khan

answer: Möngke Khan

text: Möngke Khan

question: Where did Mongke Khan attack the Song dynasty?

answer: southern China

text: southern China

answer: southern China

text: southern China

answer: in southern China

text: in southern China

question: When did Mongke Khan die?

answer: 1259

answer: 1259

answer: in 1259

text: in 1259

question: Who challenged Kublai Khan's right to succeed Mongke Khan?

answer: Ariq Böke

text: Ariq Böke

answer: Ariq Böke

text: Ariq Böke

answer: Ariq Böke

text: Ariq Böke

question: What Chinese era name did Kublai adopt?

answer: Zhongtong

text: Zhongtong

answer: Zhongtong. Ariq Böke

text: Zhongtong. Ariq Böke

answer: Zhongtong

text: Zhongtong

question: Who led a Mongol defense on the Song dynasty?

text: Möngke Khan

question: Where did Mongke Khan defend the Song dynasty?

text: southern China

question: When was Mongke Khan born?

question: Who defended Kublai Khan's right to succeed Mongke Khan?

text: Ariq Böke

question: What Chinese era name did Kublai reject?

text: Zhongtong


text: NASA's CALIPSO satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon: an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the Sahara each year, at 15 degrees west longitude, across 1,600 miles (2,600 km) over the Atlantic Ocean (some dust falls into the Atlantic), then at 35 degrees West longitude at the eastern coast of South America, 27.7 million tons (15%) of dust fall over the Amazon basin, 132 million tons of dust remain in the air, 43 million tons of dust are windblown and falls on the Caribbean Sea, past 75 degrees west longitude.

title: Amazon_rainforest

title: Amazon_rainforest

text: NASA

text: 's

text: CALIPSO

text: satellite

text: has

text: measured

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: dust

text: transported

text: by

text: wind

text: from

text: the

text: Sahara

text: to

text: the

text: Amazon

text: an

text: average

text: million

text: tons

text: of

text: dust

text: are

text: windblown

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: Sahara

text: each

text: year

text: at

text: degrees

text: west

text: longitude

text: across

text: miles

text: km

text: over

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: some

text: dust

text: falls

text: into

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: then

text: at

text: degrees

text: West

text: longitude

text: at

text: the

text: eastern

text: coast

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: million

text: tons

text: of

text: dust

text: fall

text: over

text: the

text: Amazon

text: basin

text: million

text: tons

text: of

text: dust

text: remain

text: in

text: the

text: air

text: million

text: tons

text: of

text: dust

text: are

text: windblown

text: and

text: falls

text: on

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: Sea

text: past

text: degrees

text: west

text: longitude

question: What is the name of the satellite that measured the amount of dust?

answer: CALIPSO

text: CALIPSO

answer: CALIPSO

text: CALIPSO

answer: CALIPSO

text: CALIPSO

question: How many tons of dust are blown from the Sahara each year?

answer: 182 million tons

text: 182 million tons

answer: 182 million

text: 182 million

answer: an average 182 million

text: an average 182 million

question: How many miles does the dust travels over the Atlantic Ocean?

answer: 1,600 miles

text: 1,600 miles

answer: 1,600

answer: 1,600 miles

text: 1,600 miles

question: Which basin does the dust falls over into?

answer: Amazon basin

text: Amazon basin

answer: Amazon

text: Amazon

answer: Amazon

text: Amazon

question: How many tons of dust remains in the air?

answer: 132 million tons

text: 132 million tons

answer: 132 million tons

text: 132 million tons

answer: 132 million

text: 132 million

question: What tool has measured the amount of dust that travels from the Sahara to the Amazon?

answer: NASA's CALIPSO satellite

text: NASA's CALIPSO satellite

answer: NASA's CALIPSO satellite

text: NASA's CALIPSO satellite

answer: satellite

text: satellite

question: How much dust is blown out of the Sahara each year?

answer: 182 million tons

text: 182 million tons

answer: 182 million tons

text: 182 million tons

answer: 182 million tons

text: 182 million tons

question: How much Saharan dust falls over the Amazon basin each year?

answer: 27.7 million tons

text: 27.7 million tons

answer: 27.7 million tons

text: 27.7 million tons

answer: 27.7 million tons

text: 27.7 million tons

question: How much Saharan dust remains in the air over the Amazon each year?

answer: 132 million tons

text: 132 million tons

answer: 132 million tons

text: 132 million tons

answer: 132 million tons

text: 132 million tons

question: How much Saharan dust is blown and falls upon the Caribbean Sea each year?

answer: 43 million tons

text: 43 million tons

answer: 43 million tons

text: 43 million tons

answer: 43 million tons

text: 43 million tons

question: A satellite that measured the amount of dust going to the Amazon was named what?

answer: CALIPSO

text: CALIPSO

answer: CALIPSO

text: CALIPSO

answer: CALIPSO

text: CALIPSO

question: What organization runs the satellite that measured dust that landed on the Amazon?

answer: NASA

text: NASA

answer: NASA

text: NASA

answer: NASA's

text: NASA's

question: How much windblown dust leaves the Sahara each year?

answer: 182 million tons

text: 182 million tons

answer: 182 million tons

text: 182 million tons

answer: 182 million tons

text: 182 million tons

question: How many miles across the Atlantic Ocean does Saharan dust travel?

answer: 1,600 miles

text: 1,600 miles

answer: 1,600

answer: 1,600

question: How many tons of Saharan dust falls on the Amazon Basin each year?

answer: 27.7 million tons

text: 27.7 million tons

answer: 27.7 million

text: 27.7 million

answer: 27.7 million tons

text: 27.7 million tons

question: What is the name of the satellite that measured the amount of vegetation from the so hard to the Amazon?

text: CALIPSO

question: How many tons of dust are blown from the rain forest each year?

text: 182 million tons

question: How many miles is a dust travel over the Pacific?

text: 1,600 miles

question: How much dust is blown into the sonar every year

text: 182 million tons

question: 48 million tons of dust are blown onto what C every year?

text: Caribbean Sea


text: Thanks to numerous musical venues, including the Teatr Wielki, the Polish National Opera, the Chamber Opera, the National Philharmonic Hall and the National Theatre, as well as the Roma and Buffo music theatres and the Congress Hall in the Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw hosts many events and festivals. Among the events worth particular attention are: the International Frédéric Chopin Piano Competition, the International Contemporary Music Festival Warsaw Autumn, the Jazz Jamboree, Warsaw Summer Jazz Days, the International Stanisław Moniuszko Vocal Competition, the Mozart Festival, and the Festival of Old Music.

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: Thanks

text: to

text: numerous

text: musical

text: venues

text: including

text: the

text: Teatr

text: Wielki

text: the

text: Polish

text: National

text: Opera

text: the

text: Chamber

text: Opera

text: the

text: National

text: Philharmonic

text: Hall

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Theatre

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Roma

text: and

text: Buffo

text: music

text: theatres

text: and

text: the

text: Congress

text: Hall

text: in

text: the

text: Palace

text: of

text: Culture

text: and

text: Science

text: Warsaw

text: hosts

text: many

text: events

text: and

text: festivals

text: Among

text: the

text: events

text: worth

text: particular

text: attention

text: are

text: the

text: International

text: Frédéric

text: Chopin

text: Piano

text: Competition

text: the

text: International

text: Contemporary

text: Music

text: Festival

text: Warsaw

text: Autumn

text: the

text: Jazz

text: Jamboree

text: Warsaw

text: Summer

text: Jazz

text: Days

text: the

text: International

text: Stanisław

text: Moniuszko

text: Vocal

text: Competition

text: the

text: Mozart

text: Festival

text: and

text: the

text: Festival

text: of

text: Old

text: Music

question: What type of venue is the Teatr Wielki?

answer: musical

text: musical

answer: musical

text: musical

answer: musical

text: musical

question: What does Warsaw host many of?

answer: events and festivals

text: events and festivals

answer: events and festivals

text: events and festivals

answer: events and festivals

text: events and festivals

question: Where is the Congress Hall located?

answer: in the Palace of Culture and Science

text: in the Palace of Culture and Science

answer: Palace of Culture and Science

text: Palace of Culture and Science

answer: Palace of Culture and Science

text: Palace of Culture and Science

question: Where is the Jazz Jamboree hosted?

answer: Warsaw

text: Warsaw

answer: Warsaw

text: Warsaw

answer: Warsaw

text: Warsaw

question: Warsaw Summer Jazz Days is one of the many what hosted by Warsaw?

answer: festivals

text: festivals

answer: events

text: events

question: What type of venue is the Autumn Wielki?

text: musical

question: What does autumn host many of?

text: events and festivals

question: Where is the Autumn Hall located?

text: in the Palace of Culture and Science

question: Where is the Autumn Jamboree hosted?

text: Warsaw

question: Autumn Summer Jazz Days is one of the many what hosted by Warsaw?

text: festivals


text: Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were descended from a Pierre d'Aulps, and that group of Albanian clans known as the Maniakates were descended from Normans who served under George Maniaces in the Sicilian expedition of 1038.

title: Normans

title: Normans

text: Several

text: families

text: of

text: Byzantine

text: Greece

text: were

text: of

text: Norman

text: mercenary

text: origin

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Comnenian

text: Restoration

text: when

text: Byzantine

text: emperors

text: were

text: seeking

text: out

text: western

text: European

text: warriors

text: The

text: Raoulii

text: were

text: descended

text: from

text: an

text: Italo

text: Norman

text: named

text: Raoul

text: the

text: Petraliphae

text: were

text: descended

text: from

text: a

text: Pierre

text: d'Aulps

text: and

text: that

text: group

text: of

text: Albanian

text: clans

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Maniakates

text: were

text: descended

text: from

text: Normans

text: who

text: served

text: under

text: George

text: Maniaces

text: in

text: the

text: Sicilian

text: expedition

text: of

question: What were the origins of the Raouliii family?

answer: Norman mercenary

text: Norman mercenary

answer: an Italo-Norman named Raoul

text: an Italo-Norman named Raoul

answer: descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul

text: descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul

question: Where were several Norman mercenary familes originate from?

text: Byzantine Greece

question: Who did the Normans serve under in the 10th century?

text: George Maniaces

question: What expedition did George Maniaces lead in the 10th century?

text: Sicilian expedition


text: This projection was not included in the final summary for policymakers. The IPCC has since acknowledged that the date is incorrect, while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust. They expressed regret for "the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance". The date of 2035 has been correctly quoted by the IPCC from the WWF report, which has misquoted its own source, an ICSI report "Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale".

title: Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change

text: This

text: projection

text: was

text: not

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: final

text: summary

text: for

text: policymakers

text: The

text: IPCC

text: has

text: since

text: acknowledged

text: that

text: the

text: date

text: is

text: incorrect

text: while

text: reaffirming

text: that

text: the

text: conclusion

text: in

text: the

text: final

text: summary

text: was

text: robust

text: They

text: expressed

text: regret

text: for

text: the

text: poor

text: application

text: of

text: well

text: established

text: IPCC

text: procedures

text: in

text: this

text: instance

text: The

text: date

text: of

text: has

text: been

text: correctly

text: quoted

text: by

text: the

text: IPCC

text: from

text: the

text: WWF

text: report

text: which

text: has

text: misquoted

text: its

text: own

text: source

text: an

text: ICSI

text: report

text: Variations

text: of

text: Snow

text: and

text: Ice

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: and

text: at

text: present

text: on

text: a

text: Global

text: and

text: Regional

text: Scale

question: What did the IPCC say was mistaken?

answer: the date

text: the date

answer: the date

text: the date

answer: the date

text: the date

question: What did the IPCC apologize for?

answer: "the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance"

text: "the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance"

answer: the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures

text: the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures

answer: poor application of well-established IPCC procedures

text: poor application of well-established IPCC procedures

question: What was the source of the mistake?

answer: the WWF report

text: the WWF report

answer: the IPCC from the WWF report

text: the IPCC from the WWF report

answer: the WWF report

text: the WWF report

question: What report had the correct date?

answer: "Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale"

text: "Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale"

answer: the IPCC from the WWF report

text: the IPCC from the WWF report

answer: the WWF report

text: the WWF report

question: Which date was affirmed by the IPCC?

question: What did policymakers create for the IPCC?

text: the final summary

question: Who was given a projection included in the final summary?

text: policymakers

question: What was the name of the WWF report?


text: Following the election of the UK Labour Party to government in 1997, the UK formally subscribed to the Agreement on Social Policy, which allowed it to be included with minor amendments as the Social Chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam. The UK subsequently adopted the main legislation previously agreed under the Agreement on Social Policy, the 1994 Works Council Directive, which required workforce consultation in businesses, and the 1996 Parental Leave Directive. In the 10 years following the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam and adoption of the Social Chapter the European Union has undertaken policy initiatives in various social policy areas, including labour and industry relations, equal opportunity, health and safety, public health, protection of children, the disabled and elderly, poverty, migrant workers, education, training and youth.

title: European_Union_law

title: European_Union_law

text: Following

text: the

text: election

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: Labour

text: Party

text: to

text: government

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: formally

text: subscribed

text: to

text: the

text: Agreement

text: on

text: Social

text: Policy

text: which

text: allowed

text: it

text: to

text: be

text: included

text: with

text: minor

text: amendments

text: as

text: the

text: Social

text: Chapter

text: of

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Amsterdam

text: The

text: UK

text: subsequently

text: adopted

text: the

text: main

text: legislation

text: previously

text: agreed

text: under

text: the

text: Agreement

text: on

text: Social

text: Policy

text: the

text: Works

text: Council

text: Directive

text: which

text: required

text: workforce

text: consultation

text: in

text: businesses

text: and

text: the

text: Parental

text: Leave

text: Directive

text: In

text: the

text: years

text: following

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Amsterdam

text: and

text: adoption

text: of

text: the

text: Social

text: Chapter

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: has

text: undertaken

text: policy

text: initiatives

text: in

text: various

text: social

text: policy

text: areas

text: including

text: labour

text: and

text: industry

text: relations

text: equal

text: opportunity

text: health

text: and

text: safety

text: public

text: health

text: protection

text: of

text: children

text: the

text: disabled

text: and

text: elderly

text: poverty

text: migrant

text: workers

text: education

text: training

text: and

text: youth

question: What lead to the UK to subscribe to the agreement on Social Policy?

answer: the election of the UK Labour Party to government

text: the election of the UK Labour Party to government

answer: the election of the UK Labour Party to government in 1997

text: the election of the UK Labour Party to government in 1997

answer: the election of the UK Labour Party to government

text: the election of the UK Labour Party to government

question: When did the UK formally subscribe to the Agreement on Social Policy?

answer: 1997

answer: 1997

answer: 1997

question: Which directive mentioned was created in 1994?

answer: Works Council Directive

text: Works Council Directive

answer: the 1994 Works Council Directive

text: the 1994 Works Council Directive

answer: Works Council Directive

text: Works Council Directive

question: When was the Parental Leave directive created?

answer: 1996

answer: 1996

answer: 1996

question: What did the Works Council Directive require?

answer: workforce consultation in businesses

text: workforce consultation in businesses

answer: workforce consultation in businesses

text: workforce consultation in businesses

answer: workforce consultation in businesses

text: workforce consultation in businesses

question: What did not follow the election of the UK Labour Party to government?

question: When did the UK not subscribe to the Agreement on the Social Policy?

question: What did not require workforce consultation in business?

text: 1994 Works Council Directive

question: When was the Parental Leave directive rejected?

question: What has the European Union not undertaken following the adoption of the Social Charter?


text: The 2007 Lisbon Treaty explicitly recognised fundamental rights by providing in Article 6(1) that "The Union recognises the rights, freedoms and principles set out in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 7 December 2000, as adopted at Strasbourg on 12 December 2007, which shall have the same legal value as the Treaties." Therefore, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union has become an integral part of European Union law, codifying the fundamental rights which were previously considered general principles of European Union law. In effect, after the Lisbon Treaty, the Charter and the Convention now co-exist under European Union law, though the former is enforced by the European Court of Justice in relation to European Union measures, and the latter by the European Court of Human Rights in relation to measures by member states.

title: European_Union_law

title: European_Union_law

text: The

text: Lisbon

text: Treaty

text: explicitly

text: recognised

text: fundamental

text: rights

text: by

text: providing

text: in

text: Article

text: that

text: The

text: Union

text: recognises

text: the

text: rights

text: freedoms

text: and

text: principles

text: set

text: out

text: in

text: the

text: Charter

text: of

text: Fundamental

text: Rights

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: of

text: December

text: as

text: adopted

text: at

text: Strasbourg

text: on

text: December

text: which

text: shall

text: have

text: the

text: same

text: legal

text: value

text: as

text: the

text: Treaties

text: Therefore

text: the

text: Charter

text: of

text: Fundamental

text: Rights

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: has

text: become

text: an

text: integral

text: part

text: of

text: European

text: Union

text: law

text: codifying

text: the

text: fundamental

text: rights

text: which

text: were

text: previously

text: considered

text: general

text: principles

text: of

text: European

text: Union

text: law

text: In

text: effect

text: after

text: the

text: Lisbon

text: Treaty

text: the

text: Charter

text: and

text: the

text: Convention

text: now

text: co

text: exist

text: under

text: European

text: Union

text: law

text: though

text: the

text: former

text: is

text: enforced

text: by

text: the

text: European

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: in

text: relation

text: to

text: European

text: Union

text: measures

text: and

text: the

text: latter

text: by

text: the

text: European

text: Court

text: of

text: Human

text: Rights

text: in

text: relation

text: to

text: measures

text: by

text: member

text: states

question: When was the Lisbon Treaty established?

answer: 2007

answer: 2007

answer: 2007

question: What charter has become an important aspect of EU law?

answer: the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

text: the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

answer: the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 7

text: the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 7

answer: the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

text: the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

question: After the Lisbon treaty, the Charter and the Convention now co-exist under what?

answer: European Union law

text: European Union law

answer: European Union law

text: European Union law

answer: European Union law

text: European Union law

question: What entity enforces the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union?

answer: European Court of Justice

text: European Court of Justice

answer: European Court of Justice

text: European Court of Justice

answer: the European Court of Justice

text: the European Court of Justice

question: When was the Lisbon Treaty rejected?

question: What charter has not become an improtant aspect of Eu law?

question: What shall not have the same legal value as the Treaties?

question: What does not co-exist under EU law?

question: What entity does not enforce the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union?

text: European Court of Justice


text: Anti-inflammatory drugs are often used to control the effects of inflammation. Glucocorticoids are the most powerful of these drugs; however, these drugs can have many undesirable side effects, such as central obesity, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, and their use must be tightly controlled. Lower doses of anti-inflammatory drugs are often used in conjunction with cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs such as methotrexate or azathioprine. Cytotoxic drugs inhibit the immune response by killing dividing cells such as activated T cells. However, the killing is indiscriminate and other constantly dividing cells and their organs are affected, which causes toxic side effects. Immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin prevent T cells from responding to signals correctly by inhibiting signal transduction pathways.

title: Immune_system

title: Immune_system

text: Anti

text: inflammatory

text: drugs

text: are

text: often

text: used

text: to

text: control

text: the

text: effects

text: of

text: inflammation

text: Glucocorticoids

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: of

text: these

text: drugs

text: however

text: these

text: drugs

text: can

text: have

text: many

text: undesirable

text: side

text: effects

text: such

text: as

text: central

text: obesity

text: hyperglycemia

text: osteoporosis

text: and

text: their

text: use

text: must

text: be

text: tightly

text: controlled

text: Lower

text: doses

text: of

text: anti

text: inflammatory

text: drugs

text: are

text: often

text: used

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: cytotoxic

text: or

text: immunosuppressive

text: drugs

text: such

text: as

text: methotrexate

text: or

text: azathioprine

text: Cytotoxic

text: drugs

text: inhibit

text: the

text: immune

text: response

text: by

text: killing

text: dividing

text: cells

text: such

text: as

text: activated

text: T

text: cells

text: However

text: the

text: killing

text: is

text: indiscriminate

text: and

text: other

text: constantly

text: dividing

text: cells

text: and

text: their

text: organs

text: are

text: affected

text: which

text: causes

text: toxic

text: side

text: effects

text: Immunosuppressive

text: drugs

text: such

text: as

text: cyclosporin

text: prevent

text: T

text: cells

text: from

text: responding

text: to

text: signals

text: correctly

text: by

text: inhibiting

text: signal

text: transduction

text: pathways

question: What are the most powerful class of anti-inflammatory drugs?

answer: Glucocorticoids

text: Glucocorticoids

answer: Glucocorticoids

text: Glucocorticoids

answer: Glucocorticoids

text: Glucocorticoids

question: Low doses of anti-inflammatories are sometimes used with what classes of drugs?

answer: cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs

text: cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs

answer: cytotoxic or immunosuppressive

text: cytotoxic or immunosuppressive

answer: Cytotoxic drugs

text: Cytotoxic drugs

question: What are two examples of cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs?

answer: methotrexate or azathioprine

text: methotrexate or azathioprine

answer: methotrexate or azathioprine

text: methotrexate or azathioprine

answer: methotrexate or azathioprine

text: methotrexate or azathioprine

question: What is an example of an immunosuppressive drug that prevents T cell activity by altering signal transduction pathways?

answer: cyclosporin

text: cyclosporin

answer: cyclosporin

text: cyclosporin

answer: cyclosporin

text: cyclosporin

question: What is used to enhance the effects of inflammation?

text: Anti-inflammatory drugs

question: What are the least powerful anti-inflammatory drugs?

text: Glucocorticoids

question: What is not a side effect of glucocorticoids?

text: hyperglycemia

question: What are higher doses of anti-inflammatory drugs used with?

text: immunosuppressive drugs

question: What drugs help T cells respond to signals correctly?

text: Immunosuppressive drugs


text: Kublai readied the move of the Mongol capital from Karakorum in Mongolia to Khanbaliq in 1264, constructing a new city near the former Jurchen capital Zhongdu, now modern Beijing, in 1266. In 1271, Kublai formally claimed the Mandate of Heaven and declared that 1272 was the first year of the Great Yuan (Chinese: 大元) in the style of a traditional Chinese dynasty. The name of the dynasty originated from the I Ching and describes the "origin of the universe" or a "primal force". Kublai proclaimed Khanbaliq the "Great Capital" or Daidu (Dadu, Chinese: 大都 in Chinese) of the dynasty. The era name was changed to Zhiyuan to herald a new era of Chinese history. The adoption of a dynastic name legitimized Mongol rule by integrating the government into the narrative of traditional Chinese political succession. Khublai evoked his public image as a sage emperor by following the rituals of Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration, while simultaneously retaining his roots as a leader from the steppes.

title: Yuan_dynasty

title: Yuan_dynasty

text: Kublai

text: readied

text: the

text: move

text: of

text: the

text: Mongol

text: capital

text: from

text: Karakorum

text: in

text: Mongolia

text: to

text: Khanbaliq

text: in

text: constructing

text: a

text: new

text: city

text: near

text: the

text: former

text: Jurchen

text: capital

text: Zhongdu

text: now

text: modern

text: Beijing

text: in

text: In

text: Kublai

text: formally

text: claimed

text: the

text: Mandate

text: of

text: Heaven

text: and

text: declared

text: that

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: year

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Yuan

text: Chinese

text: 大元

text: in

text: the

text: style

text: of

text: a

text: traditional

text: Chinese

text: dynasty

text: The

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: dynasty

text: originated

text: from

text: the

text: I

text: Ching

text: and

text: describes

text: the

text: origin

text: of

text: the

text: universe

text: or

text: a

text: primal

text: force

text: Kublai

text: proclaimed

text: Khanbaliq

text: the

text: Great

text: Capital

text: or

text: Daidu

text: Dadu

text: Chinese

text: 大都

text: in

text: Chinese

text: of

text: the

text: dynasty

text: The

text: era

text: name

text: was

text: changed

text: to

text: Zhiyuan

text: to

text: herald

text: a

text: new

text: era

text: of

text: Chinese

text: history

text: The

text: adoption

text: of

text: a

text: dynastic

text: name

text: legitimized

text: Mongol

text: rule

text: by

text: integrating

text: the

text: government

text: into

text: the

text: narrative

text: of

text: traditional

text: Chinese

text: political

text: succession

text: Khublai

text: evoked

text: his

text: public

text: image

text: as

text: a

text: sage

text: emperor

text: by

text: following

text: the

text: rituals

text: of

text: Confucian

text: propriety

text: and

text: ancestor

text: veneration

text: while

text: simultaneously

text: retaining

text: his

text: roots

text: as

text: a

text: leader

text: from

text: the

text: steppes

question: Where had the Mongol capital been before Kublai moved it?

answer: Karakorum

text: Karakorum

answer: Karakorum

text: Karakorum

answer: Karakorum

text: Karakorum

question: Where did Kublai move the Mongol capital to?

answer: Khanbaliq

text: Khanbaliq

answer: Khanbaliq

text: Khanbaliq

answer: Khanbaliq

text: Khanbaliq

question: When did Kublai move the Mongol capital?

answer: 1264

answer: 1264

answer: 1264

question: What city later became Beijing?

answer: Zhongdu

text: Zhongdu

answer: Zhongdu

text: Zhongdu

answer: Zhongdu

text: Zhongdu

question: What rituals did Kublai follow to help his image?

answer: Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration

text: Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration

answer: Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration

text: Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration

answer: Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration

text: Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration

question: Where had the Mongol capital been before Kublai destroyed it?

text: Karakorum

question: Where did Kublai refuse to move the Mongol capital to?

text: Khanbaliq

question: When did Kublai fail to move the Mongol capital?

question: What city later became Alaska?

text: Zhongdu

question: What rituals did Kublai follow to destroy his image?


text: Ersatzschulen are ordinary primary or secondary schools, which are run by private individuals, private organizations or religious groups. These schools offer the same types of diplomas as public schools. Ersatzschulen lack the freedom to operate completely outside of government regulation. Teachers at Ersatzschulen must have at least the same education and at least the same wages as teachers at public schools, an Ersatzschule must have at least the same academic standards as a public school and Article 7, Paragraph 4 of the Grundgesetz, also forbids segregation of pupils according to the means of their parents (the so-called Sonderungsverbot). Therefore, most Ersatzschulen have very low tuition fees and/or offer scholarships, compared to most other Western European countries. However, it is not possible to finance these schools with such low tuition fees, which is why all German Ersatzschulen are additionally financed with public funds. The percentages of public money could reach 100% of the personnel expenditures. Nevertheless, Private Schools became insolvent in the past in Germany.

title: Private_school

title: Private_school

text: Ersatzschulen

text: are

text: ordinary

text: primary

text: or

text: secondary

text: schools

text: which

text: are

text: run

text: by

text: private

text: individuals

text: private

text: organizations

text: or

text: religious

text: groups

text: These

text: schools

text: offer

text: the

text: same

text: types

text: of

text: diplomas

text: as

text: public

text: schools

text: Ersatzschulen

text: lack

text: the

text: freedom

text: to

text: operate

text: completely

text: outside

text: of

text: government

text: regulation

text: Teachers

text: at

text: Ersatzschulen

text: must

text: have

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: same

text: education

text: and

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: same

text: wages

text: as

text: teachers

text: at

text: public

text: schools

text: an

text: Ersatzschule

text: must

text: have

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: same

text: academic

text: standards

text: as

text: a

text: public

text: school

text: and

text: Article

text: Paragraph

text: of

text: the

text: Grundgesetz

text: also

text: forbids

text: segregation

text: of

text: pupils

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: means

text: of

text: their

text: parents

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: Sonderungsverbot

text: Therefore

text: most

text: Ersatzschulen

text: have

text: very

text: low

text: tuition

text: fees

text: and/or

text: offer

text: scholarships

text: compared

text: to

text: most

text: other

text: Western

text: European

text: countries

text: However

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: possible

text: to

text: finance

text: these

text: schools

text: with

text: such

text: low

text: tuition

text: fees

text: which

text: is

text: why

text: all

text: German

text: Ersatzschulen

text: are

text: additionally

text: financed

text: with

text: public

text: funds

text: The

text: percentages

text: of

text: public

text: money

text: could

text: reach

text: of

text: the

text: personnel

text: expenditures

text: Nevertheless

text: Private

text: Schools

text: became

text: insolvent

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: in

text: Germany

question: What is the German term for segregating students based on their parents' wealth?

answer: Sonderungsverbot

text: Sonderungsverbot

answer: Sonderungsverbot

text: Sonderungsverbot

answer: Sonderungsverbot

text: Sonderungsverbot

question: What do Germans call private schools?

answer: Ersatzschulen

text: Ersatzschulen

answer: Ersatzschulen

text: Ersatzschulen

answer: Ersatzschulen

text: Ersatzschulen

question: How does the level of tuition in German private schools compare to private schools in other Western European countries?

answer: very low

text: very low

answer: very low

text: very low

answer: very low tuition fees

text: very low tuition fees

question: Who runs the Sonderungsverbot?

question: What kind of school is a Sonderungsverbot?

text: ordinary primary or secondary schools

question: What kind of diploma is given when graduating from a Sonderungsverbot?

question: What do Sonderungsverbot not have when trying to operate without regulation?

text: freedom

question: What kind of tuition is charged if you enroll in a Sonderungsverbot?

text: very low tuition


text: When B cells and T cells are activated and begin to replicate, some of their offspring become long-lived memory cells. Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells remember each specific pathogen encountered and can mount a strong response if the pathogen is detected again. This is "adaptive" because it occurs during the lifetime of an individual as an adaptation to infection with that pathogen and prepares the immune system for future challenges. Immunological memory can be in the form of either passive short-term memory or active long-term memory.

title: Immune_system

title: Immune_system

text: When

text: B

text: cells

text: and

text: T

text: cells

text: are

text: activated

text: and

text: begin

text: to

text: replicate

text: some

text: of

text: their

text: offspring

text: become

text: long

text: lived

text: memory

text: cells

text: Throughout

text: the

text: lifetime

text: of

text: an

text: animal

text: these

text: memory

text: cells

text: remember

text: each

text: specific

text: pathogen

text: encountered

text: and

text: can

text: mount

text: a

text: strong

text: response

text: if

text: the

text: pathogen

text: is

text: detected

text: again

text: This

text: is

text: adaptive

text: because

text: it

text: occurs

text: during

text: the

text: lifetime

text: of

text: an

text: individual

text: as

text: an

text: adaptation

text: to

text: infection

text: with

text: that

text: pathogen

text: and

text: prepares

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: for

text: future

text: challenges

text: Immunological

text: memory

text: can

text: be

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: either

text: passive

text: short

text: term

text: memory

text: or

text: active

text: long

text: term

text: memory

question: When B cells and T cells begin to replicate, what do some of their offspring cells become?

answer: long-lived memory cells

text: long-lived memory cells

answer: long-lived memory cells

text: long-lived memory cells

answer: long-lived memory cells

text: long-lived memory cells

question: The function of long-lived memory cells is an example of what kind of immune response?

answer: adaptive

text: adaptive

answer: adaptive

text: adaptive

answer: strong response

text: strong response

question: Immunological memory can take what two forms?

answer: passive short-term memory or active long-term memory

text: passive short-term memory or active long-term memory

answer: passive short-term memory or active long-term memory

text: passive short-term memory or active long-term memory

answer: passive short-term memory or active long-term memory

text: passive short-term memory or active long-term memory

question: Long-lived memory cells can remember previous encounters with what?

answer: specific pathogen

text: specific pathogen

answer: pathogen

text: pathogen

answer: each specific pathogen

text: each specific pathogen

question: What happens when B cells and T cells are deactivated?

question: What cells mount a weak response if a pathogen is detected again?

text: memory cells

question: What is not a form of immunological memory?

text: passive short-term memory

question: Why are memory cells not considered adaptive?

question: What cells are unable to remember specific pathogens?

text: memory cells


text: The Taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs the Deobandi movement established for impoverished Afghan refugees and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring Pakistan. The Taliban differed from other Islamist movements to the point where they might be more properly described as Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist, interested in spreading "an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs" under the label of Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as being influenced by Wahhabism, and the extremist jihadism of their guest Osama bin Laden.

title: Islamism

title: Islamism

text: The

text: Taliban

text: were

text: spawned

text: by

text: the

text: thousands

text: of

text: madrasahs

text: the

text: Deobandi

text: movement

text: established

text: for

text: impoverished

text: Afghan

text: refugees

text: and

text: supported

text: by

text: governmental

text: and

text: religious

text: groups

text: in

text: neighboring

text: Pakistan

text: The

text: Taliban

text: differed

text: from

text: other

text: Islamist

text: movements

text: to

text: the

text: point

text: where

text: they

text: might

text: be

text: more

text: properly

text: described

text: as

text: Islamic

text: fundamentalist

text: or

text: neofundamentalist

text: interested

text: in

text: spreading

text: an

text: idealized

text: and

text: systematized

text: version

text: of

text: conservative

text: tribal

text: village

text: customs

text: under

text: the

text: label

text: of

text: Sharia

text: to

text: an

text: entire

text: country

text: Their

text: ideology

text: was

text: also

text: described

text: as

text: being

text: influenced

text: by

text: Wahhabism

text: and

text: the

text: extremist

text: jihadism

text: of

text: their

text: guest

text: Osama

text: bin

text: Laden

question: Thousands of madrasahs spawned what organization?

answer: The Taliban

text: The Taliban

answer: The Taliban

text: The Taliban

answer: Taliban

text: Taliban

question: Where did support from governmental and religious groups come from?

answer: Pakistan

text: Pakistan

answer: Pakistan

text: Pakistan

answer: Pakistan

text: Pakistan

question: The Taliban was so different from other moments that they could be more accurately described as being what?

answer: neofundamentalist

text: neofundamentalist

answer: Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist

text: Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist

answer: neofundamentalist

text: neofundamentalist

question: What did the Taliban want to subject the entire country to?

answer: Sharia

text: Sharia

answer: an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs

text: an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs

answer: Sharia

text: Sharia

question: Who influenced the Taliban's ideology?

answer: Osama bin Laden

text: Osama bin Laden

answer: Osama bin Laden

text: Osama bin Laden

answer: Osama bin Laden

text: Osama bin Laden

question: Hundreds of madrasahs spawned what organization?

text: Taliban

question: Where did rejection from governmental and religious groups come from?

text: Pakistan

question: The Taliban was so similar to other moments that they could be more accurately described as being what?

text: neofundamentalist

question: What did the Taliban want to subject a small part of the country to?

text: Sharia

question: Who influenced the non-Taliban ideology?

text: Osama bin Laden


text: However, in 1883–84 Germany began to build a colonial empire in Africa and the South Pacific, before losing interest in imperialism. Historians have debated exactly why Germany made this sudden and short-lived move.[verification needed] Bismarck was aware that public opinion had started to demand colonies for reasons of German prestige. He was influenced by Hamburg merchants and traders, his neighbors at Friedrichsruh. The establishment of the German colonial empire proceeded smoothly, starting with German New Guinea in 1884.

title: Imperialism

title: Imperialism

text: However

text: in

text: Germany

text: began

text: to

text: build

text: a

text: colonial

text: empire

text: in

text: Africa

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: Pacific

text: before

text: losing

text: interest

text: in

text: imperialism

text: Historians

text: have

text: debated

text: exactly

text: why

text: Germany

text: made

text: this

text: sudden

text: and

text: short

text: lived

text: move.[verification

text: needed

text: Bismarck

text: was

text: aware

text: that

text: public

text: opinion

text: had

text: started

text: to

text: demand

text: colonies

text: for

text: reasons

text: of

text: German

text: prestige

text: He

text: was

text: influenced

text: by

text: Hamburg

text: merchants

text: and

text: traders

text: his

text: neighbors

text: at

text: Friedrichsruh

text: The

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: colonial

text: empire

text: proceeded

text: smoothly

text: starting

text: with

text: German

text: New

text: Guinea

text: in

question: Besides Africa, where did Germany have imperial interests?

answer: the South Pacific

text: the South Pacific

answer: South Pacific

text: South Pacific

answer: South Pacific

text: South Pacific

answer: South Pacific

text: South Pacific

answer: South Pacific

text: South Pacific

question: Colonies were a sign of what amongst European countries?

answer: prestige

text: prestige

answer: prestige

text: prestige

answer: prestige

text: prestige

answer: prestige

text: prestige

question: What was the name of the first German settlement?

answer: New Guinea

text: New Guinea

answer: German New Guinea

text: German New Guinea

answer: German New Guinea

text: German New Guinea

answer: German New Guinea

text: German New Guinea

answer: German New Guinea

text: German New Guinea

question: When did Germany found their first settlement?

answer: 1884

answer: 1884

answer: 1884

answer: 1884

answer: 1884

question: Who influenced Bismark besides his neighbors?

answer: Hamburg merchants and traders

text: Hamburg merchants and traders

answer: Hamburg merchants and traders

text: Hamburg merchants and traders

answer: Hamburg merchants and traders

text: Hamburg merchants and traders

answer: Hamburg merchants and traders

text: Hamburg merchants and traders

question: Besides Africa, where did Ireland have imperial interests?

text: South Pacific,

question: Colonies were a sign of what amongst Asian countries?

text: prestige

question: What was the name of the second German settlement?

text: New Guinea

question: Who influenced France besides his neighbors?

text: Hamburg merchants and traders


text: One of the principal advantages the Rankine cycle holds over others is that during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump, the working fluid being in its liquid phase at this point. By condensing the fluid, the work required by the pump consumes only 1% to 3% of the turbine power and contributes to a much higher efficiency for a real cycle. The benefit of this is lost somewhat due to the lower heat addition temperature. Gas turbines, for instance, have turbine entry temperatures approaching 1500 °C. Nonetheless, the efficiencies of actual large steam cycles and large modern gas turbines are fairly well matched.[citation needed]

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: principal

text: advantages

text: the

text: Rankine

text: cycle

text: holds

text: over

text: others

text: is

text: that

text: during

text: the

text: compression

text: stage

text: relatively

text: little

text: work

text: is

text: required

text: to

text: drive

text: the

text: pump

text: the

text: working

text: fluid

text: being

text: in

text: its

text: liquid

text: phase

text: at

text: this

text: point

text: By

text: condensing

text: the

text: fluid

text: the

text: work

text: required

text: by

text: the

text: pump

text: consumes

text: only

text: to

text: of

text: the

text: turbine

text: power

text: and

text: contributes

text: to

text: a

text: much

text: higher

text: efficiency

text: for

text: a

text: real

text: cycle

text: The

text: benefit

text: of

text: this

text: is

text: lost

text: somewhat

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: lower

text: heat

text: addition

text: temperature

text: Gas

text: turbines

text: for

text: instance

text: have

text: turbine

text: entry

text: temperatures

text: approaching

text: C

text: Nonetheless

text: the

text: efficiencies

text: of

text: actual

text: large

text: steam

text: cycles

text: and

text: large

text: modern

text: gas

text: turbines

text: are

text: fairly

text: well

text: matched.[citation

text: needed

question: What is a main advantage of the Rankine cycle?

answer: during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump

text: during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump

answer: relatively little work is required to drive the pump,

text: relatively little work is required to drive the pump,

answer: during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump

text: during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump

question: During the compression stage of the Rankine cycle, what state is the working fluid in?

answer: liquid

text: liquid

answer: liquid phase

text: liquid phase

answer: liquid

text: liquid

question: How much turbine power is consumed by the pump while the work fluid is condensed?

answer: 1% to 3%

text: 1% to 3%

answer: 1% to 3%

text: 1% to 3%

answer: 1% to 3%

text: 1% to 3%

question: What is the approximate turbine entry temperature of a gas turbine?

answer: 1500 °C

text: 1500 °C

answer: 1500 °C

text: 1500 °C

answer: 1500 °C

text: 1500 °C

question: What is a main advantage of the efficiency cycle?

question: During the compression stage of the efficiency cycle, what state is the working fluid in?

text: liquid

question: How much temperature is consumed by the pump while the work fluid is condensed?

text: 1% to 3%

question: What is the approximate turbine entry temperature of a pump turbine?

text: 1500 °C

question: What results in the work required by the pump to consume only 0.5% of the turbine power?

text: condensing the fluid


text: Although the European Union does not have a codified constitution, like every political body it has laws which "constitute" its basic governance structure. The EU's primary constitutional sources are the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), which have been agreed or adhered to among the governments of all 28 member states. The Treaties establish the EU's institutions, list their powers and responsibilities, and explain the areas in which the EU can legislate with Directives or Regulations. The European Commission has the initiative to propose legislation. During the ordinary legislative procedure, the Council (which are ministers from member state governments) and the European Parliament (elected by citizens) can make amendments and must give their consent for laws to pass. The Commission oversees departments and various agencies that execute or enforce EU law. The "European Council" (rather than the Council, made up of different government Ministers) is composed of the Prime Ministers or executive Presidents of the member states. It appoints the Commissioners and the board of the European Central Bank. The European Court of Justice is the supreme judicial body which interprets EU law, and develops it through precedent. The Court can review the legality of the EU institutions' actions, in compliance with the Treaties. It can also decide upon claims for breach of EU laws from member states and citizens.

title: European_Union_law

title: European_Union_law

text: Although

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: does

text: not

text: have

text: a

text: codified

text: constitution

text: like

text: every

text: political

text: body

text: it

text: has

text: laws

text: which

text: constitute

text: its

text: basic

text: governance

text: structure

text: The

text: EU

text: 's

text: primary

text: constitutional

text: sources

text: are

text: the

text: Treaty

text: on

text: European

text: Union

text: TEU

text: and

text: the

text: Treaty

text: on

text: the

text: Functioning

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: TFEU

text: which

text: have

text: been

text: agreed

text: or

text: adhered

text: to

text: among

text: the

text: governments

text: of

text: all

text: member

text: states

text: The

text: Treaties

text: establish

text: the

text: EU

text: 's

text: institutions

text: list

text: their

text: powers

text: and

text: responsibilities

text: and

text: explain

text: the

text: areas

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: EU

text: can

text: legislate

text: with

text: Directives

text: or

text: Regulations

text: The

text: European

text: Commission

text: has

text: the

text: initiative

text: to

text: propose

text: legislation

text: During

text: the

text: ordinary

text: legislative

text: procedure

text: the

text: Council

text: which

text: are

text: ministers

text: from

text: member

text: state

text: governments

text: and

text: the

text: European

text: Parliament

text: elected

text: by

text: citizens

text: can

text: make

text: amendments

text: and

text: must

text: give

text: their

text: consent

text: for

text: laws

text: to

text: pass

text: The

text: Commission

text: oversees

text: departments

text: and

text: various

text: agencies

text: that

text: execute

text: or

text: enforce

text: EU

text: law

text: The

text: European

text: Council

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: Council

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: different

text: government

text: Ministers

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: the

text: Prime

text: Ministers

text: or

text: executive

text: Presidents

text: of

text: the

text: member

text: states

text: It

text: appoints

text: the

text: Commissioners

text: and

text: the

text: board

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Central

text: Bank

text: The

text: European

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: is

text: the

text: supreme

text: judicial

text: body

text: which

text: interprets

text: EU

text: law

text: and

text: develops

text: it

text: through

text: precedent

text: The

text: Court

text: can

text: review

text: the

text: legality

text: of

text: the

text: EU

text: institutions

text: actions

text: in

text: compliance

text: with

text: the

text: Treaties

text: It

text: can

text: also

text: decide

text: upon

text: claims

text: for

text: breach

text: of

text: EU

text: laws

text: from

text: member

text: states

text: and

text: citizens

question: What are the two primary constitutional sources of the European Union?

answer: Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)

text: Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)

answer: the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)

text: the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)

answer: the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)

text: the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)

answer: the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)

text: the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)

question: Who has the power to initiate legislation within the European Union?

answer: The European Commission

text: The European Commission

answer: The European Commission

text: The European Commission

answer: The European Commission

text: The European Commission

answer: The European Commission

text: The European Commission

question: Who elects the members of the European Parliament?

answer: citizens

text: citizens

answer: citizens

text: citizens

answer: citizens

text: citizens

answer: citizens

text: citizens

question: What court is able to interpret European Union law?

answer: The European Court of Justice

text: The European Court of Justice

answer: The European Court of Justice

text: The European Court of Justice

answer: The European Court of Justice

text: The European Court of Justice

answer: The European Court of Justice

text: The European Court of Justice

question: What governing body appoints commissioners and the board of European Central Bank?

answer: The "European Council"

text: The "European Council"

answer: The "European Council"

text: The "European Council"

answer: The "European Council"

text: The "European Council"

answer: The "European Council"

text: The "European Council"

question: Who has a codified constitution?

text: European Union

question: What are the primary constitutional sources of the American Union?

question: Who does not have the power to initiate legislation within the European Union?

text: European Commission

question: Who elects the members of the American Parliament?

text: citizens

question: What governing body appoints commissioners and the board of American Central Bank?

text: The "European Council