text: The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during this time, is for a death rate of about a third. The Black Death killed about 40% of Egypt's population. Half of Paris's population of 100,000 people died. In Italy, the population of Florence was reduced from 110–120 thousand inhabitants in 1338 down to 50 thousand in 1351. At least 60% of the population of Hamburg and Bremen perished, and a similar percentage of Londoners may have died from the disease as well. Interestingly while contemporary reports account of mass burial pits being created in response to the large numbers of dead, recent scientific investigations of a burial pit in Central London found well-preserved individuals to be buried in isolated, evenly spaced graves, suggesting at least some pre-planning and Christian burials at this time. Before 1350, there were about 170,000 settlements in Germany, and this was reduced by nearly 40,000 by 1450. In 1348, the plague spread so rapidly that before any physicians or government authorities had time to reflect upon its origins, about a third of the European population had already perished. In crowded cities, it was not uncommon for as much as 50% of the population to die. The disease bypassed some areas, and the most isolated areas were less vulnerable to contagion. Monks and priests were especially hard hit since they cared for victims of the Black Death.

title: Black_Death

title: Black_Death

text: The

text: most

text: widely

text: accepted

text: estimate

text: for

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: including

text: Iraq

text: Iran

text: and

text: Syria

text: during

text: this

text: time

text: is

text: for

text: a

text: death

text: rate

text: of

text: about

text: a

text: third

text: The

text: Black

text: Death

text: killed

text: about

text: of

text: Egypt

text: 's

text: population

text: Half

text: of

text: Paris

text: 's

text: population

text: of

text: people

text: died

text: In

text: Italy

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: Florence

text: was

text: reduced

text: from

text: thousand

text: inhabitants

text: in

text: down

text: to

text: thousand

text: in

text: At

text: least

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: Hamburg

text: and

text: Bremen

text: perished

text: and

text: a

text: similar

text: percentage

text: of

text: Londoners

text: may

text: have

text: died

text: from

text: the

text: disease

text: as

text: well

text: Interestingly

text: while

text: contemporary

text: reports

text: account

text: of

text: mass

text: burial

text: pits

text: being

text: created

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: large

text: numbers

text: of

text: dead

text: recent

text: scientific

text: investigations

text: of

text: a

text: burial

text: pit

text: in

text: Central

text: London

text: found

text: well

text: preserved

text: individuals

text: to

text: be

text: buried

text: in

text: isolated

text: evenly

text: spaced

text: graves

text: suggesting

text: at

text: least

text: some

text: pre

text: planning

text: and

text: Christian

text: burials

text: at

text: this

text: time

text: Before

text: there

text: were

text: about

text: settlements

text: in

text: Germany

text: and

text: this

text: was

text: reduced

text: by

text: nearly

text: by

text: In

text: the

text: plague

text: spread

text: so

text: rapidly

text: that

text: before

text: any

text: physicians

text: or

text: government

text: authorities

text: had

text: time

text: to

text: reflect

text: upon

text: its

text: origins

text: about

text: a

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: population

text: had

text: already

text: perished

text: In

text: crowded

text: cities

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: uncommon

text: for

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: to

text: die

text: The

text: disease

text: bypassed

text: some

text: areas

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: isolated

text: areas

text: were

text: less

text: vulnerable

text: to

text: contagion

text: Monks

text: and

text: priests

text: were

text: especially

text: hard

text: hit

text: since

text: they

text: cared

text: for

text: victims

text: of

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

question: How much of the population in the Middle East died of the plague?

answer: about a third.

text: about a third.

answer: about a third

text: about a third

answer: about a third

text: about a third

question: How much of Paris' population was killed by the plague?

answer: Half of Paris's population of 100,000 people

text: Half of Paris's population of 100,000 people

answer: 100,000

answer: Half

text: Half

question: What do isolated, spaced out graves of plague victims indicate?

answer: at least some pre-planning and Christian burials

text: at least some pre-planning and Christian burials

answer: some pre-planning and Christian burials

text: some pre-planning and Christian burials

answer: some pre-planning and Christian burials

text: some pre-planning and Christian burials

question: How many people would die of plague in largely populated cities?

answer: as much as 50%

text: as much as 50%

answer: 50%

answer: 50%

question: Which areas were least vulnerable to disease?

answer: most isolated areas

text: most isolated areas

answer: isolated areas

text: isolated areas

answer: isolated

text: isolated

question: How many people lived in Egypt at the start of the Black Death?

question: In what country is Hamburg?

text: Italy

question: Where did the plague originate?

text: Paris

question: What percentage of monks and priests died from the Black Death?

question: What percentage of people in isolated areas of Europe died from the Black Death?

text: 50% of the population


text: It was only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation seemed not to fully explain. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies; however, despite some early indications, no such planet could be found. When Albert Einstein formulated his theory of general relativity (GR) he turned his attention to the problem of Mercury's orbit and found that his theory added a correction, which could account for the discrepancy. This was the first time that Newton's Theory of Gravity had been shown to be less correct than an alternative.

title: Force

title: Force

text: It

text: was

text: only

text: the

text: orbit

text: of

text: the

text: planet

text: Mercury

text: that

text: Newton

text: 's

text: Law

text: of

text: Gravitation

text: seemed

text: not

text: to

text: fully

text: explain

text: Some

text: astrophysicists

text: predicted

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: another

text: planet

text: Vulcan

text: that

text: would

text: explain

text: the

text: discrepancies

text: however

text: despite

text: some

text: early

text: indications

text: no

text: such

text: planet

text: could

text: be

text: found

text: When

text: Albert

text: Einstein

text: formulated

text: his

text: theory

text: of

text: general

text: relativity

text: GR

text: he

text: turned

text: his

text: attention

text: to

text: the

text: problem

text: of

text: Mercury

text: 's

text: orbit

text: and

text: found

text: that

text: his

text: theory

text: added

text: a

text: correction

text: which

text: could

text: account

text: for

text: the

text: discrepancy

text: This

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: that

text: Newton

text: 's

text: Theory

text: of

text: Gravity

text: had

text: been

text: shown

text: to

text: be

text: less

text: correct

text: than

text: an

text: alternative

question: What planet seemed to buck Newton's gravitational laws?

answer: Mercury

text: Mercury

answer: Mercury

text: Mercury

answer: Mercury

text: Mercury

answer: Mercury

text: Mercury

question: What planet did astrophysisist predict to explain the problems with Mercury?

answer: Vulcan

text: Vulcan

answer: Vulcan

text: Vulcan

answer: Vulcan

text: Vulcan

answer: Vulcan

text: Vulcan

question: What theory accounted for the Mercury problem?

answer: theory of general relativity

text: theory of general relativity

answer: theory of general relativity (GR)

text: theory of general relativity (GR)

answer: general relativity

text: general relativity

answer: general relativity

text: general relativity

question: Who came up with the theory of relativity?

answer: Albert Einstein

text: Albert Einstein

answer: Albert Einstein

text: Albert Einstein

answer: Albert Einstein

text: Albert Einstein

answer: Albert Einstein

text: Albert Einstein

question: Who first showed that Newton's Theory of Gravity was not as correct as another theory?

answer: Albert Einstein

text: Albert Einstein

answer: Albert Einstein

text: Albert Einstein

answer: Albert Einstein

text: Albert Einstein

answer: Albert Einstein

text: Albert Einstein

question: Whose law did not explain the orbit of the planet Saturn?

text: Newton's Law of Gravitation

question: Who predicted the existence of many other planets?

text: astrophysicists

question: Albert Einstein formulated what law?

text: Newton's Law of Gravitation

question: The planet Vulcan was predicted to explain the what with planet Saturn?

text: discrepancies


text: Fundamental rights, as in human rights, were first recognised by the European Court of Justice in the late 60s and fundamental rights are now regarded as integral part of the general principles of European Union law. As such the European Court of Justice is bound to draw inspiration from the constitutional traditions common to the member states. Therefore, the European Court of Justice cannot uphold measures which are incompatible with fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states. The European Court of Justice also found that "international treaties for the protection of human rights on which the member states have collaborated or of which they are signatories, can supply guidelines which should be followed within the framework of Community law."

title: European_Union_law

title: European_Union_law

text: Fundamental

text: rights

text: as

text: in

text: human

text: rights

text: were

text: first

text: recognised

text: by

text: the

text: European

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: fundamental

text: rights

text: are

text: now

text: regarded

text: as

text: integral

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: general

text: principles

text: of

text: European

text: Union

text: law

text: As

text: such

text: the

text: European

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: is

text: bound

text: to

text: draw

text: inspiration

text: from

text: the

text: constitutional

text: traditions

text: common

text: to

text: the

text: member

text: states

text: Therefore

text: the

text: European

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: can

text: not

text: uphold

text: measures

text: which

text: are

text: incompatible

text: with

text: fundamental

text: rights

text: recognised

text: and

text: protected

text: in

text: the

text: constitutions

text: of

text: member

text: states

text: The

text: European

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: also

text: found

text: that

text: international

text: treaties

text: for

text: the

text: protection

text: of

text: human

text: rights

text: on

text: which

text: the

text: member

text: states

text: have

text: collaborated

text: or

text: of

text: which

text: they

text: are

text: signatories

text: can

text: supply

text: guidelines

text: which

text: should

text: be

text: followed

text: within

text: the

text: framework

text: of

text: Community

text: law

question: Where is the European Court of justice likely to get inspiration from?

answer: from the constitutional traditions common to the member states

text: from the constitutional traditions common to the member states

answer: the constitutional traditions common to the member states

text: the constitutional traditions common to the member states

answer: the constitutional traditions common to the member states

text: the constitutional traditions common to the member states

question: The European Court of Justice cannot uphold measures that are incompatible with what?

answer: fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states

text: fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states

answer: fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states

text: fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states

answer: fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states

text: fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states

question: When were fundamental rights not recognized by the European Court of Justice?

text: in the late 60s

question: What is not regarded as an integral part of the general principles of EU law?

text: fundamental rights

question: When can the European Court of Justice uphold measures?

question: What did the European Court of Justice not find about supply guidelines?


text: Korean economist Hoesung Lee is the chair of the IPCC since October 8, 2015, following the election of the new IPCC Bureau. Before this election, the IPCC was led by his vice-Chair Ismail El Gizouli, who was designated acting Chair after the resignation of Rajendra K. Pachauri in February 2015. The previous chairs were Rajendra K. Pachauri, elected in May 2002; Robert Watson in 1997; and Bert Bolin in 1988. The chair is assisted by an elected bureau including vice-chairs, working group co-chairs, and a secretariat.

title: Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change

text: Korean

text: economist

text: Hoesung

text: Lee

text: is

text: the

text: chair

text: of

text: the

text: IPCC

text: since

text: October

text: following

text: the

text: election

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: IPCC

text: Bureau

text: Before

text: this

text: election

text: the

text: IPCC

text: was

text: led

text: by

text: his

text: vice

text: Chair

text: Ismail

text: El

text: Gizouli

text: who

text: was

text: designated

text: acting

text: Chair

text: after

text: the

text: resignation

text: of

text: Rajendra

text: K.

text: Pachauri

text: in

text: February

text: The

text: previous

text: chairs

text: were

text: Rajendra

text: K.

text: Pachauri

text: elected

text: in

text: May

text: Robert

text: Watson

text: in

text: and

text: Bert

text: Bolin

text: in

text: The

text: chair

text: is

text: assisted

text: by

text: an

text: elected

text: bureau

text: including

text: vice

text: chairs

text: working

text: group

text: co

text: chairs

text: and

text: a

text: secretariat

question: Who is the chair of the IPCC?

answer: Hoesung Lee

text: Hoesung Lee

answer: Hoesung Lee

text: Hoesung Lee

answer: Hoesung Lee

text: Hoesung Lee

question: What nationality is Hoesung Lee?

answer: Korean

text: Korean

answer: onomist

text: onomist

answer: Korean

text: Korean

question: Who is the vice-chair of the IPCC?

answer: Ismail El Gizouli

text: Ismail El Gizouli

answer: Ismail El Gizouli

text: Ismail El Gizouli

answer: Ismail El Gizouli

text: Ismail El Gizouli

question: Who was the first chair of the IPCC?

answer: Bert Bolin

text: Bert Bolin

answer: Bert Bolin

text: Bert Bolin

answer: Bert Bolin

text: Bert Bolin

question: When did Pachauri resign as chair of the IPCC?

answer: February 2015

text: February 2015

answer: February 2015

text: February 2015

answer: February 2015

text: February 2015

question: Who is the President of the IPCC?

text: Hoesung Lee

question: What year did Hoesung Lee become President?

question: Who was President of the IPCC before Hoesung Lee?

text: Ismail El Gizouli

question: In what year did El Gizouli resign from the IPCC?

question: Who was the first President of the IPCC?

text: Bert Bolin


text: The results of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended. Based on genetic evidence derived from Black Death victims in the East Smithfield burial site in England, Schuenemann et al. concluded in 2011 "that the Black Death in medieval Europe was caused by a variant of Y. pestis that may no longer exist." A study published in Nature in October 2011 sequenced the genome of Y. pestis from plague victims and indicated that the strain that caused the Black Death is ancestral to most modern strains of the disease.

title: Black_Death

title: Black_Death

text: The

text: results

text: of

text: the

text: Haensch

text: study

text: have

text: since

text: been

text: confirmed

text: and

text: amended

text: Based

text: on

text: genetic

text: evidence

text: derived

text: from

text: Black

text: Death

text: victims

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: Smithfield

text: burial

text: site

text: in

text: England

text: Schuenemann

text: et

text: al

text: concluded

text: in

text: that

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

text: in

text: medieval

text: Europe

text: was

text: caused

text: by

text: a

text: variant

text: of

text: Y.

text: pestis

text: that

text: may

text: no

text: longer

text: exist

text: A

text: study

text: published

text: in

text: Nature

text: in

text: October

text: sequenced

text: the

text: genome

text: of

text: Y.

text: pestis

text: from

text: plague

text: victims

text: and

text: indicated

text: that

text: the

text: strain

text: that

text: caused

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

text: is

text: ancestral

text: to

text: most

text: modern

text: strains

text: of

text: the

text: disease

question: What is the current status of the Haensch study?

answer: confirmed and amended

text: confirmed and amended

answer: confirmed and amended

text: confirmed and amended

answer: confirmed and amended

text: confirmed and amended

question: Where was the burial site used for testing located?

answer: East Smithfield

text: East Smithfield

answer: England

text: England

answer: East Smithfield

text: East Smithfield

question: What is thought to have happened to the y. pestis that caused the black death?

answer: may no longer exist

text: may no longer exist

answer: may no longer exist

text: may no longer exist

answer: may no longer exist

text: may no longer exist

question: When was the study on sequenced Y genomes published?

answer: October 2011

text: October 2011

answer: October 2011

text: October 2011

answer: October 2011

text: October 2011

question: In what year was the Haensch study released?

question: Who wrote the study published in Nature in October 2011?

text: Schuenemann et al

question: What was Schuenemann's first name?

text: Haensch

question: In what year were the Black Death victims in East Smithfield discovered?


text: In England, in the absence of census figures, historians propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300, and a postincident population figure as low as 2 million. By the end of 1350, the Black Death subsided, but it never really died out in England. Over the next few hundred years, further outbreaks occurred in 1361–62, 1369, 1379–83, 1389–93, and throughout the first half of the 15th century. An outbreak in 1471 took as much as 10–15% of the population, while the death rate of the plague of 1479–80 could have been as high as 20%. The most general outbreaks in Tudor and Stuart England seem to have begun in 1498, 1535, 1543, 1563, 1589, 1603, 1625, and 1636, and ended with the Great Plague of London in 1665.

title: Black_Death

title: Black_Death

text: In

text: England

text: in

text: the

text: absence

text: of

text: census

text: figures

text: historians

text: propose

text: a

text: range

text: of

text: preincident

text: population

text: figures

text: from

text: as

text: high

text: as

text: million

text: to

text: as

text: low

text: as

text: million

text: in

text: and

text: a

text: postincident

text: population

text: figure

text: as

text: low

text: as

text: million

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

text: subsided

text: but

text: it

text: never

text: really

text: died

text: out

text: in

text: England

text: Over

text: the

text: next

text: few

text: hundred

text: years

text: further

text: outbreaks

text: occurred

text: in

text: and

text: throughout

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: An

text: outbreak

text: in

text: took

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: while

text: the

text: death

text: rate

text: of

text: the

text: plague

text: of

text: could

text: have

text: been

text: as

text: high

text: as

text: The

text: most

text: general

text: outbreaks

text: in

text: Tudor

text: and

text: Stuart

text: England

text: seem

text: to

text: have

text: begun

text: in

text: and

text: and

text: ended

text: with

text: the

text: Great

text: Plague

text: of

text: London

text: in

question: What did historians do in the absence of census figures?

answer: propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million

text: propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million

answer: propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million

text: propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million

answer: propose a range of preincident population figures

text: propose a range of preincident population figures

question: When did the black death technically subside?

answer: By the end of 1350

text: By the end of 1350

answer: 1350

answer: By the end of 1350

text: By the end of 1350

question: How many people died in the outbreak of 1471?

answer: 10–15% of the population

text: 10–15% of the population

answer: 10–15% of the population

text: 10–15% of the population

answer: 10–15% of the population

text: 10–15% of the population

question: When was the great plague of London?

answer: 1665

answer: 1665

answer: 1665

question: What percentage of the population of London died during the 1589 breakout of the Black Death?

question: What percentage of people died during the Great Plague of London in 1665?

question: In what year did the Tudor era begin in England?

question: What was the population of Europe in 1665?

text: 2 million

question: What percentage of the population died in the 1625 outbreak of the Black Death?


text: Parliament typically sits Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays from early January to late June and from early September to mid December, with two-week recesses in April and October. Plenary meetings in the debating chamber usually take place on Wednesday afternoons from 2 pm to 6 pm and on Thursdays from 9:15 am to 6 pm. Chamber debates and committee meetings are open to the public. Entry is free, but booking in advance is recommended due to limited space. Meetings are broadcast on the Parliament's own channel Holyrood.tv and on the BBC's parliamentary channel BBC Parliament. Proceedings are also recorded in text form, in print and online, in the Official Report, which is the substantially verbatim transcript of parliamentary debates.

title: Scottish_Parliament

title: Scottish_Parliament

text: Parliament

text: typically

text: sits

text: Tuesdays

text: Wednesdays

text: and

text: Thursdays

text: from

text: early

text: January

text: to

text: late

text: June

text: and

text: from

text: early

text: September

text: to

text: mid

text: December

text: with

text: two

text: week

text: recesses

text: in

text: April

text: and

text: October

text: Plenary

text: meetings

text: in

text: the

text: debating

text: chamber

text: usually

text: take

text: place

text: on

text: Wednesday

text: afternoons

text: from

text: pm

text: to

text: pm

text: and

text: on

text: Thursdays

text: from

text: am

text: to

text: pm

text: Chamber

text: debates

text: and

text: committee

text: meetings

text: are

text: open

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: Entry

text: is

text: free

text: but

text: booking

text: in

text: advance

text: is

text: recommended

text: due

text: to

text: limited

text: space

text: Meetings

text: are

text: broadcast

text: on

text: the

text: Parliament

text: 's

text: own

text: channel

text: Holyrood.tv

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: BBC

text: 's

text: parliamentary

text: channel

text: BBC

text: Parliament

text: Proceedings

text: are

text: also

text: recorded

text: in

text: text

text: form

text: in

text: print

text: and

text: online

text: in

text: the

text: Official

text: Report

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: substantially

text: verbatim

text: transcript

text: of

text: parliamentary

text: debates

question: Which month is the first in the year Parliament takes a two week vacation?

answer: April

text: April

answer: April

text: April

answer: April

text: April

question: Where do plenary meetings take place?

answer: debating chamber

text: debating chamber

answer: debating chamber

text: debating chamber

answer: Wednesday afternoons

text: Wednesday afternoons

question: Who are debates and meetings open to?

answer: the public

text: the public

answer: the public.

text: the public.

answer: public

text: public

question: How much does it cost to gain entry to a parliament meeting?

answer: free

text: free

answer: free

text: free

answer: free

text: free

question: What contains a nearly verbatim of parliamentary debates?

answer: the Official Report

text: the Official Report

answer: the Official Report

text: the Official Report

answer: the Official Report

text: the Official Report

question: What typically sits Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Fridays?

text: Parliament

question: Parliament typically sits from February to late what?

text: June

question: Plenary meetings in the debating chamber usually take place on Tuesday afternoons from 1pm to what?

text: 6 pm

question: What meetings are closed to the public?

text: committee

question: What debates are closed to the public?

text: Chamber


text: Southern California consists of a heavily developed urban environment, home to some of the largest urban areas in the state, along with vast areas that have been left undeveloped. It is the third most populated megalopolis in the United States, after the Great Lakes Megalopolis and the Northeastern megalopolis. Much of southern California is famous for its large, spread-out, suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways. The dominant areas are Los Angeles, Orange County, San Diego, and Riverside-San Bernardino, each of which is the center of its respective metropolitan area, composed of numerous smaller cities and communities. The urban area is also host to an international metropolitan region in the form of San Diego–Tijuana, created by the urban area spilling over into Baja California.

title: Southern_California

title: Southern_California

text: Southern

text: California

text: consists

text: of

text: a

text: heavily

text: developed

text: urban

text: environment

text: home

text: to

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: urban

text: areas

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: along

text: with

text: vast

text: areas

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: left

text: undeveloped

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: most

text: populated

text: megalopolis

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: after

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: Megalopolis

text: and

text: the

text: Northeastern

text: megalopolis

text: Much

text: of

text: southern

text: California

text: is

text: famous

text: for

text: its

text: large

text: spread

text: out

text: suburban

text: communities

text: and

text: use

text: of

text: automobiles

text: and

text: highways

text: The

text: dominant

text: areas

text: are

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Orange

text: County

text: San

text: Diego

text: and

text: Riverside

text: San

text: Bernardino

text: each

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: its

text: respective

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: composed

text: of

text: numerous

text: smaller

text: cities

text: and

text: communities

text: The

text: urban

text: area

text: is

text: also

text: host

text: to

text: an

text: international

text: metropolitan

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: San

text: Diego

text: Tijuana

text: created

text: by

text: the

text: urban

text: area

text: spilling

text: over

text: into

text: Baja

text: California

question: Where does southern California's megalopolis standard in terms of population nationwide?

answer: third

text: third

answer: third

text: third

answer: third

text: third

question: Although southern california consts of a heavily developed urban environment, how much of it has been left undeveloped?

answer: vast areas

text: vast areas

answer: vast areas

text: vast areas

answer: vast areas

text: vast areas

question: Southern Californian communities are well known to be large, spread - out, and what other characteristic?

answer: suburban

text: suburban

answer: suburban

text: suburban

answer: suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways

text: suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways

question: Outside of its use of automobiles, what else is southern California famous for using?

answer: highways

text: highways

answer: highways

text: highways

question: What kind of region can be found inside the urban area of southern California?

answer: international metropolitan

text: international metropolitan

answer: an international metropolitan region

text: an international metropolitan region

answer: international metropolitan

text: international metropolitan

question: What are the second and third most populated megalopolis after Southern California?

question: What are the dominant areas of Los Angeles?

question: What international metropolitan region is in the Northeastern megalopolis?

text: San Diego–Tijuana,


text: Southern California's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the United States. It is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum, as opposed to other regions where automobiles not nearly as dominant, the vast majority of transport runs on this fuel. Southern California is famous for tourism and Hollywood (film, television, and music). Other industries include software, automotive, ports, finance, tourism, biomedical, and regional logistics. The region was a leader in the housing bubble 2001–2007, and has been heavily impacted by the housing crash.

title: Southern_California

title: Southern_California

text: Southern

text: California

text: 's

text: economy

text: is

text: diverse

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: is

text: dominated

text: and

text: heavily

text: dependent

text: upon

text: abundance

text: of

text: petroleum

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: other

text: regions

text: where

text: automobiles

text: not

text: nearly

text: as

text: dominant

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: transport

text: runs

text: on

text: this

text: fuel

text: Southern

text: California

text: is

text: famous

text: for

text: tourism

text: and

text: Hollywood

text: film

text: television

text: and

text: music

text: Other

text: industries

text: include

text: software

text: automotive

text: ports

text: finance

text: tourism

text: biomedical

text: and

text: regional

text: logistics

text: The

text: region

text: was

text: a

text: leader

text: in

text: the

text: housing

text: bubble

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: heavily

text: impacted

text: by

text: the

text: housing

text: crash

question: What resource is the economy of southern California depedent on?

answer: petroleum

text: petroleum

answer: petroleum

text: petroleum

answer: petroleum

text: petroleum

question: Southern California is most famous for tourism and what notably named district?

answer: Hollywood

text: Hollywood

answer: Hollywood

text: Hollywood

answer: Hollywood

text: Hollywood

question: The region was a leader in what event between 2001 - 2007?

answer: the housing bubble

text: the housing bubble

answer: the housing bubble

text: the housing bubble

question: Southern California's economy can be described as one of the largest in the United States and what other characteristic?

answer: diverse

text: diverse

answer: diverse

text: diverse

answer: diverse

text: diverse

question: What was the effect of the housing crash on the region?

answer: heavily impacted

text: heavily impacted

answer: heavily impacted

text: heavily impacted

question: Who does the largest economy in the United States belong to?

text: Southern California

question: What took place during 2000-2017?

text: housing bubble

question: What is southern California's economy completely dependent upon?

text: abundance of petroleum

question: Where is southern Hollywood located?

text: California


text: The total number of seats in the Parliament are allocated to parties proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'Hondt method. For example, to determine who is awarded the first list seat, the number of list votes cast for each party is divided by one plus the number of seats the party won in the region (at this point just constituency seats). The party with the highest quotient is awarded the seat, which is then added to its constituency seats in allocating the second seat. This is repeated iteratively until all available list seats are allocated.

title: Scottish_Parliament

title: Scottish_Parliament

text: The

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: seats

text: in

text: the

text: Parliament

text: are

text: allocated

text: to

text: parties

text: proportionally

text: to

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: votes

text: received

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: vote

text: of

text: the

text: ballot

text: using

text: the

text: d'Hondt

text: method

text: For

text: example

text: to

text: determine

text: who

text: is

text: awarded

text: the

text: first

text: list

text: seat

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: list

text: votes

text: cast

text: for

text: each

text: party

text: is

text: divided

text: by

text: one

text: plus

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: seats

text: the

text: party

text: won

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: at

text: this

text: point

text: just

text: constituency

text: seats

text: The

text: party

text: with

text: the

text: highest

text: quotient

text: is

text: awarded

text: the

text: seat

text: which

text: is

text: then

text: added

text: to

text: its

text: constituency

text: seats

text: in

text: allocating

text: the

text: second

text: seat

text: This

text: is

text: repeated

text: iteratively

text: until

text: all

text: available

text: list

text: seats

text: are

text: allocated

question: How are the total numbers of seats allocated to parties?

answer: proportionally to the number of votes received

text: proportionally to the number of votes received

answer: proportionally to the number of votes received

text: proportionally to the number of votes received

answer: proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'Hondt method

text: proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'Hondt method

question: What method is used for tallying votes in the second vote of the ballot?

answer: the d'Hondt method

text: the d'Hondt method

answer: d'Hondt

text: d'Hondt

answer: the d'Hondt method

text: the d'Hondt method

question: The party awarded a seat is the one with the highest what?

answer: quotient

text: quotient

answer: quotient

text: quotient

answer: quotient

text: quotient

question: What set is a seat added to after being allocated?

answer: constituency seats

text: constituency seats

answer: constituency

text: constituency

answer: second

text: second

question: How is the process of allocating seats repeated until all available seats have been determined?

answer: iteratively

text: iteratively

answer: iteratively

text: iteratively

answer: iteratively

text: iteratively

question: The party with the lowest quotient is awarded what?

text: the seat

question: What is subtracted to its constituency seats?

text: the seat

question: What method is used in tallying votes in the first vote of the ballot?

text: the d'Hondt method

question: The first vote of the ballot uses what method to tally the votes?

text: the d'Hondt method


text: After Washington had returned to Williamsburg, Dinwiddie ordered him to lead a larger force to assist Trent in his work. While en route, Washington learned of Trent's retreat. Since Tanaghrisson had promised support to the British, Washington continued toward Fort Duquesne and met with the Mingo leader. Learning of a French scouting party in the area, Washington, with Tanaghrisson and his party, surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen. They killed many of the Canadians, including their commanding officer, Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, whose head was reportedly split open by Tanaghrisson with a tomahawk. The historian Fred Anderson suggests that Tanaghrisson was acting to gain the support of the British and regain authority over his own people. They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationships. One of Tanaghrisson's men told Contrecoeur that Jumonville had been killed by British musket fire.

title: French_and_Indian_War

title: French_and_Indian_War

text: After

text: Washington

text: had

text: returned

text: to

text: Williamsburg

text: Dinwiddie

text: ordered

text: him

text: to

text: lead

text: a

text: larger

text: force

text: to

text: assist

text: Trent

text: in

text: his

text: work

text: While

text: en

text: route

text: Washington

text: learned

text: of

text: Trent

text: 's

text: retreat

text: Since

text: Tanaghrisson

text: had

text: promised

text: support

text: to

text: the

text: British

text: Washington

text: continued

text: toward

text: Fort

text: Duquesne

text: and

text: met

text: with

text: the

text: Mingo

text: leader

text: Learning

text: of

text: a

text: French

text: scouting

text: party

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: Washington

text: with

text: Tanaghrisson

text: and

text: his

text: party

text: surprised

text: the

text: Canadians

text: on

text: May

text: in

text: what

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Jumonville

text: Glen

text: They

text: killed

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: Canadians

text: including

text: their

text: commanding

text: officer

text: Joseph

text: Coulon

text: de

text: Jumonville

text: whose

text: head

text: was

text: reportedly

text: split

text: open

text: by

text: Tanaghrisson

text: with

text: a

text: tomahawk

text: The

text: historian

text: Fred

text: Anderson

text: suggests

text: that

text: Tanaghrisson

text: was

text: acting

text: to

text: gain

text: the

text: support

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: and

text: regain

text: authority

text: over

text: his

text: own

text: people

text: They

text: had

text: been

text: inclined

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: French

text: with

text: whom

text: they

text: had

text: long

text: trading

text: relationships

text: One

text: of

text: Tanaghrisson

text: 's

text: men

text: told

text: Contrecoeur

text: that

text: Jumonville

text: had

text: been

text: killed

text: by

text: British

text: musket

text: fire

question: Upon learning of a French scounting party in the area, what did Washington do?

answer: with Tanaghrisson and his party, surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen

text: with Tanaghrisson and his party, surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen

answer: killed many of the Canadians

text: killed many of the Canadians

answer: surprised the Canadians on May 28

text: surprised the Canadians on May 28

answer: Battle of Jumonville Glen

text: Battle of Jumonville Glen

answer: surprised the Canadians on May 28

text: surprised the Canadians on May 28

question: What were casualties of battle?

answer: killed many of the Canadians, including their commanding officer, Joseph Coulon de Jumonville

text: killed many of the Canadians, including their commanding officer, Joseph Coulon de Jumonville

answer: many of the Canadians, including their commanding officer, Joseph Coulon de Jumonville

text: many of the Canadians, including their commanding officer, Joseph Coulon de Jumonville

answer: Canadians, including their commanding officer

text: Canadians, including their commanding officer

answer: many of the Canadians, including their commanding officer, Joseph Coulon de Jumonville

text: many of the Canadians, including their commanding officer, Joseph Coulon de Jumonville

question: Why was Tanaghrisson supporting British efforts?

answer: regain authority over his own people. They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationships

text: regain authority over his own people. They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationships

answer: gain the support of the British and regain authority over his own people

text: gain the support of the British and regain authority over his own people

answer: had promised

text: had promised

answer: regain authority over his own people

text: regain authority over his own people

answer: to gain the support of the British and regain authority over his own people

text: to gain the support of the British and regain authority over his own people

question: When didn't Washington learn about Trent's retreat?

text: While en route

question: When did Washington learn about Trent's advance?

text: While en route

question: Upon learning of a French scounting party in the area, what didn't Washington do?

question: What weren't the casualties of battle?

question: Why was Tanaghrisson rejecting British efforts?


text: The European Commission is the main executive body of the European Union. Article 17(1) of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should "promote the general interest of the Union" while Article 17(3) adds that Commissioners should be "completely independent" and not "take instructions from any Government". Under article 17(2), "Union legislative acts may only be adopted on the basis of a Commission proposal, except where the Treaties provide otherwise." This means that the Commission has a monopoly on initiating the legislative procedure, although the Council is the "de facto catalyst of many legislative initiatives". The Parliament can also formally request the Commission to submit a legislative proposal but the Commission can reject such a suggestion, giving reasons. The Commission's President (currently an ex-Luxembourg Prime Minister, Jean-Claude Juncker) sets the agenda for the EU's work. Decisions are taken by a simple majority vote, usually through a "written procedure" of circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections.[citation needed] Since Ireland refused to consent to changes in the Treaty of Lisbon 2007, there remains one Commissioner for each of the 28 member states, including the President and the High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy (currently Federica Mogherini). The Commissioners (and most importantly, the portfolios they will hold) are bargained over intensively by the member states. The Commissioners, as a block, are then subject to a qualified majority vote of the Council to approve, and majority approval of the Parliament. The proposal to make the Commissioners be drawn from the elected Parliament, was not adopted in the Treaty of Lisbon. This means Commissioners are, through the appointment process, the unelected subordinates of member state governments.

title: European_Union_law

title: European_Union_law

text: The

text: European

text: Commission

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: executive

text: body

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Article

text: of

text: the

text: Treaty

text: on

text: European

text: Union

text: states

text: the

text: Commission

text: should

text: promote

text: the

text: general

text: interest

text: of

text: the

text: Union

text: while

text: Article

text: adds

text: that

text: Commissioners

text: should

text: be

text: completely

text: independent

text: and

text: not

text: take

text: instructions

text: from

text: any

text: Government

text: Under

text: article

text: Union

text: legislative

text: acts

text: may

text: only

text: be

text: adopted

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: a

text: Commission

text: proposal

text: except

text: where

text: the

text: Treaties

text: provide

text: otherwise

text: This

text: means

text: that

text: the

text: Commission

text: has

text: a

text: monopoly

text: on

text: initiating

text: the

text: legislative

text: procedure

text: although

text: the

text: Council

text: is

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: catalyst

text: of

text: many

text: legislative

text: initiatives

text: The

text: Parliament

text: can

text: also

text: formally

text: request

text: the

text: Commission

text: to

text: submit

text: a

text: legislative

text: proposal

text: but

text: the

text: Commission

text: can

text: reject

text: such

text: a

text: suggestion

text: giving

text: reasons

text: The

text: Commission

text: 's

text: President

text: currently

text: an

text: ex

text: Luxembourg

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Jean

text: Claude

text: Juncker

text: sets

text: the

text: agenda

text: for

text: the

text: EU

text: 's

text: work

text: Decisions

text: are

text: taken

text: by

text: a

text: simple

text: majority

text: vote

text: usually

text: through

text: a

text: written

text: procedure

text: of

text: circulating

text: the

text: proposals

text: and

text: adopting

text: if

text: there

text: are

text: no

text: objections.[citation

text: needed

text: Since

text: Ireland

text: refused

text: to

text: consent

text: to

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Lisbon

text: there

text: remains

text: one

text: Commissioner

text: for

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: member

text: states

text: including

text: the

text: President

text: and

text: the

text: High

text: Representative

text: for

text: Foreign

text: and

text: Security

text: Policy

text: currently

text: Federica

text: Mogherini

text: The

text: Commissioners

text: and

text: most

text: importantly

text: the

text: portfolios

text: they

text: will

text: hold

text: are

text: bargained

text: over

text: intensively

text: by

text: the

text: member

text: states

text: The

text: Commissioners

text: as

text: a

text: block

text: are

text: then

text: subject

text: to

text: a

text: qualified

text: majority

text: vote

text: of

text: the

text: Council

text: to

text: approve

text: and

text: majority

text: approval

text: of

text: the

text: Parliament

text: The

text: proposal

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: Commissioners

text: be

text: drawn

text: from

text: the

text: elected

text: Parliament

text: was

text: not

text: adopted

text: in

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Lisbon

text: This

text: means

text: Commissioners

text: are

text: through

text: the

text: appointment

text: process

text: the

text: unelected

text: subordinates

text: of

text: member

text: state

text: governments

question: What is the main executive body of the EU?

answer: The European Commission

text: The European Commission

answer: The European Commission

text: The European Commission

answer: The European Commission

text: The European Commission

answer: The European Commission

text: The European Commission

question: Who is the sole governing authority capable of initiating legislative proposals?

answer: the Commission

text: the Commission

answer: The European Commission

text: The European Commission

answer: the Commission

text: the Commission

answer: the Commission

text: the Commission

question: Which authority figure is designated to schedule and set the work of the EU?

answer: The Commission's President

text: The Commission's President

answer: The Commission's President

text: The Commission's President

answer: The Commission's President

text: The Commission's President

answer: The Commission's President (

text: The Commission's President (

question: For each of the 28 member states, how many Commissioner's are represented for each one?

answer: one Commissioner for each of the 28 member states

text: one Commissioner for each of the 28 member states

answer: one

text: one

answer: one

text: one

answer: one

text: one

question: Who is the current President and the High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy?

answer: Federica Mogherini

text: Federica Mogherini

answer: Jean-Claude Juncker

text: Jean-Claude Juncker

answer: Jean-Claude Juncker

text: Jean-Claude Juncker

answer: Jean-Claude Juncker

text: Jean-Claude Juncker

question: Which article of the Treaty on European Union states that Commissioners should be completely independent and not take instructions from any Government?

answer: Article 17(3)

text: Article 17(3)

answer: Article 17(3)

text: Article 17(3)

answer: Article 17(3)

text: Article 17(3)

answer: Article 17(3)

text: Article 17(3)

question: Who sets the agenda for the EU's work?

answer: The Commission's President

text: The Commission's President

answer: The Commission's President

text: The Commission's President

answer: The Commission's President

text: The Commission's President

answer: The Commission's President

text: The Commission's President

question: How are decisions made on behave of the EU made?

answer: simple majority vote

text: simple majority vote

answer: simple majority vote

text: simple majority vote

answer: a simple majority vote

text: a simple majority vote

answer: a simple majority

text: a simple majority

question: Which country refused to content to changes in the Treaty of Lisbon 2007?

answer: Ireland

text: Ireland

answer: Ireland

text: Ireland

answer: Ireland

text: Ireland

answer: Ireland

text: Ireland

question: Who are the un-elected subordinates of member state governments?

answer: Commissioners

text: Commissioners

answer: Commissioners

text: Commissioners

answer: Commissioners

text: Commissioners

answer: Commissioners

text: Commissioners

question: What was not the main executive body of the EU?

text: The European Commission

question: Who was not the sole governing authority capable of initiating legislative proposals?

text: the Commission

question: Who was not given authority to designate an agenda?

text: The Commission's President

question: What year did Ireland agree to the changes in Treaty of Lisbon?

question: Who was subjected to a qualified minority vote of the Council for approval?

text: The Commissioners


text: Almost all species are hermaphrodites, in other words they function as both males and females at the same time – except that in two species of the genus Ocryopsis individuals remain of the same single sex all their lives. The gonads are located in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows, and eggs and sperm are released via pores in the epidermis. Fertilization is external in most species, but platyctenids use internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch. Self-fertilization has occasionally been seen in species of the genus Mnemiopsis, and it is thought that most of the hermaphroditic species are self-fertile.

title: Ctenophora

title: Ctenophora

text: Almost

text: all

text: species

text: are

text: hermaphrodites

text: in

text: other

text: words

text: they

text: function

text: as

text: both

text: males

text: and

text: females

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: except

text: that

text: in

text: two

text: species

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Ocryopsis

text: individuals

text: remain

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: single

text: sex

text: all

text: their

text: lives

text: The

text: gonads

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: internal

text: canal

text: network

text: under

text: the

text: comb

text: rows

text: and

text: eggs

text: and

text: sperm

text: are

text: released

text: via

text: pores

text: in

text: the

text: epidermis

text: Fertilization

text: is

text: external

text: in

text: most

text: species

text: but

text: platyctenids

text: use

text: internal

text: fertilization

text: and

text: keep

text: the

text: eggs

text: in

text: brood

text: chambers

text: until

text: they

text: hatch

text: Self

text: fertilization

text: has

text: occasionally

text: been

text: seen

text: in

text: species

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Mnemiopsis

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: thought

text: that

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: hermaphroditic

text: species

text: are

text: self

text: fertile

question: How are eggs and sperm released?

answer: via pores in the epidermis

text: via pores in the epidermis

answer: pores in the epidermis

text: pores in the epidermis

answer: via pores in the epidermis

text: via pores in the epidermis

question: How do platyctenids reproduce?

answer: internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch.

text: internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch.

answer: internal fertilization

text: internal fertilization

answer: internal fertilization

text: internal fertilization

question: What genus has self-fertilization been seen?

answer: Mnemiopsis

text: Mnemiopsis

answer: Mnemiopsis

text: Mnemiopsis

answer: Mnemiopsis

text: Mnemiopsis

question: Where are the gonads located?

answer: in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows

text: in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows

answer: the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows

text: the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows

answer: internal canal network under the comb rows

text: internal canal network under the comb rows

question: Is fertilization  internal or exeternal in most species?

answer: external

text: external

answer: external

text: external

answer: external

text: external

question: What do most species of the genus Ocryopsis function as at the same time?

text: males and females

question: In what kind of chamber do species in the genus Ocryopsis keep their eggs until they hatch?

text: brood chambers

question: What is released by pores in the comb rows?

text: eggs and sperm

question: What has sometimes been seen in species of the genus Ocryopsis?

text: Self-fertilization

question: What are most species of the genus Ocryopsis thought to be?

text: self-fertile


text: The Upper Rhine region was changed significantly by a Rhine straightening program in the 19th Century. The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly. Dead branches dried up and the amount of forests on the flood plains decreased sharply. On the French side, the Grand Canal d'Alsace was dug, which carries a significant part of the river water, and all of the traffic. In some places, there are large compensation pools, for example the huge Bassin de compensation de Plobsheim in Alsace.

title: Rhine

title: Rhine

text: The

text: Upper

text: Rhine

text: region

text: was

text: changed

text: significantly

text: by

text: a

text: Rhine

text: straightening

text: program

text: in

text: the

text: Century

text: The

text: rate

text: of

text: flow

text: was

text: increased

text: and

text: the

text: ground

text: water

text: level

text: fell

text: significantly

text: Dead

text: branches

text: dried

text: up

text: and

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: forests

text: on

text: the

text: flood

text: plains

text: decreased

text: sharply

text: On

text: the

text: French

text: side

text: the

text: Grand

text: Canal

text: d'Alsace

text: was

text: dug

text: which

text: carries

text: a

text: significant

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: river

text: water

text: and

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: traffic

text: In

text: some

text: places

text: there

text: are

text: large

text: compensation

text: pools

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: huge

text: Bassin

text: de

text: compensation

text: de

text: Plobsheim

text: in

text: Alsace

question: Which century was there a program to straighten the Rhine?

answer: 19th Century

text: 19th Century

answer: 19th

answer: 19th

question: What happened to the rate of flow in the Rhine during the Rhine straightening program?

answer: increased

text: increased

answer: increased

text: increased

answer: rate of flow was increased

text: rate of flow was increased

question: What happened to the ground water in the Rhine during the Rhine straightening program?

answer: fell significantly

text: fell significantly

answer: fell significantly

text: fell significantly

answer: level fell significantly

text: level fell significantly

question: Which canal was dug in France to carry Rhine's water?

answer: Grand Canal d'Alsace

text: Grand Canal d'Alsace

answer: Grand Canal d'Alsace

text: Grand Canal d'Alsace

answer: Grand Canal d'Alsace

text: Grand Canal d'Alsace

question: What is the Bassin de compensation de Plobsheim in Alsace?

answer: large compensation pools

text: large compensation pools

answer: large compensation pools

text: large compensation pools

answer: compensation pools

text: compensation pools

question: What region of the Rhine was changed by the Rhine Straightening program?

answer: Upper Rhine

text: Upper Rhine

answer: Upper Rhine

text: Upper Rhine

answer: Upper Rhine region

text: Upper Rhine region

question: When did the Rhine Straightening program begin?

answer: 19th Century

text: 19th Century

answer: 19th

answer: 19th Century

text: 19th Century

question: What happened with the rate of flow in the Rhine with the straightening program?

answer: increased

text: increased

answer: increased

text: increased

answer: was increased

text: was increased

question: What happened with the ground water level with the Rhine straightening program?

answer: fell significantly

text: fell significantly

answer: fell significantly

text: fell significantly

answer: level fell

text: level fell

question: What carries a significant amount of the Rhine flow through France?

answer: Grand Canal d'Alsace

text: Grand Canal d'Alsace

answer: Grand Canal d'Alsace

text: Grand Canal d'Alsace

answer: Grand Canal d'Alsace

text: Grand Canal d'Alsace

question: In which century was the Grand Canal d'Alsace ended?

text: 19th Century

question: What decreased the rate of flow and caused the ground water level to rise?

text: Rhine straightening program

question: What caused the Lower Rhine region to be changed significantly?

text: Rhine straightening program

question: In what century did all of the dead branches dry up?

text: 19th Century

question: In what century did the amount of forests on the flood plain increase?

text: 19th Century


text: The complexity class P is often seen as a mathematical abstraction modeling those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm. This hypothesis is called the Cobham–Edmonds thesis. The complexity class NP, on the other hand, contains many problems that people would like to solve efficiently, but for which no efficient algorithm is known, such as the Boolean satisfiability problem, the Hamiltonian path problem and the vertex cover problem. Since deterministic Turing machines are special non-deterministic Turing machines, it is easily observed that each problem in P is also member of the class NP.

title: Computational_complexity_theory

title: Computational_complexity_theory

text: The

text: complexity

text: class

text: P

text: is

text: often

text: seen

text: as

text: a

text: mathematical

text: abstraction

text: modeling

text: those

text: computational

text: tasks

text: that

text: admit

text: an

text: efficient

text: algorithm

text: This

text: hypothesis

text: is

text: called

text: the

text: Cobham

text: Edmonds

text: thesis

text: The

text: complexity

text: class

text: NP

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: contains

text: many

text: problems

text: that

text: people

text: would

text: like

text: to

text: solve

text: efficiently

text: but

text: for

text: which

text: no

text: efficient

text: algorithm

text: is

text: known

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Boolean

text: satisfiability

text: problem

text: the

text: Hamiltonian

text: path

text: problem

text: and

text: the

text: vertex

text: cover

text: problem

text: Since

text: deterministic

text: Turing

text: machines

text: are

text: special

text: non

text: deterministic

text: Turing

text: machines

text: it

text: is

text: easily

text: observed

text: that

text: each

text: problem

text: in

text: P

text: is

text: also

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: class

text: NP

question: What complexity class is characterized by a computational tasks and efficient algorithms?

answer: P

text: P

answer: P

text: P

answer: P

text: P

question: What hypothesis is associated with the complexity class of P viewed as a mathematical abstraction with efficient algorithmic functionality?

answer: Cobham–Edmonds thesis

text: Cobham–Edmonds thesis

answer: Cobham–Edmonds thesis

text: Cobham–Edmonds thesis

answer: Cobham–Edmonds thesis

text: Cobham–Edmonds thesis

question: What complexity class is commonly characterized by unknown algorithms to enhance solvability?

answer: NP

text: NP

answer: NP

text: NP

answer: NP

text: NP

question: What is an example of a problem that rests within the NP complexity class?

answer: Boolean satisfiability problem

text: Boolean satisfiability problem

answer: Boolean satisfiability problem

text: Boolean satisfiability problem

question: In what theoretical machine is it confirmed that a problem in P belies membership in the NP class?

answer: Turing machines

text: Turing machines

answer: deterministic Turing machines

text: deterministic Turing machines

answer: deterministic Turing machines

text: deterministic Turing machines

question: What is often seen as a scientific abstraction modeling those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm?

text: The complexity class P

question: What theory is the Cobham-Edward thesis?

question: What complexity class is not commonly characterized by unknown algorithms to enhance solubility?

text: NP

question: What is an example of a problem that rests within the NP simplicity class?

text: Boolean satisfiability problem

question: What ,theoretical machine did not confirm that a problem in P belies membership in the NX class?

text: Turing machines


text: In the arts and entertainment, minimalist composer Philip Glass, dancer, choreographer and leader in the field of dance anthropology Katherine Dunham, Bungie founder and developer of the Halo video game series Alex Seropian, Serial host Sarah Koenig, actor Ed Asner, Pulitzer Prize for Criticism winning film critic and the subject of the 2014 documentary film Life Itself Roger Ebert, director, writer, and comedian Mike Nichols, film director and screenwriter Philip Kaufman, and Carl Van Vechten, photographer and writer, are graduates.

title: University_of_Chicago

title: University_of_Chicago

text: In

text: the

text: arts

text: and

text: entertainment

text: minimalist

text: composer

text: Philip

text: Glass

text: dancer

text: choreographer

text: and

text: leader

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: dance

text: anthropology

text: Katherine

text: Dunham

text: Bungie

text: founder

text: and

text: developer

text: of

text: the

text: Halo

text: video

text: game

text: series

text: Alex

text: Seropian

text: Serial

text: host

text: Sarah

text: Koenig

text: actor

text: Ed

text: Asner

text: Pulitzer

text: Prize

text: for

text: Criticism

text: winning

text: film

text: critic

text: and

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: the

text: documentary

text: film

text: Life

text: Itself

text: Roger

text: Ebert

text: director

text: writer

text: and

text: comedian

text: Mike

text: Nichols

text: film

text: director

text: and

text: screenwriter

text: Philip

text: Kaufman

text: and

text: Carl

text: Van

text: Vechten

text: photographer

text: and

text: writer

text: are

text: graduates

question: What minimalist composer is also a university graduate?

answer: Philip Glass

text: Philip Glass

answer: Philip Glass

text: Philip Glass

answer: Philip Glass

text: Philip Glass

question: What is the name of the Bungie Inc. founder who is also a university graduate?

answer: Alex Seropian

text: Alex Seropian

answer: Alex Seropian

text: Alex Seropian

answer: Alex Seropian

text: Alex Seropian

question: What video game series did Alex Seropian make?

answer: Halo

text: Halo

answer: Halo

text: Halo

answer: Halo

text: Halo

question: What American actor is also a university graduate?

answer: Ed Asner

text: Ed Asner

answer: Ed Asner

text: Ed Asner

answer: Ed Asner

text: Ed Asner

question: What comedian is also a university graduate?

answer: Mike Nichols

text: Mike Nichols

answer: Mike Nichols

text: Mike Nichols

answer: Mike Nichols

text: Mike Nichols

question: Who is the Bungie founder and developer of the dance video game?

text: Alex Seropian

question: Who is an actor and also Serial host?

text: Sarah Koenig

question: Who is an award winning photographer and writer?

text: Carl Van Vechten

question: Who directed Life Itself?

text: Mike Nichols


text: Since about the year 2000, a growing number of Internet pharmacies have been established worldwide. Many of these pharmacies are similar to community pharmacies, and in fact, many of them are actually operated by brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door. The primary difference is the method by which the medications are requested and received. Some customers consider this to be more convenient and private method rather than traveling to a community drugstore where another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take. Internet pharmacies (also known as online pharmacies) are also recommended to some patients by their physicians if they are homebound.

title: Pharmacy

title: Pharmacy

text: Since

text: about

text: the

text: year

text: a

text: growing

text: number

text: of

text: Internet

text: pharmacies

text: have

text: been

text: established

text: worldwide

text: Many

text: of

text: these

text: pharmacies

text: are

text: similar

text: to

text: community

text: pharmacies

text: and

text: in

text: fact

text: many

text: of

text: them

text: are

text: actually

text: operated

text: by

text: brick

text: and

text: mortar

text: community

text: pharmacies

text: that

text: serve

text: consumers

text: online

text: and

text: those

text: that

text: walk

text: in

text: their

text: door

text: The

text: primary

text: difference

text: is

text: the

text: method

text: by

text: which

text: the

text: medications

text: are

text: requested

text: and

text: received

text: Some

text: customers

text: consider

text: this

text: to

text: be

text: more

text: convenient

text: and

text: private

text: method

text: rather

text: than

text: traveling

text: to

text: a

text: community

text: drugstore

text: where

text: another

text: customer

text: might

text: overhear

text: about

text: the

text: drugs

text: that

text: they

text: take

text: Internet

text: pharmacies

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: online

text: pharmacies

text: are

text: also

text: recommended

text: to

text: some

text: patients

text: by

text: their

text: physicians

text: if

text: they

text: are

text: homebound

question: When did internet pharmacies begin to come into being?

answer: about the year 2000

text: about the year 2000

answer: 2000

answer: 2000

question: Who often operates internet pharmacies?

answer: brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door

text: brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door

answer: brick-and-mortar community pharmacies

text: brick-and-mortar community pharmacies

answer: brick-and-mortar community pharmacies

text: brick-and-mortar community pharmacies

question: What are internet pharmacies also called?

answer: online pharmacies

text: online pharmacies

answer: online pharmacies

text: online pharmacies

answer: online pharmacies

text: online pharmacies

question: What is one reason a patient might choose an internet pharmacy?

answer: another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take

text: another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take

answer: homebound

text: homebound

answer: more convenient and private method

text: more convenient and private method

question: What is the main difference between online pharmacies and community pharmacies?

answer: the method by which the medications are requested and received

text: the method by which the medications are requested and received

answer: method by which the medications are requested and received

text: method by which the medications are requested and received

answer: the method by which the medications are requested and received

text: the method by which the medications are requested and received

question: When did internet pharmacies begin to end?

text: about the year 2000

question: Who can't operates internet pharmacies?

text: brick-and-mortar community pharmacies

question: What are internet pharmacies never called?

text: online pharmacies

question: What is not a reason a patient might choose an internet pharmacy?

question: What is no different between online pharmacies and community pharmacies?


text: British settlers outnumbered the French 20 to 1 with a population of about 1.5 million ranged along the eastern coast of the continent, from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south. Many of the older colonies had land claims that extended arbitrarily far to the west, as the extent of the continent was unknown at the time their provincial charters were granted. While their population centers were along the coast, the settlements were growing into the interior. Nova Scotia, which had been captured from France in 1713, still had a significant French-speaking population. Britain also claimed Rupert's Land, where the Hudson's Bay Company traded for furs with local tribes.

title: French_and_Indian_War

title: French_and_Indian_War

text: British

text: settlers

text: outnumbered

text: the

text: French

text: to

text: with

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: million

text: ranged

text: along

text: the

text: eastern

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: continent

text: from

text: Nova

text: Scotia

text: and

text: Newfoundland

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: Georgia

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: older

text: colonies

text: had

text: land

text: claims

text: that

text: extended

text: arbitrarily

text: far

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: as

text: the

text: extent

text: of

text: the

text: continent

text: was

text: unknown

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: their

text: provincial

text: charters

text: were

text: granted

text: While

text: their

text: population

text: centers

text: were

text: along

text: the

text: coast

text: the

text: settlements

text: were

text: growing

text: into

text: the

text: interior

text: Nova

text: Scotia

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: captured

text: from

text: France

text: in

text: still

text: had

text: a

text: significant

text: French

text: speaking

text: population

text: Britain

text: also

text: claimed

text: Rupert

text: 's

text: Land

text: where

text: the

text: Hudson

text: 's

text: Bay

text: Company

text: traded

text: for

text: furs

text: with

text: local

text: tribes

question: What was the ratio of British settler to French?

answer: 20 to 1

text: 20 to 1

answer: 20 to 1

text: 20 to 1

answer: 20 to 1

text: 20 to 1

answer: 20 to 1

text: 20 to 1

answer: 20 to 1

text: 20 to 1

question: Where did British settlers live?

answer: from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south

text: from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south

answer: eastern coast of the continent

text: eastern coast of the continent

answer: eastern coast of the continent,

text: eastern coast of the continent,

answer: eastern coast

text: eastern coast

answer: from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south

text: from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south

question: Where were populations centered in colonies?

answer: along the coast, the settlements were growing into the interior

text: along the coast, the settlements were growing into the interior

answer: along the coast

text: along the coast

answer: along the coast

text: along the coast

answer: along the coast

text: along the coast

answer: along the coast

text: along the coast

question: What wasn't the ratio of British settlers to French?

text: 20 to 1

question: What was the ratio of British settler to English?

text: 20 to 1

question: Where didn't British settlers live?

question: Where did British soldiers live?

question: Where weren't populations centered in colonies?


text: The embargo was not uniform across Europe. Of the nine members of the European Economic Community (EEC), the Netherlands faced a complete embargo, the UK and France received almost uninterrupted supplies (having refused to allow America to use their airfields and embargoed arms and supplies to both the Arabs and the Israelis), while the other six faced partial cutbacks. The UK had traditionally been an ally of Israel, and Harold Wilson's government supported the Israelis during the Six-Day War. His successor, Ted Heath, reversed this policy in 1970, calling for Israel to withdraw to its pre-1967 borders.

title: 1973_oil_crisis

title: 1973_oil_crisis

text: The

text: embargo

text: was

text: not

text: uniform

text: across

text: Europe

text: Of

text: the

text: nine

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Economic

text: Community

text: EEC

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: faced

text: a

text: complete

text: embargo

text: the

text: UK

text: and

text: France

text: received

text: almost

text: uninterrupted

text: supplies

text: having

text: refused

text: to

text: allow

text: America

text: to

text: use

text: their

text: airfields

text: and

text: embargoed

text: arms

text: and

text: supplies

text: to

text: both

text: the

text: Arabs

text: and

text: the

text: Israelis

text: while

text: the

text: other

text: six

text: faced

text: partial

text: cutbacks

text: The

text: UK

text: had

text: traditionally

text: been

text: an

text: ally

text: of

text: Israel

text: and

text: Harold

text: Wilson

text: 's

text: government

text: supported

text: the

text: Israelis

text: during

text: the

text: Six

text: Day

text: War

text: His

text: successor

text: Ted

text: Heath

text: reversed

text: this

text: policy

text: in

text: calling

text: for

text: Israel

text: to

text: withdraw

text: to

text: its

text: borders

question: Which country faced a complete embargo in the EEC?

answer: Netherlands

text: Netherlands

answer: Netherlands

text: Netherlands

answer: the Netherlands

text: the Netherlands

answer: the Netherlands

text: the Netherlands

question: The UK and France had non interruptions in their oil supply as they did not allow which country to use their airfield?

answer: America

text: America

answer: America

text: America

answer: America

text: America

answer: America

text: America

question: Which country is a traditional ally of Israel?

answer: UK

text: UK

answer: UK

text: UK

answer: The UK

text: The UK

answer: The UK

text: The UK

question: Harold WInston's supported which country's during its six day war?

answer: Israel

text: Israel

answer: Israel

text: Israel

answer: Israelis

text: Israelis

answer: the Israelis

text: the Israelis

question: Who wanted Israel to withdraw from its border?

answer: Ted Heath

text: Ted Heath

answer: Ted Heath

text: Ted Heath

answer: Ted Heath

text: Ted Heath

answer: Ted Heath

text: Ted Heath

question: What was the embargo like in Israel?

text: not uniform

question: What did the Netherlands not let America use during the embargo?

text: their airfields

question: Who did the EEC support during the Six-Day War?

text: the Israelis

question: Who is France a traditional ally of?

text: Israel

question: What did Harold Wilson call for Israel to do in 1970?

text: withdraw to its pre-1967 borders


text: To measure the difficulty of solving a computational problem, one may wish to see how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem. However, the running time may, in general, depend on the instance. In particular, larger instances will require more time to solve. Thus the time required to solve a problem (or the space required, or any measure of complexity) is calculated as a function of the size of the instance. This is usually taken to be the size of the input in bits. Complexity theory is interested in how algorithms scale with an increase in the input size. For instance, in the problem of finding whether a graph is connected, how much more time does it take to solve a problem for a graph with 2n vertices compared to the time taken for a graph with n vertices?

title: Computational_complexity_theory

title: Computational_complexity_theory

text: To

text: measure

text: the

text: difficulty

text: of

text: solving

text: a

text: computational

text: problem

text: one

text: may

text: wish

text: to

text: see

text: how

text: much

text: time

text: the

text: best

text: algorithm

text: requires

text: to

text: solve

text: the

text: problem

text: However

text: the

text: running

text: time

text: may

text: in

text: general

text: depend

text: on

text: the

text: instance

text: In

text: particular

text: larger

text: instances

text: will

text: require

text: more

text: time

text: to

text: solve

text: Thus

text: the

text: time

text: required

text: to

text: solve

text: a

text: problem

text: or

text: the

text: space

text: required

text: or

text: any

text: measure

text: of

text: complexity

text: is

text: calculated

text: as

text: a

text: function

text: of

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: the

text: instance

text: This

text: is

text: usually

text: taken

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: the

text: input

text: in

text: bits

text: Complexity

text: theory

text: is

text: interested

text: in

text: how

text: algorithms

text: scale

text: with

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: input

text: size

text: For

text: instance

text: in

text: the

text: problem

text: of

text: finding

text: whether

text: a

text: graph

text: is

text: connected

text: how

text: much

text: more

text: time

text: does

text: it

text: take

text: to

text: solve

text: a

text: problem

text: for

text: a

text: graph

text: with

text: vertices

text: compared

text: to

text: the

text: time

text: taken

text: for

text: a

text: graph

text: with

text: n

text: vertices

question: What is a commonly used measurement used to determine the complexity of a computational problem?

answer: how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem

text: how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem

answer: time

text: time

answer: time

text: time

question: What is one variable on which the running time may be contingent?

answer: the instance

text: the instance

answer: the instance

text: the instance

answer: the size of the instance

text: the size of the instance

question: How is the time needed to obtain the solution to a problem calculated?

answer: as a function of the size of the instance

text: as a function of the size of the instance

answer: as a function of the size of the instance

text: as a function of the size of the instance

answer: a function of the size of the instance

text: a function of the size of the instance

question: In what unit is the size of the input measured?

answer: bits

text: bits

answer: bits

text: bits

answer: bits

text: bits

question: Complexity theory seeks to define the relationship between the scale of algorithms with respect to what other variable?

answer: an increase in the input size

text: an increase in the input size

answer: input size

text: input size

answer: input size

text: input size

question: How does one measure the simplicity of a computational problem?

question: What is one variable which the running of time be not be contingent?

text: the instance.

question: How is the time needed to obtain the question to a problem calculated?

text: bits

question: What is  interested in how algorithms scale with a decrease in the input size?

text: Complexity theory

question: How is time not required to solve a problem calculated?


text: During the 1970s and sometimes later, Western and pro-Western governments often supported sometimes fledgling Islamists and Islamist groups that later came to be seen as dangerous enemies. Islamists were considered by Western governments bulwarks against—what were thought to be at the time—more dangerous leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition, which Islamists were correctly seen as opposing. The US spent billions of dollars to aid the mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan enemies of the Soviet Union, and non-Afghan veterans of the war returned home with their prestige, "experience, ideology, and weapons", and had considerable impact.

title: Islamism

title: Islamism

text: During

text: the

text: and

text: sometimes

text: later

text: Western

text: and

text: pro

text: Western

text: governments

text: often

text: supported

text: sometimes

text: fledgling

text: Islamists

text: and

text: Islamist

text: groups

text: that

text: later

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: seen

text: as

text: dangerous

text: enemies

text: Islamists

text: were

text: considered

text: by

text: Western

text: governments

text: bulwarks

text: against

text: what

text: were

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: more

text: dangerous

text: leftist

text: communist

text: nationalist

text: insurgents

text: opposition

text: which

text: Islamists

text: were

text: correctly

text: seen

text: as

text: opposing

text: The

text: US

text: spent

text: billions

text: of

text: dollars

text: to

text: aid

text: the

text: mujahideen

text: Muslim

text: Afghanistan

text: enemies

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: and

text: non

text: Afghan

text: veterans

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: returned

text: home

text: with

text: their

text: prestige

text: experience

text: ideology

text: and

text: weapons

text: and

text: had

text: considerable

text: impact

question: When did Western governments support fledgling Islamists?

answer: During the 1970s

text: During the 1970s

answer: the 1970s

text: the 1970s

answer: 1970s

question: What did some of the Islamist groups supported by the West later become to be seen as?

answer: dangerous enemies

text: dangerous enemies

answer: dangerous enemies

text: dangerous enemies

answer: dangerous enemies

text: dangerous enemies

question: Western governments considered Islamists to be the lesser of two evils when compared to whom?

answer: leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition

text: leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition

answer: leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition

text: leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition

answer: communist

text: communist

question: Who did the US provide aid to, to fight against the Soviet Union?

answer: the mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan

text: the mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan

answer: mujahideen

text: mujahideen

answer: mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan

text: mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan

question: What did the non-Afghan veterans returning home have in addition to their prestige?

answer: considerable impact

text: considerable impact

answer: experience, ideology, and weapons

text: experience, ideology, and weapons

answer: experience, ideology, and weapons

text: experience, ideology, and weapons

question: When did Eastern governments support fledgling Islamists?

text: During the 1970s

question: What did some of the Islamist groups supported by the East later become to be seen as?

text: dangerous enemies

question: Western governments considered Islamists to be the worse of two evils when compared to whom?

question: Who did the US refuse aid to, to fight against the Soviet Union?

text: mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan

question: What did the non-Afghan veterans returning home not have in addition to their prestige?

text: considerable impact


text: In economics, notable Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences winners Milton Friedman, a major advisor to Republican U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Conservative British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, George Stigler, Nobel laureate and proponent of regulatory capture theory, Gary Becker, an important contributor to the family economics branch of economics, Herbert A. Simon, responsible for the modern interpretation of the concept of organizational decision-making, Paul Samuelson, the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and Eugene Fama, known for his work on portfolio theory, asset pricing and stock market behaviour, are all graduates. American economist, social theorist, political philosopher, and author Thomas Sowell is also an alumnus.

title: University_of_Chicago

title: University_of_Chicago

text: In

text: economics

text: notable

text: Nobel

text: Memorial

text: Prize

text: in

text: Economic

text: Sciences

text: winners

text: Milton

text: Friedman

text: a

text: major

text: advisor

text: to

text: Republican

text: U.S.

text: President

text: Ronald

text: Reagan

text: and

text: Conservative

text: British

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Margaret

text: Thatcher

text: George

text: Stigler

text: Nobel

text: laureate

text: and

text: proponent

text: of

text: regulatory

text: capture

text: theory

text: Gary

text: Becker

text: an

text: important

text: contributor

text: to

text: the

text: family

text: economics

text: branch

text: of

text: economics

text: Herbert

text: A.

text: Simon

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: modern

text: interpretation

text: of

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: organizational

text: decision

text: making

text: Paul

text: Samuelson

text: the

text: first

text: American

text: to

text: win

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Memorial

text: Prize

text: in

text: Economic

text: Sciences

text: and

text: Eugene

text: Fama

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: on

text: portfolio

text: theory

text: asset

text: pricing

text: and

text: stock

text: market

text: behaviour

text: are

text: all

text: graduates

text: American

text: economist

text: social

text: theorist

text: political

text: philosopher

text: and

text: author

text: Thomas

text: Sowell

text: is

text: also

text: an

text: alumnus

question: What Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences winner is also a university alumni member?

answer: Milton Friedman

text: Milton Friedman

answer: Milton Friedman

text: Milton Friedman

answer: Milton Friedman

text: Milton Friedman

question: What British Prime minister advisor is also a university alumni member?

answer: George Stigler

text: George Stigler

answer: George Stigler

text: George Stigler

answer: George Stigler

text: George Stigler

question: Who was the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences?

answer: Paul Samuelson

text: Paul Samuelson

answer: Paul Samuelson

text: Paul Samuelson

answer: Paul Samuelson

text: Paul Samuelson

question: What university alumni member was known for his work on portfolio theory?

answer: Eugene Fama

text: Eugene Fama

answer: Eugene Fama

text: Eugene Fama

answer: Eugene Fama

text: Eugene Fama

question: Which Nobel Memorial Prize in British Sciences is an alumni?

text: Milton Friedman

question: What US Prime Minister is an alumni?

text: Margaret Thatcher

question: Who is known for working on portfolio capture theory?

text: Gary Becker

question: Name the British economist, theorist and philosopher who is also an author and alumni?

text: Thomas Sowell

question: Who was responsible for the ancient interpretation of organizational decision making?

text: Herbert A. Simon


text: A variety of alternatives to the Y. pestis have been put forward. Twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax, and Norman Cantor (2001) thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics. Scott and Duncan have argued that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that characterise as hemorrhagic plague similar to Ebola. Archaeologist Barney Sloane has argued that there is insufficient evidence of the extinction of a large number of rats in the archaeological record of the medieval waterfront in London and that the plague spread too quickly to support the thesis that the Y. pestis was spread from fleas on rats; he argues that transmission must have been person to person. However, no single alternative solution has achieved widespread acceptance. Many scholars arguing for the Y. pestis as the major agent of the pandemic suggest that its extent and symptoms can be explained by a combination of bubonic plague with other diseases, including typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections. In addition to the bubonic infection, others point to additional septicemic (a type of "blood poisoning") and pneumonic (an airborne plague that attacks the lungs before the rest of the body) forms of the plague, which lengthen the duration of outbreaks throughout the seasons and help account for its high mortality rate and additional recorded symptoms. In 2014, scientists with Public Health England announced the results of an examination of 25 bodies exhumed from the Clerkenwell area of London, as well as of wills registered in London during the period, which supported the pneumonic hypothesis.

title: Black_Death

title: Black_Death

text: A

text: variety

text: of

text: alternatives

text: to

text: the

text: Y.

text: pestis

text: have

text: been

text: put

text: forward

text: Twigg

text: suggested

text: that

text: the

text: cause

text: was

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: anthrax

text: and

text: Norman

text: Cantor

text: thought

text: it

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: a

text: combination

text: of

text: anthrax

text: and

text: other

text: pandemics

text: Scott

text: and

text: Duncan

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: pandemic

text: was

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: infectious

text: disease

text: that

text: characterise

text: as

text: hemorrhagic

text: plague

text: similar

text: to

text: Ebola

text: Archaeologist

text: Barney

text: Sloane

text: has

text: argued

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: insufficient

text: evidence

text: of

text: the

text: extinction

text: of

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: rats

text: in

text: the

text: archaeological

text: record

text: of

text: the

text: medieval

text: waterfront

text: in

text: London

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: plague

text: spread

text: too

text: quickly

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: thesis

text: that

text: the

text: Y.

text: pestis

text: was

text: spread

text: from

text: fleas

text: on

text: rats

text: he

text: argues

text: that

text: transmission

text: must

text: have

text: been

text: person

text: to

text: person

text: However

text: no

text: single

text: alternative

text: solution

text: has

text: achieved

text: widespread

text: acceptance

text: Many

text: scholars

text: arguing

text: for

text: the

text: Y.

text: pestis

text: as

text: the

text: major

text: agent

text: of

text: the

text: pandemic

text: suggest

text: that

text: its

text: extent

text: and

text: symptoms

text: can

text: be

text: explained

text: by

text: a

text: combination

text: of

text: bubonic

text: plague

text: with

text: other

text: diseases

text: including

text: typhus

text: smallpox

text: and

text: respiratory

text: infections

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: bubonic

text: infection

text: others

text: point

text: to

text: additional

text: septicemic

text: a

text: type

text: of

text: blood

text: poisoning

text: and

text: pneumonic

text: an

text: airborne

text: plague

text: that

text: attacks

text: the

text: lungs

text: before

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: forms

text: of

text: the

text: plague

text: which

text: lengthen

text: the

text: duration

text: of

text: outbreaks

text: throughout

text: the

text: seasons

text: and

text: help

text: account

text: for

text: its

text: high

text: mortality

text: rate

text: and

text: additional

text: recorded

text: symptoms

text: In

text: scientists

text: with

text: Public

text: Health

text: England

text: announced

text: the

text: results

text: of

text: an

text: examination

text: of

text: bodies

text: exhumed

text: from

text: the

text: Clerkenwell

text: area

text: of

text: London

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: of

text: wills

text: registered

text: in

text: London

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: which

text: supported

text: the

text: pneumonic

text: hypothesis

question: What does Graham Twigg propose about the spread of disease?

answer: a form of anthrax

text: a form of anthrax

answer: was a form of anthrax

text: was a form of anthrax

answer: the cause was a form of anthrax

text: the cause was a form of anthrax

question: What was Norman Cantor's theory about the plague?

answer: a combination of anthrax and other pandemics

text: a combination of anthrax and other pandemics

answer: a combination of anthrax and other pandemics

text: a combination of anthrax and other pandemics

answer: a combination of anthrax and other pandemics

text: a combination of anthrax and other pandemics

question: Which diseases do many scientists believe contributed to plague pandemic?

answer: typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections

text: typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections

answer: typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections

text: typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections

answer: typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections

text: typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections

question: What is septicemia?

answer: (a type of "blood poisoning"

text: (a type of "blood poisoning"

answer: a type of "blood poisoning"

text: a type of "blood poisoning"

answer: a type of "blood poisoning"

text: a type of "blood poisoning"

question: How many bodies did Public Health England exhume?

answer: 25

answer: 25

answer: 25

question: What was Twigg's first name?

text: Norman

question: What type of scientist is Norman Cantor?

text: Archaeologist

question: Who was one of the scientists for Public Health England in 2014?

text: Barney Sloane

question: In what year was Scott and Duncan's research published?

question: Who discovered Y. pestis?

text: Twigg