text: On August 15, 1971, the United States unilaterally pulled out of the Bretton Woods Accord. The US abandoned the Gold Exchange Standard whereby the value of the dollar had been pegged to the price of gold and all other currencies were pegged to the dollar, whose value was left to "float" (rise and fall according to market demand). Shortly thereafter, Britain followed, floating the pound sterling. The other industrialized nations followed suit with their respective currencies. Anticipating that currency values would fluctuate unpredictably for a time, the industrialized nations increased their reserves (by expanding their money supplies) in amounts far greater than before. The result was a depreciation of the dollar and other industrialized nations' currencies. Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased. In September 1971, OPEC issued a joint communiqué stating that, from then on, they would price oil in terms of a fixed amount of gold.

title: 1973_oil_crisis

title: 1973_oil_crisis

text: On

text: August

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: unilaterally

text: pulled

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: Bretton

text: Woods

text: Accord

text: The

text: US

text: abandoned

text: the

text: Gold

text: Exchange

text: Standard

text: whereby

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: the

text: dollar

text: had

text: been

text: pegged

text: to

text: the

text: price

text: of

text: gold

text: and

text: all

text: other

text: currencies

text: were

text: pegged

text: to

text: the

text: dollar

text: whose

text: value

text: was

text: left

text: to

text: float

text: rise

text: and

text: fall

text: according

text: to

text: market

text: demand

text: Shortly

text: thereafter

text: Britain

text: followed

text: floating

text: the

text: pound

text: sterling

text: The

text: other

text: industrialized

text: nations

text: followed

text: suit

text: with

text: their

text: respective

text: currencies

text: Anticipating

text: that

text: currency

text: values

text: would

text: fluctuate

text: unpredictably

text: for

text: a

text: time

text: the

text: industrialized

text: nations

text: increased

text: their

text: reserves

text: by

text: expanding

text: their

text: money

text: supplies

text: in

text: amounts

text: far

text: greater

text: than

text: before

text: The

text: result

text: was

text: a

text: depreciation

text: of

text: the

text: dollar

text: and

text: other

text: industrialized

text: nations

text: currencies

text: Because

text: oil

text: was

text: priced

text: in

text: dollars

text: oil

text: producers

text: real

text: income

text: decreased

text: In

text: September

text: OPEC

text: issued

text: a

text: joint

text: communiqué

text: stating

text: that

text: from

text: then

text: on

text: they

text: would

text: price

text: oil

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: a

text: fixed

text: amount

text: of

text: gold

question: When did the United States withdraw from the Bretton Woods Accord?

answer: On August 15, 1971

text: On August 15, 1971

answer: August 15, 1971

text: August 15, 1971

answer: August 15, 1971

text: August 15, 1971

answer: August 15, 1971

text: August 15, 1971

answer: August 15, 1971

text: August 15, 1971

question: What does it mean when currencies are left to "float?"

answer: to "float" (rise and fall according to market demand)

text: to "float" (rise and fall according to market demand)

answer: (rise and fall according to market demand

text: (rise and fall according to market demand

answer: rise and fall according to market demand

text: rise and fall according to market demand

answer: rise and fall according to market demand

text: rise and fall according to market demand

answer: rise and fall according to market demand

text: rise and fall according to market demand

question: Why was there a depreciation of the industrialized nations dollars?

answer: industrialized nations increased their reserves

text: industrialized nations increased their reserves

answer: industrialized nations increased their reserves (by expanding their money supplies) in amounts far greater than before

text: industrialized nations increased their reserves (by expanding their money supplies) in amounts far greater than before

answer: industrialized nations increased their reserves

text: industrialized nations increased their reserves

answer: industrialized nations increased their reserves

text: industrialized nations increased their reserves

answer: the industrialized nations increased their reserves

text: the industrialized nations increased their reserves

question: When did oil start getting priced in the terms of gold?

answer: In September 1971

text: In September 1971

answer: September 1971

text: September 1971

answer: September 1971

text: September 1971

answer: September 1971

text: September 1971

answer: September 1971

text: September 1971

question: Why did oil start getting priced in terms of gold?

answer: oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased

text: oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased

answer: Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased.

text: Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased.

answer: Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased

text: Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased

answer: Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased

text: Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased

answer: Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased

text: Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased

question: In what year did OPEC pull out of the Bretton Woods Accord?

text: August 15, 1971

question: What happened to other currencies value when the US abandoned oil?

question: What did Britain do in September 1971?

text: floating the pound sterling

question: Why did OPEC dollars depriciate?

question: When was oil priced based on pound sterling?

text: In September 1971

question: What did the US withdraw from in 1971?

text: Bretton Woods Accord

question: What did the US abandon?

text: Gold Exchange Standard

question: What does the dollar value do?

text: float

question: What does it mean for the dollar to float?

question: When did OPEC  issue a joint communique?

text: September 1971


text: The neighborhood includes Kearney Boulevard, named after early 20th century entrepreneur and millionaire M. Theo Kearney, which extends from Fresno Street in Southwest Fresno about 20 mi (32 km) west to Kerman, California. A small, two-lane rural road for most of its length, Kearney Boulevard is lined with tall palm trees. The roughly half-mile stretch of Kearney Boulevard between Fresno Street and Thorne Ave was at one time the preferred neighborhood for Fresno's elite African-American families. Another section, Brookhaven, on the southern edge of the West Side south of Jensen and west of Elm, was given the name by the Fresno City Council in an effort to revitalize the neighborhood's image. The isolated subdivision was for years known as the "Dogg Pound" in reference to a local gang, and as of late 2008 was still known for high levels of violent crime.

title: Fresno,_California

title: Fresno,_California

text: The

text: neighborhood

text: includes

text: Kearney

text: Boulevard

text: named

text: after

text: early

text: century

text: entrepreneur

text: and

text: millionaire

text: M.

text: Theo

text: Kearney

text: which

text: extends

text: from

text: Fresno

text: Street

text: in

text: Southwest

text: Fresno

text: about

text: mi

text: km

text: west

text: to

text: Kerman

text: California

text: A

text: small

text: two

text: lane

text: rural

text: road

text: for

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: length

text: Kearney

text: Boulevard

text: is

text: lined

text: with

text: tall

text: palm

text: trees

text: The

text: roughly

text: half

text: mile

text: stretch

text: of

text: Kearney

text: Boulevard

text: between

text: Fresno

text: Street

text: and

text: Thorne

text: Ave

text: was

text: at

text: one

text: time

text: the

text: preferred

text: neighborhood

text: for

text: Fresno

text: 's

text: elite

text: African

text: American

text: families

text: Another

text: section

text: Brookhaven

text: on

text: the

text: southern

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: Side

text: south

text: of

text: Jensen

text: and

text: west

text: of

text: Elm

text: was

text: given

text: the

text: name

text: by

text: the

text: Fresno

text: City

text: Council

text: in

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: revitalize

text: the

text: neighborhood

text: 's

text: image

text: The

text: isolated

text: subdivision

text: was

text: for

text: years

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Dogg

text: Pound

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: a

text: local

text: gang

text: and

text: as

text: of

text: late

text: was

text: still

text: known

text: for

text: high

text: levels

text: of

text: violent

text: crime

question: Who is Kearney Boulevard named after?

answer: M. Theo Kearney

text: M. Theo Kearney

answer: M. Theo Kearney

text: M. Theo Kearney

answer: M. Theo Kearney

text: M. Theo Kearney

question: What kinds of trees is Kearney Boulevard lined with?

answer: tall palm trees

text: tall palm trees

answer: tall palm trees

text: tall palm trees

answer: palm

text: palm

question: Between which two streets along Kearney Boulevard were wealthy African-Americans at one time residing?

answer: Fresno Street and Thorne Ave

text: Fresno Street and Thorne Ave

answer: Fresno Street and Thorne Ave

text: Fresno Street and Thorne Ave

answer: Fresno Street and Thorne Ave

text: Fresno Street and Thorne Ave

question: What was the name given to a section of Kearney Boulevard in efforts to change the areas image?

answer: Brookhaven

text: Brookhaven

answer: Brookhaven

text: Brookhaven

answer: Brookhaven

text: Brookhaven

question: What area of Brookhaven is still known for its high levels of crime?

answer: The isolated subdivision

text: The isolated subdivision

answer: Dogg Pound

text: Dogg Pound

question: Whos is Kerman, California named after?

text: M. Theo Kearney

question: How long is Fresno Street?

text: 20 mi (32 km)

question: Who preferred the Brookhaven section?

text: elite African-American families

question: Who named Thorne Ave?

text: Fresno City Council

question: What gang entered the West Side in 2008?

text: Dogg Pound


text: Federal safety standards, such as NHTSA Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 215 (pertaining to safety bumpers), and compacts like the 1974 Mustang I were a prelude to the DOT "downsize" revision of vehicle categories. By 1977, GM's full-sized cars reflected the crisis. By 1979, virtually all "full-size" American cars had shrunk, featuring smaller engines and smaller outside dimensions. Chrysler ended production of their full-sized luxury sedans at the end of the 1981 model year, moving instead to a full front-wheel drive lineup for 1982 (except for the M-body Dodge Diplomat/Plymouth Gran Fury and Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue sedans).

title: 1973_oil_crisis

title: 1973_oil_crisis

text: Federal

text: safety

text: standards

text: such

text: as

text: NHTSA

text: Federal

text: Motor

text: Vehicle

text: Safety

text: Standard

text: pertaining

text: to

text: safety

text: bumpers

text: and

text: compacts

text: like

text: the

text: Mustang

text: I

text: were

text: a

text: prelude

text: to

text: the

text: DOT

text: downsize

text: revision

text: of

text: vehicle

text: categories

text: By

text: GM

text: 's

text: full

text: sized

text: cars

text: reflected

text: the

text: crisis

text: By

text: virtually

text: all

text: full

text: size

text: American

text: cars

text: had

text: shrunk

text: featuring

text: smaller

text: engines

text: and

text: smaller

text: outside

text: dimensions

text: Chrysler

text: ended

text: production

text: of

text: their

text: full

text: sized

text: luxury

text: sedans

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: model

text: year

text: moving

text: instead

text: to

text: a

text: full

text: front

text: wheel

text: drive

text: lineup

text: for

text: except

text: for

text: the

text: M

text: body

text: Dodge

text: Diplomat

text: Plymouth

text: Gran

text: Fury

text: and

text: Chrysler

text: New

text: Yorker

text: Fifth

text: Avenue

text: sedans

question: By which year did full sized American cars shrink to be smaller?

answer: 1979

answer: 1979

answer: 1979

answer: 1979

answer: 1979

question: By which year did Chrysler ended its full sized luxury model?

answer: 1981

answer: 1981

answer: 1981

answer: 1981

answer: 1981

question: Which car shows the DOT's revision of categories?

answer: Mustang I

text: Mustang I

answer: the 1974 Mustang I

text: the 1974 Mustang I

answer: Mustang I

text: Mustang I

answer: 1974 Mustang I

text: 1974 Mustang I

answer: 1974 Mustang I

text: 1974 Mustang I

question: What happened to safety bumpers in 1979?

text: had shrunk

question: When did Dodge end production of their full size sedans?

text: at the end of the 1981 model year

question: What was the Plymouth Gran Fury a prelude to in vehicle categories?

text: the DOT "downsize" revision

question: What type of vehicle did Chrysler change to in 1977?

text: a full front-wheel drive lineup

question: What are two changes to GM vehicles that were implemented in 1982?


text: The hydrography of the current delta is characterized by the delta's main arms, disconnected arms (Hollandse IJssel, Linge, Vecht, etc.) and smaller rivers and streams. Many rivers have been closed ("dammed") and now serve as drainage channels for the numerous polders. The construction of Delta Works changed the Delta in the second half of the 20th Century fundamentally. Currently Rhine water runs into the sea, or into former marine bays now separated from the sea, in five places, namely at the mouths of the Nieuwe Merwede, Nieuwe Waterway (Nieuwe Maas), Dordtse Kil, Spui and IJssel.

title: Rhine

title: Rhine

text: The

text: hydrography

text: of

text: the

text: current

text: delta

text: is

text: characterized

text: by

text: the

text: delta

text: 's

text: main

text: arms

text: disconnected

text: arms

text: Hollandse

text: IJssel

text: Linge

text: Vecht

text: etc

text: and

text: smaller

text: rivers

text: and

text: streams

text: Many

text: rivers

text: have

text: been

text: closed

text: dammed

text: and

text: now

text: serve

text: as

text: drainage

text: channels

text: for

text: the

text: numerous

text: polders

text: The

text: construction

text: of

text: Delta

text: Works

text: changed

text: the

text: Delta

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: Century

text: fundamentally

text: Currently

text: Rhine

text: water

text: runs

text: into

text: the

text: sea

text: or

text: into

text: former

text: marine

text: bays

text: now

text: separated

text: from

text: the

text: sea

text: in

text: five

text: places

text: namely

text: at

text: the

text: mouths

text: of

text: the

text: Nieuwe

text: Merwede

text: Nieuwe

text: Waterway

text: Nieuwe

text: Maas

text: Dordtse

text: Kil

text: Spui

text: and

text: IJssel

question: What is the term for closing off rivers that are no longer connected?

answer: dammed

text: dammed

answer: dammed

text: dammed

answer: dammed

text: dammed

question: What do closed rivers serve as after they close?

answer: drainage channels

text: drainage channels

answer: drainage channels

text: drainage channels

answer: drainage channels

text: drainage channels

question: What changed the Rhine's Delta?

answer: construction of Delta Works

text: construction of Delta Works

answer: construction of Delta Works

text: construction of Delta Works

answer: construction of Delta Works

text: construction of Delta Works

question: When was the construction that changed the Rhine's Delta?

answer: 20th Century

text: 20th Century

answer: 20th Century

text: 20th Century

answer: second half of the 20th Century

text: second half of the 20th Century

question: What is one aspect of the hydrography of the former delta characterized by?

text: delta's main arms

question: What changed the Delta in the first half of the 20th Century?

text: Delta Works

question: In what century did the marine bays join the sea?

text: 20th Century

question: What water runs out of the sea and out of the former marine bay?

text: Rhine


text: There is evidence that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation. Analyses of sediment deposits from Amazon basin paleolakes and from the Amazon Fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin. There is debate, however, over how extensive this reduction was. Some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north, south, and east than is seen today. This debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin, and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data.

title: Amazon_rainforest

title: Amazon_rainforest

text: There

text: is

text: evidence

text: that

text: there

text: have

text: been

text: significant

text: changes

text: in

text: Amazon

text: rainforest

text: vegetation

text: over

text: the

text: last

text: years

text: through

text: the

text: Last

text: Glacial

text: Maximum

text: LGM

text: and

text: subsequent

text: deglaciation

text: Analyses

text: of

text: sediment

text: deposits

text: from

text: Amazon

text: basin

text: paleolakes

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Amazon

text: Fan

text: indicate

text: that

text: rainfall

text: in

text: the

text: basin

text: during

text: the

text: LGM

text: was

text: lower

text: than

text: for

text: the

text: present

text: and

text: this

text: was

text: almost

text: certainly

text: associated

text: with

text: reduced

text: moist

text: tropical

text: vegetation

text: cover

text: in

text: the

text: basin

text: There

text: is

text: debate

text: however

text: over

text: how

text: extensive

text: this

text: reduction

text: was

text: Some

text: scientists

text: argue

text: that

text: the

text: rainforest

text: was

text: reduced

text: to

text: small

text: isolated

text: refugia

text: separated

text: by

text: open

text: forest

text: and

text: grassland

text: other

text: scientists

text: argue

text: that

text: the

text: rainforest

text: remained

text: largely

text: intact

text: but

text: extended

text: less

text: far

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: south

text: and

text: east

text: than

text: is

text: seen

text: today

text: This

text: debate

text: has

text: proved

text: difficult

text: to

text: resolve

text: because

text: the

text: practical

text: limitations

text: of

text: working

text: in

text: the

text: rainforest

text: mean

text: that

text: data

text: sampling

text: is

text: biased

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: Amazon

text: basin

text: and

text: both

text: explanations

text: are

text: reasonably

text: well

text: supported

text: by

text: the

text: available

text: data

question: What does LGM stands for?

answer: Last Glacial Maximum

text: Last Glacial Maximum

answer: Last Glacial Maximum

text: Last Glacial Maximum

answer: Last Glacial Maximum

text: Last Glacial Maximum

question: What did the analysis from the sediment deposits indicate?

answer: rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present

text: rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present

answer: rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present

text: rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present

answer: rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower

text: rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower

question: What are some of scientists arguments?

answer: the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland

text: the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland

answer: the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland

text: the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland

answer: rainforest was reduced

text: rainforest was reduced

question: How has this debate been proven?

answer: This debate has proved difficult

text: This debate has proved difficult

answer: difficult to resolve

text: difficult to resolve

question: How are the explanations supported?

answer: explanations are reasonably well supported

text: explanations are reasonably well supported

answer: by the available data

text: by the available data

answer: reasonably well

text: reasonably well

question: There have been major changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last how many years?

answer: 21,000

answer: 21,000

answer: 21,000

question: What caused changes in the Amazon rainforest vegetation?

answer: the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation

text: the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation

answer: rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present

text: rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present

answer: rainfall

text: rainfall

question: What has been analyzed to compare Amazon rainfall in the past and present?

answer: sediment deposits

text: sediment deposits

answer: sediment deposits

text: sediment deposits

answer: sediment deposits

text: sediment deposits

question: What has the lower rainfall in the Amazon during the LGM been attributed to?

answer: reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin

text: reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin

answer: reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin

text: reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin

answer: reduced moist tropical vegetation cover

text: reduced moist tropical vegetation cover

question: Many changes in the vegetation of the amazon rainforest took place since the  Last Glacial Maximum, which was how many years ago?

answer: 21,000

answer: 21,000

answer: 21,000

question: Analysis of what kind of deposits from the Amazon Fan indicates a change in rainfall in the Amazon basin?

answer: sediment deposits

text: sediment deposits

answer: sediment

text: sediment

answer: sediment

text: sediment

question: Changes in rainfall reduced what kind of vegetation cover in the Amazon basin?

answer: moist tropical vegetation cover

text: moist tropical vegetation cover

answer: moist tropical

text: moist tropical

answer: tropical

text: tropical

question: Scientists disagree with how the Amazon rainforest changed over time with some arguing that it was reduced to isolated refugia seperated by what?

answer: open forest and grassland

text: open forest and grassland

answer: open forest and grassland

text: open forest and grassland

answer: open forest and grassland

text: open forest and grassland

question: Why is it difficult to resolve disagreements about the changes in the Amazon rainforest?

answer: data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin

text: data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin

answer: practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin

text: practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin

answer: practical limitations of working in the rainforest

text: practical limitations of working in the rainforest

question: There have been insignificant changes in the Amazon rain forest vegetation through the last what

text: Last Glacial Maximum

question: What was higher during the LGM than the present?

text: rainfall

question: What has been easily proven about the rain forest

text: how extensive this reduction was.

question: Data sampling strongly supports that what remained largely intact??

text: rainforest


text: The Ottoman Empire was an imperial state that lasted from 1299 to 1923. During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a powerful multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. Some of these were later absorbed into the empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.

title: Imperialism

title: Imperialism

text: The

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: was

text: an

text: imperial

text: state

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: During

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: in

text: particular

text: at

text: the

text: height

text: of

text: its

text: power

text: under

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Suleiman

text: the

text: Magnificent

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: was

text: a

text: powerful

text: multinational

text: multilingual

text: empire

text: controlling

text: much

text: of

text: Southeast

text: Europe

text: Western

text: Asia

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: North

text: Africa

text: and

text: the

text: Horn

text: of

text: Africa

text: At

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: empire

text: contained

text: provinces

text: and

text: numerous

text: vassal

text: states

text: Some

text: of

text: these

text: were

text: later

text: absorbed

text: into

text: the

text: empire

text: while

text: others

text: were

text: granted

text: various

text: types

text: of

text: autonomy

text: during

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: centuries

question: When did the Ottoman Empire fall?

answer: 1923

answer: 1923

answer: 1923

answer: 1923

answer: 1923

question: Who reigned over the Ottoman empire when it was at its most powerful.

answer: Suleiman the Magnificent

text: Suleiman the Magnificent

answer: Suleiman the Magnificent

text: Suleiman the Magnificent

answer: Suleiman the Magnificent

text: Suleiman the Magnificent

answer: Suleiman the Magnificent

text: Suleiman the Magnificent

answer: Suleiman the Magnificent,

text: Suleiman the Magnificent,

question: How many provinces did the Ottoman empire contain in the 17th century?

answer: 32

answer: 32

answer: 32

answer: 32

answer: 32

question: The Ottoman empire controlled territory on three continents, Africa, Asia and which other?

answer: Europe

text: Europe

answer: Europe

text: Europe

answer: Europe

text: Europe

answer: Europe

text: Europe

answer: Europe

text: Europe

question: When was the Ottoman empire at its height?

answer: During the 16th and 17th centuries

text: During the 16th and 17th centuries

answer: 17th century

text: 17th century

answer: the 16th and 17th centuries

text: the 16th and 17th centuries

answer: 16th and 17th centuries

text: 16th and 17th centuries

answer: 16th and 17th centuries

text: 16th and 17th centuries

question: When did the Ottoman Empire rise?

question: Who reigned over the Ottoman empire when it was at its most weak.

text: Suleiman the Magnificent

question: How many provinces did the Ottoman empire not contain in the 17th century?

question: The Ottoman empire controlled territory on four continents, Africa, Asia and which other?

text: Europe


text: The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word "weak" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravity over short distances. A consistent electroweak theory has also been developed, which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins. Such temperatures have been probed in modern particle accelerators and show the conditions of the universe in the early moments of the Big Bang.

title: Force

title: Force

text: The

text: weak

text: force

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: exchange

text: of

text: the

text: heavy

text: W

text: and

text: Z

text: bosons

text: Its

text: most

text: familiar

text: effect

text: is

text: beta

text: decay

text: of

text: neutrons

text: in

text: atomic

text: nuclei

text: and

text: the

text: associated

text: radioactivity

text: The

text: word

text: weak

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: the

text: field

text: strength

text: is

text: some

text: times

text: less

text: than

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: strong

text: force

text: Still

text: it

text: is

text: stronger

text: than

text: gravity

text: over

text: short

text: distances

text: A

text: consistent

text: electroweak

text: theory

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: developed

text: which

text: shows

text: that

text: electromagnetic

text: forces

text: and

text: the

text: weak

text: force

text: are

text: indistinguishable

text: at

text: a

text: temperatures

text: in

text: excess

text: of

text: approximately

text: kelvins

text: Such

text: temperatures

text: have

text: been

text: probed

text: in

text: modern

text: particle

text: accelerators

text: and

text: show

text: the

text: conditions

text: of

text: the

text: universe

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: moments

text: of

text: the

text: Big

text: Bang

question: What does the W and Z boson exchange create?

answer: weak force

text: weak force

answer: weak force

text: weak force

answer: weak force

text: weak force

answer: weak force

text: weak force

question: What is the observable effect of W and Z boson exchange?

answer: beta decay

text: beta decay

answer: beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei)

text: beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei)

answer: beta decay

text: beta decay

answer: beta decay

text: beta decay

question: What is the effect of beta decay?

answer: radioactivity

text: radioactivity

answer: radioactivity

text: radioactivity

answer: radioactivity

text: radioactivity

answer: radioactivity

text: radioactivity

question: How many times less is the strenght of the weak field compared to the strong?

answer: 1013

answer: 1013

answer: 1013

answer: 1013

question: At what temperature do weak and electromagnetic forces appear the same?

answer: approximately 1015 kelvins

text: approximately 1015 kelvins

answer: in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins

text: in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins

answer: 1015 kelvins

text: 1015 kelvins

answer: in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins

text: in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins

question: The strong force is due to the exchange of what?

text: the heavy W and Z bosons

question: Alpha decay is the most familiar effect of what force?

text: weak

question: What force is weaker than gravity over short distances?

text: weak

question: What electroweak theory has not been developed?

text: consistent


text: The Very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) came on line in April 1995 as part of a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored project to provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States. The network was engineered and operated by MCI Telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the NSF. By 1998, the vBNS had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with DS-3 (45 Mbit/s), OC-3c (155 Mbit/s), and OC-12c (622 Mbit/s) links on an all OC-12c backbone, a substantial engineering feat for that time. The vBNS installed one of the first ever production OC-48c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP links in February 1999 and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to OC-48c.

title: Packet_switching

title: Packet_switching

text: The

text: Very

text: high

text: speed

text: Backbone

text: Network

text: Service

text: vBNS

text: came

text: on

text: line

text: in

text: April

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: National

text: Science

text: Foundation

text: NSF

text: sponsored

text: project

text: to

text: provide

text: high

text: speed

text: interconnection

text: between

text: NSF

text: sponsored

text: supercomputing

text: centers

text: and

text: select

text: access

text: points

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: network

text: was

text: engineered

text: and

text: operated

text: by

text: MCI

text: Telecommunications

text: under

text: a

text: cooperative

text: agreement

text: with

text: the

text: NSF

text: By

text: the

text: vBNS

text: had

text: grown

text: to

text: connect

text: more

text: than

text: universities

text: and

text: research

text: and

text: engineering

text: institutions

text: via

text: national

text: points

text: of

text: presence

text: with

text: Mbit

text: s

text: Mbit

text: s

text: and

text: Mbit

text: s

text: links

text: on

text: an

text: all

text: backbone

text: a

text: substantial

text: engineering

text: feat

text: for

text: that

text: time

text: The

text: vBNS

text: installed

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: ever

text: production

text: Gbit

text: s

text: IP

text: links

text: in

text: February

text: and

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: upgrade

text: the

text: entire

text: backbone

text: to

question: what does vBNS stand for

answer: The Very high-speed Backbone Network Service

text: The Very high-speed Backbone Network Service

answer: Very high-speed Backbone Network Service

text: Very high-speed Backbone Network Service

answer: Very high-speed Backbone Network Service

text: Very high-speed Backbone Network Service

question: What did vBNS do

answer: provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States

text: provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States

answer: provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States

text: provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States

answer: high-speed interconnection

text: high-speed interconnection

question: Who operated the vBSN network

answer: The network was engineered and operated by MCI Telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the NSF

text: The network was engineered and operated by MCI Telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the NSF

answer: MCI Telecommunications

text: MCI Telecommunications

answer: National Science Foundation

text: National Science Foundation

question: By 199 how many universities were connected

answer: By 1998, the vBNS had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with DS-3

text: By 1998, the vBNS had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with DS-3

answer: more than 100 universities

text: more than 100 universities

answer: 100

question: What did the network install in 1999

answer: vBNS installed one of the first ever production OC-48c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP links in February 1999 and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to OC-48c

text: vBNS installed one of the first ever production OC-48c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP links in February 1999 and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to OC-48c

answer: one of the first ever production OC-48c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP links

text: one of the first ever production OC-48c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP links

answer: OC-48c

question: What were select locations connected to?

text: NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers

question: How were high speed connections maintained and who were they monitored by?

text: MCI Telecommunications

question: Who created the cooperative agreement?

text: the NSF

question: Why was OC-12c considered a substantial engineering feat?

question: When was OC-12c upgraded?

text: February 1999

question: Why was NSFBNS created?

question: NSF was engineered and operated by who?

question: NSF grew to connect how many universities?

question: NSF installed one of the first in February 1999?

question: How many points of presence did NSFBNS have by 1998?

text: via 12 national points of presence


text: Economist Joseph Stiglitz argues that rather than explaining concentrations of wealth and income, market forces should serve as a brake on such concentration, which may better be explained by the non-market force known as "rent-seeking". While the market will bid up compensation for rare and desired skills to reward wealth creation, greater productivity, etc., it will also prevent successful entrepreneurs from earning excess profits by fostering competition to cut prices, profits and large compensation. A better explainer of growing inequality, according to Stiglitz, is the use of political power generated by wealth by certain groups to shape government policies financially beneficial to them. This process, known to economists as rent-seeking, brings income not from creation of wealth but from "grabbing a larger share of the wealth that would otherwise have been produced without their effort"

title: Economic_inequality

title: Economic_inequality

text: Economist

text: Joseph

text: Stiglitz

text: argues

text: that

text: rather

text: than

text: explaining

text: concentrations

text: of

text: wealth

text: and

text: income

text: market

text: forces

text: should

text: serve

text: as

text: a

text: brake

text: on

text: such

text: concentration

text: which

text: may

text: better

text: be

text: explained

text: by

text: the

text: non

text: market

text: force

text: known

text: as

text: rent

text: seeking

text: While

text: the

text: market

text: will

text: bid

text: up

text: compensation

text: for

text: rare

text: and

text: desired

text: skills

text: to

text: reward

text: wealth

text: creation

text: greater

text: productivity

text: etc

text: it

text: will

text: also

text: prevent

text: successful

text: entrepreneurs

text: from

text: earning

text: excess

text: profits

text: by

text: fostering

text: competition

text: to

text: cut

text: prices

text: profits

text: and

text: large

text: compensation

text: A

text: better

text: explainer

text: of

text: growing

text: inequality

text: according

text: to

text: Stiglitz

text: is

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: political

text: power

text: generated

text: by

text: wealth

text: by

text: certain

text: groups

text: to

text: shape

text: government

text: policies

text: financially

text: beneficial

text: to

text: them

text: This

text: process

text: known

text: to

text: economists

text: as

text: rent

text: seeking

text: brings

text: income

text: not

text: from

text: creation

text: of

text: wealth

text: but

text: from

text: grabbing

text: a

text: larger

text: share

text: of

text: the

text: wealth

text: that

text: would

text: otherwise

text: have

text: been

text: produced

text: without

text: their

text: effort

question: What career does Joseph Stiglitz have?

answer: Economist

text: Economist

answer: Economist

text: Economist

answer: Economist

text: Economist

question: What forces should serve as a brake on wealth concentration?

answer: market

text: market

answer: market forces

text: market forces

answer: market

text: market

question: What type of skills does the market bid up compensation for?

answer: rare and desired

text: rare and desired

answer: rare and desired skills

text: rare and desired skills

answer: rare and desired skills

text: rare and desired skills

question: What is used by certain wealthy groups to obtain policies financially beneficial for them?

answer: political power generated by wealth

text: political power generated by wealth

answer: political power

text: political power

answer: political power

text: political power

question: Income not from the creation of wealth but by grabbing a larger share of it is know to economists by what term?

answer: rent-seeking

text: rent-seeking

answer: rent-seeking

text: rent-seeking

question: What career doesn't Joseph Stiglitz have?

text: Economist

question: What forces shouldn't serve as a brake on wealth concentration?

text: market

question: What type of skills does the market bid down compensation for?

text: rare and desired

question: What is used by certain unwealthy groups to obtain policies financially beneficial for them?

text: political power generated by wealth

question: Income not from the creation of wealth but by grabbing a smaller share of it is know to economists by what term?

text: rent-seeking


text: When suffering from sleep deprivation, active immunizations may have a diminished effect and may result in lower antibody production, and a lower immune response, than would be noted in a well-rested individual. Additionally, proteins such as NFIL3, which have been shown to be closely intertwined with both T-cell differentiation and our circadian rhythms, can be affected through the disturbance of natural light and dark cycles through instances of sleep deprivation, shift work, etc. As a result, these disruptions can lead to an increase in chronic conditions such as heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma.

title: Immune_system

title: Immune_system

text: When

text: suffering

text: from

text: sleep

text: deprivation

text: active

text: immunizations

text: may

text: have

text: a

text: diminished

text: effect

text: and

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: lower

text: antibody

text: production

text: and

text: a

text: lower

text: immune

text: response

text: than

text: would

text: be

text: noted

text: in

text: a

text: well

text: rested

text: individual

text: Additionally

text: proteins

text: such

text: as

text: which

text: have

text: been

text: shown

text: to

text: be

text: closely

text: intertwined

text: with

text: both

text: T

text: cell

text: differentiation

text: and

text: our

text: circadian

text: rhythms

text: can

text: be

text: affected

text: through

text: the

text: disturbance

text: of

text: natural

text: light

text: and

text: dark

text: cycles

text: through

text: instances

text: of

text: sleep

text: deprivation

text: shift

text: work

text: etc

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: these

text: disruptions

text: can

text: lead

text: to

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: chronic

text: conditions

text: such

text: as

text: heart

text: disease

text: chronic

text: pain

text: and

text: asthma

question: What is a protein that is closely intertwined with circadian rhythms?

answer: NFIL3

answer: NFIL3

answer: NFIL3

question: Disruptions in sleep can lead to increase in what chronic conditions?

answer: heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma

text: heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma

answer: heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma

text: heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma

answer: chronic pain

text: chronic pain

question: What kind of deprivation results in diminished immune response and lower antibody production?

answer: sleep deprivation

text: sleep deprivation

answer: sleep

text: sleep

answer: sleep deprivation

text: sleep deprivation

question: What has a stronger effect during sleep deprivation?

text: active immunizations

question: When is antibody production higher than normal?

text: When suffering from sleep deprivation

question: What protein does not effect T-cell differentiation?

question: What chronic conditions can cause sleep deprivation?

text: heart disease

question: What is not effected by natural light and dark cycles?

text: circadian rhythms


text: From 2005 to 2014, there were two Major League Soccer teams in Los Angeles — the LA Galaxy and Chivas USA — that both played at the StubHub Center and were local rivals. However, Chivas were suspended following the 2014 MLS season, with a second MLS team scheduled to return in 2018.

title: Southern_California

title: Southern_California

text: From

text: to

text: there

text: were

text: two

text: Major

text: League

text: Soccer

text: teams

text: in

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: the

text: LA

text: Galaxy

text: and

text: Chivas

text: USA

text: that

text: both

text: played

text: at

text: the

text: StubHub

text: Center

text: and

text: were

text: local

text: rivals

text: However

text: Chivas

text: were

text: suspended

text: following

text: the

text: MLS

text: season

text: with

text: a

text: second

text: MLS

text: team

text: scheduled

text: to

text: return

text: in

question: Which team was suspended from the MLS?

answer: Chivas USA

text: Chivas USA

answer: Chivas

text: Chivas

answer: Chivas

text: Chivas

question: How many teams did Los Angeles used to have?

answer: two

text: two

answer: two

text: two

answer: two

text: two

question: Which year resulted in the suspension of one of the two soccer teams?

answer: 2014

answer: 2014

answer: 2014

question: What was the name of the stadium that the teams played in?

answer: StubHub Center

text: StubHub Center

answer: the StubHub Center

text: the StubHub Center

answer: StubHub Center

text: StubHub Center

question: When is the suspended team scheduled to return?

answer: 2018

answer: in 2018

text: in 2018

answer: 2018

question: How many Major Soccer League teams were in Los Angeles from 2005-2014?

text: two

question: What Major Soccer League teams played in Los Angeles in 2014?

text: the LA Galaxy and Chivas USA

question: When were the LA Galaxy suspended?

text: following the 2014 MLS season

question: When is a second MSL team scheduled to return?


text: The simplest valve gears give events of fixed length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction. Most however have a reversing mechanism which additionally can provide means for saving steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually "shortening the cutoff" or rather, shortening the admission event; this in turn proportionately lengthens the expansion period. However, as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows, a short cutoff at admission adversely affects the exhaust and compression periods which should ideally always be kept fairly constant; if the exhaust event is too brief, the totality of the exhaust steam cannot evacuate the cylinder, choking it and giving excessive compression ("kick back").[citation needed]

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: The

text: simplest

text: valve

text: gears

text: give

text: events

text: of

text: fixed

text: length

text: during

text: the

text: engine

text: cycle

text: and

text: often

text: make

text: the

text: engine

text: rotate

text: in

text: only

text: one

text: direction

text: Most

text: however

text: have

text: a

text: reversing

text: mechanism

text: which

text: additionally

text: can

text: provide

text: means

text: for

text: saving

text: steam

text: as

text: speed

text: and

text: momentum

text: are

text: gained

text: by

text: gradually

text: shortening

text: the

text: cutoff

text: or

text: rather

text: shortening

text: the

text: admission

text: event

text: this

text: in

text: turn

text: proportionately

text: lengthens

text: the

text: expansion

text: period

text: However

text: as

text: one

text: and

text: the

text: same

text: valve

text: usually

text: controls

text: both

text: steam

text: flows

text: a

text: short

text: cutoff

text: at

text: admission

text: adversely

text: affects

text: the

text: exhaust

text: and

text: compression

text: periods

text: which

text: should

text: ideally

text: always

text: be

text: kept

text: fairly

text: constant

text: if

text: the

text: exhaust

text: event

text: is

text: too

text: brief

text: the

text: totality

text: of

text: the

text: exhaust

text: steam

text: can

text: not

text: evacuate

text: the

text: cylinder

text: choking

text: it

text: and

text: giving

text: excessive

text: compression

text: kick

text: back").[citation

text: needed

question: What is another term for shortening the admission event?

answer: shortening the cutoff

text: shortening the cutoff

answer: "shortening the cutoff"

text: "shortening the cutoff"

answer: shortening the cutoff

text: shortening the cutoff

question: What is another term for excessive compression?

answer: kick back

text: kick back

answer: kick back

text: kick back

answer: kick back

text: kick back

question: What can the exhaust steam not fully do when the exhaust event is insufficiently long?

answer: evacuate the cylinder

text: evacuate the cylinder

answer: evacuate the cylinder

text: evacuate the cylinder

answer: evacuate the cylinder

text: evacuate the cylinder

question: Of what length are engine cycle events when the simplest valve gears are used?

answer: fixed

text: fixed

answer: fixed

text: fixed

answer: fixed

text: fixed

question: What is another term for shortening the expansion event?

text: shortening the cutoff

question: What is another term for excessive shortening?

text: kick back

question: What can the exhaust steam not fully do when the steam event is insufficiently long?

text: evacuate the cylinder

question: Of what length are engine cycle events when the simplest exhaust compression is used?

text: fixed

question: What do the simplest compression cylinders give during the engine cycle?

text: events of fixed length


text: Subsequently, Californios (dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws) and pro-slavery southerners in the lightly populated "Cow Counties" of southern California attempted three times in the 1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status separate from Northern California. The last attempt, the Pico Act of 1859, was passed by the California State Legislature and signed by the State governor John B. Weller. It was approved overwhelmingly by nearly 75% of voters in the proposed Territory of Colorado. This territory was to include all the counties up to the then much larger Tulare County (that included what is now Kings, most of Kern, and part of Inyo counties) and San Luis Obispo County. The proposal was sent to Washington, D.C. with a strong advocate in Senator Milton Latham. However, the secession crisis following the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 led to the proposal never coming to a vote.

title: Southern_California

title: Southern_California

text: Subsequently

text: Californios

text: dissatisfied

text: with

text: inequitable

text: taxes

text: and

text: land

text: laws

text: and

text: pro

text: slavery

text: southerners

text: in

text: the

text: lightly

text: populated

text: Cow

text: Counties

text: of

text: southern

text: California

text: attempted

text: three

text: times

text: in

text: the

text: to

text: achieve

text: a

text: separate

text: statehood

text: or

text: territorial

text: status

text: separate

text: from

text: Northern

text: California

text: The

text: last

text: attempt

text: the

text: Pico

text: Act

text: of

text: was

text: passed

text: by

text: the

text: California

text: State

text: Legislature

text: and

text: signed

text: by

text: the

text: State

text: governor

text: John

text: B.

text: Weller

text: It

text: was

text: approved

text: overwhelmingly

text: by

text: nearly

text: of

text: voters

text: in

text: the

text: proposed

text: Territory

text: of

text: Colorado

text: This

text: territory

text: was

text: to

text: include

text: all

text: the

text: counties

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: then

text: much

text: larger

text: Tulare

text: County

text: that

text: included

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Kings

text: most

text: of

text: Kern

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: Inyo

text: counties

text: and

text: San

text: Luis

text: Obispo

text: County

text: The

text: proposal

text: was

text: sent

text: to

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: with

text: a

text: strong

text: advocate

text: in

text: Senator

text: Milton

text: Latham

text: However

text: the

text: secession

text: crisis

text: following

text: the

text: election

text: of

text: Abraham

text: Lincoln

text: in

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: proposal

text: never

text: coming

text: to

text: a

text: vote

question: Other than land laws, what else were the Californios dissatisfied with?

answer: inequitable taxes

text: inequitable taxes

answer: inequitable taxes

text: inequitable taxes

answer: inequitable taxes

text: inequitable taxes

question: What was the name given to the regions in which the pro - slavery southerners lived?

answer: Cow Counties

text: Cow Counties

answer: Cow Counties

text: Cow Counties

answer: Cow Counties

text: Cow Counties

question: How many times did southern California attempt to achieve a separate statehood?

answer: three

text: three

answer: three

text: three

answer: three

text: three

question: What was the percentage of people that voted in favor of the Pico Act of 1859?

answer: 75

answer: 75%

answer: 75

question: Which Senator was a strong advocate for the Pico Act?

answer: Milton Latham

text: Milton Latham

answer: Milton Latham

text: Milton Latham

answer: Milton Latham

text: Milton Latham

question: Who attempted to achieve a separate statehood in 1805?

text: Californios

question: What was passed in 1895?

text: the Pico Act

question: Who was the governor of California in 1895?

text: John B. Weller

question: Who was elected in 1859?

text: Abraham Lincoln

question: What title did Latham Milton hold?

text: Senator


text: Hormones can act as immunomodulators, altering the sensitivity of the immune system. For example, female sex hormones are known immunostimulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses. Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty. By contrast, male sex hormones such as testosterone seem to be immunosuppressive. Other hormones appear to regulate the immune system as well, most notably prolactin, growth hormone and vitamin D.

title: Immune_system

title: Immune_system

text: Hormones

text: can

text: act

text: as

text: immunomodulators

text: altering

text: the

text: sensitivity

text: of

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: For

text: example

text: female

text: sex

text: hormones

text: are

text: known

text: immunostimulators

text: of

text: both

text: adaptive

text: and

text: innate

text: immune

text: responses

text: Some

text: autoimmune

text: diseases

text: such

text: as

text: lupus

text: erythematosus

text: strike

text: women

text: preferentially

text: and

text: their

text: onset

text: often

text: coincides

text: with

text: puberty

text: By

text: contrast

text: male

text: sex

text: hormones

text: such

text: as

text: testosterone

text: seem

text: to

text: be

text: immunosuppressive

text: Other

text: hormones

text: appear

text: to

text: regulate

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: as

text: well

text: most

text: notably

text: prolactin

text: growth

text: hormone

text: and

text: vitamin

text: D.

question: Hormones can alter the sensitivity of the immune system, so they can be referred to as what?

answer: immunomodulators

text: immunomodulators

answer: immunomodulators

text: immunomodulators

answer: immunomodulators

text: immunomodulators

question: Female sex hormones are immunostimulators of which immune responses?

answer: adaptive and innate immune responses

text: adaptive and innate immune responses

answer: both adaptive and innate

text: both adaptive and innate

answer: adaptive and innate immune responses

text: adaptive and innate immune responses

question: What is an autoimmune disease that affects women preferentially?

answer: lupus erythematosus

text: lupus erythematosus

answer: lupus erythematosus

text: lupus erythematosus

answer: lupus erythematosus

text: lupus erythematosus

question: What is the effect of testosterone on the male immune system?

answer: immunosuppressive

text: immunosuppressive

answer: immunosuppressive

text: immunosuppressive

answer: immunosuppressive

text: immunosuppressive

question: What keeps the sensitivity of the immune system at the same levels?

text: Hormones

question: When do autoimmune diseases often strike men?

text: puberty

question: What is a hormone that does not effect the immune system?

text: prolactin

question: What male sex hormone is an immunostimulator?

text: testosterone

question: What is an autoimmune disease that mostly strikes men?

text: lupus erythematosus


text: The Beroida, also known as Nuda, have no feeding appendages, but their large pharynx, just inside the large mouth and filling most of the saclike body, bears "macrocilia" at the oral end. These fused bundles of several thousand large cilia are able to "bite" off pieces of prey that are too large to swallow whole – almost always other ctenophores. In front of the field of macrocilia, on the mouth "lips" in some species of Beroe, is a pair of narrow strips of adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall that "zip" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding, by forming intercellular connections with the opposite adhesive strip. This tight closure streamlines the front of the animal when it is pursuing prey.

title: Ctenophora

title: Ctenophora

text: The

text: Beroida

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Nuda

text: have

text: no

text: feeding

text: appendages

text: but

text: their

text: large

text: pharynx

text: just

text: inside

text: the

text: large

text: mouth

text: and

text: filling

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: saclike

text: body

text: bears

text: macrocilia

text: at

text: the

text: oral

text: end

text: These

text: fused

text: bundles

text: of

text: several

text: thousand

text: large

text: cilia

text: are

text: able

text: to

text: bite

text: off

text: pieces

text: of

text: prey

text: that

text: are

text: too

text: large

text: to

text: swallow

text: whole

text: almost

text: always

text: other

text: ctenophores

text: In

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: macrocilia

text: on

text: the

text: mouth

text: lips

text: in

text: some

text: species

text: of

text: Beroe

text: is

text: a

text: pair

text: of

text: narrow

text: strips

text: of

text: adhesive

text: epithelial

text: cells

text: on

text: the

text: stomach

text: wall

text: that

text: zip

text: the

text: mouth

text: shut

text: when

text: the

text: animal

text: is

text: not

text: feeding

text: by

text: forming

text: intercellular

text: connections

text: with

text: the

text: opposite

text: adhesive

text: strip

text: This

text: tight

text: closure

text: streamlines

text: the

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: animal

text: when

text: it

text: is

text: pursuing

text: prey

question: Beroida are known by what other name?

answer: Nuda

text: Nuda

answer: Nuda

text: Nuda

answer: Nuda

text: Nuda

question: What group has no feeding appendages?

answer: The Beroida

text: The Beroida

answer: Beroida

text: Beroida

answer: Beroida

text: Beroida

question: Some species of beroe have a pair of strips of adhesive cells on the stomach wall. What does it do?

answer: zip" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding,

text: zip" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding,

answer: "zip" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding

text: "zip" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding

answer: "zip" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding

text: "zip" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding

question: What does the beroe do when pursuing prey?

answer: "zip" the mouth shut

text: "zip" the mouth shut

answer: streamlines the front of the animal

text: streamlines the front of the animal

answer: tight closure streamlines the front of the animal

text: tight closure streamlines the front of the animal

question: What does the beroida have instead of feeding appendages?

answer: large pharynx

text: large pharynx

answer: large cilia

text: large cilia

answer: "macrocilia"

text: "macrocilia"

question: What is one thing cilia don't have?

text: feeding appendages

question: What do ephithelial cells fill most of in the Nuda?

text: the saclike body

question: What do epithelial cells have at the oral end?

text: "macrocilia"

question: What are epithelial cells able do do if prey is too large to swallow?

text: "bite" off pieces

question: What does the large pharynx do in the Beroe when its not feeding?

text: "zip" the mouth shut


text: In the United States, the industry in 2014 has around $960 billion in annual revenue according to statistics tracked by the Census Bureau, of which $680 billion is private (split evenly between residential and nonresidential) and the remainder is government. As of 2005, there were about 667,000 firms employing 1 million contractors (200,000 general contractors, 38,000 heavy, and 432,000 specialty); the average contractor employed fewer than 10 employees. As a whole, the industry employed an estimated 5.8 million as of April 2013, with a 13.2% unemployment rate. In the United States, approximately 828,000 women were employed in the construction industry as of 2011.

title: Construction

title: Construction

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: industry

text: in

text: has

text: around

text: billion

text: in

text: annual

text: revenue

text: according

text: to

text: statistics

text: tracked

text: by

text: the

text: Census

text: Bureau

text: of

text: which

text: billion

text: is

text: private

text: split

text: evenly

text: between

text: residential

text: and

text: nonresidential

text: and

text: the

text: remainder

text: is

text: government

text: As

text: of

text: there

text: were

text: about

text: firms

text: employing

text: million

text: contractors

text: general

text: contractors

text: heavy

text: and

text: specialty

text: the

text: average

text: contractor

text: employed

text: fewer

text: than

text: employees

text: As

text: a

text: whole

text: the

text: industry

text: employed

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: as

text: of

text: April

text: with

text: a

text: unemployment

text: rate

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: approximately

text: women

text: were

text: employed

text: in

text: the

text: construction

text: industry

text: as

text: of

question: What is the annual construction industry revenue in 2014?

answer: $960 billion

text: $960 billion

answer: $960 billion

text: $960 billion

answer: $960 billion

text: $960 billion

question: How much revenue is private?

answer: $680 billion

text: $680 billion

answer: $680 billion

text: $680 billion

answer: $680 billion

text: $680 billion

question: How many firms were existing in 2005?

answer: 667,000 firms

text: 667,000 firms

answer: 667,000 firms

text: 667,000 firms

answer: 667,000 firms

text: 667,000 firms

question: The average contractor hired how many employees?

answer: fewer than 10 employees

text: fewer than 10 employees

answer: fewer than 10

text: fewer than 10

answer: fewer than 10

text: fewer than 10

question: How many women were employed in construction in 2011?

answer: 828,000

answer: 828,000 women

text: 828,000 women

answer: 828,000

question: What was the unemployment rate as of 2011?

question: According to 1 million contractors  what was the annual revenue in 2014?

text: $960 billion

question: In 2005 how many employees were employed by the government?

text: fewer than 10 employees

question: How many firms were there in 2011?

text: 667,000 firms

question: In the US how many contractors were employed in construction as of 2011?


text: Major events also play a big part in tourism in Victoria, particularly cultural tourism and sports tourism. Most of these events are centred on Melbourne, but others occur in regional cities, such as the V8 Supercars and Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix at Phillip Island, the Grand Annual Steeplechase at Warrnambool and the Australian International Airshow at Geelong and numerous local festivals such as the popular Port Fairy Folk Festival, Queenscliff Music Festival, Bells Beach SurfClassic and the Bright Autumn Festival.

title: Victoria_(Australia)

title: Victoria_(Australia

text: Major

text: events

text: also

text: play

text: a

text: big

text: part

text: in

text: tourism

text: in

text: Victoria

text: particularly

text: cultural

text: tourism

text: and

text: sports

text: tourism

text: Most

text: of

text: these

text: events

text: are

text: centred

text: on

text: Melbourne

text: but

text: others

text: occur

text: in

text: regional

text: cities

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Supercars

text: and

text: Australian

text: Motorcycle

text: Grand

text: Prix

text: at

text: Phillip

text: Island

text: the

text: Grand

text: Annual

text: Steeplechase

text: at

text: Warrnambool

text: and

text: the

text: Australian

text: International

text: Airshow

text: at

text: Geelong

text: and

text: numerous

text: local

text: festivals

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: popular

text: Port

text: Fairy

text: Folk

text: Festival

text: Queenscliff

text: Music

text: Festival

text: Bells

text: Beach

text: SurfClassic

text: and

text: the

text: Bright

text: Autumn

text: Festival

question: What part do events in Victoria's economy  play?

answer: tourism

text: tourism

answer: tourism

text: tourism

answer: big

text: big

question: Besides cultural events, what other tourist attraction does Victoria have?

answer: sports

text: sports

answer: sports tourism

text: sports tourism

answer: sports

text: sports

question: On where are most tourist attractions focused in Victoria?

answer: Melbourne

text: Melbourne

answer: Melbourne

text: Melbourne

answer: Melbourne

text: Melbourne

question: Where do other tourist events happen in Victoria outside of Melbourne?

answer: regional cities

text: regional cities

answer: in regional cities

text: in regional cities

answer: Phillip Island

text: Phillip Island

question: What event is held at Bells Beach in Victoria?

answer: SurfClassic

text: SurfClassic

answer: SurfClassic

text: SurfClassic

answer: SurfClassic

text: SurfClassic

question: What part does fishing play in Victoria's economy play?

text: tourism

question: Besides cultural events, what other television programs does Victoria have?

text: sports

question: Where is the best Italian in Victoria?

text: Melbourne

question: Where do other religious experiences happen in Victoria outside of Melbourne?

text: regional cities

question: What event is held at Port Sunshine in Victoria?

text: SurfClassic


text: Originating as the Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in 1999, it pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda in 2004, participated in the Iraqi insurgency that followed the March 2003 invasion of Iraq by Western forces, joined the fight in the Syrian Civil War beginning in March 2011, and was expelled from al-Qaeda in early 2014, (which complained of its failure to consult and "notorious intransigence"). The group gained prominence after it drove Iraqi government forces out of key cities in western Iraq in a 2014 offensive. The group is adept at social media, posting Internet videos of beheadings of soldiers, civilians, journalists and aid workers, and is known for its destruction of cultural heritage sites. The United Nations has held ISIL responsible for human rights abuses and war crimes, and Amnesty International has reported ethnic cleansing by the group on a "historic scale". The group has been designated a terrorist organisation by the United Nations, the European Union and member states, the United States, India, Indonesia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Syria and other countries.

title: Islamism

title: Islamism

text: Originating

text: as

text: the

text: Jama'at

text: al

text: Tawhid

text: wal

text: Jihad

text: in

text: it

text: pledged

text: allegiance

text: to

text: al

text: Qaeda

text: in

text: participated

text: in

text: the

text: Iraqi

text: insurgency

text: that

text: followed

text: the

text: March

text: invasion

text: of

text: Iraq

text: by

text: Western

text: forces

text: joined

text: the

text: fight

text: in

text: the

text: Syrian

text: Civil

text: War

text: beginning

text: in

text: March

text: and

text: was

text: expelled

text: from

text: al

text: Qaeda

text: in

text: early

text: which

text: complained

text: of

text: its

text: failure

text: to

text: consult

text: and

text: notorious

text: intransigence

text: The

text: group

text: gained

text: prominence

text: after

text: it

text: drove

text: Iraqi

text: government

text: forces

text: out

text: of

text: key

text: cities

text: in

text: western

text: Iraq

text: in

text: a

text: offensive

text: The

text: group

text: is

text: adept

text: at

text: social

text: media

text: posting

text: Internet

text: videos

text: of

text: beheadings

text: of

text: soldiers

text: civilians

text: journalists

text: and

text: aid

text: workers

text: and

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: destruction

text: of

text: cultural

text: heritage

text: sites

text: The

text: United

text: Nations

text: has

text: held

text: ISIL

text: responsible

text: for

text: human

text: rights

text: abuses

text: and

text: war

text: crimes

text: and

text: Amnesty

text: International

text: has

text: reported

text: ethnic

text: cleansing

text: by

text: the

text: group

text: on

text: a

text: historic

text: scale

text: The

text: group

text: has

text: been

text: designated

text: a

text: terrorist

text: organisation

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: and

text: member

text: states

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: India

text: Indonesia

text: Turkey

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: Syria

text: and

text: other

text: countries

question: When did ISIL pledge allegiance to al-Qaeda?

answer: 2004

answer: 2004

answer: 2004

question: When did Western forces invade Iraq?

answer: 2003

answer: March 2003

text: March 2003

answer: March 200

text: March 200

question: When did the Syrian Civil War begin?

answer: March 2011

text: March 2011

answer: March 2011

text: March 2011

answer: March 2011

text: March 2011

question: Why did al-Qaeda tell ISIL to take a hike?

answer: notorious intransigence

text: notorious intransigence

answer: its failure to consult and "notorious intransigence"

text: its failure to consult and "notorious intransigence"

answer: notorious intransigence

text: notorious intransigence

question: What has the United Nations designed ISIL?

answer: a terrorist organisation

text: a terrorist organisation

answer: a terrorist organisation

text: a terrorist organisation

answer: terrorist organisation

text: terrorist organisation

question: When did ISIL refuse to pledge allegiance to al-Qaeda?

question: When did Eastern forces invade Iraq?

question: When did the Syrian Civil War end?

question: What has the United Nations not claimed ISIL to be?

text: terrorist organisation


text: For the next three hundred years, Scotland was directly governed by the Parliament of Great Britain and the subsequent Parliament of the United Kingdom, both seated at Westminster, and the lack of a Parliament of Scotland remained an important element in Scottish national identity. Suggestions for a 'devolved' Parliament were made before 1914, but were shelved due to the outbreak of the First World War. A sharp rise in nationalism in Scotland during the late 1960s fuelled demands for some form of home rule or complete independence, and in 1969 prompted the incumbent Labour government of Harold Wilson to set up the Kilbrandon Commission to consider the British constitution. One of the principal objectives of the commission was to examine ways of enabling more self-government for Scotland, within the unitary state of the United Kingdom. Kilbrandon published his report in 1973 recommending the establishment of a directly elected Scottish Assembly to legislate for the majority of domestic Scottish affairs.

title: Scottish_Parliament

title: Scottish_Parliament

text: For

text: the

text: next

text: three

text: hundred

text: years

text: Scotland

text: was

text: directly

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Parliament

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: the

text: subsequent

text: Parliament

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: both

text: seated

text: at

text: Westminster

text: and

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: a

text: Parliament

text: of

text: Scotland

text: remained

text: an

text: important

text: element

text: in

text: Scottish

text: national

text: identity

text: Suggestions

text: for

text: a

text: devolved

text: Parliament

text: were

text: made

text: before

text: but

text: were

text: shelved

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: outbreak

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: A

text: sharp

text: rise

text: in

text: nationalism

text: in

text: Scotland

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: fuelled

text: demands

text: for

text: some

text: form

text: of

text: home

text: rule

text: or

text: complete

text: independence

text: and

text: in

text: prompted

text: the

text: incumbent

text: Labour

text: government

text: of

text: Harold

text: Wilson

text: to

text: set

text: up

text: the

text: Kilbrandon

text: Commission

text: to

text: consider

text: the

text: British

text: constitution

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: principal

text: objectives

text: of

text: the

text: commission

text: was

text: to

text: examine

text: ways

text: of

text: enabling

text: more

text: self

text: government

text: for

text: Scotland

text: within

text: the

text: unitary

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Kilbrandon

text: published

text: his

text: report

text: in

text: recommending

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: a

text: directly

text: elected

text: Scottish

text: Assembly

text: to

text: legislate

text: for

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: domestic

text: Scottish

text: affairs

question: What remained an important issue in Scottish national identity for many years?

answer: lack of a Parliament of Scotland

text: lack of a Parliament of Scotland

answer: the lack of a Parliament of Scotland

text: the lack of a Parliament of Scotland

answer: the lack of a Parliament of Scotland

text: the lack of a Parliament of Scotland

question: How many hundred of years was Scotland directly governed by the parliament of Great Britain?

answer: three hundred

text: three hundred

answer: three hundred years

text: three hundred years

answer: three hundred years

text: three hundred years

question: Why were the initial suggestions for a devolved parliament before 1914 shelved?

answer: First World War.

text: First World War.

answer: First World War

text: First World War

answer: the outbreak of the First World War

text: the outbreak of the First World War

question: When was there a sharp rise in nationalism in Scotland?

answer: the late 1960s

text: the late 1960s

answer: late 1960s

text: late 1960s

answer: late 1960s

text: late 1960s

question: What did Kllbrandon's report in 1973 recommend establishing?

answer: directly elected Scottish Assembly

text: directly elected Scottish Assembly

answer: directly elected Scottish Assembly

text: directly elected Scottish Assembly

answer: a directly elected Scottish Assembly

text: a directly elected Scottish Assembly

question: What was not considered an important element in Scottish national identity?

text: lack of a Parliament

question: The Second World War caused what to be shelved?

text: Suggestions for a 'devolved' Parliament

question: A decline in Scottish nationalism during the 1960s fueled what?

question: The only objective of the Kilbrandon Commission was what?

question: Harold Wilson published a report in what year?


text: The working fluid in a Rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system, where the working fluid is recycled continuously, or may be an "open loop" system, where the exhaust steam is directly released to the atmosphere, and a separate source of water feeding the boiler is supplied. Normally water is the fluid of choice due to its favourable properties, such as non-toxic and unreactive chemistry, abundance, low cost, and its thermodynamic properties. Mercury is the working fluid in the mercury vapor turbine. Low boiling hydrocarbons can be used in a binary cycle.

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: The

text: working

text: fluid

text: in

text: a

text: Rankine

text: cycle

text: can

text: operate

text: as

text: a

text: closed

text: loop

text: system

text: where

text: the

text: working

text: fluid

text: is

text: recycled

text: continuously

text: or

text: may

text: be

text: an

text: open

text: loop

text: system

text: where

text: the

text: exhaust

text: steam

text: is

text: directly

text: released

text: to

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: and

text: a

text: separate

text: source

text: of

text: water

text: feeding

text: the

text: boiler

text: is

text: supplied

text: Normally

text: water

text: is

text: the

text: fluid

text: of

text: choice

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: favourable

text: properties

text: such

text: as

text: non

text: toxic

text: and

text: unreactive

text: chemistry

text: abundance

text: low

text: cost

text: and

text: its

text: thermodynamic

text: properties

text: Mercury

text: is

text: the

text: working

text: fluid

text: in

text: the

text: mercury

text: vapor

text: turbine

text: Low

text: boiling

text: hydrocarbons

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: a

text: binary

text: cycle

question: What happens to the working fluid in a closed loop system?

answer: recycled continuously

text: recycled continuously

answer: recycled continuously

text: recycled continuously

answer: recycled continuously

text: recycled continuously

question: What sort of system releases the exhaust steam into the atmosphere?

answer: open loop

text: open loop

answer: open loop

text: open loop

answer: open loop

text: open loop

question: What working fluid is used in a mercury vapor turbine?

answer: Mercury

text: Mercury

answer: Mercury

text: Mercury

answer: Mercury

text: Mercury

question: What is the typical working fluid in a steam engine?

answer: water

text: water

answer: water

text: water

answer: water

text: water

question: What happens to the working fluid in a chemistry system?

text: recycled continuously

question: What sort of system releases the exhaust steam into the boiler?

text: open loop

question: What working fluid is used in a mercury cycle?

text: Mercury

question: What is the typical working fluid in a vapor turbine?

text: water

question: What can the working fluid in a boiler cycle operate as?

text: closed loop system


text: The steam engine contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory; however, the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were the original concepts of harnessing the power of steam and atmospheric pressure and knowledge of properties of heat and steam. The experimental measurements made by Watt on a model steam engine led to the development of the separate condenser. Watt independently discovered latent heat, which was confirmed by the original discoverer Joseph Black, who also advised Watt on experimental procedures. Watt was also aware of the change in the boiling point of water with pressure. Otherwise, the improvements to the engine itself were more mechanical in nature. The thermodynamic concepts of the Rankine cycle did give engineers the understanding needed to calculate efficiency which aided the development of modern high-pressure and -temperature boilers and the steam turbine.

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: The

text: steam

text: engine

text: contributed

text: much

text: to

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: thermodynamic

text: theory

text: however

text: the

text: only

text: applications

text: of

text: scientific

text: theory

text: that

text: influenced

text: the

text: steam

text: engine

text: were

text: the

text: original

text: concepts

text: of

text: harnessing

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: steam

text: and

text: atmospheric

text: pressure

text: and

text: knowledge

text: of

text: properties

text: of

text: heat

text: and

text: steam

text: The

text: experimental

text: measurements

text: made

text: by

text: Watt

text: on

text: a

text: model

text: steam

text: engine

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: separate

text: condenser

text: Watt

text: independently

text: discovered

text: latent

text: heat

text: which

text: was

text: confirmed

text: by

text: the

text: original

text: discoverer

text: Joseph

text: Black

text: who

text: also

text: advised

text: Watt

text: on

text: experimental

text: procedures

text: Watt

text: was

text: also

text: aware

text: of

text: the

text: change

text: in

text: the

text: boiling

text: point

text: of

text: water

text: with

text: pressure

text: Otherwise

text: the

text: improvements

text: to

text: the

text: engine

text: itself

text: were

text: more

text: mechanical

text: in

text: nature

text: The

text: thermodynamic

text: concepts

text: of

text: the

text: Rankine

text: cycle

text: did

text: give

text: engineers

text: the

text: understanding

text: needed

text: to

text: calculate

text: efficiency

text: which

text: aided

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: modern

text: high

text: pressure

text: and

text: -temperature

text: boilers

text: and

text: the

text: steam

text: turbine

question: What scientific field's theory has received contributions from the steam engine?

answer: thermodynamic

text: thermodynamic

answer: thermodynamic theory

text: thermodynamic theory

answer: thermodynamic theory

text: thermodynamic theory

question: Who made experimental measurements on a model steam engine?

answer: Watt

text: Watt

answer: Watt

text: Watt

answer: Watt

text: Watt

question: What was developed from Watt's measurements on a model steam engine?

answer: condenser

text: condenser

answer: separate condenser

text: separate condenser

answer: the separate condenser

text: the separate condenser

question: Who confirmed Watt's discovery of latent heat?

answer: Joseph Black

text: Joseph Black

answer: Joseph Black

text: Joseph Black

answer: Joseph Black

text: Joseph Black

question: What concept, originally discovered by Black, was later discovered independently by Watt?

answer: latent heat

text: latent heat

answer: latent heat

text: latent heat

answer: latent heat

text: latent heat

question: What scientific field's theory has received contributions from the Rankine engine?

text: thermodynamic

question: Who made experimental measurements on a model Rankine cycle?

text: Watt

question: What was developed from Watt's measurements on an atmospheric concept?

text: condenser

question: Who confirmed Watt's discovery of mechanical heat?

text: Joseph Black

question: What concept, originally discovered by Watt, was later discovered independently by Black?

text: latent heat


text: Following the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent. From 66–34 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south as 45°. Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics. During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band. It expanded again during the Middle Miocene, then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum. However, the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species.

title: Amazon_rainforest

title: Amazon_rainforest

text: Following

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: Paleogene

text: extinction

text: event

text: the

text: extinction

text: of

text: the

text: dinosaurs

text: and

text: the

text: wetter

text: climate

text: may

text: have

text: allowed

text: the

text: tropical

text: rainforest

text: to

text: spread

text: out

text: across

text: the

text: continent

text: From

text: Mya

text: the

text: rainforest

text: extended

text: as

text: far

text: south

text: as

text: Climate

text: fluctuations

text: during

text: the

text: last

text: million

text: years

text: have

text: allowed

text: savanna

text: regions

text: to

text: expand

text: into

text: the

text: tropics

text: During

text: the

text: Oligocene

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: rainforest

text: spanned

text: a

text: relatively

text: narrow

text: band

text: It

text: expanded

text: again

text: during

text: the

text: Middle

text: Miocene

text: then

text: retracted

text: to

text: a

text: mostly

text: inland

text: formation

text: at

text: the

text: last

text: glacial

text: maximum

text: However

text: the

text: rainforest

text: still

text: managed

text: to

text: thrive

text: during

text: these

text: glacial

text: periods

text: allowing

text: for

text: the

text: survival

text: and

text: evolution

text: of

text: a

text: broad

text: diversity

text: of

text: species

question: Which type of climate may have allowed the rainforest to spread across the continent?

answer: the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent.

text: the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent.

answer: wetter

text: wetter

answer: wetter

text: wetter

question: What has allowed for the Savanna region to expand into the tropics?

answer: Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics.

text: Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics.

answer: Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years

text: Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years

answer: Climate fluctuations

text: Climate fluctuations

question: During what time did the rainforest spanned a narrow band?

answer: During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band.

text: During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band.

answer: Oligocene

text: Oligocene

answer: Oligocene

text: Oligocene

question: When did it retract to a inland formation?

answer: It expanded again during the Middle Miocene, then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum.

text: It expanded again during the Middle Miocene, then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum.

answer: Middle Miocene

text: Middle Miocene

answer: at the last glacial maximum

text: at the last glacial maximum

question: Did the rainforest managed to thrive during the glacial periods?

answer: However, the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species.

text: However, the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species.

answer: still managed to thrive

text: still managed to thrive

question: What may have caused rainforests to grow across South America?

answer: the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate

text: the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate

answer: extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate

text: extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate

answer: extinction of the dinosaurs

text: extinction of the dinosaurs

question: How many degrees south did the Amazon rainforest reach from 66-34 Mya?

answer: 45

answer: 45°

answer: 45°

question: What has caused savanna regions to grow into the South American tropics in the last 34 million years?

answer: Climate fluctuations

text: Climate fluctuations

answer: Climate fluctuations

text: Climate fluctuations

answer: Climate fluctuations

text: Climate fluctuations

question: During which period in history was the Amazon rainforest a narrow band of forest?

answer: Oligocene

text: Oligocene

answer: Oligocene

text: Oligocene

answer: Oligocene

text: Oligocene

question: What did the Amazon rainforest do during the Middle Miocene?

answer: It expanded

text: It expanded

answer: expanded

text: expanded

answer: expanded

text: expanded

question: What extinction event might have created some conditions allowing the expansion of the amazon rainforest?

answer: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

text: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

answer: dinosaurs

text: dinosaurs

answer: dinosaurs

text: dinosaurs

question: Beginning how many years ago did the amazon rainforest extend 45 degrees south?

answer: 66–34 Mya

text: 66–34 Mya

answer: 66–34

question: After the Oligocene period, under what period did the amazon rainforest begin to expand?

answer: Middle Miocene

text: Middle Miocene

answer: Middle Miocene

text: Middle Miocene

answer: Middle Miocene

text: Middle Miocene

question: The amazon rainforest became a mostly inland forest around which global event?

answer: last glacial maximum

text: last glacial maximum

answer: last glacial maximum

text: last glacial maximum

answer: last glacial maximum

text: last glacial maximum

question: Savannah areas expanded over the last how many years?

answer: 34 million years

text: 34 million years

answer: 34 million

text: 34 million

answer: 34 million

text: 34 million

question: What type of climate stop reinforced from spreading across the continent?

text: wetter climate

question: The extinction of what led to the decline of rainforests?

text: dinosaurs

question: What extended as far north as 45°?

text: rainforest

question: Climate fluctuations have stopped the savanna from doing what?

text: expand into the tropics.

question: The rain force failed to thrive during what periods?

text: glacial periods,


text: The unusually high concentration of oxygen gas on Earth is the result of the oxygen cycle. This biogeochemical cycle describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs on Earth: the atmosphere, the biosphere, and the lithosphere. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis, which is responsible for modern Earth's atmosphere. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, while respiration and decay remove it from the atmosphere. In the present equilibrium, production and consumption occur at the same rate of roughly 1/2000th of the entire atmospheric oxygen per year.

title: Oxygen

title: Oxygen

text: The

text: unusually

text: high

text: concentration

text: of

text: oxygen

text: gas

text: on

text: Earth

text: is

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: oxygen

text: cycle

text: This

text: biogeochemical

text: cycle

text: describes

text: the

text: movement

text: of

text: oxygen

text: within

text: and

text: between

text: its

text: three

text: main

text: reservoirs

text: on

text: Earth

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: the

text: biosphere

text: and

text: the

text: lithosphere

text: The

text: main

text: driving

text: factor

text: of

text: the

text: oxygen

text: cycle

text: is

text: photosynthesis

text: which

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: modern

text: Earth

text: 's

text: atmosphere

text: Photosynthesis

text: releases

text: oxygen

text: into

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: while

text: respiration

text: and

text: decay

text: remove

text: it

text: from

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: In

text: the

text: present

text: equilibrium

text: production

text: and

text: consumption

text: occur

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: rate

text: of

text: roughly

text: of

text: the

text: entire

text: atmospheric

text: oxygen

text: per

text: year

question: What produces the high levels of oxygen on Earth?

answer: oxygen cycle

text: oxygen cycle

answer: the oxygen cycle

text: the oxygen cycle

answer: oxygen cycle

text: oxygen cycle

answer: oxygen cycle

text: oxygen cycle

answer: the oxygen cycle

text: the oxygen cycle

question: What type of process is the oxygen cycle?

answer: biogeochemical

text: biogeochemical

answer: biogeochemical

text: biogeochemical

answer: biogeochemical

text: biogeochemical

answer: biogeochemical cycle

text: biogeochemical cycle

answer: biogeochemical

text: biogeochemical

question: In how many places is oxygen stored in its cycle?

answer: three

text: three

answer: three

text: three

answer: three

text: three

answer: three main reservoirs

text: three main reservoirs

answer: three

text: three

question: What process is responsible for the planet's oxygen content?

answer: photosynthesis

text: photosynthesis

answer: photosynthesis

text: photosynthesis

answer: photosynthesis

text: photosynthesis

answer: photosynthesis

text: photosynthesis

answer: photosynthesis

text: photosynthesis

question: What does photosynthesis release into the Earth's atmosphere?

answer: oxygen

text: oxygen

answer: oxygen

text: oxygen

answer: oxygen

text: oxygen

answer: oxygen

text: oxygen

answer: oxygen

text: oxygen

question: What does respiration release into the atmosphere?

text: oxygen

question: What are the three main oxygen cycles on Earth?

question: What occurs at the same rate of 1/200th of the entire atmospheric oxygen per year?

text: production and consumption

question: What oxygen reservoir is the driving factor of the oxygen cycle?

text: photosynthesis