text: Reciprocating piston type steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines in commercial usage, and the ascendancy of steam turbines in power generation. Considering that the great majority of worldwide electric generation is produced by turbine type steam engines, the "steam age" is continuing with energy levels far beyond those of the turn of the 19th century.

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: Reciprocating

text: piston

text: type

text: steam

text: engines

text: remained

text: the

text: dominant

text: source

text: of

text: power

text: until

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: when

text: advances

text: in

text: the

text: design

text: of

text: electric

text: motors

text: and

text: internal

text: combustion

text: engines

text: gradually

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: replacement

text: of

text: reciprocating

text: piston

text: steam

text: engines

text: in

text: commercial

text: usage

text: and

text: the

text: ascendancy

text: of

text: steam

text: turbines

text: in

text: power

text: generation

text: Considering

text: that

text: the

text: great

text: majority

text: of

text: worldwide

text: electric

text: generation

text: is

text: produced

text: by

text: turbine

text: type

text: steam

text: engines

text: the

text: steam

text: age

text: is

text: continuing

text: with

text: energy

text: levels

text: far

text: beyond

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: turn

text: of

text: the

text: century

question: What type of engines became popular for power generation after piston steam engines?

answer: steam turbines

text: steam turbines

answer: internal combustion engines

text: internal combustion engines

answer: Reciprocating piston

text: Reciprocating piston

answer: steam turbines

text: steam turbines

question: What type of steam engines produced most power up to the early 20th century?

answer: Reciprocating piston

text: Reciprocating piston

answer: steam turbines

text: steam turbines

answer: electric motors and internal combustion

text: electric motors and internal combustion

answer: Reciprocating piston type

text: Reciprocating piston type

question: What type of steam engine produces most electricity in the world today?

answer: turbine

text: turbine

answer: turbine type

text: turbine type

answer: electric motors

text: electric motors

answer: turbine type

text: turbine type

question: Along with electric motors, what type of engines superseded piston steam engines?

answer: internal combustion

text: internal combustion

answer: internal combustion

text: internal combustion

answer: internal combustion

text: internal combustion

question: What type of engines became popular for power generation after electric engines?

text: steam turbines

question: What type of electric engines produced most power up to the early 20th century?

text: Reciprocating piston

question: What type of electric engine produces most electricity in the world today?

text: turbine

question: Along with electric motors, what type of engines superseded turbines?

text: internal combustion

question: What is continuing with energy levels far beyond the turn of the 20th century?

text: steam age


text: Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the favored position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, but by Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions. Derived from William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson, these convictions were focused on the dignity and worth of human nature, the right and ability of each person to perceive truth, and the indwelling God in each person.

title: Harvard_University

title: Harvard_University

text: Charles

text: W.

text: Eliot

text: president

text: eliminated

text: the

text: favored

text: position

text: of

text: Christianity

text: from

text: the

text: curriculum

text: while

text: opening

text: it

text: to

text: student

text: self

text: direction

text: While

text: Eliot

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: crucial

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: secularization

text: of

text: American

text: higher

text: education

text: he

text: was

text: motivated

text: not

text: by

text: a

text: desire

text: to

text: secularize

text: education

text: but

text: by

text: Transcendentalist

text: Unitarian

text: convictions

text: Derived

text: from

text: William

text: Ellery

text: Channing

text: and

text: Ralph

text: Waldo

text: Emerson

text: these

text: convictions

text: were

text: focused

text: on

text: the

text: dignity

text: and

text: worth

text: of

text: human

text: nature

text: the

text: right

text: and

text: ability

text: of

text: each

text: person

text: to

text: perceive

text: truth

text: and

text: the

text: indwelling

text: God

text: in

text: each

text: person

question: What president eliminated the Christian position in the curriculum?

answer: Charles W. Eliot

text: Charles W. Eliot

answer: Charles W. Eliot

text: Charles W. Eliot

answer: Charles W. Eliot

text: Charles W. Eliot

question: What conviction motivated Eliot to move towards secularization?

answer: Transcendentalist Unitarian

text: Transcendentalist Unitarian

answer: Transcendentalist Unitarian

text: Transcendentalist Unitarian

answer: Transcendentalist Unitarian

text: Transcendentalist Unitarian

question: From whom were the movement that Eliot followed derived?

answer: William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson

text: William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson

answer: William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson

text: William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson

answer: William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson

text: William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson

question: During what years was William Ellery Channing President of Harvard?

question: When Channing eliminated Christianity from its former position in the curriculum what was allowed instead?

text: student self-direction

question: Channing was the most crucial figure to achieve what in US universities?

text: secularization

question: What ideas motivated Channing to remove Christianity as dominant in college curriculum?

text: Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions

question: What did Christianity in US curriculum focus on before it was changed?


text: Pharmacists are healthcare professionals with specialised education and training who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy in which they practice. Since pharmacists know about the mode of action of a particular drug, and its metabolism and physiological effects on the human body in great detail, they play an important role in optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual.

title: Pharmacy

title: Pharmacy

text: Pharmacists

text: are

text: healthcare

text: professionals

text: with

text: specialised

text: education

text: and

text: training

text: who

text: perform

text: various

text: roles

text: to

text: ensure

text: optimal

text: health

text: outcomes

text: for

text: their

text: patients

text: through

text: the

text: quality

text: use

text: of

text: medicines

text: Pharmacists

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: small

text: business

text: proprietors

text: owning

text: the

text: pharmacy

text: in

text: which

text: they

text: practice

text: Since

text: pharmacists

text: know

text: about

text: the

text: mode

text: of

text: action

text: of

text: a

text: particular

text: drug

text: and

text: its

text: metabolism

text: and

text: physiological

text: effects

text: on

text: the

text: human

text: body

text: in

text: great

text: detail

text: they

text: play

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: optimisation

text: of

text: a

text: drug

text: treatment

text: for

text: an

text: individual

question: What type of professionals are pharmacists?

answer: healthcare professionals

text: healthcare professionals

answer: healthcare

text: healthcare

answer: healthcare professionals with specialised education

text: healthcare professionals with specialised education

question: What types of health outcomes do pharmacists aim for with their patients?

answer: optimal health outcomes

text: optimal health outcomes

answer: optimal

text: optimal

answer: optimal health outcomes

text: optimal health outcomes

question: What type of treatment are pharmacists important for?

answer: optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual

text: optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual

answer: optimisation of a drug treatment

text: optimisation of a drug treatment

answer: optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual

text: optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual

question: What other role do many pharmacists play?

answer: small-business proprietors

text: small-business proprietors

answer: small-business proprietors

text: small-business proprietors

answer: small-business proprietors

text: small-business proprietors

question: What types of preparation do pharmacists have?

answer: specialised education and training

text: specialised education and training

answer: specialised education and training

text: specialised education and training

answer: specialised education and training

text: specialised education and training

question: What type of professionals do pharmacists lack?

text: healthcare professionals

question: What types of health outcomes do pharmacists never have with their patients?

text: optimal health outcomes

question: What other role do many pharmacists avoid?

text: small-business proprietors

question: What types of preparation do pharmacists not require?

text: specialised education and training

question: What type of treatment are pharmacists not needed for?


text: A regulation of the Rhine was called for, with an upper canal near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fußach, in order to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta. The Dornbirner Ach had to be diverted, too, and it now flows parallel to the canalized Rhine into the lake. Its water has a darker color than the Rhine; the latter's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains. It is expected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake. This has already happened to the former Lake Tuggenersee.

title: Rhine

title: Rhine

text: A

text: regulation

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: was

text: called

text: for

text: with

text: an

text: upper

text: canal

text: near

text: Diepoldsau

text: and

text: a

text: lower

text: canal

text: at

text: Fußach

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: counteract

text: the

text: constant

text: flooding

text: and

text: strong

text: sedimentation

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: Rhine

text: Delta

text: The

text: Dornbirner

text: Ach

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: diverted

text: too

text: and

text: it

text: now

text: flows

text: parallel

text: to

text: the

text: canalized

text: Rhine

text: into

text: the

text: lake

text: Its

text: water

text: has

text: a

text: darker

text: color

text: than

text: the

text: Rhine

text: the

text: latter

text: 's

text: lighter

text: suspended

text: load

text: comes

text: from

text: higher

text: up

text: the

text: mountains

text: It

text: is

text: expected

text: that

text: the

text: continuous

text: input

text: of

text: sediment

text: into

text: the

text: lake

text: will

text: silt

text: up

text: the

text: lake

text: This

text: has

text: already

text: happened

text: to

text: the

text: former

text: Lake

text: Tuggenersee

question: Where is the upper canal regulation of the Rhine?

answer: Diepoldsau

text: Diepoldsau

answer: Diepoldsau

text: Diepoldsau

answer: near Diepoldsau

text: near Diepoldsau

answer: Diepoldsau

text: Diepoldsau

question: What is the lower canal regulation of the Rhine?

answer: Fußach

text: Fußach

answer: Fußach

text: Fußach

answer: Fußach

text: Fußach

answer: Fußach

text: Fußach

question: Besides constant flooding, why else was there regulation of the Rhine?

answer: strong sedimentation

text: strong sedimentation

answer: strong sedimentation

text: strong sedimentation

answer: strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta

text: strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta

answer: strong sedimentation

text: strong sedimentation

question: After the Dornbirner Ach was diverted, where does the Rhine flow now?

answer: parallel to the canalized Rhine

text: parallel to the canalized Rhine

answer: the canalized Rhine

text: the canalized Rhine

answer: parallel to the canalized Rhine into the lake.

text: parallel to the canalized Rhine into the lake.

answer: into the lake

text: into the lake

question: What is expected with the continuous input of sediment into the Dornbirner Ach?

answer: silt

text: silt

answer: silt up the lake

text: silt up the lake

answer: the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake

text: the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake

answer: silt up the lake

text: silt up the lake

question: Where was the Rhine regulated with a lower canal?

answer: Fußach

text: Fußach

answer: Fußach

text: Fußach

answer: Fußach

text: Fußach

answer: Fußach

text: Fußach

question: Where was the Rhine regulated with an upper canal?

answer: Diepoldsau

text: Diepoldsau

answer: Diepoldsau

text: Diepoldsau

answer: near Diepoldsau

text: near Diepoldsau

answer: Diepoldsau

text: Diepoldsau

question: Why was the Rhine regulated?

answer: constant flooding

text: constant flooding

answer: constant flooding and strong sedimentation

text: constant flooding and strong sedimentation

answer: to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta

text: to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta

answer: to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation

text: to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation

question: What was diverted and now flows parallel to the Rhine?

answer: Dornbirner Ach

text: Dornbirner Ach

answer: Dornbirner Ach

text: Dornbirner Ach

answer: The Dornbirner Ach

text: The Dornbirner Ach

answer: Dornbirner Ach

text: Dornbirner Ach

question: What will cause the lake near the Rhine to silt up?

answer: continuous input of sediment

text: continuous input of sediment

answer: continuous input of sediment

text: continuous input of sediment

answer: It is expected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake

text: It is expected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake

answer: continuous input of sediment into the lake

text: continuous input of sediment into the lake

question: Where is the western canal regulation of the Rhine?

text: Diepoldsau

question: Where is the eastern canal regulation of the Rhine?

text: Fußach

question: What has water that is a lighter color than the Rhine?

text: The Dornbirner Ach

question: Why was Lake Tuggenersee regulated?

question: What lake no longer has any silt?

text: Lake Tuggenersee


text: Another of the Egyptian groups which employed violence in their struggle for Islamic order was al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group). Victims of their campaign against the Egyptian state in the 1990s included the head of the counter-terrorism police (Major General Raouf Khayrat), a parliamentary speaker (Rifaat al-Mahgoub), dozens of European tourists and Egyptian bystanders, and over 100 Egyptian police. Ultimately the campaign to overthrow the government was unsuccessful, and the major jihadi group, Jamaa Islamiya (or al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya), renounced violence in 2003. Other lesser known groups include the Islamic Liberation Party, Salvation from Hell and Takfir wal-Hijra, and these groups have variously been involved in activities such as attempted assassinations of political figures, arson of video shops and attempted takeovers of government buildings.

title: Islamism

title: Islamism

text: Another

text: of

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: groups

text: which

text: employed

text: violence

text: in

text: their

text: struggle

text: for

text: Islamic

text: order

text: was

text: al

text: Gama'a

text: al

text: Islamiyya

text: Islamic

text: Group

text: Victims

text: of

text: their

text: campaign

text: against

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: included

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: counter

text: terrorism

text: police

text: Major

text: General

text: Raouf

text: Khayrat

text: a

text: parliamentary

text: speaker

text: Rifaat

text: al

text: Mahgoub

text: dozens

text: of

text: European

text: tourists

text: and

text: Egyptian

text: bystanders

text: and

text: over

text: Egyptian

text: police

text: Ultimately

text: the

text: campaign

text: to

text: overthrow

text: the

text: government

text: was

text: unsuccessful

text: and

text: the

text: major

text: jihadi

text: group

text: Jamaa

text: Islamiya

text: or

text: al

text: Gama'a

text: al

text: Islamiyya

text: renounced

text: violence

text: in

text: Other

text: lesser

text: known

text: groups

text: include

text: the

text: Islamic

text: Liberation

text: Party

text: Salvation

text: from

text: Hell

text: and

text: Takfir

text: wal

text: Hijra

text: and

text: these

text: groups

text: have

text: variously

text: been

text: involved

text: in

text: activities

text: such

text: as

text: attempted

text: assassinations

text: of

text: political

text: figures

text: arson

text: of

text: video

text: shops

text: and

text: attempted

text: takeovers

text: of

text: government

text: buildings

question: What did al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya use to get its way?

answer: violence

text: violence

answer: violence

text: violence

answer: violence

text: violence

question: Over 100 Egyptian police were victims of what group's campaign of terror?

answer: al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya

text: al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya

answer: al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya

text: al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya

answer: Islamic Group

text: Islamic Group

question: How did the Islamic Group's campaign to overthrow the government turn out?

answer: unsuccessful

text: unsuccessful

answer: unsuccessful

text: unsuccessful

answer: unsuccessful

text: unsuccessful

question: When did Jamaa Islamiya renounce violence?

answer: in 2003

text: in 2003

answer: 2003

answer: 2003

question: Who has the Islamic Liberation Party attempted to assassinate?

answer: political figures

text: political figures

answer: political figures

text: political figures

answer: political figures

text: political figures

question: What did al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya use to not get its way?

text: violence

question: Over 300 Egyptian police were victims of what group's campaign of terror?

text: al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya

question: How did the Islamic Group's campaign to support the government turn out?

text: unsuccessful

question: When did Jamaa Islamiya accept violence?

question: Who has the Islamic Liberation Party never attempted to assassinate?

text: political figures


text: If a problem X is in C and hard for C, then X is said to be complete for C. This means that X is the hardest problem in C. (Since many problems could be equally hard, one might say that X is one of the hardest problems in C.) Thus the class of NP-complete problems contains the most difficult problems in NP, in the sense that they are the ones most likely not to be in P. Because the problem P = NP is not solved, being able to reduce a known NP-complete problem, Π2, to another problem, Π1, would indicate that there is no known polynomial-time solution for Π1. This is because a polynomial-time solution to Π1 would yield a polynomial-time solution to Π2. Similarly, because all NP problems can be reduced to the set, finding an NP-complete problem that can be solved in polynomial time would mean that P = NP.

title: Computational_complexity_theory

title: Computational_complexity_theory

text: If

text: a

text: problem

text: X

text: is

text: in

text: C

text: and

text: hard

text: for

text: C

text: then

text: X

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: complete

text: for

text: C.

text: This

text: means

text: that

text: X

text: is

text: the

text: hardest

text: problem

text: in

text: C.

text: Since

text: many

text: problems

text: could

text: be

text: equally

text: hard

text: one

text: might

text: say

text: that

text: X

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: hardest

text: problems

text: in

text: C.

text: Thus

text: the

text: class

text: of

text: NP

text: complete

text: problems

text: contains

text: the

text: most

text: difficult

text: problems

text: in

text: NP

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: the

text: ones

text: most

text: likely

text: not

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: P.

text: Because

text: the

text: problem

text: P

text: NP

text: is

text: not

text: solved

text: being

text: able

text: to

text: reduce

text: a

text: known

text: NP

text: complete

text: problem

text: Π2

text: to

text: another

text: problem

text: Π1

text: would

text: indicate

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: known

text: polynomial

text: time

text: solution

text: for

text: Π1

text: This

text: is

text: because

text: a

text: polynomial

text: time

text: solution

text: to

text: Π1

text: would

text: yield

text: a

text: polynomial

text: time

text: solution

text: to

text: Π2

text: Similarly

text: because

text: all

text: NP

text: problems

text: can

text: be

text: reduced

text: to

text: the

text: set

text: finding

text: an

text: NP

text: complete

text: problem

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: solved

text: in

text: polynomial

text: time

text: would

text: mean

text: that

text: P

text: NP

question: The hardest problems in NP can be analogously written as what class of problems?

answer: NP-complete

text: NP-complete

answer: NP-complete

text: NP-complete

answer: NP-complete

text: NP-complete

question: NP complete problems contain the lowest likelihood of being located in what problem class?

answer: NP

text: NP

answer: P

text: P

answer: P

text: P

question: If P = NP is unsolved, and reduction is applied to a known NP-complete problem vis a vis Π2 to  Π1, what conclusion can be drawn for Π1?

answer: there is no known polynomial-time solution

text: there is no known polynomial-time solution

answer: no known polynomial-time solution

text: no known polynomial-time solution

answer: there is no known polynomial-time solution

text: there is no known polynomial-time solution

question: If polynomial time can be utilized within an NP-complete problem, what does the imply P is equal to?

answer: NP

text: NP

answer: NP

text: NP

answer: NP

text: NP

question: What happens if a problem X is in C, and soft for C?

text: then X is said to be complete for C.

question: What is the softest problem in C?

text: X

question: What is class contains the the least difficult problems in NP?

text: NP-complete

question: What would indicate that there is a known polynomial-time solution for Ii1?


text: The third invasion was stopped with the improbable French victory in the Battle of Carillon, in which 3,600 Frenchmen famously and decisively defeated Abercrombie's force of 18,000 regulars, militia and Native American allies outside the fort the French called Carillon and the British called Ticonderoga. Abercrombie saved something from the disaster when he sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac, including caches of supplies destined for New France's western forts and furs destined for Europe. Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst, victor at Louisbourg.

title: French_and_Indian_War

title: French_and_Indian_War

text: The

text: third

text: invasion

text: was

text: stopped

text: with

text: the

text: improbable

text: French

text: victory

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Carillon

text: in

text: which

text: Frenchmen

text: famously

text: and

text: decisively

text: defeated

text: Abercrombie

text: 's

text: force

text: of

text: regulars

text: militia

text: and

text: Native

text: American

text: allies

text: outside

text: the

text: fort

text: the

text: French

text: called

text: Carillon

text: and

text: the

text: British

text: called

text: Ticonderoga

text: Abercrombie

text: saved

text: something

text: from

text: the

text: disaster

text: when

text: he

text: sent

text: John

text: Bradstreet

text: on

text: an

text: expedition

text: that

text: successfully

text: destroyed

text: Fort

text: Frontenac

text: including

text: caches

text: of

text: supplies

text: destined

text: for

text: New

text: France

text: 's

text: western

text: forts

text: and

text: furs

text: destined

text: for

text: Europe

text: Abercrombie

text: was

text: recalled

text: and

text: replaced

text: by

text: Jeffery

text: Amherst

text: victor

text: at

text: Louisbourg

question: How many Frenchman won Battle of Carillon?

answer: 3,600

answer: 3,60

answer: 3,600

answer: 3,600

answer: 3,600

question: How many troops were defeated for British in BAttle of Carillon?

answer: 18,000 regulars, militia and Native American allies

text: 18,000 regulars, militia and Native American allies

answer: 18,000

answer: 18,000

answer: 18,000

answer: 18,000

question: What success did Abercrombie gain out of the defeat at Carillon?

answer: sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac

text: sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac

answer: successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac

text: successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac

answer: destroyed Fort Frontenac

text: destroyed Fort Frontenac

answer: destroyed Fort Frontenac

text: destroyed Fort Frontenac

answer: destroyed Fort Frontenac

text: destroyed Fort Frontenac

question: What impact did this loss have on Abercrombie?

answer: recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst, victor at Louisbourg.

text: recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst, victor at Louisbourg.

answer: Abercrombie was recalled and replaced

text: Abercrombie was recalled and replaced

answer: was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst

text: was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst

answer: recalled and replaced

text: recalled and replaced

answer: Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst,

text: Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst,

question: How many Frenchmen lost Battle of Carillon?

question: How many Englishmen won Battle of Carillon?

question: How many troops were victorious for British in BAttle of Carillon?

question: What success did Abercrombie gain out of the win at Carillon?

question: What impact did this win have on Abercrombie?


text: Economist Joseph Stiglitz presented evidence in 2009 that both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand. Economist Branko Milanovic, wrote in 2001 that, "The view that income inequality harms growth – or that improved equality can help sustain growth – has become more widely held in recent years. ... The main reason for this shift is the increasing importance of human capital in development. When physical capital mattered most, savings and investments were key. Then it was important to have a large contingent of rich people who could save a greater proportion of their income than the poor and invest it in physical capital. But now that human capital is scarcer than machines, widespread education has become the secret to growth."

title: Economic_inequality

title: Economic_inequality

text: Economist

text: Joseph

text: Stiglitz

text: presented

text: evidence

text: in

text: that

text: both

text: global

text: inequality

text: and

text: inequality

text: within

text: countries

text: prevent

text: growth

text: by

text: limiting

text: aggregate

text: demand

text: Economist

text: Branko

text: Milanovic

text: wrote

text: in

text: that

text: The

text: view

text: that

text: income

text: inequality

text: harms

text: growth

text: or

text: that

text: improved

text: equality

text: can

text: help

text: sustain

text: growth

text: has

text: become

text: more

text: widely

text: held

text: in

text: recent

text: years

text: The

text: main

text: reason

text: for

text: this

text: shift

text: is

text: the

text: increasing

text: importance

text: of

text: human

text: capital

text: in

text: development

text: When

text: physical

text: capital

text: mattered

text: most

text: savings

text: and

text: investments

text: were

text: key

text: Then

text: it

text: was

text: important

text: to

text: have

text: a

text: large

text: contingent

text: of

text: rich

text: people

text: who

text: could

text: save

text: a

text: greater

text: proportion

text: of

text: their

text: income

text: than

text: the

text: poor

text: and

text: invest

text: it

text: in

text: physical

text: capital

text: But

text: now

text: that

text: human

text: capital

text: is

text: scarcer

text: than

text: machines

text: widespread

text: education

text: has

text: become

text: the

text: secret

text: to

text: growth

question: What did Stiglitz present in 2009 regarding global inequality?

answer: evidence

text: evidence

answer: evidence

text: evidence

answer: prevent growth

text: prevent growth

question: How does inequality prevent growth?

answer: by limiting aggregate demand

text: by limiting aggregate demand

answer: limiting aggregate demand

text: limiting aggregate demand

answer: limiting aggregate demand

text: limiting aggregate demand

question: What are both Branko Milanovic and Joseph Stiglitz?

answer: Economist

text: Economist

answer: Economist

text: Economist

answer: Economist

text: Economist

question: What has been the main reason for the shift to the view that income inequality harms growth?

answer: increasing importance of human capital in development

text: increasing importance of human capital in development

answer: increasing importance of human capital in development

text: increasing importance of human capital in development

answer: increasing importance of human capital

text: increasing importance of human capital

question: What has become the secret to economic growth?

answer: widespread education

text: widespread education

answer: widespread education

text: widespread education

answer: widespread education

text: widespread education

question: What did Stiglitz present in 2008 regarding global inequality?

text: evidence

question: How does inequality help growth?

text: by limiting aggregate demand

question: What aren't both Branko Milanovic and Joseph Stiglitz?

text: Economist

question: What has been the main reason for the shift to the view that income inequality helps growth?


text: Prince Louis de Condé, along with his sons Daniel and Osias,[citation needed] arranged with Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken to establish a Huguenot community in present-day Saarland in 1604. The Count supported mercantilism and welcomed technically skilled immigrants into his lands, regardless of their religion. The Condés established a thriving glass-making works, which provided wealth to the principality for many years. Other founding families created enterprises based on textiles and such traditional Huguenot occupations in France. The community and its congregation remain active to this day, with descendants of many of the founding families still living in the region. Some members of this community emigrated to the United States in the 1890s.

title: Huguenot

title: Huguenot

text: Prince

text: Louis

text: de

text: Condé

text: along

text: with

text: his

text: sons

text: Daniel

text: and

text: Osias,[citation

text: needed

text: arranged

text: with

text: Count

text: Ludwig

text: von

text: Nassau

text: Saarbrücken

text: to

text: establish

text: a

text: Huguenot

text: community

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: Saarland

text: in

text: The

text: Count

text: supported

text: mercantilism

text: and

text: welcomed

text: technically

text: skilled

text: immigrants

text: into

text: his

text: lands

text: regardless

text: of

text: their

text: religion

text: The

text: Condés

text: established

text: a

text: thriving

text: glass

text: making

text: works

text: which

text: provided

text: wealth

text: to

text: the

text: principality

text: for

text: many

text: years

text: Other

text: founding

text: families

text: created

text: enterprises

text: based

text: on

text: textiles

text: and

text: such

text: traditional

text: Huguenot

text: occupations

text: in

text: France

text: The

text: community

text: and

text: its

text: congregation

text: remain

text: active

text: to

text: this

text: day

text: with

text: descendants

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: founding

text: families

text: still

text: living

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: Some

text: members

text: of

text: this

text: community

text: emigrated

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: the

question: Which noble helped establish the Huguenot settlement in Saarland?

answer: Prince Louis de Condé

text: Prince Louis de Condé

answer: Louis de Condé

text: Louis de Condé

answer: Prince Louis de Condé

text: Prince Louis de Condé

question: Which Count did the Prince strike an arrangement with?

answer: Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken

text: Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken

answer: Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken

text: Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken

answer: Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken

text: Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken

question: What industry did the nobleman establish with this settlement?

answer: glass-making

text: glass-making

answer: glass-making

text: glass-making

answer: glass-making

text: glass-making

question: In what era did some members of this community emigrate to the US?

answer: 1890s

answer: 1890s

answer: 1890s

question: In what year was the agreement to allow the Saarland settlement reached?

answer: 1604

answer: 1604

answer: 1604

question: In what year was Prince Louis de Conde born?

question: In what year was Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrucken made a Count?

question: Who was Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbucken's father?

text: Prince Louis de Condé

question: In what year did Huguenots first move to present-day Saarland?


text: Private schools, also known as independent schools, non-governmental, or nonstate schools, are not administered by local, state or national governments; thus, they retain the right to select their students and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students tuition, rather than relying on mandatory taxation through public (government) funding; at some private schools students may be able to get a scholarship, which makes the cost cheaper, depending on a talent the student may have (e.g. sport scholarship, art scholarship, academic scholarship), financial need, or tax credit scholarships that might be available.

title: Private_school

title: Private_school

text: Private

text: schools

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: independent

text: schools

text: non

text: governmental

text: or

text: nonstate

text: schools

text: are

text: not

text: administered

text: by

text: local

text: state

text: or

text: national

text: governments

text: thus

text: they

text: retain

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: select

text: their

text: students

text: and

text: are

text: funded

text: in

text: whole

text: or

text: in

text: part

text: by

text: charging

text: their

text: students

text: tuition

text: rather

text: than

text: relying

text: on

text: mandatory

text: taxation

text: through

text: public

text: government

text: funding

text: at

text: some

text: private

text: schools

text: students

text: may

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: get

text: a

text: scholarship

text: which

text: makes

text: the

text: cost

text: cheaper

text: depending

text: on

text: a

text: talent

text: the

text: student

text: may

text: have

text: e.g.

text: sport

text: scholarship

text: art

text: scholarship

text: academic

text: scholarship

text: financial

text: need

text: or

text: tax

text: credit

text: scholarships

text: that

text: might

text: be

text: available

question: Along with non-governmental and nonstate schools, what is another name for private schools?

answer: independent

text: independent

answer: independent schools

text: independent schools

answer: independent schools

text: independent schools

question: Along with sport and art, what is a type of talent scholarship?

answer: academic

text: academic

answer: academic

text: academic

answer: academic

text: academic

question: Rather than taxation, what are private schools largely funded by?

answer: tuition

text: tuition

answer: charging their students tuition

text: charging their students tuition

answer: tuition

text: tuition

question: What right do private schools have that public schools don't?

answer: to select their students

text: to select their students

answer: select their students

text: select their students

answer: select their students

text: select their students

question: What is another name for a public school?

text: independent schools

question: What kind of taxation funds private schools?

text: mandatory

question: What can help a student get a scholarship for a public school?

question: What are two reasons a student would be able to get a scholarship for a public school?

question: What are public schools allowed to do to retain talented students?

text: select their students


text: When some species, including Bathyctena chuni, Euplokamis stationis and Eurhamphaea vexilligera, are disturbed, they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies. Juveniles will luminesce more brightly in relation to their body size than adults, whose luminescence is diffused over their bodies. Detailed statistical investigation has not suggested the function of ctenophores' bioluminescence nor produced any correlation between its exact color and any aspect of the animals' environments, such as depth or whether they live in coastal or mid-ocean waters.

title: Ctenophora

title: Ctenophora

text: When

text: some

text: species

text: including

text: Bathyctena

text: chuni

text: Euplokamis

text: stationis

text: and

text: Eurhamphaea

text: vexilligera

text: are

text: disturbed

text: they

text: produce

text: secretions

text: ink

text: that

text: luminesce

text: at

text: much

text: the

text: same

text: wavelengths

text: as

text: their

text: bodies

text: Juveniles

text: will

text: luminesce

text: more

text: brightly

text: in

text: relation

text: to

text: their

text: body

text: size

text: than

text: adults

text: whose

text: luminescence

text: is

text: diffused

text: over

text: their

text: bodies

text: Detailed

text: statistical

text: investigation

text: has

text: not

text: suggested

text: the

text: function

text: of

text: ctenophores

text: bioluminescence

text: nor

text: produced

text: any

text: correlation

text: between

text: its

text: exact

text: color

text: and

text: any

text: aspect

text: of

text: the

text: animals

text: environments

text: such

text: as

text: depth

text: or

text: whether

text: they

text: live

text: in

text: coastal

text: or

text: mid

text: ocean

text: waters

question: What do bathyctena chuni, euplokamis stationis and eurhamphaea vexilligera have in common?

answer: they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce

text: they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce

answer: they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies

text: they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies

answer: they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce

text: they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce

question: When do bathyctena chuni, euplokamis stationis and eurhamphaea vexilligera  excrete secretions?

answer: are disturbed,

text: are disturbed,

answer: disturbed

text: disturbed

answer: are disturbed

text: are disturbed

question: What are the secretions commonly called?

answer: ink

text: ink

answer: ink

text: ink

answer: ink

text: ink

question: Do adults or juveniles secretions luminesce brighter?

answer: Juveniles will luminesce more brightly

text: Juveniles will luminesce more brightly

answer: Juveniles

text: Juveniles

answer: Juveniles

text: Juveniles

question: What do Bathyctena chuni, Euplokamis stationis and Euhamphaea veilligera produce only when they change color?

text: secretions

question: Are most ctenophores the same or a different color?

text: the same

question: What happens to ocean water when it absorbs certain wavelengths?

text: luminescence

question: What does ocean water do to luminescence from certain animals?

text: is diffused

question: What has been proven is released by ctenophores becaue of their environment?

text: (ink)


text: The Romans kept eight legions in five bases along the Rhine. The actual number of legions present at any base or in all, depended on whether a state or threat of war existed. Between about AD 14 and 180, the assignment of legions was as follows: for the army of Germania Inferior, two legions at Vetera (Xanten), I Germanica and XX Valeria (Pannonian troops); two legions at oppidum Ubiorum ("town of the Ubii"), which was renamed to Colonia Agrippina, descending to Cologne, V Alaudae, a Celtic legion recruited from Gallia Narbonensis and XXI, possibly a Galatian legion from the other side of the empire.

title: Rhine

title: Rhine

text: The

text: Romans

text: kept

text: eight

text: legions

text: in

text: five

text: bases

text: along

text: the

text: Rhine

text: The

text: actual

text: number

text: of

text: legions

text: present

text: at

text: any

text: base

text: or

text: in

text: all

text: depended

text: on

text: whether

text: a

text: state

text: or

text: threat

text: of

text: war

text: existed

text: Between

text: about

text: AD

text: and

text: the

text: assignment

text: of

text: legions

text: was

text: as

text: follows

text: for

text: the

text: army

text: of

text: Germania

text: Inferior

text: two

text: legions

text: at

text: Vetera

text: Xanten

text: I

text: Germanica

text: and

text: XX

text: Valeria

text: Pannonian

text: troops

text: two

text: legions

text: at

text: oppidum

text: Ubiorum

text: town

text: of

text: the

text: Ubii

text: which

text: was

text: renamed

text: to

text: Colonia

text: Agrippina

text: descending

text: to

text: Cologne

text: V

text: Alaudae

text: a

text: Celtic

text: legion

text: recruited

text: from

text: Gallia

text: Narbonensis

text: and

text: XXI

text: possibly

text: a

text: Galatian

text: legion

text: from

text: the

text: other

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: empire

question: How many legions in five bases were along the Rhine by the Romans?

answer: eight

text: eight

answer: eight

text: eight

answer: eight

text: eight

question: What did the number of legions in Roman times depend on?

answer: threat of war

text: threat of war

answer: whether a state or threat of war existed

text: whether a state or threat of war existed

answer: whether a state or threat of war existed

text: whether a state or threat of war existed

question: Vetra and I Germanica and XX Valeria were the two legions for what?

answer: army of Germania Inferior

text: army of Germania Inferior

answer: army of Germania Inferior

text: army of Germania Inferior

answer: army of Germania Inferior

text: army of Germania Inferior

question: What was the Colonia Agrippina's original name?

answer: Ubiorum

text: Ubiorum

answer: oppidum Ubiorum

text: oppidum Ubiorum

answer: oppidum Ubiorum

text: oppidum Ubiorum

question: What does Colonia Agrippina's original name translate into?

answer: town of the Ubii

text: town of the Ubii

answer: town of the Ubii

text: town of the Ubii

answer: town of the Ubii

text: town of the Ubii

question: How many wars did the Romans have along the Rhine?

text: eight

question: When was the first Roman war?

text: AD 14

question: How many legions for the Germania Inferior existed?

question: What legion did the Romans enter from the other side of the empire?

text: Galatian

question: Who were the Pannonian troops allies with?

text: The Romans


text: Non-revolutionary civil disobedience is a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged "wrong" by an individual conscience, or as part of an effort to render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal, or to exert pressure to get one's political wishes on some other issue. Revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government (or to change cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs, etc...revolution doesn't have to be political, i.e. "cultural revolution", it simply implies sweeping and widespread change to a section of the social fabric). Gandhi's acts have been described as revolutionary civil disobedience. It has been claimed that the Hungarians under Ferenc Deák directed revolutionary civil disobedience against the Austrian government. Thoreau also wrote of civil disobedience accomplishing "peaceable revolution." Howard Zinn, Harvey Wheeler, and others have identified the right espoused in The Declaration of Independence to "alter or abolish" an unjust government to be a principle of civil disobedience.

title: Civil_disobedience

title: Civil_disobedience

text: Non

text: revolutionary

text: civil

text: disobedience

text: is

text: a

text: simple

text: disobedience

text: of

text: laws

text: on

text: the

text: grounds

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: judged

text: wrong

text: by

text: an

text: individual

text: conscience

text: or

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: render

text: certain

text: laws

text: ineffective

text: to

text: cause

text: their

text: repeal

text: or

text: to

text: exert

text: pressure

text: to

text: get

text: one

text: 's

text: political

text: wishes

text: on

text: some

text: other

text: issue

text: Revolutionary

text: civil

text: disobedience

text: is

text: more

text: of

text: an

text: active

text: attempt

text: to

text: overthrow

text: a

text: government

text: or

text: to

text: change

text: cultural

text: traditions

text: social

text: customs

text: religious

text: beliefs

text: etc

text: revolution

text: does

text: n't

text: have

text: to

text: be

text: political

text: i.e.

text: cultural

text: revolution

text: it

text: simply

text: implies

text: sweeping

text: and

text: widespread

text: change

text: to

text: a

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: social

text: fabric

text: Gandhi

text: 's

text: acts

text: have

text: been

text: described

text: as

text: revolutionary

text: civil

text: disobedience

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: claimed

text: that

text: the

text: Hungarians

text: under

text: Ferenc

text: Deák

text: directed

text: revolutionary

text: civil

text: disobedience

text: against

text: the

text: Austrian

text: government

text: Thoreau

text: also

text: wrote

text: of

text: civil

text: disobedience

text: accomplishing

text: peaceable

text: revolution

text: Howard

text: Zinn

text: Harvey

text: Wheeler

text: and

text: others

text: have

text: identified

text: the

text: right

text: espoused

text: in

text: The

text: Declaration

text: of

text: Independence

text: to

text: alter

text: or

text: abolish

text: an

text: unjust

text: government

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: principle

text: of

text: civil

text: disobedience

question: What is it called when there is an active attempt to overthrow a government or belief system?

answer: Revolutionary civil disobedience

text: Revolutionary civil disobedience

answer: Revolutionary civil disobedience

text: Revolutionary civil disobedience

answer: Revolutionary civil disobedience

text: Revolutionary civil disobedience

answer: Revolutionary civil disobedience

text: Revolutionary civil disobedience

answer: Revolutionary civil disobedience

text: Revolutionary civil disobedience

question: What group of people performed revolutionary civil disobedience toward the Austrian government?

answer: Hungarians

text: Hungarians

answer: Hungarians

text: Hungarians

answer: the Hungarians under Ferenc Deák

text: the Hungarians under Ferenc Deák

answer: Hungarians

text: Hungarians

answer: Hungarians

text: Hungarians

question: The Hungarians performed this civil disobedience under the direction of what person?

answer: Ferenc Deák

text: Ferenc Deák

answer: Ferenc Deák

text: Ferenc Deák

answer: Ferenc Deák

text: Ferenc Deák

answer: Ferenc Deák

text: Ferenc Deák

answer: Ferenc Deák

text: Ferenc Deák

question: Revolutionary civil disobedience towards culture is highlighted by example of who?

answer: Gandhi's

text: Gandhi's

answer: Gandhi

text: Gandhi

answer: Gandhi

text: Gandhi

answer: Gandhi's

text: Gandhi's

question: What other topics can Civil disobedience pertain to?

answer: cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs

text: cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs

answer: revolutionary civil disobedience

text: revolutionary civil disobedience

answer: change cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs, etc

text: change cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs, etc

answer: cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs

text: cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs

answer: peaceable revolution

text: peaceable revolution

question: What is a simple form of civil disobedience?

answer: disobedience of laws

text: disobedience of laws

answer: Non-revolutionary civil disobedience

text: Non-revolutionary civil disobedience

answer: Non-revolutionary civil disobedience

text: Non-revolutionary civil disobedience

answer: Non-revolutionary

text: Non-revolutionary

answer: cultural revolution

text: cultural revolution

question: Why would a person chose civil disobedience against specific laws?

answer: judged "wrong" by an individual conscience

text: judged "wrong" by an individual conscience

answer: they are judged "wrong" by an individual conscience

text: they are judged "wrong" by an individual conscience

answer: they are judged "wrong" by an individual conscience

text: they are judged "wrong" by an individual conscience

answer: to cause their repeal

text: to cause their repeal

answer: they are judged "wrong" by an individual conscience

text: they are judged "wrong" by an individual conscience

question: What is the goal of individual civil disobedience?

answer: render certain laws ineffective

text: render certain laws ineffective

answer: to render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal, or to exert pressure to get one's political wishes on some other issue

text: to render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal, or to exert pressure to get one's political wishes on some other issue

answer: render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal

text: render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal

answer: t to render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal, or to exert pressure to get one's political wishes on some other issue

text: t to render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal, or to exert pressure to get one's political wishes on some other issue

answer: to render certain laws ineffective,

text: to render certain laws ineffective,

question: What type of civil disobedience is larger scale?

answer: Revolutionary civil disobedience

text: Revolutionary civil disobedience

answer: Revolutionary civil disobedience

text: Revolutionary civil disobedience

answer: Revolutionary civil disobedience

text: Revolutionary civil disobedience

answer: Revolutionary

text: Revolutionary

answer: Revolutionary

text: Revolutionary

question: What famous Indian's actions were considered civil disobedience?

answer: Gandhi

text: Gandhi

answer: Gandhi's

text: Gandhi's

answer: Gandhi's

text: Gandhi's

answer: Gandhi

text: Gandhi

answer: Gandhi's

text: Gandhi's

question: What does non-revolutionary civil disobedience want to overthrow?

text: a government

question: What does an individual conscience not have to be?

text: political

question: What did Ghandi mention about the right to abolish an unjust government in The Declaration of Independence?

text: a principle of civil disobedience

question: What did Ghandi think that using your conscience accomplished?

text: "peaceable revolution."

question: What did Harvey Wheeler direct the Hungarians to do?


text: This motivates the concept of a problem being hard for a complexity class. A problem X is hard for a class of problems C if every problem in C can be reduced to X. Thus no problem in C is harder than X, since an algorithm for X allows us to solve any problem in C. Of course, the notion of hard problems depends on the type of reduction being used. For complexity classes larger than P, polynomial-time reductions are commonly used. In particular, the set of problems that are hard for NP is the set of NP-hard problems.

title: Computational_complexity_theory

title: Computational_complexity_theory

text: This

text: motivates

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: a

text: problem

text: being

text: hard

text: for

text: a

text: complexity

text: class

text: A

text: problem

text: X

text: is

text: hard

text: for

text: a

text: class

text: of

text: problems

text: C

text: if

text: every

text: problem

text: in

text: C

text: can

text: be

text: reduced

text: to

text: X.

text: Thus

text: no

text: problem

text: in

text: C

text: is

text: harder

text: than

text: X

text: since

text: an

text: algorithm

text: for

text: X

text: allows

text: us

text: to

text: solve

text: any

text: problem

text: in

text: C.

text: Of

text: course

text: the

text: notion

text: of

text: hard

text: problems

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: reduction

text: being

text: used

text: For

text: complexity

text: classes

text: larger

text: than

text: P

text: polynomial

text: time

text: reductions

text: are

text: commonly

text: used

text: In

text: particular

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: problems

text: that

text: are

text: hard

text: for

text: NP

text: is

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: NP

text: hard

text: problems

question: The complexity of problems often depends on what?

answer: the type of reduction being used

text: the type of reduction being used

answer: the type of reduction being used

text: the type of reduction being used

question: What would create a conflict between a problem X and problem C within the context of reduction?

answer: if every problem in C can be reduced to X

text: if every problem in C can be reduced to X

answer: problem in C is harder than X

text: problem in C is harder than X

question: An algorithm for X which reduces to C would us to do what?

answer: solve any problem in C

text: solve any problem in C

answer: solve any problem in C

text: solve any problem in C

answer: solve any problem in C

text: solve any problem in C

question: A problem set that that is hard for the expression NP can also be stated how?

answer: NP-hard

text: NP-hard

answer: NP-hard

text: NP-hard

answer: NP-hard problems

text: NP-hard problems

question: What does the complexity of problems not often depend on?

text: the type of reduction being used.

question: What would not create a conflict between a problem X and problem C within the context of reduction?

question: What problem in C is harder than X?

text: no problem

question: How is a problem set that is hard for expression QP be stated?

text: NP-hard


text: The unproven Riemann hypothesis, dating from 1859, states that except for s = −2, −4, ..., all zeroes of the ζ-function have real part equal to 1/2. The connection to prime numbers is that it essentially says that the primes are as regularly distributed as possible.[clarification needed] From a physical viewpoint, it roughly states that the irregularity in the distribution of primes only comes from random noise. From a mathematical viewpoint, it roughly states that the asymptotic distribution of primes (about x/log x of numbers less than x are primes, the prime number theorem) also holds for much shorter intervals of length about the square root of x (for intervals near x). This hypothesis is generally believed to be correct. In particular, the simplest assumption is that primes should have no significant irregularities without good reason.

title: Prime_number

title: Prime_number

text: The

text: unproven

text: Riemann

text: hypothesis

text: dating

text: from

text: states

text: that

text: except

text: for

text: s

text: −2

text: −4

text: all

text: zeroes

text: of

text: the

text: ζ-function

text: have

text: real

text: part

text: equal

text: to

text: The

text: connection

text: to

text: prime

text: numbers

text: is

text: that

text: it

text: essentially

text: says

text: that

text: the

text: primes

text: are

text: as

text: regularly

text: distributed

text: as

text: possible.[clarification

text: needed

text: From

text: a

text: physical

text: viewpoint

text: it

text: roughly

text: states

text: that

text: the

text: irregularity

text: in

text: the

text: distribution

text: of

text: primes

text: only

text: comes

text: from

text: random

text: noise

text: From

text: a

text: mathematical

text: viewpoint

text: it

text: roughly

text: states

text: that

text: the

text: asymptotic

text: distribution

text: of

text: primes

text: about

text: x

text: log

text: x

text: of

text: numbers

text: less

text: than

text: x

text: are

text: primes

text: the

text: prime

text: number

text: theorem

text: also

text: holds

text: for

text: much

text: shorter

text: intervals

text: of

text: length

text: about

text: the

text: square

text: root

text: of

text: x

text: for

text: intervals

text: near

text: x

text: This

text: hypothesis

text: is

text: generally

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: correct

text: In

text: particular

text: the

text: simplest

text: assumption

text: is

text: that

text: primes

text: should

text: have

text: no

text: significant

text: irregularities

text: without

text: good

text: reason

question: When was the Riemann hypothesis proposed?

answer: 1859

answer: 1859

answer: 1859

answer: 1859

question: According to the Riemann hypothesis, all zeroes of the ζ-function have real part equal to 1/2 except for what values of s?

answer: s = −2, −4, ...,

text: s = −2, −4, ...,

answer: −2, −4, ...,

text: −2, −4, ...,

answer: −2, −4

text: −2, −4

answer: s = −2, −4

text: s = −2, −4

question: What does the Riemann hypothesis state the source of irregularity in the distribution of points comes from?

answer: random noise

text: random noise

answer: random noise

text: random noise

answer: random noise

text: random noise

answer: random noise

text: random noise

question: What type of prime distribution does the Riemann hypothesis propose is also true for short intervals near X?

answer: asymptotic distribution

text: asymptotic distribution

answer: asymptotic

text: asymptotic

answer: asymptotic distribution

text: asymptotic distribution

answer: asymptotic distribution

text: asymptotic distribution

question: What type of prime distribution is characterized about x/log x of numbers less than x?

answer: asymptotic distribution

text: asymptotic distribution

answer: asymptotic

text: asymptotic

answer: asymptotic distribution

text: asymptotic distribution

answer: asymptotic distribution

text: asymptotic distribution

question: When was the function hypothesis proposed?

question: According to the function hypothesis, all zeroes of the ζ-function have real part equal to 1/2 except for what values of s?

text: s = −2, −4, ...,

question: What does the Riemann hypothesis state the source of irregularity in the distribution of math zeroes from?

text: random noise

question: What type of zero distribution does the Riemann hypothesis propose is also true for short intervals near X?

text: asymptotic distribution

question: What type of zero distribution is characterized about x/log x of numbers less than x?

text: asymptotic distribution


text:
Free oxygen also occurs in solution in the world's water bodies. The increased solubility of O
2 at lower temperatures (see Physical properties) has important implications for ocean life, as polar oceans support a much higher density of life due to their higher oxygen content. Water polluted with plant nutrients such as nitrates or phosphates may stimulate growth of algae by a process called eutrophication and the decay of these organisms and other biomaterials may reduce amounts of O
2 in eutrophic water bodies. Scientists assess this aspect of water quality by measuring the water's biochemical oxygen demand, or the amount of O
2 needed to restore it to a normal concentration.

title: Oxygen

title: Oxygen

text: Free

text: oxygen

text: also

text: occurs

text: in

text: solution

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: water

text: bodies

text: The

text: increased

text: solubility

text: of

text: O

text: at

text: lower

text: temperatures

text: see

text: Physical

text: properties

text: has

text: important

text: implications

text: for

text: ocean

text: life

text: as

text: polar

text: oceans

text: support

text: a

text: much

text: higher

text: density

text: of

text: life

text: due

text: to

text: their

text: higher

text: oxygen

text: content

text: Water

text: polluted

text: with

text: plant

text: nutrients

text: such

text: as

text: nitrates

text: or

text: phosphates

text: may

text: stimulate

text: growth

text: of

text: algae

text: by

text: a

text: process

text: called

text: eutrophication

text: and

text: the

text: decay

text: of

text: these

text: organisms

text: and

text: other

text: biomaterials

text: may

text: reduce

text: amounts

text: of

text: O

text: in

text: eutrophic

text: water

text: bodies

text: Scientists

text: assess

text: this

text: aspect

text: of

text: water

text: quality

text: by

text: measuring

text: the

text: water

text: 's

text: biochemical

text: oxygen

text: demand

text: or

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: O

text: needed

text: to

text: restore

text: it

text: to

text: a

text: normal

text: concentration

question: Where on Earth is free oxygen found?

answer: water

text: water

answer: in solution in the world's water bodies

text: in solution in the world's water bodies

answer: the world's water bodies

text: the world's water bodies

question: At what temperatures is O2 more soluble?

answer: lower

text: lower

answer: lower

text: lower

answer: lower

text: lower

answer: lower

text: lower

answer: lower temperatures

text: lower temperatures

question: Why do polar water bodies support a higher amount of life?

answer: higher oxygen content

text: higher oxygen content

answer: higher oxygen content

text: higher oxygen content

answer: higher oxygen content

text: higher oxygen content

answer: higher oxygen content

text: higher oxygen content

answer: due to their higher oxygen content

text: due to their higher oxygen content

question: What measurement do scientists used to determine the quality of water?

answer: biochemical oxygen demand

text: biochemical oxygen demand

answer: biochemical oxygen demand

text: biochemical oxygen demand

answer: measuring the water's biochemical oxygen demand

text: measuring the water's biochemical oxygen demand

answer: biochemical oxygen demand

text: biochemical oxygen demand

answer: measuring the water's biochemical oxygen demand

text: measuring the water's biochemical oxygen demand

question: Pollution of water by nitrates and phosphates will encourage the growth of what?

answer: algae

text: algae

answer: algae

text: algae

answer: algae

text: algae

answer: algae

text: algae

answer: algae

text: algae

question: Why do polar oceans support reduced amounts of life?

question: What pollution process stimulates the growth of nitrates?

text: eutrophication

question: What can reduce density of O2 in eutrophic water bodies?

question: What do phosphates do to the growth of nitrates?

text: stimulate


text: The shape of the Rhine delta is determined by two bifurcations: first, at Millingen aan de Rijn, the Rhine splits into Waal and Pannerdens Kanaal, which changes its name to Nederrijn at Angeren, and second near Arnhem, the IJssel branches off from the Nederrijn. This creates three main flows, two of which change names rather often. The largest and southern main branch begins as Waal and continues as Boven Merwede ("Upper Merwede"), Beneden Merwede ("Lower Merwede"), Noord River ("North River"), Nieuwe Maas ("New Meuse"), Het Scheur ("the Rip") and Nieuwe Waterweg ("New Waterway"). The middle flow begins as Nederrijn, then changes into Lek, then joins the Noord, thereby forming Nieuwe Maas. The northern flow keeps the name IJssel until it flows into Lake IJsselmeer. Three more flows carry significant amounts of water: the Nieuwe Merwede ("New Merwede"), which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from Boven to Beneden Merwede; the Oude Maas ("Old Meuse"), which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from Beneden Merwede into Noord, and Dordtse Kil, which branches off from Oude Maas.

title: Rhine

title: Rhine

text: The

text: shape

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: delta

text: is

text: determined

text: by

text: two

text: bifurcations

text: first

text: at

text: Millingen

text: aan

text: de

text: Rijn

text: the

text: Rhine

text: splits

text: into

text: Waal

text: and

text: Pannerdens

text: Kanaal

text: which

text: changes

text: its

text: name

text: to

text: Nederrijn

text: at

text: Angeren

text: and

text: second

text: near

text: Arnhem

text: the

text: IJssel

text: branches

text: off

text: from

text: the

text: Nederrijn

text: This

text: creates

text: three

text: main

text: flows

text: two

text: of

text: which

text: change

text: names

text: rather

text: often

text: The

text: largest

text: and

text: southern

text: main

text: branch

text: begins

text: as

text: Waal

text: and

text: continues

text: as

text: Boven

text: Merwede

text: Upper

text: Merwede

text: Beneden

text: Merwede

text: Lower

text: Merwede

text: Noord

text: River

text: North

text: River

text: Nieuwe

text: Maas

text: New

text: Meuse

text: Het

text: Scheur

text: the

text: Rip

text: and

text: Nieuwe

text: Waterweg

text: New

text: Waterway

text: The

text: middle

text: flow

text: begins

text: as

text: Nederrijn

text: then

text: changes

text: into

text: Lek

text: then

text: joins

text: the

text: Noord

text: thereby

text: forming

text: Nieuwe

text: Maas

text: The

text: northern

text: flow

text: keeps

text: the

text: name

text: IJssel

text: until

text: it

text: flows

text: into

text: Lake

text: IJsselmeer

text: Three

text: more

text: flows

text: carry

text: significant

text: amounts

text: of

text: water

text: the

text: Nieuwe

text: Merwede

text: New

text: Merwede

text: which

text: branches

text: off

text: from

text: the

text: southern

text: branch

text: where

text: it

text: changes

text: from

text: Boven

text: to

text: Beneden

text: Merwede

text: the

text: Oude

text: Maas

text: Old

text: Meuse

text: which

text: branches

text: off

text: from

text: the

text: southern

text: branch

text: where

text: it

text: changes

text: from

text: Beneden

text: Merwede

text: into

text: Noord

text: and

text: Dordtse

text: Kil

text: which

text: branches

text: off

text: from

text: Oude

text: Maas

question: At Millingen aan de Rijn where the Rhine splits, what does it change it's name to?

answer: Nederrijn at Angeren

text: Nederrijn at Angeren

answer: Nederrijn at Angeren

text: Nederrijn at Angeren

answer: Nederrijn at Angeren

text: Nederrijn at Angeren

question: How many main flows are branched off from the Nederrijn?

answer: three

text: three

answer: three

text: three

answer: three

text: three

question: What is the largest main branch of the Rhine?

answer: Waal

text: Waal

answer: Waal

text: Waal

answer: Waal

text: Waal

question: What is the English translation of Het Scheur?

answer: the Rip

text: the Rip

answer: the Rip

text: the Rip

answer: the Rip

text: the Rip

question: What is the translation of Oude Maas?

answer: Old Meuse

text: Old Meuse

answer: Old Meuse

text: Old Meuse

answer: Old Meuse

text: Old Meuse

question: The southern flow retains the name IJssel until it flows into what?

text: Lake IJsselmeer

question: The Beneden Merwede branches off from the northern branch into what?

text: Noord

question: What does the smallest and northern main branch begins as?

text: Waal

question: How many more flows carry insignificant amounts of water?

text: Three


text: Advances in polynomial algebra were made by mathematicians during the Yuan era. The mathematician Zhu Shijie (1249–1314) solved simultaneous equations with up to four unknowns using a rectangular array of coefficients, equivalent to modern matrices. Zhu used a method of elimination to reduce the simultaneous equations to a single equation with only one unknown. His method is described in the Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns, written in 1303. The opening pages contain a diagram of Pascal's triangle. The summation of a finite arithmetic series is also covered in the book.

title: Yuan_dynasty

title: Yuan_dynasty

text: Advances

text: in

text: polynomial

text: algebra

text: were

text: made

text: by

text: mathematicians

text: during

text: the

text: Yuan

text: era

text: The

text: mathematician

text: Zhu

text: Shijie

text: solved

text: simultaneous

text: equations

text: with

text: up

text: to

text: four

text: unknowns

text: using

text: a

text: rectangular

text: array

text: of

text: coefficients

text: equivalent

text: to

text: modern

text: matrices

text: Zhu

text: used

text: a

text: method

text: of

text: elimination

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: simultaneous

text: equations

text: to

text: a

text: single

text: equation

text: with

text: only

text: one

text: unknown

text: His

text: method

text: is

text: described

text: in

text: the

text: Jade

text: Mirror

text: of

text: the

text: Four

text: Unknowns

text: written

text: in

text: The

text: opening

text: pages

text: contain

text: a

text: diagram

text: of

text: Pascal

text: 's

text: triangle

text: The

text: summation

text: of

text: a

text: finite

text: arithmetic

text: series

text: is

text: also

text: covered

text: in

text: the

text: book

question: When was Zhu Shijie born?

answer: 1249

answer: 1249

answer: 1249

question: When did Zhu Shijie die?

answer: 1314

answer: 1314

answer: 1314

question: What modern math concept did Zhu Shijie do work similar to?

answer: matrices

text: matrices

answer: matrices

text: matrices

answer: matrices

text: matrices

question: What type of math was advanced during the Yuan?

answer: polynomial algebra

text: polynomial algebra

answer: polynomial algebra

text: polynomial algebra

answer: polynomial algebra

text: polynomial algebra

question: When did Zhu publish 'Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns'?

answer: 1303

answer: 1303

answer: 1303

question: When was Zhu Shijie ruler?

question: When did Zhu Shijie get a new job?

question: What modern math concept did Zhu Shijie do work different from?

text: matrices

question: What type of math was not advanced during the Yuan?

text: polynomial algebra

question: When did Zhu publish 'Jade Mirror of the Five Unknowns'?


text: As of 2012, quality private schools in the United States charged substantial tuition, close to $40,000 annually for day schools in New York City, and nearly $50,000 for boarding schools. However, tuition did not cover operating expenses, particularly at boarding schools. The leading schools such as the Groton School had substantial endowments running to hundreds of millions of dollars supplemented by fundraising drives. Boarding schools with a reputation for quality in the United States have a student body drawn from throughout the country, indeed the globe, and a list of applicants which far exceeds their capacity.

title: Private_school

title: Private_school

text: As

text: of

text: quality

text: private

text: schools

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: charged

text: substantial

text: tuition

text: close

text: to

text: annually

text: for

text: day

text: schools

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: and

text: nearly

text: for

text: boarding

text: schools

text: However

text: tuition

text: did

text: not

text: cover

text: operating

text: expenses

text: particularly

text: at

text: boarding

text: schools

text: The

text: leading

text: schools

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Groton

text: School

text: had

text: substantial

text: endowments

text: running

text: to

text: hundreds

text: of

text: millions

text: of

text: dollars

text: supplemented

text: by

text: fundraising

text: drives

text: Boarding

text: schools

text: with

text: a

text: reputation

text: for

text: quality

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: have

text: a

text: student

text: body

text: drawn

text: from

text: throughout

text: the

text: country

text: indeed

text: the

text: globe

text: and

text: a

text: list

text: of

text: applicants

text: which

text: far

text: exceeds

text: their

text: capacity

question: About how much did a New York City day school cost annually in 2012?

answer: $40,000

answer: $40,000

answer: $40,000

question: What would a parent have to pay to send their child to a boarding school in 2012?

answer: $50,000

answer: $50,000

answer: $50,000

question: What notable private school has an endowment of several hundred million dollars?

answer: Groton School

text: Groton School

answer: Groton School

text: Groton School

answer: Groton School

text: Groton School

question: In addition to endowments and tuition, how do boarding schools cover their operating costs?

answer: fundraising

text: fundraising

answer: fundraising drives

text: fundraising drives

answer: fundraising drives

text: fundraising drives

question: How much did the Groton School charge per student for tuition in 2012?

text: nearly $50,000

question: Where do most students at the Groton School come from?

text: from throughout the country

question: How many applicants does the Groton School have each year?

question: In what city is the Groton School located?

text: New York City

question: What were the operating expenses of the Groton School in 2012?

text: hundreds of millions of dollars


text: BSkyB has no veto over the presence of channels on their EPG, with open access being an enforced part of their operating licence from Ofcom. Any channel which can get carriage on a suitable beam of a satellite at 28° East is entitled to access to BSkyB's EPG for a fee, ranging from £15–100,000. Third-party channels which opt for encryption receive discounts ranging from reduced price to free EPG entries, free carriage on a BSkyB leased transponder, or actual payment for being carried. However, even in this case, BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues such as picture quality.

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom)

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom

text: BSkyB

text: has

text: no

text: veto

text: over

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: channels

text: on

text: their

text: EPG

text: with

text: open

text: access

text: being

text: an

text: enforced

text: part

text: of

text: their

text: operating

text: licence

text: from

text: Ofcom

text: Any

text: channel

text: which

text: can

text: get

text: carriage

text: on

text: a

text: suitable

text: beam

text: of

text: a

text: satellite

text: at

text: East

text: is

text: entitled

text: to

text: access

text: to

text: BSkyB

text: 's

text: EPG

text: for

text: a

text: fee

text: ranging

text: from

text: Third

text: party

text: channels

text: which

text: opt

text: for

text: encryption

text: receive

text: discounts

text: ranging

text: from

text: reduced

text: price

text: to

text: free

text: EPG

text: entries

text: free

text: carriage

text: on

text: a

text: BSkyB

text: leased

text: transponder

text: or

text: actual

text: payment

text: for

text: being

text: carried

text: However

text: even

text: in

text: this

text: case

text: BSkyB

text: does

text: not

text: carry

text: any

text: control

text: over

text: the

text: channel

text: 's

text: content

text: or

text: carriage

text: issues

text: such

text: as

text: picture

text: quality

question: Who does BSkyB have an operating license from?

answer: Ofcom

text: Ofcom

answer: Ofcom

text: Ofcom

answer: Ofcom

text: Ofcom

question: what is the fee range for accessing BSkyB's EPG?

answer: £15–100,000

answer: £15–100,000

answer: £15–100,000

question: Can BSkyB veto the presence of channels on their EPG?

answer: no

text: no

answer: no

text: no

answer: Third-party channels

text: Third-party channels

question: Does BSkyB carry any control over a channels content?

answer: not

text: not

answer: not

text: not

answer: BSkyB does not carry any control

text: BSkyB does not carry any control

question: Does BSkyB carry any control over the picture quality of a channel?

answer: not

text: not

answer: not

text: not

answer: BSkyB does not carry any control

text: BSkyB does not carry any control

question: Who took away the operating license from BSkyB?

text: Ofcom

question: What company has veto over the presence of channels on their EPG?

text: BSkyB

question: What can BSkyB veto the presence of channels on?

text: their EPG

question: What service doesn't require a fee to use?

text: BSkyB's EPG


text: The University of Chicago was created and incorporated as a coeducational, secular institution in 1890 by the American Baptist Education Society and a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller on land donated by Marshall Field. While the Rockefeller donation provided money for academic operations and long-term endowment, it was stipulated that such money could not be used for buildings. The original physical campus was financed by donations from wealthy Chicagoans like Silas B. Cobb who provided the funds for the campus' first building, Cobb Lecture Hall, and matched Marshall Field's pledge of $100,000. Other early benefactors included businessmen Charles L. Hutchinson (trustee, treasurer and donor of Hutchinson Commons), Martin A. Ryerson (president of the board of trustees and donor of the Ryerson Physical Laboratory) Adolphus Clay Bartlett and Leon Mandel, who funded the construction of the gymnasium and assembly hall, and George C. Walker of the Walker Museum, a relative of Cobb who encouraged his inaugural donation for facilities.

title: University_of_Chicago

title: University_of_Chicago

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: was

text: created

text: and

text: incorporated

text: as

text: a

text: coeducational

text: secular

text: institution

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: American

text: Baptist

text: Education

text: Society

text: and

text: a

text: donation

text: from

text: oil

text: magnate

text: and

text: philanthropist

text: John

text: D.

text: Rockefeller

text: on

text: land

text: donated

text: by

text: Marshall

text: Field

text: While

text: the

text: Rockefeller

text: donation

text: provided

text: money

text: for

text: academic

text: operations

text: and

text: long

text: term

text: endowment

text: it

text: was

text: stipulated

text: that

text: such

text: money

text: could

text: not

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: buildings

text: The

text: original

text: physical

text: campus

text: was

text: financed

text: by

text: donations

text: from

text: wealthy

text: Chicagoans

text: like

text: Silas

text: B.

text: Cobb

text: who

text: provided

text: the

text: funds

text: for

text: the

text: campus

text: first

text: building

text: Cobb

text: Lecture

text: Hall

text: and

text: matched

text: Marshall

text: Field

text: 's

text: pledge

text: of

text: Other

text: early

text: benefactors

text: included

text: businessmen

text: Charles

text: L.

text: Hutchinson

text: trustee

text: treasurer

text: and

text: donor

text: of

text: Hutchinson

text: Commons

text: Martin

text: A.

text: Ryerson

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: board

text: of

text: trustees

text: and

text: donor

text: of

text: the

text: Ryerson

text: Physical

text: Laboratory

text: Adolphus

text: Clay

text: Bartlett

text: and

text: Leon

text: Mandel

text: who

text: funded

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: the

text: gymnasium

text: and

text: assembly

text: hall

text: and

text: George

text: C.

text: Walker

text: of

text: the

text: Walker

text: Museum

text: a

text: relative

text: of

text: Cobb

text: who

text: encouraged

text: his

text: inaugural

text: donation

text: for

text: facilities

question: Who donated property to the University of Chicago?

answer: Marshall Field

text: Marshall Field

answer: Marshall Field

text: Marshall Field

answer: Marshall Field

text: Marshall Field

answer: Marshall Field

text: Marshall Field

question: Who helped pay for the university's first building structure?

answer: Silas B. Cobb

text: Silas B. Cobb

answer: Silas B. Cobb

text: Silas B. Cobb

answer: Silas B. Cobb

text: Silas B. Cobb

answer: Silas B. Cobb

text: Silas B. Cobb

question: What was the name of the first building built on campus grounds?

answer: Cobb Lecture Hall

text: Cobb Lecture Hall

answer: Cobb Lecture Hall

text: Cobb Lecture Hall

answer: Cobb Lecture Hall

text: Cobb Lecture Hall

answer: Cobb Lecture Hall

text: Cobb Lecture Hall

question: How much did Silas B. Cobb pledge to the university?

answer: $100,000

answer: $100,000

answer: $100,000

answer: $100,000

question: What is the name of the donor who helped establish the Hutchinson Commons?

answer: Charles L. Hutchinson

text: Charles L. Hutchinson

answer: Charles L. Hutchinson

text: Charles L. Hutchinson

answer: Charles L. Hutchinson

text: Charles L. Hutchinson

answer: Charles L. Hutchinson

text: Charles L. Hutchinson

question: In what year did the Walker Museum create and incorporate the U of C as a coed institution?

question: In what year did Clay Bartlett donate land by Marshall Field?

question: Who financed the original board of trustees?

text: donations from wealthy Chicagoans

question: George C. Walker served as trustee, treasurer and donor of what?

text: Hutchinson Commons

question: It was outlined that who's donations could only be used for buildings?

text: Rockefeller


text: For a phylum with relatively few species, ctenophores have a wide range of body plans. Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles, while some oceanic species are so fragile that it is very difficult to capture them intact for study. In addition oceanic species do not preserve well, and are known mainly from photographs and from observers' notes. Hence most attention has until recently concentrated on three coastal genera – Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis. At least two textbooks base their descriptions of ctenophores on the cydippid Pleurobrachia.

title: Ctenophora

title: Ctenophora

text: For

text: a

text: phylum

text: with

text: relatively

text: few

text: species

text: ctenophores

text: have

text: a

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: body

text: plans

text: Coastal

text: species

text: need

text: to

text: be

text: tough

text: enough

text: to

text: withstand

text: waves

text: and

text: swirling

text: sediment

text: particles

text: while

text: some

text: oceanic

text: species

text: are

text: so

text: fragile

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: very

text: difficult

text: to

text: capture

text: them

text: intact

text: for

text: study

text: In

text: addition

text: oceanic

text: species

text: do

text: not

text: preserve

text: well

text: and

text: are

text: known

text: mainly

text: from

text: photographs

text: and

text: from

text: observers

text: notes

text: Hence

text: most

text: attention

text: has

text: until

text: recently

text: concentrated

text: on

text: three

text: coastal

text: genera

text: Pleurobrachia

text: Beroe

text: and

text: Mnemiopsis

text: At

text: least

text: two

text: textbooks

text: base

text: their

text: descriptions

text: of

text: ctenophores

text: on

text: the

text: cydippid

text: Pleurobrachia

question: Which cidippid is used as a description on ctenophores in most textbooks?

answer: Pleurobrachia

text: Pleurobrachia

answer: Pleurobrachia

text: Pleurobrachia

answer: Pleurobrachia

text: Pleurobrachia

question: Which group of ctenophore are are hardest to study?

answer: oceanic species

text: oceanic species

answer: oceanic species

text: oceanic species

answer: oceanic species

text: oceanic species

question: Why are coastal species tough?

answer: to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles

text: to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles

answer: to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles

text: to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles

answer: to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles

text: to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles

question: Which ctenophora have been studies the most?

answer: Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis

text: Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis

answer: Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis

text: Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis

answer: Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis

text: Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis

question: What kind of sediment particles are there?

text: wide range

question: In what areas are sediment particles typically found?

text: Coastal

question: What usually carries sediment particles from one place to another?

text: waves

question: What are three types of sediment partilces that have been found?

text: Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis

question: How many types of sediment particles have gained the most attention recently?

text: three


text: In anglophone academic works, theories regarding imperialism are often based on the British experience. The term "Imperialism" was originally introduced into English in its present sense in the late 1870s by opponents of the allegedly aggressive and ostentatious imperial policies of British prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli. It was shortly appropriated by supporters of "imperialism" such as Joseph Chamberlain. For some, imperialism designated a policy of idealism and philanthropy; others alleged that it was characterized by political self-interest, and a growing number associated it with capitalist greed. Liberal John A. Hobson and Marxist Vladimir Lenin added a more theoretical macroeconomic connotation to the term. Lenin in particular exerted substantial influence over later Marxist conceptions of imperialism with his work Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. In his writings Lenin portrayed Imperialism as a natural extension of capitalism that arose from need for capitalist economies to constantly expand investment, material resources and manpower in such a way that necessitated colonial expansion. This conception of imperialism as a structural feature of capitalism is echoed by later Marxist theoreticians. Many theoreticians on the left have followed in emphasizing the structural or systemic character of "imperialism". Such writers have expanded the time period associated with the term so that it now designates neither a policy, nor a short space of decades in the late 19th century, but a world system extending over a period of centuries, often going back to Christopher Columbus and, in some accounts, to the Crusades. As the application of the term has expanded, its meaning has shifted along five distinct but often parallel axes: the moral, the economic, the systemic, the cultural, and the temporal. Those changes reflect - among other shifts in sensibility - a growing unease, even squeamishness, with the fact of power, specifically, Western power.

title: Imperialism

title: Imperialism

text: In

text: anglophone

text: academic

text: works

text: theories

text: regarding

text: imperialism

text: are

text: often

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: British

text: experience

text: The

text: term

text: Imperialism

text: was

text: originally

text: introduced

text: into

text: English

text: in

text: its

text: present

text: sense

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: by

text: opponents

text: of

text: the

text: allegedly

text: aggressive

text: and

text: ostentatious

text: imperial

text: policies

text: of

text: British

text: prime

text: Minister

text: Benjamin

text: Disraeli

text: It

text: was

text: shortly

text: appropriated

text: by

text: supporters

text: of

text: imperialism

text: such

text: as

text: Joseph

text: Chamberlain

text: For

text: some

text: imperialism

text: designated

text: a

text: policy

text: of

text: idealism

text: and

text: philanthropy

text: others

text: alleged

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: characterized

text: by

text: political

text: self

text: interest

text: and

text: a

text: growing

text: number

text: associated

text: it

text: with

text: capitalist

text: greed

text: Liberal

text: John

text: A.

text: Hobson

text: and

text: Marxist

text: Vladimir

text: Lenin

text: added

text: a

text: more

text: theoretical

text: macroeconomic

text: connotation

text: to

text: the

text: term

text: Lenin

text: in

text: particular

text: exerted

text: substantial

text: influence

text: over

text: later

text: Marxist

text: conceptions

text: of

text: imperialism

text: with

text: his

text: work

text: Imperialism

text: the

text: Highest

text: Stage

text: of

text: Capitalism

text: In

text: his

text: writings

text: Lenin

text: portrayed

text: Imperialism

text: as

text: a

text: natural

text: extension

text: of

text: capitalism

text: that

text: arose

text: from

text: need

text: for

text: capitalist

text: economies

text: to

text: constantly

text: expand

text: investment

text: material

text: resources

text: and

text: manpower

text: in

text: such

text: a

text: way

text: that

text: necessitated

text: colonial

text: expansion

text: This

text: conception

text: of

text: imperialism

text: as

text: a

text: structural

text: feature

text: of

text: capitalism

text: is

text: echoed

text: by

text: later

text: Marxist

text: theoreticians

text: Many

text: theoreticians

text: on

text: the

text: left

text: have

text: followed

text: in

text: emphasizing

text: the

text: structural

text: or

text: systemic

text: character

text: of

text: imperialism

text: Such

text: writers

text: have

text: expanded

text: the

text: time

text: period

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: term

text: so

text: that

text: it

text: now

text: designates

text: neither

text: a

text: policy

text: nor

text: a

text: short

text: space

text: of

text: decades

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: but

text: a

text: world

text: system

text: extending

text: over

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: centuries

text: often

text: going

text: back

text: to

text: Christopher

text: Columbus

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: accounts

text: to

text: the

text: Crusades

text: As

text: the

text: application

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: has

text: expanded

text: its

text: meaning

text: has

text: shifted

text: along

text: five

text: distinct

text: but

text: often

text: parallel

text: axes

text: the

text: moral

text: the

text: economic

text: the

text: systemic

text: the

text: cultural

text: and

text: the

text: temporal

text: Those

text: changes

text: reflect

text: among

text: other

text: shifts

text: in

text: sensibility

text: a

text: growing

text: unease

text: even

text: squeamishness

text: with

text: the

text: fact

text: of

text: power

text: specifically

text: Western

text: power

question: Theories on imperialism use which country as a model?

answer: British

text: British

answer: British

text: British

answer: British

text: British

answer: British

text: British

question: When did the term imperialism first come to be used by its current definition?

answer: in the late 1870s

text: in the late 1870s

answer: 1870s

answer: 1870s

answer: late 1870s

text: late 1870s

answer: 1870s

question: What was the idealized value of imperialism?

answer: philanthropy

text: philanthropy

answer: idealism and philanthropy

text: idealism and philanthropy

answer: philanthropy

text: philanthropy

answer: idealism and philanthropy

text: idealism and philanthropy

question: According to Lenin why must capitalistic countries have an imperialistic policy?

answer: to constantly expand investment

text: to constantly expand investment

answer: to constantly expand investment

text: to constantly expand investment

answer: to constantly expand investment, material resources and manpower

text: to constantly expand investment, material resources and manpower

answer: need for capitalist economies to constantly expand investment, material resources and manpower

text: need for capitalist economies to constantly expand investment, material resources and manpower

answer: need for capitalist economies to constantly expand investment, material resources and manpower in such a way that necessitated colonial expansion.

text: need for capitalist economies to constantly expand investment, material resources and manpower in such a way that necessitated colonial expansion.

question: Theories on imperialism don't use which country as a model?

text: British

question: When didn't the term imperialism first come to be used by its current definition?

question: What wasn't the idealized value of imperialism?

text: philanthropy

question: According to Lenin why must capitalistic countries not have an imperialistic policy?

text: constantly expand investment

question: When is the latest most Marxists claim imperialism as an extension of capitalism has its roots

text: Crusades