text: The shortcomings of Aristotelian physics would not be fully corrected until the 17th century work of Galileo Galilei, who was influenced by the late Medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus. Galileo constructed an experiment in which stones and cannonballs were both rolled down an incline to disprove the Aristotelian theory of motion early in the 17th century. He showed that the bodies were accelerated by gravity to an extent that was independent of their mass and argued that objects retain their velocity unless acted on by a force, for example friction.

title: Force

title: Force

text: The

text: shortcomings

text: of

text: Aristotelian

text: physics

text: would

text: not

text: be

text: fully

text: corrected

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: work

text: of

text: Galileo

text: Galilei

text: who

text: was

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: late

text: Medieval

text: idea

text: that

text: objects

text: in

text: forced

text: motion

text: carried

text: an

text: innate

text: force

text: of

text: impetus

text: Galileo

text: constructed

text: an

text: experiment

text: in

text: which

text: stones

text: and

text: cannonballs

text: were

text: both

text: rolled

text: down

text: an

text: incline

text: to

text: disprove

text: the

text: Aristotelian

text: theory

text: of

text: motion

text: early

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: He

text: showed

text: that

text: the

text: bodies

text: were

text: accelerated

text: by

text: gravity

text: to

text: an

text: extent

text: that

text: was

text: independent

text: of

text: their

text: mass

text: and

text: argued

text: that

text: objects

text: retain

text: their

text: velocity

text: unless

text: acted

text: on

text: by

text: a

text: force

text: for

text: example

text: friction

question: When were the shortcomings of Aristotle's physics overcome?

answer: 17th century

text: 17th century

answer: 17th century

text: 17th century

answer: 17th century

text: 17th century

answer: the 17th century

text: the 17th century

answer: 17th century

text: 17th century

answer: 17th century

text: 17th century

question: Whose work  corrected Aristotle's physics in the seventeenth century?

answer: Galileo Galilei

text: Galileo Galilei

answer: Galileo Galilei

text: Galileo Galilei

answer: Galileo Galilei

text: Galileo Galilei

answer: Galileo Galilei,

text: Galileo Galilei,

answer: Galileo Galilei

text: Galileo Galilei

answer: Galileo Galilei

text: Galileo Galilei

question: What did objects in forced motion contain according to the late Medieval idea that influence Aristotle?

answer: impetus

text: impetus

answer: innate force of impetus

text: innate force of impetus

answer: gravity

text: gravity

answer: an innate force of impetus

text: an innate force of impetus

answer: innate force of impetus

text: innate force of impetus

answer: innate force of impetus

text: innate force of impetus

question: Who experimented by rolling stones and canonballs down a steep incline?

answer: Galileo

text: Galileo

answer: Galileo

text: Galileo

answer: Galileo Galilei

text: Galileo Galilei

answer: Galileo

text: Galileo

answer: Galileo

text: Galileo

answer: Galileo

text: Galileo

question: What force acted on bodies to retard their velocity?

answer: friction

text: friction

answer: friction

text: friction

answer: gravity

text: gravity

answer: friction

text: friction

answer: friction

text: friction

answer: force

text: force

question: The shortcomings of Aristotelian physics would not be corrected until the 16th century work of whom?

text: Galileo Galilei

question: Who was influenced by early Medieval ideas?

text: Galileo Galilei

question: Who constructed an experiment where stones and rocks were rolled down an incline?

text: Galileo

question: Who argued that objects retain their velocity even when acted on by a force?

text: Galileo


text: After the death of Tugh Temür in 1332 and subsequent death of Rinchinbal (Emperor Ningzong) the same year, the 13-year-old Toghun Temür (Emperor Huizong), the last of the nine successors of Kublai Khan, was summoned back from Guangxi and succeeded to the throne. After El Temür's death, Bayan became as powerful an official as El Temür had been in the beginning of his long reign. As Toghun Temür grew, he came to disapprove of Bayan's autocratic rule. In 1340 he allied himself with Bayan's nephew Toqto'a, who was in discord with Bayan, and banished Bayan by coup. With the dismissal of Bayan, Toghtogha seized the power of the court. His first administration clearly exhibited fresh new spirit. He also gave a few early signs of a new and positive direction in central government. One of his successful projects was to finish the long-stalled official histories of the Liao, Jin, and Song dynasties, which were eventually completed in 1345. Yet, Toghtogha resigned his office with the approval of Toghun Temür, marking the end of his first administration, and he was not called back until 1349.

title: Yuan_dynasty

title: Yuan_dynasty

text: After

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Tugh

text: Temür

text: in

text: and

text: subsequent

text: death

text: of

text: Rinchinbal

text: Emperor

text: Ningzong

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: the

text: old

text: Toghun

text: Temür

text: Emperor

text: Huizong

text: the

text: last

text: of

text: the

text: nine

text: successors

text: of

text: Kublai

text: Khan

text: was

text: summoned

text: back

text: from

text: Guangxi

text: and

text: succeeded

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: After

text: El

text: Temür

text: 's

text: death

text: Bayan

text: became

text: as

text: powerful

text: an

text: official

text: as

text: El

text: Temür

text: had

text: been

text: in

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: his

text: long

text: reign

text: As

text: Toghun

text: Temür

text: grew

text: he

text: came

text: to

text: disapprove

text: of

text: Bayan

text: 's

text: autocratic

text: rule

text: In

text: he

text: allied

text: himself

text: with

text: Bayan

text: 's

text: nephew

text: Toqto'a

text: who

text: was

text: in

text: discord

text: with

text: Bayan

text: and

text: banished

text: Bayan

text: by

text: coup

text: With

text: the

text: dismissal

text: of

text: Bayan

text: Toghtogha

text: seized

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: court

text: His

text: first

text: administration

text: clearly

text: exhibited

text: fresh

text: new

text: spirit

text: He

text: also

text: gave

text: a

text: few

text: early

text: signs

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: and

text: positive

text: direction

text: in

text: central

text: government

text: One

text: of

text: his

text: successful

text: projects

text: was

text: to

text: finish

text: the

text: long

text: stalled

text: official

text: histories

text: of

text: the

text: Liao

text: Jin

text: and

text: Song

text: dynasties

text: which

text: were

text: eventually

text: completed

text: in

text: Yet

text: Toghtogha

text: resigned

text: his

text: office

text: with

text: the

text: approval

text: of

text: Toghun

text: Temür

text: marking

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: his

text: first

text: administration

text: and

text: he

text: was

text: not

text: called

text: back

text: until

question: When did Tugh Temur die?

answer: 1332

answer: 1332

answer: 1332

question: What Chinese-style name did Rinchinbal use?

answer: Emperor Ningzong

text: Emperor Ningzong

answer: Emperor Ningzong

text: Emperor Ningzong

answer: Emperor Ningzong

text: Emperor Ningzong

question: How old was Toghun Temur when he became emperor?

answer: 13

answer: 13

answer: 13

question: How many successors of Kublai was Toghun the last of?

answer: nine

text: nine

answer: nine

text: nine

answer: nine

text: nine

question: Which dynasties' histories were officially documented during Toghun's reign?

answer: Liao, Jin, and Song

text: Liao, Jin, and Song

answer: Liao, Jin, and Song

text: Liao, Jin, and Song

answer: the Liao, Jin, and Song

text: the Liao, Jin, and Song

question: When was Tugh Temur born?

question: What Chinese-style name did Rinchinbal reject?

text: Emperor Ningzong

question: How old was Toghun Temur when he became senator?

question: How many successors of Kublai was Toghun the first of?

text: nine

question: Which dynasties' histories were unofficially documented during Toghun's reign?

text: Liao, Jin, and Song


text: France took control of Algeria in 1830 but began in earnest to rebuild its worldwide empire after 1850, concentrating chiefly in North and West Africa, as well as South-East Asia, with other conquests in Central and East Africa, as well as the South Pacific. Republicans, at first hostile to empire, only became supportive when Germany started to build her own colonial empire. As it developed, the new empire took on roles of trade with France, supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items, as well as lending prestige to the motherland and spreading French civilization and language as well as Catholicism. It also provided crucial manpower in both World Wars.

title: Imperialism

title: Imperialism

text: France

text: took

text: control

text: of

text: Algeria

text: in

text: but

text: began

text: in

text: earnest

text: to

text: rebuild

text: its

text: worldwide

text: empire

text: after

text: concentrating

text: chiefly

text: in

text: North

text: and

text: West

text: Africa

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: South

text: East

text: Asia

text: with

text: other

text: conquests

text: in

text: Central

text: and

text: East

text: Africa

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: South

text: Pacific

text: Republicans

text: at

text: first

text: hostile

text: to

text: empire

text: only

text: became

text: supportive

text: when

text: Germany

text: started

text: to

text: build

text: her

text: own

text: colonial

text: empire

text: As

text: it

text: developed

text: the

text: new

text: empire

text: took

text: on

text: roles

text: of

text: trade

text: with

text: France

text: supplying

text: raw

text: materials

text: and

text: purchasing

text: manufactured

text: items

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: lending

text: prestige

text: to

text: the

text: motherland

text: and

text: spreading

text: French

text: civilization

text: and

text: language

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Catholicism

text: It

text: also

text: provided

text: crucial

text: manpower

text: in

text: both

text: World

text: Wars

question: When did France take control of Algeria?

answer: 1830

answer: 1830

answer: 1830

answer: 1830

answer: 1830

question: When did France begin in earnest to rebuild its global empire?

answer: 1850

answer: after 1850

text: after 1850

answer: after 1850

text: after 1850

answer: after 1850

text: after 1850

answer: 1850

question: Where did France focus its efforts to rebuild its empire?

answer: Africa

text: Africa

answer: North and West Africa

text: North and West Africa

answer: North and West Africa

text: North and West Africa

answer: North and West Africa, as well as South-East Asia, with other conquests in Central and East Africa, as well as the South Pacific

text: North and West Africa, as well as South-East Asia, with other conquests in Central and East Africa, as well as the South Pacific

answer: North and West Africa, as well as South-East Asia,

text: North and West Africa, as well as South-East Asia,

question: When did French Republicans back building the French empire?

answer: when Germany started to build her own

text: when Germany started to build her own

answer: Germany started to build her own colonial empire

text: Germany started to build her own colonial empire

answer: when Germany started to build her own colonial empire

text: when Germany started to build her own colonial empire

answer: when Germany started to build her own colonial empire

text: when Germany started to build her own colonial empire

answer: when Germany started to build her own colonial empire.

text: when Germany started to build her own colonial empire.

question: What religion did the French spread along with their imperialism?

answer: Catholicism

text: Catholicism

answer: Catholicism

text: Catholicism

answer: Catholicism

text: Catholicism

answer: Catholicism

text: Catholicism

answer: Catholicism

text: Catholicism

question: When did France take control of London?

question: When did France begin in earnest to build its global empire for the first time?

question: Where did France focus its efforts to not rebuild its empire?

text: Africa

question: When did French Republicans back building the English empire?

text: started to build her own

question: What religion did the English spread along with their imperialism?

text: Catholicism


text: The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood through the marriage of Emma, sister of Duke Richard II of Normandy, and King Ethelred II of England. Because of this, Ethelred fled to Normandy in 1013, when he was forced from his kingdom by Sweyn Forkbeard. His stay in Normandy (until 1016) influenced him and his sons by Emma, who stayed in Normandy after Cnut the Great's conquest of the isle.

title: Normans

title: Normans

text: The

text: Normans

text: were

text: in

text: contact

text: with

text: England

text: from

text: an

text: early

text: date

text: Not

text: only

text: were

text: their

text: original

text: Viking

text: brethren

text: still

text: ravaging

text: the

text: English

text: coasts

text: they

text: occupied

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: important

text: ports

text: opposite

text: England

text: across

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: This

text: relationship

text: eventually

text: produced

text: closer

text: ties

text: of

text: blood

text: through

text: the

text: marriage

text: of

text: Emma

text: sister

text: of

text: Duke

text: Richard

text: II

text: of

text: Normandy

text: and

text: King

text: Ethelred

text: II

text: of

text: England

text: Because

text: of

text: this

text: Ethelred

text: fled

text: to

text: Normandy

text: in

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: forced

text: from

text: his

text: kingdom

text: by

text: Sweyn

text: Forkbeard

text: His

text: stay

text: in

text: Normandy

text: until

text: influenced

text: him

text: and

text: his

text: sons

text: by

text: Emma

text: who

text: stayed

text: in

text: Normandy

text: after

text: Cnut

text: the

text: Great

text: 's

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: isle

question: Who did Emma Marry?

answer: King Ethelred II

text: King Ethelred II

answer: Ethelred II

text: Ethelred II

answer: King Ethelred II

text: King Ethelred II

question: Who was Emma's brother?

answer: Duke Richard II

text: Duke Richard II

answer: Duke Richard II

text: Duke Richard II

answer: Duke Richard II

text: Duke Richard II

question: To where did Ethelred flee?

answer: Normandy

text: Normandy

answer: Normandy

text: Normandy

answer: Normandy

text: Normandy

question: Who kicked Ethelred out?

answer: Sweyn Forkbeard

text: Sweyn Forkbeard

answer: Sweyn Forkbeard

text: Sweyn Forkbeard

answer: Sweyn Forkbeard

text: Sweyn Forkbeard

question: Who married Cnut the Great?

text: Emma

question: When did Richard II flee to Normandy?

question: Who's major ports were controlled by the English?

text: Viking


text: The first commercially successful true engine, in that it could generate power and transmit it to a machine, was the atmospheric engine, invented by Thomas Newcomen around 1712. It was an improvement over Savery's steam pump, using a piston as proposed by Papin. Newcomen's engine was relatively inefficient, and in most cases was used for pumping water. It worked by creating a partial vacuum by condensing steam under a piston within a cylinder. It was employed for draining mine workings at depths hitherto impossible, and also for providing a reusable water supply for driving waterwheels at factories sited away from a suitable "head". Water that had passed over the wheel was pumped back up into a storage reservoir above the wheel.

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: The

text: first

text: commercially

text: successful

text: true

text: engine

text: in

text: that

text: it

text: could

text: generate

text: power

text: and

text: transmit

text: it

text: to

text: a

text: machine

text: was

text: the

text: atmospheric

text: engine

text: invented

text: by

text: Thomas

text: Newcomen

text: around

text: It

text: was

text: an

text: improvement

text: over

text: Savery

text: 's

text: steam

text: pump

text: using

text: a

text: piston

text: as

text: proposed

text: by

text: Papin

text: Newcomen

text: 's

text: engine

text: was

text: relatively

text: inefficient

text: and

text: in

text: most

text: cases

text: was

text: used

text: for

text: pumping

text: water

text: It

text: worked

text: by

text: creating

text: a

text: partial

text: vacuum

text: by

text: condensing

text: steam

text: under

text: a

text: piston

text: within

text: a

text: cylinder

text: It

text: was

text: employed

text: for

text: draining

text: mine

text: workings

text: at

text: depths

text: hitherto

text: impossible

text: and

text: also

text: for

text: providing

text: a

text: reusable

text: water

text: supply

text: for

text: driving

text: waterwheels

text: at

text: factories

text: sited

text: away

text: from

text: a

text: suitable

text: head

text: Water

text: that

text: had

text: passed

text: over

text: the

text: wheel

text: was

text: pumped

text: back

text: up

text: into

text: a

text: storage

text: reservoir

text: above

text: the

text: wheel

question: What was the first true engine that was commercially successful?

answer: atmospheric engine

text: atmospheric engine

answer: atmospheric engine

text: atmospheric engine

answer: atmospheric engine

text: atmospheric engine

answer: the atmospheric engine

text: the atmospheric engine

question: Who was the inventor of the atmospheric engine?

answer: Thomas Newcomen

text: Thomas Newcomen

answer: Thomas Newcomen

text: Thomas Newcomen

answer: Thomas Newcomen

text: Thomas Newcomen

answer: Thomas Newcomen

text: Thomas Newcomen

question: About what year was the atmospheric engine invented?

answer: 1712

answer: around 1712

text: around 1712

answer: 1712

answer: 1712

question: What was invented by Savery?

answer: steam pump

text: steam pump

answer: steam pump

text: steam pump

answer: steam pump

text: steam pump

answer: steam pump

text: steam pump

question: Who conceptualized the piston?

answer: Papin

text: Papin

answer: Papin

text: Papin

answer: Papin

text: Papin

answer: Papin

text: Papin

question: What was the first true vacuum that was commercially successful?

text: atmospheric engine

question: Who was the inventor of the vacuum?

text: Thomas Newcomen

question: About what year was the vacuum engine developed?

question: What was invented in a storage reservoir?

text: steam pump

question: Who conceptualized the vacuum?

text: Papin


text: In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and the famed Viking ruler Rollo, and was situated in the former Frankish kingdom of Neustria. The treaty offered Rollo and his men the French lands between the river Epte and the Atlantic coast in exchange for their protection against further Viking incursions. The area corresponded to the northern part of present-day Upper Normandy down to the river Seine, but the Duchy would eventually extend west beyond the Seine. The territory was roughly equivalent to the old province of Rouen, and reproduced the Roman administrative structure of Gallia Lugdunensis II (part of the former Gallia Lugdunensis).

title: Normans

title: Normans

text: In

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: initially

text: destructive

text: incursions

text: of

text: Norse

text: war

text: bands

text: into

text: the

text: rivers

text: of

text: France

text: evolved

text: into

text: more

text: permanent

text: encampments

text: that

text: included

text: local

text: women

text: and

text: personal

text: property

text: The

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Normandy

text: which

text: began

text: in

text: as

text: a

text: fiefdom

text: was

text: established

text: by

text: the

text: treaty

text: of

text: Saint

text: Clair

text: sur

text: Epte

text: between

text: King

text: Charles

text: III

text: of

text: West

text: Francia

text: and

text: the

text: famed

text: Viking

text: ruler

text: Rollo

text: and

text: was

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: former

text: Frankish

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Neustria

text: The

text: treaty

text: offered

text: Rollo

text: and

text: his

text: men

text: the

text: French

text: lands

text: between

text: the

text: river

text: Epte

text: and

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: coast

text: in

text: exchange

text: for

text: their

text: protection

text: against

text: further

text: Viking

text: incursions

text: The

text: area

text: corresponded

text: to

text: the

text: northern

text: part

text: of

text: present

text: day

text: Upper

text: Normandy

text: down

text: to

text: the

text: river

text: Seine

text: but

text: the

text: Duchy

text: would

text: eventually

text: extend

text: west

text: beyond

text: the

text: Seine

text: The

text: territory

text: was

text: roughly

text: equivalent

text: to

text: the

text: old

text: province

text: of

text: Rouen

text: and

text: reproduced

text: the

text: Roman

text: administrative

text: structure

text: of

text: Gallia

text: Lugdunensis

text: II

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: Gallia

text: Lugdunensis

question: When was the Duchy of Normandy founded?

answer: 911

answer: 911

answer: 911

question: Who did Rollo sign the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte with?

answer: King Charles III

text: King Charles III

answer: King Charles III

text: King Charles III

answer: King Charles III

text: King Charles III

question: What river originally bounded the Duchy

answer: Seine

text: Seine

answer: Epte

text: Epte

answer: Seine

text: Seine

question: when did Nors encampments ivolve into destructive incursions?

text: 10th century

question: What treaty was established in the 9th century?

text: treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte

question: Who established a treaty with King Charles the third of France?

text: Rollo

question: What did the French promises to protect Rollo and his men from?

text: further Viking incursions.


text: The USSR's invasion of Afghanistan was only one sign of insecurity in the region, also marked by increased American weapons sales, technology, and outright military presence. Saudi Arabia and Iran became increasingly dependent on American security assurances to manage both external and internal threats, including increased military competition between them over increased oil revenues. Both states were competing for preeminence in the Persian Gulf and using increased revenues to fund expanded militaries. By 1979, Saudi arms purchases from the US exceeded five times Israel's. Another motive for the large scale purchase of arms from the US by Saudi Arabia was the failure of the Shah during January 1979 to maintain control of Iran, a non-Arabic but largely Shiite Muslim nation, which fell to a theocratic Islamist government under the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in the wake of the 1979 Iranian Revolution. Saudi Arabia, on the other hand, is an Arab, largely Sunni Muslim nation headed by a near absolutist monarchy. In the wake of the Iranian revolution the Saudis were forced to deal with the prospect of internal destabilization via the radicalism of Islamism, a reality which would quickly be revealed in the seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca by Wahhabi extremists during November 1979 and a Shiite revolt in the oil rich Al-Hasa region of Saudi Arabia in December of the same year. In November 2010, Wikileaks leaked confidential diplomatic cables pertaining to the United States and its allies which revealed that the late Saudi King Abdullah urged the United States to attack Iran in order to destroy its potential nuclear weapons program, describing Iran as "a snake whose head should be cut off without any procrastination."

title: 1973_oil_crisis

title: 1973_oil_crisis

text: The

text: USSR

text: 's

text: invasion

text: of

text: Afghanistan

text: was

text: only

text: one

text: sign

text: of

text: insecurity

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: also

text: marked

text: by

text: increased

text: American

text: weapons

text: sales

text: technology

text: and

text: outright

text: military

text: presence

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: and

text: Iran

text: became

text: increasingly

text: dependent

text: on

text: American

text: security

text: assurances

text: to

text: manage

text: both

text: external

text: and

text: internal

text: threats

text: including

text: increased

text: military

text: competition

text: between

text: them

text: over

text: increased

text: oil

text: revenues

text: Both

text: states

text: were

text: competing

text: for

text: preeminence

text: in

text: the

text: Persian

text: Gulf

text: and

text: using

text: increased

text: revenues

text: to

text: fund

text: expanded

text: militaries

text: By

text: Saudi

text: arms

text: purchases

text: from

text: the

text: US

text: exceeded

text: five

text: times

text: Israel

text: 's

text: Another

text: motive

text: for

text: the

text: large

text: scale

text: purchase

text: of

text: arms

text: from

text: the

text: US

text: by

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: was

text: the

text: failure

text: of

text: the

text: Shah

text: during

text: January

text: to

text: maintain

text: control

text: of

text: Iran

text: a

text: non

text: Arabic

text: but

text: largely

text: Shiite

text: Muslim

text: nation

text: which

text: fell

text: to

text: a

text: theocratic

text: Islamist

text: government

text: under

text: the

text: Ayatollah

text: Ruhollah

text: Khomeini

text: in

text: the

text: wake

text: of

text: the

text: Iranian

text: Revolution

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: is

text: an

text: Arab

text: largely

text: Sunni

text: Muslim

text: nation

text: headed

text: by

text: a

text: near

text: absolutist

text: monarchy

text: In

text: the

text: wake

text: of

text: the

text: Iranian

text: revolution

text: the

text: Saudis

text: were

text: forced

text: to

text: deal

text: with

text: the

text: prospect

text: of

text: internal

text: destabilization

text: via

text: the

text: radicalism

text: of

text: Islamism

text: a

text: reality

text: which

text: would

text: quickly

text: be

text: revealed

text: in

text: the

text: seizure

text: of

text: the

text: Grand

text: Mosque

text: in

text: Mecca

text: by

text: Wahhabi

text: extremists

text: during

text: November

text: and

text: a

text: Shiite

text: revolt

text: in

text: the

text: oil

text: rich

text: Al

text: Hasa

text: region

text: of

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: in

text: December

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: In

text: November

text: Wikileaks

text: leaked

text: confidential

text: diplomatic

text: cables

text: pertaining

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: its

text: allies

text: which

text: revealed

text: that

text: the

text: late

text: Saudi

text: King

text: Abdullah

text: urged

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: to

text: attack

text: Iran

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: destroy

text: its

text: potential

text: nuclear

text: weapons

text: program

text: describing

text: Iran

text: as

text: a

text: snake

text: whose

text: head

text: should

text: be

text: cut

text: off

text: without

text: any

text: procrastination

question: Which country's invasion show the insecurity of the Middle East?

answer: USSR's invasion

text: USSR's invasion

answer: Afghanistan

text: Afghanistan

answer: USSR's

text: USSR's

answer: USSR

text: USSR

answer: Afghanistan

text: Afghanistan

question: Which countries became dependent on US's security assurance to threats?

answer: Saudi Arabia and Iran

text: Saudi Arabia and Iran

answer: Saudi Arabia and Iran

text: Saudi Arabia and Iran

answer: Saudi Arabia and Iran

text: Saudi Arabia and Iran

answer: Saudi Arabia and Iran

text: Saudi Arabia and Iran

answer: Saudi Arabia and Iran

text: Saudi Arabia and Iran

question: Which country's arms purchase from the US became 5 times more than Israel?

answer: Saudi Arabia

text: Saudi Arabia

answer: Saudi Arabia

text: Saudi Arabia

answer: Saudi Arabia

text: Saudi Arabia

answer: Saudi Arabia

text: Saudi Arabia

answer: Saudi Arabia

text: Saudi Arabia

question: When did the Shah kingdom start to collapse?

answer: January 1979

text: January 1979

answer: 1979

answer: 1979

answer: 1979

answer: January 1979

text: January 1979

question: When did the Wahhabi seized the Grand Mosque in Mecca?

answer: November 1979

text: November 1979

answer: November 1979

text: November 1979

answer: November 1979

text: November 1979

answer: November 1979

text: November 1979

answer: November 1979

text: November 1979

question: What country did Saudi Arabia invade in 1979?

text: Afghanistan

question: What are other signs of insecurity in Mecca?

question: What did the Persian Gulf depend on the Saudis to manage?

text: both external and internal threats

question: What is another reason that Al-Hasa was buying weapons from Russia?

question: What kind of Sunni muslim monarchy is is Iran lead by?

text: near absolutist


text: Fresno has three large public parks, two in the city limits and one in county land to the southwest. Woodward Park, which features the Shinzen Japanese Gardens, numerous picnic areas and several miles of trails, is in North Fresno and is adjacent to the San Joaquin River Parkway. Roeding Park, near Downtown Fresno, is home to the Fresno Chaffee Zoo, and Rotary Storyland and Playland. Kearney Park is the largest of the Fresno region's park system and is home to historic Kearney Mansion and plays host to the annual Civil War Revisited, the largest reenactment of the Civil War in the west coast of the U.S.

title: Fresno,_California

title: Fresno,_California

text: Fresno

text: has

text: three

text: large

text: public

text: parks

text: two

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: limits

text: and

text: one

text: in

text: county

text: land

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Woodward

text: Park

text: which

text: features

text: the

text: Shinzen

text: Japanese

text: Gardens

text: numerous

text: picnic

text: areas

text: and

text: several

text: miles

text: of

text: trails

text: is

text: in

text: North

text: Fresno

text: and

text: is

text: adjacent

text: to

text: the

text: San

text: Joaquin

text: River

text: Parkway

text: Roeding

text: Park

text: near

text: Downtown

text: Fresno

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Fresno

text: Chaffee

text: Zoo

text: and

text: Rotary

text: Storyland

text: and

text: Playland

text: Kearney

text: Park

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: Fresno

text: region

text: 's

text: park

text: system

text: and

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: historic

text: Kearney

text: Mansion

text: and

text: plays

text: host

text: to

text: the

text: annual

text: Civil

text: War

text: Revisited

text: the

text: largest

text: reenactment

text: of

text: the

text: Civil

text: War

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

question: How many large public parks does Fresno have?

answer: three

text: three

answer: three

text: three

answer: three

text: three

question: Which park is home to the Fresno Chafffee Zoo?

answer: Roeding Park

text: Roeding Park

answer: Roeding Park

text: Roeding Park

answer: Roeding Park

text: Roeding Park

question: Which park is home to the Kearney Mansion?

answer: Kearney Park

text: Kearney Park

answer: Kearney Park

text: Kearney Park

answer: Kearney Park

text: Kearney Park

question: Which is one of the park features located in North Fresno?

answer: Shinzen Japanese Gardens

text: Shinzen Japanese Gardens

answer: Shinzen Japanese Gardens

text: Shinzen Japanese Gardens

question: Which park hosts the largest Civil War reenactment on the west coast?

answer: Kearney Park

text: Kearney Park

answer: Kearney Park

text: Kearney Park

answer: Kearney Park

text: Kearney Park

question: What type of garden does Roeding Park have?

text: Shinzen Japanese

question: Which park is the smallest?

text: Roeding Park

question: What is the largest Mansion in the west coast?

text: Kearney Mansion

question: How long are the trails in Roeding Park?

text: several miles

question: The two city limits parks are located in which direction?

text: southwest


text: For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries in the world. Americans live no longer on average (about 77 years in 2004) than Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders (78), though the USA has a higher GDP per capita. Life expectancy in Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82) – where income was more equally distributed – was longer.

title: Economic_inequality

title: Economic_inequality

text: For

text: most

text: of

text: human

text: history

text: higher

text: material

text: living

text: standards

text: full

text: stomachs

text: access

text: to

text: clean

text: water

text: and

text: warmth

text: from

text: fuel

text: led

text: to

text: better

text: health

text: and

text: longer

text: lives

text: This

text: pattern

text: of

text: higher

text: incomes

text: longer

text: lives

text: still

text: holds

text: among

text: poorer

text: countries

text: where

text: life

text: expectancy

text: increases

text: rapidly

text: as

text: per

text: capita

text: income

text: increases

text: but

text: in

text: recent

text: decades

text: it

text: has

text: slowed

text: down

text: among

text: middle

text: income

text: countries

text: and

text: plateaued

text: among

text: the

text: richest

text: thirty

text: or

text: so

text: countries

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Americans

text: live

text: no

text: longer

text: on

text: average

text: about

text: years

text: in

text: than

text: Greeks

text: years

text: or

text: New

text: Zealanders

text: though

text: the

text: USA

text: has

text: a

text: higher

text: GDP

text: per

text: capita

text: Life

text: expectancy

text: in

text: Sweden

text: years

text: and

text: Japan

text: where

text: income

text: was

text: more

text: equally

text: distributed

text: was

text: longer

question: What did higher material living standards lead to for most of human history?

answer: better health and longer lives

text: better health and longer lives

answer: better health and longer lives

text: better health and longer lives

answer: better health and longer lives

text: better health and longer lives

question: Where does the pattern of higher income-longer lives still hold true?

answer: poorer countries

text: poorer countries

answer: poorer countries

text: poorer countries

answer: poorer countries

text: poorer countries

question: What increases rapidly as per capita income increases?

answer: life expectancy

text: life expectancy

answer: life expectancy

text: life expectancy

answer: life expectancy

text: life expectancy

question: Who lives no longer on average than Greeks and New Zealanders?

answer: Americans

text: Americans

answer: Americans

text: Americans

answer: Americans

text: Americans

question: How are incomes distributed in Sweden?

answer: more equally

text: more equally

answer: more equally

text: more equally

answer: more equally distributed

text: more equally distributed

question: What did lower material living standards lead to for most of human history?

text: better health and longer lives

question: Where does the pattern of lower income-longer lives still hold true?

text: poorer countries

question: What decreases rapidly as per capita income increases?

text: life expectancy

question: Who lives longer on average than Greeks and New Zealanders?

text: Americans

question: How aren't incomes distributed in Sweden?

text: more equally


text: Parliamentary time is also set aside for question periods in the debating chamber. A "General Question Time" takes place on a Thursday between 11:40 a.m. and 12 p.m. where members can direct questions to any member of the Scottish Government. At 2.30pm, a 40-minute long themed "Question Time" takes place, where members can ask questions of ministers in departments that are selected for questioning that sitting day, such as health and justice or education and transport. Between 12 p.m. and 12:30 p.m. on Thursdays, when Parliament is sitting, First Minister's Question Time takes place. This gives members an opportunity to question the First Minister directly on issues under their jurisdiction. Opposition leaders ask a general question of the First Minister and then supplementary questions. Such a practice enables a "lead-in" to the questioner, who then uses their supplementary question to ask the First Minister any issue. The four general questions available to opposition leaders are:

title: Scottish_Parliament

title: Scottish_Parliament

text: Parliamentary

text: time

text: is

text: also

text: set

text: aside

text: for

text: question

text: periods

text: in

text: the

text: debating

text: chamber

text: A

text: General

text: Question

text: Time

text: takes

text: place

text: on

text: a

text: Thursday

text: between

text: a.m.

text: and

text: p.m.

text: where

text: members

text: can

text: direct

text: questions

text: to

text: any

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Government

text: At

text: a

text: long

text: themed

text: Question

text: Time

text: takes

text: place

text: where

text: members

text: can

text: ask

text: questions

text: of

text: ministers

text: in

text: departments

text: that

text: are

text: selected

text: for

text: questioning

text: that

text: sitting

text: day

text: such

text: as

text: health

text: and

text: justice

text: or

text: education

text: and

text: transport

text: Between

text: p.m.

text: and

text: p.m.

text: on

text: Thursdays

text: when

text: Parliament

text: is

text: sitting

text: First

text: Minister

text: 's

text: Question

text: Time

text: takes

text: place

text: This

text: gives

text: members

text: an

text: opportunity

text: to

text: question

text: the

text: First

text: Minister

text: directly

text: on

text: issues

text: under

text: their

text: jurisdiction

text: Opposition

text: leaders

text: ask

text: a

text: general

text: question

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: Minister

text: and

text: then

text: supplementary

text: questions

text: Such

text: a

text: practice

text: enables

text: a

text: lead

text: in

text: to

text: the

text: questioner

text: who

text: then

text: uses

text: their

text: supplementary

text: question

text: to

text: ask

text: the

text: First

text: Minister

text: any

text: issue

text: The

text: four

text: general

text: questions

text: available

text: to

text: opposition

text: leaders

text: are

question: What is set aside for question periods in the debating chamber?

answer: Parliamentary time

text: Parliamentary time

answer: Parliamentary time

text: Parliamentary time

answer: Parliamentary time

text: Parliamentary time

question: On what day does a General Question Time take place?

answer: Thursday

text: Thursday

answer: Thursday

text: Thursday

answer: Thursday

text: Thursday

question: Who may members direct questions towards during General Question Time?

answer: any member of the Scottish Government

text: any member of the Scottish Government

answer: any member of the Scottish Government

text: any member of the Scottish Government

answer: ministers in departments that are selected for questioning that sitting day

text: ministers in departments that are selected for questioning that sitting day

question: What may members question the First Minister about directly during First Minister's Question Time?

answer: issues under their jurisdiction

text: issues under their jurisdiction

answer: issues under their jurisdiction

text: issues under their jurisdiction

answer: the First Minister

text: the First Minister

question: How many general questions are available to opposition leaders?

answer: four

text: four

answer: four

text: four

answer: four

text: four

question: What is the time when members can ask questions to only particular members of Scottiish Government?

text: General Question Time

question: A 60-minute long "Question Time" takes place at what time?

question: The Second Minister's Question Time takes place between what times on Thursdays?

text: 12 p.m. and 12:30 p.m.

question: Who asks supplementary questions and then a general question of the First Minister?

text: Opposition leaders


text: When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept never really took root, but it is a typical example of the attitudes of Edward. He appointed Robert of Jumièges archbishop of Canterbury and made Ralph the Timid earl of Hereford. He invited his brother-in-law Eustace II, Count of Boulogne to his court in 1051, an event which resulted in the greatest of early conflicts between Saxon and Norman and ultimately resulted in the exile of Earl Godwin of Wessex.

title: Normans

title: Normans

text: When

text: finally

text: Edward

text: the

text: Confessor

text: returned

text: from

text: his

text: father

text: 's

text: refuge

text: in

text: at

text: the

text: invitation

text: of

text: his

text: half

text: brother

text: Harthacnut

text: he

text: brought

text: with

text: him

text: a

text: Norman

text: educated

text: mind

text: He

text: also

text: brought

text: many

text: Norman

text: counsellors

text: and

text: fighters

text: some

text: of

text: whom

text: established

text: an

text: English

text: cavalry

text: force

text: This

text: concept

text: never

text: really

text: took

text: root

text: but

text: it

text: is

text: a

text: typical

text: example

text: of

text: the

text: attitudes

text: of

text: Edward

text: He

text: appointed

text: Robert

text: of

text: Jumièges

text: archbishop

text: of

text: Canterbury

text: and

text: made

text: Ralph

text: the

text: Timid

text: earl

text: of

text: Hereford

text: He

text: invited

text: his

text: brother

text: in

text: law

text: Eustace

text: II

text: Count

text: of

text: Boulogne

text: to

text: his

text: court

text: in

text: an

text: event

text: which

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: greatest

text: of

text: early

text: conflicts

text: between

text: Saxon

text: and

text: Norman

text: and

text: ultimately

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: exile

text: of

text: Earl

text: Godwin

text: of

text: Wessex

question: Who was Edward the Confessor's half-brother?

answer: Harthacnut

text: Harthacnut

answer: Harthacnut

text: Harthacnut

answer: Harthacnut

text: Harthacnut

question: When did Edward return?

answer: 1041

answer: in 1041

text: in 1041

answer: 1041

question: Who did Edward make archbishop of Canterbury?

answer: Robert of Jumièges

text: Robert of Jumièges

answer: Robert of Jumièges

text: Robert of Jumièges

answer: Robert of Jumièges

text: Robert of Jumièges

question: When did Edward the Confessor's son return from his fathers refuge?

question: What kind of force did Harthacnut establish?

text: English cavalry force

question: Who made Robert of Jumieges earl of Hereford?

text: Edward


text: The service started on 1 September 1993 based on the idea from the then chief executive officer, Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch, of converting the company business strategy to an entirely fee-based concept. The new package included four channels formerly available free-to-air, broadcasting on Astra's satellites, as well as introducing new channels. The service continued until the closure of BSkyB's analogue service on 27 September 2001, due to the launch and expansion of the Sky Digital platform. Some of the channels did broadcast either in the clear or soft encrypted (whereby a Videocrypt decoder was required to decode, without a subscription card) prior to their addition to the Sky Multichannels package. Within two months of the launch, BSkyB gained 400,000 new subscribers, with the majority taking at least one premium channel as well, which helped BSkyB reach 3.5 million households by mid-1994. Michael Grade criticized the operations in front of the Select Committee on National Heritage, mainly for the lack of original programming on many of the new channels.

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom)

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom

text: The

text: service

text: started

text: on

text: September

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: idea

text: from

text: the

text: then

text: chief

text: executive

text: officer

text: Sam

text: Chisholm

text: and

text: Rupert

text: Murdoch

text: of

text: converting

text: the

text: company

text: business

text: strategy

text: to

text: an

text: entirely

text: fee

text: based

text: concept

text: The

text: new

text: package

text: included

text: four

text: channels

text: formerly

text: available

text: free

text: to

text: air

text: broadcasting

text: on

text: Astra

text: 's

text: satellites

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: introducing

text: new

text: channels

text: The

text: service

text: continued

text: until

text: the

text: closure

text: of

text: BSkyB

text: 's

text: analogue

text: service

text: on

text: September

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: launch

text: and

text: expansion

text: of

text: the

text: Sky

text: Digital

text: platform

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: channels

text: did

text: broadcast

text: either

text: in

text: the

text: clear

text: or

text: soft

text: encrypted

text: whereby

text: a

text: Videocrypt

text: decoder

text: was

text: required

text: to

text: decode

text: without

text: a

text: subscription

text: card

text: prior

text: to

text: their

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: Sky

text: Multichannels

text: package

text: Within

text: two

text: months

text: of

text: the

text: launch

text: BSkyB

text: gained

text: new

text: subscribers

text: with

text: the

text: majority

text: taking

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: premium

text: channel

text: as

text: well

text: which

text: helped

text: BSkyB

text: reach

text: million

text: households

text: by

text: Michael

text: Grade

text: criticized

text: the

text: operations

text: in

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: Select

text: Committee

text: on

text: National

text: Heritage

text: mainly

text: for

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: original

text: programming

text: on

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: channels

question: Who was the chief executive officer when the service began?

answer: Sam Chisholm

text: Sam Chisholm

answer: Sam Chisholm

text: Sam Chisholm

answer: Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch

text: Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch

question: Who's satellites would the new free-to-air channels be broadcast from?

answer: Astra

text: Astra

answer: Astra's

text: Astra's

answer: Astra's satellites

text: Astra's satellites

question: When did BSkyB end their analogue service?

answer: 27 September 2001

text: 27 September 2001

answer: 27 September 2001

text: 27 September 2001

answer: September 2001

text: September 2001

question: What platform caused BSkyB to end their analogue service?

answer: Sky Digital

text: Sky Digital

answer: Sky Digital

text: Sky Digital

answer: Sky Digital platform

text: Sky Digital platform

question: How many households had BSkyB service in 1994?

answer: 3.5 million

text: 3.5 million

answer: 3.5 million

text: 3.5 million

answer: 3.5 million

text: 3.5 million

question: What platform helped BSkyB to avoid ending their analogue service?

text: Sky Digital

question: Whose satellites were never broadcast as free-to-air?

text: Astra

question: How many subscribers were lost within two months of launch from BSkyB?

question: Who commended the operations in front of the Select Committee on National Heritage?

text: Michael Grade

question: Which company never expanded their platform?

text: Sky Digital


text: Every May since 1987, the University of Chicago has held the University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt, in which large teams of students compete to obtain notoriously esoteric items from a list. Since 1963, the Festival of the Arts (FOTA) takes over campus for 7–10 days of exhibitions and interactive artistic endeavors. Every January, the university holds a week-long winter festival, Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko, which include early morning exercise routines and fitness workshops. The university also annually holds a summer carnival and concert called Summer Breeze that hosts outside musicians, and is home to Doc Films, a student film society founded in 1932 that screens films nightly at the university. Since 1946, the university has organized the Latke-Hamantash Debate, which involves humorous discussions about the relative merits and meanings of latkes and hamantashen.

title: University_of_Chicago

title: University_of_Chicago

text: Every

text: May

text: since

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: has

text: held

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: Scavenger

text: Hunt

text: in

text: which

text: large

text: teams

text: of

text: students

text: compete

text: to

text: obtain

text: notoriously

text: esoteric

text: items

text: from

text: a

text: list

text: Since

text: the

text: Festival

text: of

text: the

text: Arts

text: FOTA

text: takes

text: over

text: campus

text: for

text: days

text: of

text: exhibitions

text: and

text: interactive

text: artistic

text: endeavors

text: Every

text: January

text: the

text: university

text: holds

text: a

text: week

text: long

text: winter

text: festival

text: Kuviasungnerk

text: Kangeiko

text: which

text: include

text: early

text: morning

text: exercise

text: routines

text: and

text: fitness

text: workshops

text: The

text: university

text: also

text: annually

text: holds

text: a

text: summer

text: carnival

text: and

text: concert

text: called

text: Summer

text: Breeze

text: that

text: hosts

text: outside

text: musicians

text: and

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: Doc

text: Films

text: a

text: student

text: film

text: society

text: founded

text: in

text: that

text: screens

text: films

text: nightly

text: at

text: the

text: university

text: Since

text: the

text: university

text: has

text: organized

text: the

text: Latke

text: Hamantash

text: Debate

text: which

text: involves

text: humorous

text: discussions

text: about

text: the

text: relative

text: merits

text: and

text: meanings

text: of

text: latkes

text: and

text: hamantashen

question: In what month is the university's scavenger hunt?

answer: May

text: May

answer: May

text: May

answer: May

text: May

question: In what year did the scavenger hunt begin?

answer: 1987

answer: 1987

answer: 1987

question: What does FOTA stand for?

answer: Festival of the Arts

text: Festival of the Arts

answer: Festival of the Arts

text: Festival of the Arts

answer: Festival of the Arts

text: Festival of the Arts

question: What is the name of the winter festival held in January that is based on fitness?

answer: Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko

text: Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko

answer: Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko

text: Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko

answer: Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko

text: Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko

question: What is the name of the university's summer festival?

answer: Summer Breeze

text: Summer Breeze

answer: Summer Breeze

text: Summer Breeze

answer: Summer Breeze

text: Summer Breeze

question: What has the university held since 1963 where large teams find items from a list?

text: University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt

question: What has been held since 1987, taking over the campus for 7-10 days with exhibitions?

text: Festival of the Arts

question: What is held ever February at the university?

text: week-long winter festival

question: What is the university's winter carnival and concert called?

text: Summer Breeze

question: Which debate has been organized by the U of C since 1987?

text: Latke-Hamantash Debate


text: Under the terms of the Scotland Act 1978, an elected assembly would be set up in Edinburgh provided that the majority of the Scottish electorate voted for it in a referendum to be held on 1 March 1979 that represented at least 40% of the total electorate. The 1979 Scottish devolution referendum to establish a devolved Scottish Assembly failed. Although the vote was 51.6% in favour of a Scottish Assembly, this figure did not equal the 40% of the total electorate threshold deemed necessary to pass the measure, as 32.9% of the eligible voting population did not, or had been unable to, vote.

title: Scottish_Parliament

title: Scottish_Parliament

text: Under

text: the

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: Scotland

text: Act

text: an

text: elected

text: assembly

text: would

text: be

text: set

text: up

text: in

text: Edinburgh

text: provided

text: that

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: Scottish

text: electorate

text: voted

text: for

text: it

text: in

text: a

text: referendum

text: to

text: be

text: held

text: on

text: March

text: that

text: represented

text: at

text: least

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: electorate

text: The

text: Scottish

text: devolution

text: referendum

text: to

text: establish

text: a

text: devolved

text: Scottish

text: Assembly

text: failed

text: Although

text: the

text: vote

text: was

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: a

text: Scottish

text: Assembly

text: this

text: figure

text: did

text: not

text: equal

text: the

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: electorate

text: threshold

text: deemed

text: necessary

text: to

text: pass

text: the

text: measure

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: eligible

text: voting

text: population

text: did

text: not

text: or

text: had

text: been

text: unable

text: to

text: vote

question: Where was an elected assembly to be set up, under the terms of the Scotland Act of 1978?

answer: Edinburgh

text: Edinburgh

answer: Edinburgh

text: Edinburgh

answer: Edinburgh

text: Edinburgh

question: How many of the Scottish electorate would need to for it on the referendum?

answer: majority

text: majority

answer: 40%

answer: at least 40%

text: at least 40%

question: How did trying to establish a devolved Scottish Assembly go in 1979?

answer: failed

text: failed

answer: failed

text: failed

answer: failed

text: failed

question: What percentage of the vote for a Scottish Assembly in favor of it?

answer: 51.6%

answer: 51.6%

answer: 51.6%

question: What percentage of Scotland's voting population failed to actually vote?

answer: 32.9%

answer: 32.9%

answer: 32.9%

question: 51.6% was not in favor of what?

text: a Scottish Assembly

question: Under the Scotland Act of 1988, what would be set up in Edinburgh?

text: elected assembly

question: The referendum to establish a devolved Scottish Assembly succeeded in what year?

question: What percentage of the non-eligible voting population did not vote?


text: Even though some proofs of complexity-theoretic theorems regularly assume some concrete choice of input encoding, one tries to keep the discussion abstract enough to be independent of the choice of encoding. This can be achieved by ensuring that different representations can be transformed into each other efficiently.

title: Computational_complexity_theory

title: Computational_complexity_theory

text: Even

text: though

text: some

text: proofs

text: of

text: complexity

text: theoretic

text: theorems

text: regularly

text: assume

text: some

text: concrete

text: choice

text: of

text: input

text: encoding

text: one

text: tries

text: to

text: keep

text: the

text: discussion

text: abstract

text: enough

text: to

text: be

text: independent

text: of

text: the

text: choice

text: of

text: encoding

text: This

text: can

text: be

text: achieved

text: by

text: ensuring

text: that

text: different

text: representations

text: can

text: be

text: transformed

text: into

text: each

text: other

text: efficiently

question: What is the concrete choice typically assumed by most complexity-theoretic theorems?

answer: input encoding

text: input encoding

answer: input encoding

text: input encoding

answer: input encoding

text: input encoding

question: In the effort of maintaining a level of abstraction, what choice is typically left independent?

answer: encoding

text: encoding

answer: encoding

text: encoding

answer: encoding

text: encoding

question: What can not be achieved by ensuring different representations can transformed into each other efficiently?

text: encoding

question: What is the abstract choice typically assumed by most complexity-theoretic theorems?

text: input encoding

question: What does not regularly use input coding as its concrete choice?

text: complexity-theoretic theorems

question: What choice is typically left dependent in an effort to maintain a level of abstraction?

text: encoding


text: Aristotle provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force as an integral part of Aristotelian cosmology. In Aristotle's view, the terrestrial sphere contained four elements that come to rest at different "natural places" therein. Aristotle believed that motionless objects on Earth, those composed mostly of the elements earth and water, to be in their natural place on the ground and that they will stay that way if left alone. He distinguished between the innate tendency of objects to find their "natural place" (e.g., for heavy bodies to fall), which led to "natural motion", and unnatural or forced motion, which required continued application of a force. This theory, based on the everyday experience of how objects move, such as the constant application of a force needed to keep a cart moving, had conceptual trouble accounting for the behavior of projectiles, such as the flight of arrows. The place where the archer moves the projectile was at the start of the flight, and while the projectile sailed through the air, no discernible efficient cause acts on it. Aristotle was aware of this problem and proposed that the air displaced through the projectile's path carries the projectile to its target. This explanation demands a continuum like air for change of place in general.

title: Force

title: Force

text: Aristotle

text: provided

text: a

text: philosophical

text: discussion

text: of

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: a

text: force

text: as

text: an

text: integral

text: part

text: of

text: Aristotelian

text: cosmology

text: In

text: Aristotle

text: 's

text: view

text: the

text: terrestrial

text: sphere

text: contained

text: four

text: elements

text: that

text: come

text: to

text: rest

text: at

text: different

text: natural

text: places

text: therein

text: Aristotle

text: believed

text: that

text: motionless

text: objects

text: on

text: Earth

text: those

text: composed

text: mostly

text: of

text: the

text: elements

text: earth

text: and

text: water

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: their

text: natural

text: place

text: on

text: the

text: ground

text: and

text: that

text: they

text: will

text: stay

text: that

text: way

text: if

text: left

text: alone

text: He

text: distinguished

text: between

text: the

text: innate

text: tendency

text: of

text: objects

text: to

text: find

text: their

text: natural

text: place

text: e.g.

text: for

text: heavy

text: bodies

text: to

text: fall

text: which

text: led

text: to

text: natural

text: motion

text: and

text: unnatural

text: or

text: forced

text: motion

text: which

text: required

text: continued

text: application

text: of

text: a

text: force

text: This

text: theory

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: everyday

text: experience

text: of

text: how

text: objects

text: move

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: constant

text: application

text: of

text: a

text: force

text: needed

text: to

text: keep

text: a

text: cart

text: moving

text: had

text: conceptual

text: trouble

text: accounting

text: for

text: the

text: behavior

text: of

text: projectiles

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: flight

text: of

text: arrows

text: The

text: place

text: where

text: the

text: archer

text: moves

text: the

text: projectile

text: was

text: at

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: flight

text: and

text: while

text: the

text: projectile

text: sailed

text: through

text: the

text: air

text: no

text: discernible

text: efficient

text: cause

text: acts

text: on

text: it

text: Aristotle

text: was

text: aware

text: of

text: this

text: problem

text: and

text: proposed

text: that

text: the

text: air

text: displaced

text: through

text: the

text: projectile

text: 's

text: path

text: carries

text: the

text: projectile

text: to

text: its

text: target

text: This

text: explanation

text: demands

text: a

text: continuum

text: like

text: air

text: for

text: change

text: of

text: place

text: in

text: general

question: Who provided a philosophical discussion of force?

answer: Aristotle

text: Aristotle

answer: Aristotle

text: Aristotle

answer: Aristotle

text: Aristotle

answer: Aristotle

text: Aristotle

answer: Aristotle

text: Aristotle

answer: Aristotle

text: Aristotle

question: What was the concept of force an integral part of?

answer: Aristotelian cosmology

text: Aristotelian cosmology

answer: Aristotelian cosmology

text: Aristotelian cosmology

answer: Aristotelian cosmology

text: Aristotelian cosmology

answer: Aristotelian cosmology

text: Aristotelian cosmology

answer: cosmology

text: cosmology

answer: Aristotelian cosmology

text: Aristotelian cosmology

question: How many elements did Aristotle believe the terrestrial sphere to be made up of?

answer: four

text: four

answer: four

text: four

answer: four

text: four

answer: four

text: four

answer: four

text: four

answer: four

text: four

question: Where did Aristotle believe the natural place for earth and water elements?

answer: on the ground

text: on the ground

answer: ground

text: ground

answer: heavy bodies to fall

text: heavy bodies to fall

answer: on the ground

text: on the ground

answer: on the ground

text: on the ground

answer: on the ground

text: on the ground

question: What did Aristotle refer to forced motion as?

answer: unnatural

text: unnatural

answer: unnatural

text: unnatural

answer: natural motion

text: natural motion

answer: unnatural

text: unnatural

answer: continued application of a force

text: continued application of a force

answer: unnatural

text: unnatural

question: Who provided a discussion on the concept of time as an integral part of Aristotelian cosmology?

text: Aristotle

question: In Galileo's view, the terrestrial sphere contained how many elements?

text: four

question: Aristotle believed that objects in motion on Earth would stay that way if what?

text: alone

question: Who proposed that water displaced through the projectile's path carries the projectile to its target?

text: Aristotle


text: Some forms of civil disobedience, such as illegal boycotts, refusals to pay taxes, draft dodging, distributed denial-of-service attacks, and sit-ins, make it more difficult for a system to function. In this way, they might be considered coercive. Brownlee notes that "although civil disobedients are constrained in their use of coercion by their conscientious aim to engage in moral dialogue, nevertheless they may find it necessary to employ limited coercion in order to get their issue onto the table." The Plowshares organization temporarily closed GCSB Waihopai by padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes.

title: Civil_disobedience

title: Civil_disobedience

text: Some

text: forms

text: of

text: civil

text: disobedience

text: such

text: as

text: illegal

text: boycotts

text: refusals

text: to

text: pay

text: taxes

text: draft

text: dodging

text: distributed

text: denial

text: of

text: service

text: attacks

text: and

text: sit

text: ins

text: make

text: it

text: more

text: difficult

text: for

text: a

text: system

text: to

text: function

text: In

text: this

text: way

text: they

text: might

text: be

text: considered

text: coercive

text: Brownlee

text: notes

text: that

text: although

text: civil

text: disobedients

text: are

text: constrained

text: in

text: their

text: use

text: of

text: coercion

text: by

text: their

text: conscientious

text: aim

text: to

text: engage

text: in

text: moral

text: dialogue

text: nevertheless

text: they

text: may

text: find

text: it

text: necessary

text: to

text: employ

text: limited

text: coercion

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: get

text: their

text: issue

text: onto

text: the

text: table

text: The

text: Plowshares

text: organization

text: temporarily

text: closed

text: GCSB

text: Waihopai

text: by

text: padlocking

text: the

text: gates

text: and

text: using

text: sickles

text: to

text: deflate

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: large

text: domes

text: covering

text: two

text: satellite

text: dishes

question: Boycotting, refusing to pay taxes, sit ins, and draft dodging all make what harder?

answer: system to function

text: system to function

answer: system to function

text: system to function

answer: for a system to function

text: for a system to function

answer: for a system to function

text: for a system to function

answer: for a system to function

text: for a system to function

question: Name one way the Plowshares organization temporarily close GCSB Waihopai?

answer: by padlocking the gates

text: by padlocking the gates

answer: padlocking the gates

text: padlocking the gates

answer: padlocking the gates

text: padlocking the gates

answer: padlocking the gates

text: padlocking the gates

answer: padlocking the gates

text: padlocking the gates

question: Name the other way that the Plowshares organization temporarily closed?

answer: using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes

text: using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes

answer: using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes

text: using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes

answer: using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes

text: using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes

answer: using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes

text: using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes

answer: using sickles to deflate one of the large domes

text: using sickles to deflate one of the large domes

question: Brownlee argues that sometimes people behave in what way to have their issue heard?

answer: limited coercion

text: limited coercion

answer: civil disobedience

text: civil disobedience

answer: employ limited coercion

text: employ limited coercion

answer: limited coercion

text: limited coercion

answer: employ limited coercion

text: employ limited coercion

question: When large groups of people all boycott a system or don't pay taxes it can be considered?

answer: coercive

text: coercive

answer: civil disobedience

text: civil disobedience

answer: coercive

text: coercive

answer: coercive

text: coercive

answer: civil disobedience

text: civil disobedience

question: What is a type of disobedience against the federal government?

answer: refusals to pay taxes

text: refusals to pay taxes

answer: civil disobedience

text: civil disobedience

answer: refusals to pay taxes

text: refusals to pay taxes

answer: refusals to pay taxes

text: refusals to pay taxes

answer: refusals to pay taxes

text: refusals to pay taxes

question: What side effect of these type of protests is unfortunate?

answer: coercion

text: coercion

answer: make it more difficult for a system to function

text: make it more difficult for a system to function

answer: make it more difficult for a system to function

text: make it more difficult for a system to function

answer: make it more difficult for a system to function

text: make it more difficult for a system to function

question: What goal do many of these protests have?

answer: engage in moral dialogue

text: engage in moral dialogue

answer: get their issue onto the table

text: get their issue onto the table

answer: get their issue onto the table

text: get their issue onto the table

answer: , make it more difficult for a system to function

text: , make it more difficult for a system to function

question: How can you protest against big companies in a non violent way?

answer: padlocking the gates

text: padlocking the gates

answer: illegal boycotts, refusals to pay taxes, draft dodging, distributed denial-of-service attacks, and sit-ins

text: illegal boycotts, refusals to pay taxes, draft dodging, distributed denial-of-service attacks, and sit-ins

answer: boycotts

text: boycotts

answer: illegal boycotts

text: illegal boycotts

answer: sit-ins

text: sit-ins

question: What did denial of service attacks make it harder for The Plowshares organization to do?

text: function

question: What is using moral dialogue considered when not following the law?

text: coercive

question: What action did Brownlee take against GCSB Waihopai that caused them to close temporarily?

question: What method does the government use to get their issue heard?

text: limited coercion

question: Why does the government restrain itself when engaging in disobedience?


text: The revocation forbade Protestant services, required education of children as Catholics, and prohibited emigration. It proved disastrous to the Huguenots and costly for France. It precipitated civil bloodshed, ruined commerce, and resulted in the illegal flight from the country of hundreds of thousands of Protestants, many of whom became intellectuals, doctors and business leaders in Britain as well as Holland, Prussia, and South Africa. Four thousand emigrated to the North American colonies, where they settled in New York and Virginia, especially. The English welcomed the French refugees, providing money from both government and private agencies to aid their relocation. Those Huguenots who stayed in France became Catholics and were called "new converts".

title: Huguenot

title: Huguenot

text: The

text: revocation

text: forbade

text: Protestant

text: services

text: required

text: education

text: of

text: children

text: as

text: Catholics

text: and

text: prohibited

text: emigration

text: It

text: proved

text: disastrous

text: to

text: the

text: Huguenots

text: and

text: costly

text: for

text: France

text: It

text: precipitated

text: civil

text: bloodshed

text: ruined

text: commerce

text: and

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: illegal

text: flight

text: from

text: the

text: country

text: of

text: hundreds

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: Protestants

text: many

text: of

text: whom

text: became

text: intellectuals

text: doctors

text: and

text: business

text: leaders

text: in

text: Britain

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Holland

text: Prussia

text: and

text: South

text: Africa

text: Four

text: thousand

text: emigrated

text: to

text: the

text: North

text: American

text: colonies

text: where

text: they

text: settled

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: Virginia

text: especially

text: The

text: English

text: welcomed

text: the

text: French

text: refugees

text: providing

text: money

text: from

text: both

text: government

text: and

text: private

text: agencies

text: to

text: aid

text: their

text: relocation

text: Those

text: Huguenots

text: who

text: stayed

text: in

text: France

text: became

text: Catholics

text: and

text: were

text: called

text: new

text: converts

question: What was required of Huguenot children after the Edict was revoked?

answer: education of children as Catholics

text: education of children as Catholics

answer: education of children as Catholics

text: education of children as Catholics

answer: required education of children as Catholics

text: required education of children as Catholics

question: How did the revocation restrict Huguenot travel?

answer: prohibited emigration

text: prohibited emigration

answer: prohibited emigration

text: prohibited emigration

answer: prohibited emigration

text: prohibited emigration

question: How many Huguenots emigrated to North America as colonists?

answer: Four thousand

text: Four thousand

answer: Four thousand

text: Four thousand

answer: Four thousand

text: Four thousand

question: What were Huguenots who stayed in France eventually known as?

answer: "new converts"

text: "new converts"

answer: "new converts"

text: "new converts"

answer: new converts

text: new converts

question: Besides Britain and North America, where else did Huguenot refugees settle?

answer: Holland, Prussia, and South Africa

text: Holland, Prussia, and South Africa

answer: Holland, Prussia, and South Africa

text: Holland, Prussia, and South Africa

answer: Britain as well as Holland, Prussia, and South Africa

text: Britain as well as Holland, Prussia, and South Africa

question: How many French people fled to Prussia?

text: Four thousand

question: Besides England who else were particularly welcoming to those fleeing France?

text: South Africa

question: What country was very well known for offering a Protestant education?

text: Holland

question: How many of those fleeing France went on to become doctors?

text: Four thousand

question: How many Huguenots chose to stay in France?

text: hundreds of thousands


text: In September 1958, Bank of America launched a new product called BankAmericard in Fresno. After a troubled gestation during which its creator resigned, BankAmericard went on to become the first successful credit card; that is, a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed cardholders to revolve a balance (earlier financial products could do one or the other but not both). In 1976, BankAmericard was renamed and spun off into a separate company known today as Visa Inc.

title: Fresno,_California

title: Fresno,_California

text: In

text: September

text: Bank

text: of

text: America

text: launched

text: a

text: new

text: product

text: called

text: BankAmericard

text: in

text: Fresno

text: After

text: a

text: troubled

text: gestation

text: during

text: which

text: its

text: creator

text: resigned

text: BankAmericard

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: first

text: successful

text: credit

text: card

text: that

text: is

text: a

text: financial

text: instrument

text: that

text: was

text: usable

text: across

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: merchants

text: and

text: also

text: allowed

text: cardholders

text: to

text: revolve

text: a

text: balance

text: earlier

text: financial

text: products

text: could

text: do

text: one

text: or

text: the

text: other

text: but

text: not

text: both

text: In

text: BankAmericard

text: was

text: renamed

text: and

text: spun

text: off

text: into

text: a

text: separate

text: company

text: known

text: today

text: as

text: Visa

text: Inc.

question: What new product did Bank of America introduce in 1958?

answer: BankAmericard

text: BankAmericard

answer: BankAmericard

text: BankAmericard

answer: BankAmericard

text: BankAmericard

question: What was the name of the first successful credit card?

answer: BankAmericard

text: BankAmericard

answer: BankAmericard

text: BankAmericard

answer: BankAmericard

text: BankAmericard

question: What did the BankAmericard allow customers do to that they couldn't do with previous financial instruments?

answer: to revolve a balance

text: to revolve a balance

answer: a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed cardholders to revolve a balance

text: a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed cardholders to revolve a balance

answer: revolve a balance

text: revolve a balance

question: In what year did BankAmericard change its name?

answer: 1976

answer: 1976

answer: 1976

question: What present-day company did BankAmericard turn into?

answer: Visa Inc.

text: Visa Inc.

answer: Visa Inc.

text: Visa Inc.

answer: Visa Inc.

text: Visa Inc.

question: What month did the BankAmericard creator resign?

text: September 1958

question: What was the original name of the BankAmericard?

text: Visa Inc.

question: The BankAmericard could be used across many merchants but could not do what?

text: revolve a balance

question: What year did the BankAmericard become successful?

question: Where is Visa Inc. located?

text: Fresno


text: The success of any pathogen depends on its ability to elude host immune responses. Therefore, pathogens evolved several methods that allow them to successfully infect a host, while evading detection or destruction by the immune system. Bacteria often overcome physical barriers by secreting enzymes that digest the barrier, for example, by using a type II secretion system. Alternatively, using a type III secretion system, they may insert a hollow tube into the host cell, providing a direct route for proteins to move from the pathogen to the host. These proteins are often used to shut down host defenses.

title: Immune_system

title: Immune_system

text: The

text: success

text: of

text: any

text: pathogen

text: depends

text: on

text: its

text: ability

text: to

text: elude

text: host

text: immune

text: responses

text: Therefore

text: pathogens

text: evolved

text: several

text: methods

text: that

text: allow

text: them

text: to

text: successfully

text: infect

text: a

text: host

text: while

text: evading

text: detection

text: or

text: destruction

text: by

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: Bacteria

text: often

text: overcome

text: physical

text: barriers

text: by

text: secreting

text: enzymes

text: that

text: digest

text: the

text: barrier

text: for

text: example

text: by

text: using

text: a

text: type

text: II

text: secretion

text: system

text: Alternatively

text: using

text: a

text: type

text: III

text: secretion

text: system

text: they

text: may

text: insert

text: a

text: hollow

text: tube

text: into

text: the

text: host

text: cell

text: providing

text: a

text: direct

text: route

text: for

text: proteins

text: to

text: move

text: from

text: the

text: pathogen

text: to

text: the

text: host

text: These

text: proteins

text: are

text: often

text: used

text: to

text: shut

text: down

text: host

text: defenses

question: Bacteria often secrete what kind of proteins to ingest a physical barrier?

answer: enzymes

text: enzymes

answer: enzymes

text: enzymes

answer: enzymes

text: enzymes

question: What kind of system of infection involves inserting a hollow tube into a host cell?

answer: type III secretion system

text: type III secretion system

answer: type III secretion system

text: type III secretion system

answer: type III secretion system

text: type III secretion system

question: In a type III secretion system, proteins are transported to the host cell in order to do what?

answer: shut down host defenses

text: shut down host defenses

answer: shut down host defenses

text: shut down host defenses

answer: shut down host defenses.

text: shut down host defenses.

question: The success of pathogens is predicated on their ability to do what?

answer: elude host immune responses

text: elude host immune responses

answer: elude host immune responses

text: elude host immune responses

answer: ability to elude host immune responses

text: ability to elude host immune responses

question: What does the failure of a pathogen depend on?

text: ability to elude host immune responses

question: How do viruses overcome physical barriers?

question: What do bacteria use to move proteins from the host to the pathogen?

text: a hollow tube

question: What are bacteria unable to secrete?

text: enzymes

question: What is used to shut down pathogen defenses?

text: proteins


text: A procedural consequence of the establishment of the Scottish Parliament is that Scottish MPs sitting in the UK House of Commons are able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland – whilst English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish Westminster MPs are unable to vote on the domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament. This phenomenon is known as the West Lothian question and has led to criticism. Following the Conservative victory in the 2015 UK election, standing orders of the House of Commons were changed to give MPs representing English constituencies a new "veto" over laws only affecting England.

title: Scottish_Parliament

title: Scottish_Parliament

text: A

text: procedural

text: consequence

text: of

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: is

text: that

text: Scottish

text: MPs

text: sitting

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: are

text: able

text: to

text: vote

text: on

text: domestic

text: legislation

text: that

text: applies

text: only

text: to

text: England

text: Wales

text: and

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: whilst

text: English

text: Scottish

text: Welsh

text: and

text: Northern

text: Irish

text: Westminster

text: MPs

text: are

text: unable

text: to

text: vote

text: on

text: the

text: domestic

text: legislation

text: of

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: This

text: phenomenon

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: West

text: Lothian

text: question

text: and

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: criticism

text: Following

text: the

text: Conservative

text: victory

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: election

text: standing

text: orders

text: of

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: were

text: changed

text: to

text: give

text: MPs

text: representing

text: English

text: constituencies

text: a

text: new

text: veto

text: over

text: laws

text: only

text: affecting

text: England

question: What consequence of establishing the Scottish Parliament applies to Scottish MPs sitting in the UK House of Commons?

answer: able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland

text: able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland

answer: able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland

text: able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland

answer: procedural consequence

text: procedural consequence

question: What are MPs unable to vote upon?

answer: domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament

text: domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament

answer: domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament.

text: domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament.

answer: domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament

text: domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament

question: What phenomenon has led to criticism?

answer: West Lothian question

text: West Lothian question

answer: West Lothian question

text: West Lothian question

answer: the West Lothian question

text: the West Lothian question

question: What party had a victory in the 2015 UK election?

answer: the Conservative

text: the Conservative

answer: Conservative

text: Conservative

answer: Conservative

text: Conservative

question: MPs representing English constituencies can only veto laws affecting which country?

answer: England

text: England

answer: England

text: England

answer: England

text: England

question: The West Lutheran question is known as what?

question: Following the Liberal victory in 2015, standing orders were changed to do what?

question: Who was victorious in the 2005 UK election?

text: Conservative

question: What question has not led to criticism?

text: the West Lothian question


text: An evasion strategy used by several pathogens to avoid the innate immune system is to hide within the cells of their host (also called intracellular pathogenesis). Here, a pathogen spends most of its life-cycle inside host cells, where it is shielded from direct contact with immune cells, antibodies and complement. Some examples of intracellular pathogens include viruses, the food poisoning bacterium Salmonella and the eukaryotic parasites that cause malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) and leishmaniasis (Leishmania spp.). Other bacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, live inside a protective capsule that prevents lysis by complement. Many pathogens secrete compounds that diminish or misdirect the host's immune response. Some bacteria form biofilms to protect themselves from the cells and proteins of the immune system. Such biofilms are present in many successful infections, e.g., the chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia infections characteristic of cystic fibrosis. Other bacteria generate surface proteins that bind to antibodies, rendering them ineffective; examples include Streptococcus (protein G), Staphylococcus aureus (protein A), and Peptostreptococcus magnus (protein L).

title: Immune_system

title: Immune_system

text: An

text: evasion

text: strategy

text: used

text: by

text: several

text: pathogens

text: to

text: avoid

text: the

text: innate

text: immune

text: system

text: is

text: to

text: hide

text: within

text: the

text: cells

text: of

text: their

text: host

text: also

text: called

text: intracellular

text: pathogenesis

text: Here

text: a

text: pathogen

text: spends

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: life

text: cycle

text: inside

text: host

text: cells

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: shielded

text: from

text: direct

text: contact

text: with

text: immune

text: cells

text: antibodies

text: and

text: complement

text: Some

text: examples

text: of

text: intracellular

text: pathogens

text: include

text: viruses

text: the

text: food

text: poisoning

text: bacterium

text: Salmonella

text: and

text: the

text: eukaryotic

text: parasites

text: that

text: cause

text: malaria

text: Plasmodium

text: falciparum

text: and

text: leishmaniasis

text: Leishmania

text: spp

text: Other

text: bacteria

text: such

text: as

text: Mycobacterium

text: tuberculosis

text: live

text: inside

text: a

text: protective

text: capsule

text: that

text: prevents

text: lysis

text: by

text: complement

text: Many

text: pathogens

text: secrete

text: compounds

text: that

text: diminish

text: or

text: misdirect

text: the

text: host

text: 's

text: immune

text: response

text: Some

text: bacteria

text: form

text: biofilms

text: to

text: protect

text: themselves

text: from

text: the

text: cells

text: and

text: proteins

text: of

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: Such

text: biofilms

text: are

text: present

text: in

text: many

text: successful

text: infections

text: e.g.

text: the

text: chronic

text: Pseudomonas

text: aeruginosa

text: and

text: Burkholderia

text: cenocepacia

text: infections

text: characteristic

text: of

text: cystic

text: fibrosis

text: Other

text: bacteria

text: generate

text: surface

text: proteins

text: that

text: bind

text: to

text: antibodies

text: rendering

text: them

text: ineffective

text: examples

text: include

text: Streptococcus

text: protein

text: G

text: Staphylococcus

text: aureus

text: protein

text: A

text: and

text: Peptostreptococcus

text: magnus

text: protein

text: L

question: What is the process by which pathogens evade the immune system by hiding inside the host cells called?

answer: intracellular pathogenesis

text: intracellular pathogenesis

answer: intracellular pathogenesis

text: intracellular pathogenesis

answer: intracellular pathogenesis

text: intracellular pathogenesis

question: What food bacteria is an example of intracellular pathogenesis?

answer: Salmonella

text: Salmonella

answer: Salmonella

text: Salmonella

answer: Salmonella

text: Salmonella

question: What is the eukaryotic parasite responsible for malaria known as?

answer: Plasmodium falciparum

text: Plasmodium falciparum

answer: Plasmodium falciparum

text: Plasmodium falciparum

answer: Plasmodium falciparum

text: Plasmodium falciparum

question: What bacteria lives inside a protective capsule that serves to prevent cell lysis?

answer: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

text: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

answer: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

text: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

answer: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

text: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

question: What protein does Staphylococcus aureus produce to make antibodies ineffective?

answer: protein A

text: protein A

answer: G

text: G

answer: Streptococcus (protein G)

text: Streptococcus (protein G)

question: What strategy is used by pathogens to encounter the innate immune system?

text: hide within the cells of their host

question: What is it called when a pathogen spends most of its lifecycle outside of host cells?

text: intracellular pathogenesis

question: Where does a pathogen come in direct contact with immune cells, antibodies and complement?

text: inside host cells

question: What secretes pathogens that enhance the host's immune response?

text: pathogens

question: What do bacterial surface proteins not bind to?

text: antibodies


text: Overactive immune responses comprise the other end of immune dysfunction, particularly the autoimmune disorders. Here, the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self, and attacks part of the body. Under normal circumstances, many T cells and antibodies react with "self" peptides. One of the functions of specialized cells (located in the thymus and bone marrow) is to present young lymphocytes with self antigens produced throughout the body and to eliminate those cells that recognize self-antigens, preventing autoimmunity.

title: Immune_system

title: Immune_system

text: Overactive

text: immune

text: responses

text: comprise

text: the

text: other

text: end

text: of

text: immune

text: dysfunction

text: particularly

text: the

text: autoimmune

text: disorders

text: Here

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: fails

text: to

text: properly

text: distinguish

text: between

text: self

text: and

text: non

text: self

text: and

text: attacks

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Under

text: normal

text: circumstances

text: many

text: T

text: cells

text: and

text: antibodies

text: react

text: with

text: self

text: peptides

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: functions

text: of

text: specialized

text: cells

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: thymus

text: and

text: bone

text: marrow

text: is

text: to

text: present

text: young

text: lymphocytes

text: with

text: self

text: antigens

text: produced

text: throughout

text: the

text: body

text: and

text: to

text: eliminate

text: those

text: cells

text: that

text: recognize

text: self

text: antigens

text: preventing

text: autoimmunity

question: What kind of disorders are the result of an overactive immune response?

answer: autoimmune disorders

text: autoimmune disorders

answer: autoimmune

text: autoimmune

answer: autoimmune disorders

text: autoimmune disorders

question: In autoimmune disorders, the immune system doesn't distinguish between what types of cells?

answer: self and non-self

text: self and non-self

answer: self and non-self

text: self and non-self

answer: self and non-self

text: self and non-self

question: Where are the specialized cells that eliminate cells that recognize self-antigens located?

answer: thymus and bone marrow

text: thymus and bone marrow

answer: thymus and bone marrow

text: thymus and bone marrow

answer: thymus and bone marrow

text: thymus and bone marrow

question: Under normal conditions, T cells and antibodies produce what kind of peptides?

answer: "self" peptides

text: "self" peptides

answer: self

text: self

answer: self" peptides

text: self" peptides

question: What disorder causes the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self?

text: Overactive immune responses

question: What cell never reacts with self peptides?

text: T cells

question: What is the function of specialize cells located in the brain?

question: What cells are not eliminated by the immune system?

text: cells that recognize self-antigens

question: Where are specialized cells not located?

text: thymus and bone marrow