text: Imperialism and colonialism both dictate the political and economic advantage over a land and the indigenous populations they control, yet scholars sometimes find it difficult to illustrate the difference between the two. Although imperialism and colonialism focus on the suppression of an other, if colonialism refers to the process of a country taking physical control of another, imperialism refers to the political and monetary dominance, either formally or informally. Colonialism is seen to be the architect deciding how to start dominating areas and then imperialism can be seen as creating the idea behind conquest cooperating with colonialism. Colonialism is when the imperial nation begins a conquest over an area and then eventually is able to rule over the areas the previous nation had controlled. Colonialism's core meaning is the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered and the conquering nation then gaining the benefits from the spoils of the war. The meaning of imperialism is to create an empire, by conquering the other state's lands and therefore increasing its own dominance. Colonialism is the builder and preserver of the colonial possessions in an area by a population coming from a foreign region. Colonialism can completely change the existing social structure, physical structure and economics of an area; it is not unusual that the characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by the conquered indigenous populations.

title: Imperialism

title: Imperialism

text: Imperialism

text: and

text: colonialism

text: both

text: dictate

text: the

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: advantage

text: over

text: a

text: land

text: and

text: the

text: indigenous

text: populations

text: they

text: control

text: yet

text: scholars

text: sometimes

text: find

text: it

text: difficult

text: to

text: illustrate

text: the

text: difference

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: Although

text: imperialism

text: and

text: colonialism

text: focus

text: on

text: the

text: suppression

text: of

text: an

text: other

text: if

text: colonialism

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: a

text: country

text: taking

text: physical

text: control

text: of

text: another

text: imperialism

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: political

text: and

text: monetary

text: dominance

text: either

text: formally

text: or

text: informally

text: Colonialism

text: is

text: seen

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: architect

text: deciding

text: how

text: to

text: start

text: dominating

text: areas

text: and

text: then

text: imperialism

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: as

text: creating

text: the

text: idea

text: behind

text: conquest

text: cooperating

text: with

text: colonialism

text: Colonialism

text: is

text: when

text: the

text: imperial

text: nation

text: begins

text: a

text: conquest

text: over

text: an

text: area

text: and

text: then

text: eventually

text: is

text: able

text: to

text: rule

text: over

text: the

text: areas

text: the

text: previous

text: nation

text: had

text: controlled

text: Colonialism

text: 's

text: core

text: meaning

text: is

text: the

text: exploitation

text: of

text: the

text: valuable

text: assets

text: and

text: supplies

text: of

text: the

text: nation

text: that

text: was

text: conquered

text: and

text: the

text: conquering

text: nation

text: then

text: gaining

text: the

text: benefits

text: from

text: the

text: spoils

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: The

text: meaning

text: of

text: imperialism

text: is

text: to

text: create

text: an

text: empire

text: by

text: conquering

text: the

text: other

text: state

text: 's

text: lands

text: and

text: therefore

text: increasing

text: its

text: own

text: dominance

text: Colonialism

text: is

text: the

text: builder

text: and

text: preserver

text: of

text: the

text: colonial

text: possessions

text: in

text: an

text: area

text: by

text: a

text: population

text: coming

text: from

text: a

text: foreign

text: region

text: Colonialism

text: can

text: completely

text: change

text: the

text: existing

text: social

text: structure

text: physical

text: structure

text: and

text: economics

text: of

text: an

text: area

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: unusual

text: that

text: the

text: characteristics

text: of

text: the

text: conquering

text: peoples

text: are

text: inherited

text: by

text: the

text: conquered

text: indigenous

text: populations

question: Political advantage is an attribute of which state policies?

answer: Imperialism and colonialism

text: Imperialism and colonialism

answer: Imperialism and colonialism

text: Imperialism and colonialism

answer: Imperialism and colonialism

text: Imperialism and colonialism

answer: Imperialism and colonialism

text: Imperialism and colonialism

question: Colonialism often means a country doing what?

answer: taking physical control of another

text: taking physical control of another

answer: a conquest over an area

text: a conquest over an area

answer: the process of a country taking physical control of another

text: the process of a country taking physical control of another

answer: dominating areas

text: dominating areas

answer: country taking physical control of another

text: country taking physical control of another

question: How would one create an empire by means of Imperialism?

answer: conquering the other state's lands

text: conquering the other state's lands

answer: conquering the other state's lands and therefore increasing its own dominance

text: conquering the other state's lands and therefore increasing its own dominance

answer: by conquering the other state's lands

text: by conquering the other state's lands

answer: political and monetary dominance

text: political and monetary dominance

question: what do conquering people pass down to native populations?

answer: characteristics

text: characteristics

answer: characteristics of the conquering peoples

text: characteristics of the conquering peoples

answer: characteristics of the conquering peoples

text: characteristics of the conquering peoples

answer: the characteristics of the conquering peoples

text: the characteristics of the conquering peoples

answer: characteristics

text: characteristics

question: What is colonialism's core meaning?

answer: exploitation

text: exploitation

answer: the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies

text: the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies

answer: the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered

text: the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered

answer: exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered and the conquering nation then gaining the benefits

text: exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered and the conquering nation then gaining the benefits

answer: exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered

text: exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered

question: Political disadvantage is an attribute of which state policies?

text: imperialism and colonialism

question: Colonialism never means a country doing what?

text: taking physical control of another

question: How would one create an empire by means of non-Imperialism?

text: conquering the other state's lands

question: what do conquering people take away from native populations?

text: characteristics

question: What is colonialism's antithesis?

text: exploitation


text: Warsaw's name in the Polish language is Warszawa, approximately /vɑːrˈʃɑːvə/ (also formerly spelled Warszewa and Warszowa), meaning "belonging to Warsz", Warsz being a shortened form of the masculine name of Slavic origin Warcisław; see also etymology of Wrocław. Folk etymology attributes the city name to a fisherman, Wars, and his wife, Sawa. According to legend, Sawa was a mermaid living in the Vistula River with whom Wars fell in love. In actuality, Warsz was a 12th/13th-century nobleman who owned a village located at the modern-day site of Mariensztat neighbourhood. See also the Vršovci family which had escaped to Poland. The official city name in full is miasto stołeczne Warszawa (English: "The Capital City of Warsaw"). A native or resident of Warsaw is known as a Varsovian – in Polish warszawiak (male), warszawianka (female), warszawiacy (plural).

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: Warsaw

text: 's

text: name

text: in

text: the

text: Polish

text: language

text: is

text: Warszawa

text: approximately

text: /vɑːrˈʃɑːvə/

text: also

text: formerly

text: spelled

text: Warszewa

text: and

text: Warszowa

text: meaning

text: belonging

text: to

text: Warsz

text: Warsz

text: being

text: a

text: shortened

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: masculine

text: name

text: of

text: Slavic

text: origin

text: Warcisław

text: see

text: also

text: etymology

text: of

text: Wrocław

text: Folk

text: etymology

text: attributes

text: the

text: city

text: name

text: to

text: a

text: fisherman

text: Wars

text: and

text: his

text: wife

text: Sawa

text: According

text: to

text: legend

text: Sawa

text: was

text: a

text: mermaid

text: living

text: in

text: the

text: Vistula

text: River

text: with

text: whom

text: Wars

text: fell

text: in

text: love

text: In

text: actuality

text: Warsz

text: was

text: a

text: century

text: nobleman

text: who

text: owned

text: a

text: village

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: modern

text: day

text: site

text: of

text: Mariensztat

text: neighbourhood

text: See

text: also

text: the

text: Vršovci

text: family

text: which

text: had

text: escaped

text: to

text: Poland

text: The

text: official

text: city

text: name

text: in

text: full

text: is

text: miasto

text: stołeczne

text: Warszawa

text: English

text: The

text: Capital

text: City

text: of

text: Warsaw

text: A

text: native

text: or

text: resident

text: of

text: Warsaw

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: a

text: Varsovian

text: in

text: Polish

text: warszawiak

text: male

text: warszawianka

text: female

text: warszawiacy

text: plural

question: What is Warsaw's name in the Polish language?

answer: Warszawa

text: Warszawa

answer: Warszawa

text: Warszawa

answer: Warszawa

text: Warszawa

question: What does Warszawa mean in Polish?

answer: belonging to Warsz

text: belonging to Warsz

answer: belonging to Warsz

text: belonging to Warsz

answer: belonging to Warsz

text: belonging to Warsz

question: Who was Warsz?

answer: 12th/13th-century nobleman

text: 12th/13th-century nobleman

answer: shortened form of the masculine name of Slavic origin Warcisław

text: shortened form of the masculine name of Slavic origin Warcisław

answer: nobleman

text: nobleman

question: What did Warsz own?

answer: a village

text: a village

answer: village

text: village

question: What is the full official city name of Warsaw?

answer: miasto stołeczne Warszawa

text: miasto stołeczne Warszawa

answer: miasto stołeczne Warszawa

text: miasto stołeczne Warszawa

answer: miasto stołeczne Warszawa

text: miasto stołeczne Warszawa

question: What is Warsaw's name in the Vrisovci language?

text: Warszawa

question: What does Vriscovci mean in Polish?

text: belonging to Warsz

question: Who was Vrisovci?

text: 12th/13th-century nobleman

question: What did Vrisovci own?

text: a village

question: What is the full official city name of Miasto?

text: miasto stołeczne Warszawa


text: In regard to companies, the Court of Justice held in R (Daily Mail and General Trust plc) v HM Treasury that member states could restrict a company moving its seat of business, without infringing TFEU article 49. This meant the Daily Mail newspaper's parent company could not evade tax by shifting its residence to the Netherlands without first settling its tax bills in the UK. The UK did not need to justify its action, as rules on company seats were not yet harmonised. By contrast, in Centros Ltd v Erhversus-og Selkabssyrelsen the Court of Justice found that a UK limited company operating in Denmark could not be required to comply with Denmark's minimum share capital rules. UK law only required £1 of capital to start a company, while Denmark's legislature took the view companies should only be started up if they had 200,000 Danish krone (around €27,000) to protect creditors if the company failed and went insolvent. The Court of Justice held that Denmark's minimum capital law infringed Centros Ltd's freedom of establishment and could not be justified, because a company in the UK could admittedly provide services in Denmark without being established there, and there were less restrictive means of achieving the aim of creditor protection. This approach was criticised as potentially opening the EU to unjustified regulatory competition, and a race to the bottom in standards, like in the US where the state Delaware attracts most companies and is often argued to have the worst standards of accountability of boards, and low corporate taxes as a result. Similarly in Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH the Court of Justice held that a German court could not deny a Dutch building company the right to enforce a contract in Germany on the basis that it was not validly incorporated in Germany. Although restrictions on freedom of establishment could be justified by creditor protection, labour rights to participate in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes, denial of capacity went too far: it was an "outright negation" of the right of establishment. However, in Cartesio Oktató és Szolgáltató bt the Court of Justice affirmed again that because corporations are created by law, they are in principle subject to any rules for formation that a state of incorporation wishes to impose. This meant that the Hungarian authorities could prevent a company from shifting its central administration to Italy while it still operated and was incorporated in Hungary. Thus, the court draws a distinction between the right of establishment for foreign companies (where restrictions must be justified), and the right of the state to determine conditions for companies incorporated in its territory, although it is not entirely clear why.

title: European_Union_law

title: European_Union_law

text: In

text: regard

text: to

text: companies

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: held

text: in

text: R

text: Daily

text: Mail

text: and

text: General

text: Trust

text: plc

text: v

text: HM

text: Treasury

text: that

text: member

text: states

text: could

text: restrict

text: a

text: company

text: moving

text: its

text: seat

text: of

text: business

text: without

text: infringing

text: TFEU

text: article

text: This

text: meant

text: the

text: Daily

text: Mail

text: newspaper

text: 's

text: parent

text: company

text: could

text: not

text: evade

text: tax

text: by

text: shifting

text: its

text: residence

text: to

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: without

text: first

text: settling

text: its

text: tax

text: bills

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: The

text: UK

text: did

text: not

text: need

text: to

text: justify

text: its

text: action

text: as

text: rules

text: on

text: company

text: seats

text: were

text: not

text: yet

text: harmonised

text: By

text: contrast

text: in

text: Centros

text: Ltd

text: v

text: Erhversus

text: og

text: Selkabssyrelsen

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: found

text: that

text: a

text: UK

text: limited

text: company

text: operating

text: in

text: Denmark

text: could

text: not

text: be

text: required

text: to

text: comply

text: with

text: Denmark

text: 's

text: minimum

text: share

text: capital

text: rules

text: UK

text: law

text: only

text: required

text: of

text: capital

text: to

text: start

text: a

text: company

text: while

text: Denmark

text: 's

text: legislature

text: took

text: the

text: view

text: companies

text: should

text: only

text: be

text: started

text: up

text: if

text: they

text: had

text: Danish

text: krone

text: around

text: to

text: protect

text: creditors

text: if

text: the

text: company

text: failed

text: and

text: went

text: insolvent

text: The

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: held

text: that

text: Denmark

text: 's

text: minimum

text: capital

text: law

text: infringed

text: Centros

text: Ltd

text: 's

text: freedom

text: of

text: establishment

text: and

text: could

text: not

text: be

text: justified

text: because

text: a

text: company

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: could

text: admittedly

text: provide

text: services

text: in

text: Denmark

text: without

text: being

text: established

text: there

text: and

text: there

text: were

text: less

text: restrictive

text: means

text: of

text: achieving

text: the

text: aim

text: of

text: creditor

text: protection

text: This

text: approach

text: was

text: criticised

text: as

text: potentially

text: opening

text: the

text: EU

text: to

text: unjustified

text: regulatory

text: competition

text: and

text: a

text: race

text: to

text: the

text: bottom

text: in

text: standards

text: like

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: where

text: the

text: state

text: Delaware

text: attracts

text: most

text: companies

text: and

text: is

text: often

text: argued

text: to

text: have

text: the

text: worst

text: standards

text: of

text: accountability

text: of

text: boards

text: and

text: low

text: corporate

text: taxes

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: Similarly

text: in

text: Überseering

text: BV

text: v

text: Nordic

text: Construction

text: GmbH

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: held

text: that

text: a

text: German

text: court

text: could

text: not

text: deny

text: a

text: Dutch

text: building

text: company

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: enforce

text: a

text: contract

text: in

text: Germany

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: validly

text: incorporated

text: in

text: Germany

text: Although

text: restrictions

text: on

text: freedom

text: of

text: establishment

text: could

text: be

text: justified

text: by

text: creditor

text: protection

text: labour

text: rights

text: to

text: participate

text: in

text: work

text: or

text: the

text: public

text: interest

text: in

text: collecting

text: taxes

text: denial

text: of

text: capacity

text: went

text: too

text: far

text: it

text: was

text: an

text: outright

text: negation

text: of

text: the

text: right

text: of

text: establishment

text: However

text: in

text: Cartesio

text: Oktató

text: és

text: Szolgáltató

text: bt

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: affirmed

text: again

text: that

text: because

text: corporations

text: are

text: created

text: by

text: law

text: they

text: are

text: in

text: principle

text: subject

text: to

text: any

text: rules

text: for

text: formation

text: that

text: a

text: state

text: of

text: incorporation

text: wishes

text: to

text: impose

text: This

text: meant

text: that

text: the

text: Hungarian

text: authorities

text: could

text: prevent

text: a

text: company

text: from

text: shifting

text: its

text: central

text: administration

text: to

text: Italy

text: while

text: it

text: still

text: operated

text: and

text: was

text: incorporated

text: in

text: Hungary

text: Thus

text: the

text: court

text: draws

text: a

text: distinction

text: between

text: the

text: right

text: of

text: establishment

text: for

text: foreign

text: companies

text: where

text: restrictions

text: must

text: be

text: justified

text: and

text: the

text: right

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: to

text: determine

text: conditions

text: for

text: companies

text: incorporated

text: in

text: its

text: territory

text: although

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: entirely

text: clear

text: why

question: Which newspaper's parent company could not evade tax by shifting its residence to the Netherlands?

answer: the Daily Mail

text: the Daily Mail

answer: the Daily Mail

text: the Daily Mail

answer: Daily Mail

text: Daily Mail

question: How much capital did UK law require to start a company?

answer: £1

text: £1

answer: £1

text: £1

answer: £1

text: £1

question: How much capital did Danish law require to start a company?

answer: 200,000 Danish krone

text: 200,000 Danish krone

answer: 200,000 Danish krone

text: 200,000 Danish krone

answer: 200,000 Danish krone

text: 200,000 Danish krone

question: What could justify restrictions on freedom of establishment?

answer: creditor protection, labour rights to participate in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes

text: creditor protection, labour rights to participate in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes

answer: creditor protection, labour rights to participate in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes

text: creditor protection, labour rights to participate in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes

answer: Denmark's minimum capital law

text: Denmark's minimum capital law

question: In which case did the Court of Justice hold that a German court couldn't deny a Dutch building company the right to enforce a contract based in Germany?

answer: Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH

text: Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH

answer: Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH

text: Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH

answer: Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH

text: Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH

question: Who riled that member stated could not restrict a company from moving its seat of business without infringing TFEU article 49?

text: Court of Justice

question: Who could evade taxes by shifting its resident to the Netherlands?

text: Daily Mail newspaper's parent company

question: Why did the UK have to justify its actions?

question: How much capital did the UK not require to start a company?

text: £1

question: How much did Denmark not require to start a company?

text: 200,000 Danish krone


text: For a long time, number theory in general, and the study of prime numbers in particular, was seen as the canonical example of pure mathematics, with no applications outside of the self-interest of studying the topic with the exception of use of prime numbered gear teeth to distribute wear evenly. In particular, number theorists such as British mathematician G. H. Hardy prided themselves on doing work that had absolutely no military significance. However, this vision was shattered in the 1970s, when it was publicly announced that prime numbers could be used as the basis for the creation of public key cryptography algorithms. Prime numbers are also used for hash tables and pseudorandom number generators.

title: Prime_number

title: Prime_number

text: For

text: a

text: long

text: time

text: number

text: theory

text: in

text: general

text: and

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: prime

text: numbers

text: in

text: particular

text: was

text: seen

text: as

text: the

text: canonical

text: example

text: of

text: pure

text: mathematics

text: with

text: no

text: applications

text: outside

text: of

text: the

text: self

text: interest

text: of

text: studying

text: the

text: topic

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: use

text: of

text: prime

text: numbered

text: gear

text: teeth

text: to

text: distribute

text: wear

text: evenly

text: In

text: particular

text: number

text: theorists

text: such

text: as

text: British

text: mathematician

text: G.

text: H.

text: Hardy

text: prided

text: themselves

text: on

text: doing

text: work

text: that

text: had

text: absolutely

text: no

text: military

text: significance

text: However

text: this

text: vision

text: was

text: shattered

text: in

text: the

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: publicly

text: announced

text: that

text: prime

text: numbers

text: could

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: public

text: key

text: cryptography

text: algorithms

text: Prime

text: numbers

text: are

text: also

text: used

text: for

text: hash

text: tables

text: and

text: pseudorandom

text: number

text: generators

question: Besides the study of prime numbers, what general theory was considered the official example of pure mathematics?

answer: number theory

text: number theory

answer: number theory

text: number theory

answer: number theory

text: number theory

answer: number theory

text: number theory

question: What British mathematician took pride in doing work that he felt had no military benefit?

answer: G. H. Hardy

text: G. H. Hardy

answer: G. H. Hardy

text: G. H. Hardy

answer: G. H. Hardy

text: G. H. Hardy

answer: G. H. Hardy

text: G. H. Hardy

question: When was it discovered that prime numbers could applied to the creation of public key cryptography algorithms?

answer: the 1970s

text: the 1970s

answer: 1970s

answer: 1970s

answer: 1970s

question: Besides public key cryptography, what is another application for prime numbers?

answer: hash tables

text: hash tables

answer: hash tables

text: hash tables

answer: hash tables and pseudorandom number generators

text: hash tables and pseudorandom number generators

answer: hash tables and pseudorandom number generators

text: hash tables and pseudorandom number generators

question: What type of number generators make use of prime numbers?

answer: pseudorandom number generators

text: pseudorandom number generators

answer: pseudorandom

text: pseudorandom

answer: pseudorandom

text: pseudorandom

answer: pseudorandom

text: pseudorandom

question: Besides the study of prime numbers, what general theory was considered the official example of the military?

text: number theory

question: What British mathematician took pride in doing work that he felt had no mathematical benefit?

text: G. H. Hardy

question: When was it discovered that prime numbers could be applied to the creation of public key military algorithms?

text: the 1970s

question: Besides public key cryptography what is another application for military gear?

text: hash tables

question: What type of number generators make use of military gear?

text: pseudorandom number generators


text: University of Chicago scholars have played a major role in the development of various academic disciplines, including: the Chicago school of economics, the Chicago school of sociology, the law and economics movement in legal analysis, the Chicago school of literary criticism, the Chicago school of religion, and the behavioralism school of political science. Chicago's physics department helped develop the world's first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction beneath the university's Stagg Field. Chicago's research pursuits have been aided by unique affiliations with world-renowned institutions like the nearby Fermilab and Argonne National Laboratory, as well as the Marine Biological Laboratory. The university is also home to the University of Chicago Press, the largest university press in the United States. With an estimated completion date of 2020, the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be housed at the university and include both the Obama presidential library and offices of the Obama Foundation.

title: University_of_Chicago

title: University_of_Chicago

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: scholars

text: have

text: played

text: a

text: major

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: various

text: academic

text: disciplines

text: including

text: the

text: Chicago

text: school

text: of

text: economics

text: the

text: Chicago

text: school

text: of

text: sociology

text: the

text: law

text: and

text: economics

text: movement

text: in

text: legal

text: analysis

text: the

text: Chicago

text: school

text: of

text: literary

text: criticism

text: the

text: Chicago

text: school

text: of

text: religion

text: and

text: the

text: behavioralism

text: school

text: of

text: political

text: science

text: Chicago

text: 's

text: physics

text: department

text: helped

text: develop

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: first

text: man

text: made

text: self

text: sustaining

text: nuclear

text: reaction

text: beneath

text: the

text: university

text: 's

text: Stagg

text: Field

text: Chicago

text: 's

text: research

text: pursuits

text: have

text: been

text: aided

text: by

text: unique

text: affiliations

text: with

text: world

text: renowned

text: institutions

text: like

text: the

text: nearby

text: Fermilab

text: and

text: Argonne

text: National

text: Laboratory

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Marine

text: Biological

text: Laboratory

text: The

text: university

text: is

text: also

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: Press

text: the

text: largest

text: university

text: press

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: With

text: an

text: estimated

text: completion

text: date

text: of

text: the

text: Barack

text: Obama

text: Presidential

text: Center

text: will

text: be

text: housed

text: at

text: the

text: university

text: and

text: include

text: both

text: the

text: Obama

text: presidential

text: library

text: and

text: offices

text: of

text: the

text: Obama

text: Foundation

question: University of Chicago scholars played a major part in what development?

answer: various academic disciplines

text: various academic disciplines

answer: various academic disciplines

text: various academic disciplines

answer: the world's first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction

text: the world's first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction

answer: the world's first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction

text: the world's first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction

question: Who helped develop the first man-made self-sustaining nuclear reaction?

answer: Chicago's physics department

text: Chicago's physics department

answer: Chicago's physics department

text: Chicago's physics department

answer: Chicago's physics department

text: Chicago's physics department

answer: Chicago's physics department

text: Chicago's physics department

question: Where is the first man-made self-sustaining nuclear reaction located?

answer: beneath the university's Stagg Field

text: beneath the university's Stagg Field

answer: Stagg Field

text: Stagg Field

answer: beneath the university's Stagg Field

text: beneath the university's Stagg Field

answer: beneath the university's Stagg Field

text: beneath the university's Stagg Field

question: What is the name of the largest university press in the U.S?

answer: University of Chicago Press

text: University of Chicago Press

answer: University of Chicago Press

text: University of Chicago Press

answer: University of Chicago Press

text: University of Chicago Press

answer: University of Chicago Press

text: University of Chicago Press

question: In what year will the Barack Obama Presidential Center be finished?

answer: 2020

answer: 2020

answer: 2020

answer: 2020

question: What development has the University of Biological Physics played a lead role in?

text: various academic disciplines

question: What world's first did the religion department help to develop?

text: nuclear reaction

question: Under which field did the world's first synthetically produced nuclear reaction occur?

text: Stagg Field

question: What is the name of the smallest university press in the US?

text: University of Chicago Press

question: The Stagg Presidential Center is set to be finished in what year?


text: Private schools generally prefer to be called independent schools, because of their freedom to operate outside of government and local government control. Some of these are also known as public schools. Preparatory schools in the UK prepare pupils aged up to 13 years old to enter public schools. The name "public school" is based on the fact that the schools were open to pupils from anywhere, and not merely to those from a certain locality, and of any religion or occupation. According to The Good Schools Guide approximately 9 per cent of children being educated in the UK are doing so at fee-paying schools at GSCE level and 13 per cent at A-level.[citation needed] Many independent schools are single-sex (though this is becoming less common). Fees range from under £3,000 to £21,000 and above per year for day pupils, rising to £27,000+ per year for boarders. For details in Scotland, see "Meeting the Cost".

title: Private_school

title: Private_school

text: Private

text: schools

text: generally

text: prefer

text: to

text: be

text: called

text: independent

text: schools

text: because

text: of

text: their

text: freedom

text: to

text: operate

text: outside

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: local

text: government

text: control

text: Some

text: of

text: these

text: are

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: public

text: schools

text: Preparatory

text: schools

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: prepare

text: pupils

text: aged

text: up

text: to

text: years

text: old

text: to

text: enter

text: public

text: schools

text: The

text: name

text: public

text: school

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: the

text: schools

text: were

text: open

text: to

text: pupils

text: from

text: anywhere

text: and

text: not

text: merely

text: to

text: those

text: from

text: a

text: certain

text: locality

text: and

text: of

text: any

text: religion

text: or

text: occupation

text: According

text: to

text: The

text: Good

text: Schools

text: Guide

text: approximately

text: per

text: cent

text: of

text: children

text: being

text: educated

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: are

text: doing

text: so

text: at

text: fee

text: paying

text: schools

text: at

text: GSCE

text: level

text: and

text: per

text: cent

text: at

text: A

text: level.[citation

text: needed

text: Many

text: independent

text: schools

text: are

text: single

text: sex

text: though

text: this

text: is

text: becoming

text: less

text: common

text: Fees

text: range

text: from

text: under

text: to

text: and

text: above

text: per

text: year

text: for

text: day

text: pupils

text: rising

text: to

text: per

text: year

text: for

text: boarders

text: For

text: details

text: in

text: Scotland

text: see

text: Meeting

text: the

text: Cost

question: Up to what age do students in the United Kingdom attend preparatory schools?

answer: 13

answer: 13

answer: 13

question: What schools do preparatory schools prepare British children to attend?

answer: public

text: public

answer: public

text: public

answer: public

text: public

question: What percentage of British children are educated at GSCE level in fee-paying schools?

answer: 9

answer: 9

answer: 9

question: At A-level, what percentage of British students attend fee-paying schools?

answer: 13

answer: 13

answer: 13

question: What is the upper range of annual fees for non-boarding students in British public schools?

answer: £21,000

answer: £21,000

answer: £21,000

question: Who do preparatory schools in Scotland prepare to enter public schools?

text: pupils aged up to 13 years old

question: What percentage of children educated in Scotland are at independent schools?

text: 9 per cent

question: At what level are 13% of children in Scottish independent schools?

text: A-level

question: What type of school is becoming less common in Scotland?

text: single-sex

question: What is the highest range a student would pay when boarding  in a Scottish school?

text: £27,000+ per year


text: The agreements include fixed annual carriage fees of £30m for the channels with both channel suppliers able to secure additional capped payments if their channels meet certain performance-related targets. Currently there is no indication as to whether the new deal includes the additional Video On Demand and High Definition content which had previously been offered by BSkyB. As part of the agreements, both BSkyB and Virgin Media agreed to terminate all High Court proceedings against each other relating to the carriage of their respective basic channels.

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom)

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom

text: The

text: agreements

text: include

text: fixed

text: annual

text: carriage

text: fees

text: of

text: m

text: for

text: the

text: channels

text: with

text: both

text: channel

text: suppliers

text: able

text: to

text: secure

text: additional

text: capped

text: payments

text: if

text: their

text: channels

text: meet

text: certain

text: performance

text: related

text: targets

text: Currently

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: indication

text: as

text: to

text: whether

text: the

text: new

text: deal

text: includes

text: the

text: additional

text: Video

text: On

text: Demand

text: and

text: High

text: Definition

text: content

text: which

text: had

text: previously

text: been

text: offered

text: by

text: BSkyB.

text: As

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: agreements

text: both

text: BSkyB

text: and

text: Virgin

text: Media

text: agreed

text: to

text: terminate

text: all

text: High

text: Court

text: proceedings

text: against

text: each

text: other

text: relating

text: to

text: the

text: carriage

text: of

text: their

text: respective

text: basic

text: channels

question: What were the annual carriage fees for the channels?

answer: £30m

answer: £30m

answer: £30m

question: Does the new deal include Video on demand and High Definition?

answer: no

text: no

answer: no indication

text: no indication

answer: no indication

text: no indication

question: What company agreed to terminate high court proceedings with BSkyB?

answer: Virgin Media

text: Virgin Media

answer: Virgin Media

text: Virgin Media

answer: Virgin Media

text: Virgin Media

question: What company agreed to terminate high court proceedings with Virgin Media?

answer: BSkyB

text: BSkyB

answer: BSkyB

text: BSkyB

answer: BSkyB

text: BSkyB

question: What were high court proceedings being held about?

answer: basic channels

text: basic channels

answer: the carriage of their respective basic channels

text: the carriage of their respective basic channels

answer: carriage of their respective basic channels

text: carriage of their respective basic channels

question: What were the weekly carriage fees for the channels?

question: What company did not agree to terminate high court proceedings with BSkyB?

text: Virgin Media

question: What were local court proceedings being held about?

text: basic channels

question: Which companies never agreed to terminate their court proceedings against each other?

text: BSkyB and Virgin Media

question: Which company still offers Video On Demand and HD?

text: BSkyB


text: Packet mode communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forwarding nodes (packet switches or routers). Packets are normally forwarded by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing, traffic shaping, or for differentiated or guaranteed quality of service, such as weighted fair queuing or leaky bucket. In case of a shared physical medium (such as radio or 10BASE5), the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme.

title: Packet_switching

title: Packet_switching

text: Packet

text: mode

text: communication

text: may

text: be

text: implemented

text: with

text: or

text: without

text: intermediate

text: forwarding

text: nodes

text: packet

text: switches

text: or

text: routers

text: Packets

text: are

text: normally

text: forwarded

text: by

text: intermediate

text: network

text: nodes

text: asynchronously

text: using

text: first

text: in

text: first

text: out

text: buffering

text: but

text: may

text: be

text: forwarded

text: according

text: to

text: some

text: scheduling

text: discipline

text: for

text: fair

text: queuing

text: traffic

text: shaping

text: or

text: for

text: differentiated

text: or

text: guaranteed

text: quality

text: of

text: service

text: such

text: as

text: weighted

text: fair

text: queuing

text: or

text: leaky

text: bucket

text: In

text: case

text: of

text: a

text: shared

text: physical

text: medium

text: such

text: as

text: radio

text: or

text: the

text: packets

text: may

text: be

text: delivered

text: according

text: to

text: a

text: multiple

text: access

text: scheme

question: In cases of shared physical medium how are they delivered

answer: the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme

text: the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme

answer: according to a multiple access scheme

text: according to a multiple access scheme

answer: multiple access scheme

text: multiple access scheme

question: How is packet mode communication implemented

answer: with or without intermediate forwarding nodes

text: with or without intermediate forwarding nodes

answer: with or without intermediate forwarding nodes

text: with or without intermediate forwarding nodes

answer: with or without intermediate forwarding nodes

text: with or without intermediate forwarding nodes

question: How are packets normally forwarded

answer: by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing

text: by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing

answer: intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering

text: intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering

answer: asynchronously

text: asynchronously

question: In cases with shared medium how is it delivered

answer: the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme

text: the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme

answer: according to a multiple access scheme

text: according to a multiple access scheme

answer: multiple access scheme

text: multiple access scheme

question: What kind of communication can be implemented?

text: Packet mode communication

question: Packets can be delivered via what route?

text: multiple access scheme

question: What type of medium is a 10BASE5 radio?

text: shared physical medium

question: What are intermediate forwarding nodes?

text: Packet mode communication

question: How are packets delivered differently?

text: weighted fair queuing or leaky bucket

question: In cases of non shared medium how are packets delivered?

question: In cases of non shared physical medium how are packets delivered?

question: How are packets irregularly forwarded?

question: When are packet mode communications not implemented?

question: How are packet mode communications dissolved?

question: How many access points are in a "multiple access scheme"?

question: Do certain packets take priority over others if sent at the exact same time?

question: Can a packet be lost and if so, then where does it go?

text: weighted fair queuing or leaky bucket

question: What exactly is a "leaky bucket" in terms of this matter?

text: weighted fair queuing or leaky bucket.

question: Does a packet of data have physical mass?

question: If there is no shared physical medium, how are the packets delivered?

question: How are the packets forwarded synchronously?

question: If there is no radio or 10BASE5, how are the packets delivered?

question: What is the only way to forward packets?

question: What isn't a guaranteed quality of service?

text: weighted fair queuing or leaky bucket


text: BSkyB's digital service was officially launched on 1 October 1998 under the name Sky Digital, although small-scale tests were carried out before then. At this time the use of the Sky Digital brand made an important distinction between the new service and Sky's analogue services. Key selling points were the improvement in picture and sound quality, increased number of channels and an interactive service branded Open.... now called Sky Active, BSkyB competed with the ONdigital (later ITV Digital) terrestrial offering and cable services. Within 30 days, over 100,000 digiboxes had been sold, which help bolstered BSkyB's decision to give away free digiboxes and minidishes from May 1999.

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom)

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom

text: BSkyB

text: 's

text: digital

text: service

text: was

text: officially

text: launched

text: on

text: October

text: under

text: the

text: name

text: Sky

text: Digital

text: although

text: small

text: scale

text: tests

text: were

text: carried

text: out

text: before

text: then

text: At

text: this

text: time

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: Sky

text: Digital

text: brand

text: made

text: an

text: important

text: distinction

text: between

text: the

text: new

text: service

text: and

text: Sky

text: 's

text: analogue

text: services

text: Key

text: selling

text: points

text: were

text: the

text: improvement

text: in

text: picture

text: and

text: sound

text: quality

text: increased

text: number

text: of

text: channels

text: and

text: an

text: interactive

text: service

text: branded

text: Open

text: now

text: called

text: Sky

text: Active

text: BSkyB

text: competed

text: with

text: the

text: ONdigital

text: later

text: ITV

text: Digital

text: terrestrial

text: offering

text: and

text: cable

text: services

text: Within

text: days

text: over

text: digiboxes

text: had

text: been

text: sold

text: which

text: help

text: bolstered

text: BSkyB

text: 's

text: decision

text: to

text: give

text: away

text: free

text: digiboxes

text: and

text: minidishes

text: from

text: May

question: When was BSkyB's digital service launched?

answer: 1 October 1998

text: 1 October 1998

answer: 1 October 1998

text: 1 October 1998

answer: 1 October 1998

text: 1 October 1998

question: What was the name of BSkyB's digital service launched under?

answer: Sky Digital

text: Sky Digital

answer: Sky Digital

text: Sky Digital

answer: Sky Digital

text: Sky Digital

question: What did BSkyB name their interactive service?

answer: Sky Active

text: Sky Active

answer: Open

text: Open

answer: Sky Active

text: Sky Active

question: Who did BSkyB compete with initially?

answer: ONdigital

text: ONdigital

answer: ONdigital

text: ONdigital

answer: ONdigital

text: ONdigital

question: Within the 30 days how many digiboxes had been sold?

answer: 100,000

answer: over 100,000

text: over 100,000

answer: 100,000

question: When was BSkyB's digital service unofficially launched?

text: 1 October 1998

question: What company supported BSkyB the most?

text: ONdigital

question: Within 30 days how many digiboxes had been discarded?

question: When did BSkyB decide to stop giving away free digiboxes?

text: May 1999


text: At the start of the war, no French regular army troops were stationed in North America, and few British troops. New France was defended by about 3,000 troupes de la marine, companies of colonial regulars (some of whom had significant woodland combat experience). The colonial government recruited militia support when needed. Most British colonies mustered local militia companies, generally ill trained and available only for short periods, to deal with native threats, but did not have any standing forces.

title: French_and_Indian_War

title: French_and_Indian_War

text: At

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: no

text: French

text: regular

text: army

text: troops

text: were

text: stationed

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: few

text: British

text: troops

text: New

text: France

text: was

text: defended

text: by

text: about

text: troupes

text: de

text: la

text: marine

text: companies

text: of

text: colonial

text: regulars

text: some

text: of

text: whom

text: had

text: significant

text: woodland

text: combat

text: experience

text: The

text: colonial

text: government

text: recruited

text: militia

text: support

text: when

text: needed

text: Most

text: British

text: colonies

text: mustered

text: local

text: militia

text: companies

text: generally

text: ill

text: trained

text: and

text: available

text: only

text: for

text: short

text: periods

text: to

text: deal

text: with

text: native

text: threats

text: but

text: did

text: not

text: have

text: any

text: standing

text: forces

question: What was Frensh military presence at start of war?

answer: no French regular army troops were stationed in North America

text: no French regular army troops were stationed in North America

answer: no French regular army troops were stationed in North America

text: no French regular army troops were stationed in North America

answer: no French regular army troops were stationed in North America,

text: no French regular army troops were stationed in North America,

answer: no French regular army

text: no French regular army

answer: no French regular army troops were stationed in North America

text: no French regular army troops were stationed in North America

question: How much British military was in North America at start of War?

answer: few British troops

text: few British troops

answer: few

text: few

answer: few

text: few

answer: not have any standing forces

text: not have any standing forces

answer: few British troops

text: few British troops

question: What was normal British defense?

answer: mustered local militia companies, generally ill trained and available only for short periods, to deal with native threats, but did not have any standing forces.

text: mustered local militia companies, generally ill trained and available only for short periods, to deal with native threats, but did not have any standing forces.

answer: local militia companies

text: local militia companies

answer: local militia companies

text: local militia companies

answer: militia support

text: militia support

answer: local militia companies

text: local militia companies

question: What was French military presence at end of war?

question: What was French military presence at start of peace?

question: How much British military was in North America at end of War?

text: few British troops

question: How much British military was in South America at start of War?

text: few British troops

question: What was abnormal British defense?


text: Some disagree with such double or triple non-French linguistic origins, arguing that for the word to have spread into common use in France, it must have originated in the French language. The "Hugues hypothesis" argues that the name was derived by association with Hugues Capet, king of France, who reigned long before the Reformation. He was regarded by the Gallicans and Protestants as a noble man who respected people's dignity and lives. Janet Gray and other supporters of the hypothesis suggest that the name huguenote would be roughly equivalent to little Hugos, or those who want Hugo.

title: Huguenot

title: Huguenot

text: Some

text: disagree

text: with

text: such

text: double

text: or

text: triple

text: non

text: French

text: linguistic

text: origins

text: arguing

text: that

text: for

text: the

text: word

text: to

text: have

text: spread

text: into

text: common

text: use

text: in

text: France

text: it

text: must

text: have

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: French

text: language

text: The

text: Hugues

text: hypothesis

text: argues

text: that

text: the

text: name

text: was

text: derived

text: by

text: association

text: with

text: Hugues

text: Capet

text: king

text: of

text: France

text: who

text: reigned

text: long

text: before

text: the

text: Reformation

text: He

text: was

text: regarded

text: by

text: the

text: Gallicans

text: and

text: Protestants

text: as

text: a

text: noble

text: man

text: who

text: respected

text: people

text: 's

text: dignity

text: and

text: lives

text: Janet

text: Gray

text: and

text: other

text: supporters

text: of

text: the

text: hypothesis

text: suggest

text: that

text: the

text: name

text: huguenote

text: would

text: be

text: roughly

text: equivalent

text: to

text: little

text: Hugos

text: or

text: those

text: who

text: want

text: Hugo

question: From what French King did the Huguenot name possibly descend?

answer: Hugues Capet

text: Hugues Capet

answer: Hugues Capet

text: Hugues Capet

answer: Hugues Capet

text: Hugues Capet

question: What is the theory that this King's name is the origin of "Huguenot" called?

answer: The "Hugues hypothesis"

text: The "Hugues hypothesis"

answer: "Hugues hypothesis"

text: "Hugues hypothesis"

answer: Hugues hypothesis

text: Hugues hypothesis

question: Who is one prominent advocate of this theory?

answer: Janet Gray

text: Janet Gray

answer: Janet Gray

text: Janet Gray

answer: Janet Gray

text: Janet Gray

question: According to the theory, what does the name "Huguenot" mean?

answer: little Hugos, or those who want Hugo

text: little Hugos, or those who want Hugo

answer: little Hugos

text: little Hugos

answer: little Hugos, or those who want Hugo.

text: little Hugos, or those who want Hugo.

question: Other theories of the word's origin can be generally classed as what?

answer: double or triple non-French linguistic origins

text: double or triple non-French linguistic origins

answer: non-French linguistic origins

text: non-French linguistic origins

question: Who was the first king of France to reign during the Reformation?

text: Hugues Capet

question: What religion was Hugues Capet?

text: Gallicans

question: What religion was Janet Gray?

text: Protestants

question: Who was Janet Gray married to?

text: Hugues Capet


text: Since the IPCC does not carry out its own research, it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies, and its schedule for producing reports requires a deadline for submissions prior to the report's final release. In principle, this means that any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report cannot be included. In an area of science where our scientific understanding is rapidly changing, this has been raised as a serious shortcoming in a body which is widely regarded as the ultimate authority on the science. However, there has generally been a steady evolution of key findings and levels of scientific confidence from one assessment report to the next.[citation needed]

title: Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change

text: Since

text: the

text: IPCC

text: does

text: not

text: carry

text: out

text: its

text: own

text: research

text: it

text: operates

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: scientific

text: papers

text: and

text: independently

text: documented

text: results

text: from

text: other

text: scientific

text: bodies

text: and

text: its

text: schedule

text: for

text: producing

text: reports

text: requires

text: a

text: deadline

text: for

text: submissions

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: report

text: 's

text: final

text: release

text: In

text: principle

text: this

text: means

text: that

text: any

text: significant

text: new

text: evidence

text: or

text: events

text: that

text: change

text: our

text: understanding

text: of

text: climate

text: science

text: between

text: this

text: deadline

text: and

text: publication

text: of

text: an

text: IPCC

text: report

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: included

text: In

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: science

text: where

text: our

text: scientific

text: understanding

text: is

text: rapidly

text: changing

text: this

text: has

text: been

text: raised

text: as

text: a

text: serious

text: shortcoming

text: in

text: a

text: body

text: which

text: is

text: widely

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: ultimate

text: authority

text: on

text: the

text: science

text: However

text: there

text: has

text: generally

text: been

text: a

text: steady

text: evolution

text: of

text: key

text: findings

text: and

text: levels

text: of

text: scientific

text: confidence

text: from

text: one

text: assessment

text: report

text: to

text: the

text: next.[citation

text: needed

question: What does the IPCC rely on for research?

answer: other scientific bodies

text: other scientific bodies

answer: scientific papers and independently documented results

text: scientific papers and independently documented results

answer: scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies

text: scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies

question: What can the IPCC's report deadlines cause to be omitted?

answer: significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science

text: significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science

answer: significant new evidence or events that change our understanding

text: significant new evidence or events that change our understanding

answer: significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science

text: significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science

question: Who is seen as the ultimate climate change authority?

answer: IPCC

text: IPCC

answer: IPCC

text: IPCC

answer: the IPCC

text: the IPCC

question: What organization is responsible for their own research?

text: the IPCC

question: Who benefits from the research carried out by the IPCC?

text: other scientific bodies

question: What area of science is understanding slowly changing?

text: climate science

question: What report has the problem of a lack of scientific confidence?

text: IPCC report


text: An example of a decision problem is the following. The input is an arbitrary graph. The problem consists in deciding whether the given graph is connected, or not. The formal language associated with this decision problem is then the set of all connected graphs—of course, to obtain a precise definition of this language, one has to decide how graphs are encoded as binary strings.

title: Computational_complexity_theory

title: Computational_complexity_theory

text: An

text: example

text: of

text: a

text: decision

text: problem

text: is

text: the

text: following

text: The

text: input

text: is

text: an

text: arbitrary

text: graph

text: The

text: problem

text: consists

text: in

text: deciding

text: whether

text: the

text: given

text: graph

text: is

text: connected

text: or

text: not

text: The

text: formal

text: language

text: associated

text: with

text: this

text: decision

text: problem

text: is

text: then

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: all

text: connected

text: graphs

text: of

text: course

text: to

text: obtain

text: a

text: precise

text: definition

text: of

text: this

text: language

text: one

text: has

text: to

text: decide

text: how

text: graphs

text: are

text: encoded

text: as

text: binary

text: strings

question: What kind of graph is an example of an input used in a decision problem?

answer: arbitrary graph

text: arbitrary graph

answer: arbitrary

text: arbitrary

answer: arbitrary

text: arbitrary

question: What is the term for the set of all connected graphs related to this decision problem?

answer: formal language

text: formal language

answer: The formal language

text: The formal language

answer: The formal language associated with this decision problem

text: The formal language associated with this decision problem

question: What encoding decision needs to be made in order to determine an exact definition of the formal language?

answer: how graphs are encoded as binary strings

text: how graphs are encoded as binary strings

answer: how graphs are encoded as binary strings

text: how graphs are encoded as binary strings

answer: how graphs are encoded as binary strings

text: how graphs are encoded as binary strings

question: What type of graph is an example of an output used in a decision problem?

text: arbitrary graph.

question: What is the term for the set of all unconnected graphs related to this decision problem?

text: formal language

question: What encoding decision needs to be made in order to determine an inaccurate definition of the formal language?

question: How does one obtain an indefinite definition of this language?


text: Rugby is also a growing sport in southern California, particularly at the high school level, with increasing numbers of schools adding rugby as an official school sport.

title: Southern_California

title: Southern_California

text: Rugby

text: is

text: also

text: a

text: growing

text: sport

text: in

text: southern

text: California

text: particularly

text: at

text: the

text: high

text: school

text: level

text: with

text: increasing

text: numbers

text: of

text: schools

text: adding

text: rugby

text: as

text: an

text: official

text: school

text: sport

question: What is a growing sport in southern California?

answer: Rugby

text: Rugby

answer: Rugby

text: Rugby

answer: Rugby

text: Rugby

question: At which level of education is this sport becoming more popular?

answer: high school

text: high school

answer: high school

text: high school

answer: high school

text: high school

question: What is rugby rapidly becoming with high schools?

answer: an official school sport

text: an official school sport

answer: an official school

text: an official school

answer: official school sport

text: official school sport

question: What sport is growing in all California schools?

text: Rugby


text: The popular neighborhood known as the Tower District is centered around the historic Tower Theatre, which is included on the National List of Historic Places. The theater was built in 1939 and is at Olive and Wishon Avenues in the heart of the Tower District. (The name of the theater refers to a well-known landmark water tower, which is actually in another nearby area). The Tower District neighborhood is just north of downtown Fresno proper, and one-half mile south of Fresno City College. Although the neighborhood was known as a residential area prior, the early commercial establishments of the Tower District began with small shops and services that flocked to the area shortly after World War II. The character of small local businesses largely remains today. To some extent, the businesses of the Tower District were developed due to the proximity of the original Fresno Normal School, (later renamed California State University at Fresno). In 1916 the college moved to what is now the site of Fresno City College one-half mile north of the Tower District.

title: Fresno,_California

title: Fresno,_California

text: The

text: popular

text: neighborhood

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Tower

text: District

text: is

text: centered

text: around

text: the

text: historic

text: Tower

text: Theatre

text: which

text: is

text: included

text: on

text: the

text: National

text: List

text: of

text: Historic

text: Places

text: The

text: theater

text: was

text: built

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: at

text: Olive

text: and

text: Wishon

text: Avenues

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Tower

text: District

text: The

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: theater

text: refers

text: to

text: a

text: well

text: known

text: landmark

text: water

text: tower

text: which

text: is

text: actually

text: in

text: another

text: nearby

text: area

text: The

text: Tower

text: District

text: neighborhood

text: is

text: just

text: north

text: of

text: downtown

text: Fresno

text: proper

text: and

text: one

text: half

text: mile

text: south

text: of

text: Fresno

text: City

text: College

text: Although

text: the

text: neighborhood

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: a

text: residential

text: area

text: prior

text: the

text: early

text: commercial

text: establishments

text: of

text: the

text: Tower

text: District

text: began

text: with

text: small

text: shops

text: and

text: services

text: that

text: flocked

text: to

text: the

text: area

text: shortly

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: The

text: character

text: of

text: small

text: local

text: businesses

text: largely

text: remains

text: today

text: To

text: some

text: extent

text: the

text: businesses

text: of

text: the

text: Tower

text: District

text: were

text: developed

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: proximity

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: Fresno

text: Normal

text: School

text: later

text: renamed

text: California

text: State

text: University

text: at

text: Fresno

text: In

text: the

text: college

text: moved

text: to

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: Fresno

text: City

text: College

text: one

text: half

text: mile

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Tower

text: District

question: The Tower District is centered around which historic theatre?

answer: Tower Theatre

text: Tower Theatre

answer: Tower Theatre

text: Tower Theatre

answer: Tower Theatre

text: Tower Theatre

question: When was the Tower Theatre built?

answer: 1939

answer: 1939

answer: 1939

question: From what landmark within Fresno does the Tower Theatre get its name?

answer: water tower

text: water tower

answer: water tower

text: water tower

answer: water tower

text: water tower

question: What was the original name of California State University at Fresno?

answer: Fresno Normal School

text: Fresno Normal School

answer: Fresno Normal School

text: Fresno Normal School

answer: Fresno Normal School

text: Fresno Normal School

question: How far is Fresno City College from the Tower District?

answer: one-half mile

text: one-half mile

answer: one-half mile

text: one-half mile

answer: one-half mile

text: one-half mile

question: When was the landmark water tower built?

question: Fresno City College is located at what two avenues?

text: Olive and Wishon

question: How many miles north of downtown Fresno is the Tower District neighborhood?

text: one-half mile

question: When was the Fresno Normal School stated?

question: What was the California State University renamed as?

text: Fresno Normal School


text: Of the 129 MSPs, 73 are elected to represent first past the post constituencies and are known as "Constituency MSPs". Voters choose one member to represent the constituency, and the member with most votes is returned as a constituency MSP. The 73 Scottish Parliament constituencies shared the same boundaries as the UK Parliament constituencies in Scotland, prior to the 2005 reduction in the number of Scottish MPs, with the exception of Orkney and Shetland which each return their own constituency MSP. Currently, the average Scottish Parliament constituency comprises 55,000 electors. Given the geographical distribution of population in Scotland, this results in constituencies of a smaller area in the Central Lowlands, where the bulk of Scotland's population live, and much larger constituency areas in the north and west of the country, which have a low population density. The island archipelagos of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles comprise a much smaller number of electors, due to their dispersed population and distance from the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh. If a Constituency MSP resigns from Parliament, this triggers a by-election in his or her constituency, where a replacement MSP is returned from one of the parties by the plurality system.

title: Scottish_Parliament

title: Scottish_Parliament

text: Of

text: the

text: MSPs

text: are

text: elected

text: to

text: represent

text: first

text: past

text: the

text: post

text: constituencies

text: and

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: Constituency

text: MSPs

text: Voters

text: choose

text: one

text: member

text: to

text: represent

text: the

text: constituency

text: and

text: the

text: member

text: with

text: most

text: votes

text: is

text: returned

text: as

text: a

text: constituency

text: MSP

text: The

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: constituencies

text: shared

text: the

text: same

text: boundaries

text: as

text: the

text: UK

text: Parliament

text: constituencies

text: in

text: Scotland

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: reduction

text: in

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: Scottish

text: MPs

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: Orkney

text: and

text: Shetland

text: which

text: each

text: return

text: their

text: own

text: constituency

text: MSP

text: Currently

text: the

text: average

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: constituency

text: comprises

text: electors

text: Given

text: the

text: geographical

text: distribution

text: of

text: population

text: in

text: Scotland

text: this

text: results

text: in

text: constituencies

text: of

text: a

text: smaller

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: Central

text: Lowlands

text: where

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: Scotland

text: 's

text: population

text: live

text: and

text: much

text: larger

text: constituency

text: areas

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: which

text: have

text: a

text: low

text: population

text: density

text: The

text: island

text: archipelagos

text: of

text: Orkney

text: Shetland

text: and

text: the

text: Western

text: Isles

text: comprise

text: a

text: much

text: smaller

text: number

text: of

text: electors

text: due

text: to

text: their

text: dispersed

text: population

text: and

text: distance

text: from

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: in

text: Edinburgh

text: If

text: a

text: Constituency

text: MSP

text: resigns

text: from

text: Parliament

text: this

text: triggers

text: a

text: by

text: election

text: in

text: his

text: or

text: her

text: constituency

text: where

text: a

text: replacement

text: MSP

text: is

text: returned

text: from

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: parties

text: by

text: the

text: plurality

text: system

question: What is the number of Constituency MSPs?

answer: 73

answer: 73

answer: 73

question: How many members can voters choose to represent the constituency?

answer: one

text: one

answer: one

text: one

answer: one

text: one

question: When was there a reduction in the number of Scottish MPs?

answer: 2005

answer: 2005

answer: 2005

question: What is the current number of electors currently in a Scottish Parliament constituency?

answer: 55,000

answer: 55,000

answer: 55,000

question: Why do the island archipelagos comprise a smaller number of electors?

answer: dispersed population and distance

text: dispersed population and distance

answer: dispersed population and distance

text: dispersed population and distance

answer: their dispersed population and distance from the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh

text: their dispersed population and distance from the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh

question: How many MSPs out of 139 are known as "Constituency MSPs"?

question: How are the 83 "Constituency MSPs" chosen?

text: elected

question: Which islands compise a larger number of electors?

text: Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles

question: If a Constituency MSP is forced from Parliament, what does it trigger?

text: a by-election


text: It is possible to use a mechanism based on a pistonless rotary engine such as the Wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear of a conventional reciprocating steam engine. Many such engines have been designed, from the time of James Watt to the present day, but relatively few were actually built and even fewer went into quantity production; see link at bottom of article for more details. The major problem is the difficulty of sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight in the face of wear and thermal expansion; the resulting leakage made them very inefficient. Lack of expansive working, or any means of control of the cutoff is also a serious problem with many such designs.[citation needed]

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: It

text: is

text: possible

text: to

text: use

text: a

text: mechanism

text: based

text: on

text: a

text: pistonless

text: rotary

text: engine

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Wankel

text: engine

text: in

text: place

text: of

text: the

text: cylinders

text: and

text: valve

text: gear

text: of

text: a

text: conventional

text: reciprocating

text: steam

text: engine

text: Many

text: such

text: engines

text: have

text: been

text: designed

text: from

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: James

text: Watt

text: to

text: the

text: present

text: day

text: but

text: relatively

text: few

text: were

text: actually

text: built

text: and

text: even

text: fewer

text: went

text: into

text: quantity

text: production

text: see

text: link

text: at

text: bottom

text: of

text: article

text: for

text: more

text: details

text: The

text: major

text: problem

text: is

text: the

text: difficulty

text: of

text: sealing

text: the

text: rotors

text: to

text: make

text: them

text: steam

text: tight

text: in

text: the

text: face

text: of

text: wear

text: and

text: thermal

text: expansion

text: the

text: resulting

text: leakage

text: made

text: them

text: very

text: inefficient

text: Lack

text: of

text: expansive

text: working

text: or

text: any

text: means

text: of

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: cutoff

text: is

text: also

text: a

text: serious

text: problem

text: with

text: many

text: such

text: designs.[citation

text: needed

question: What is an example of a rotary engine without pistons?

answer: Wankel

text: Wankel

answer: Wankel

text: Wankel

answer: the Wankel engine

text: the Wankel engine

question: What parts of a conventional reciprocating steam engine could be replaced by a pistonless rotary engine?

answer: cylinders and valve gear

text: cylinders and valve gear

answer: cylinders and valve gear

text: cylinders and valve gear

answer: cylinders and valve gear

text: cylinders and valve gear

question: Along with wear, what development makes it difficult to seal the rotors in an engine that lacks pistons?

answer: thermal expansion

text: thermal expansion

answer: thermal expansion

text: thermal expansion

answer: thermal expansion

text: thermal expansion

question: What is an example of a rotary engine without leakage?

text: Wankel

question: What parts of a conventional reciprocating steam engine could be replaced by a pistonless valve gear?

text: cylinders and valve gear

question: What development, along with wear, makes it difficult to seal the rotors in an engine that lacks steam?

text: thermal expansion

question: What is not a problem?

text: difficulty of sealing the rotors

question: What is not based on a pistonless rotary engine?

text: Wankel engine


text: The region is home to about 2.5 million insect species, tens of thousands of plants, and some 2,000 birds and mammals. To date, at least 40,000 plant species, 2,200 fishes, 1,294 birds, 427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region. One in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the Amazon, and one in five of the fish species live in Amazonian rivers and streams. Scientists have described between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species in Brazil alone.

title: Amazon_rainforest

title: Amazon_rainforest

text: The

text: region

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: about

text: million

text: insect

text: species

text: tens

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: plants

text: and

text: some

text: birds

text: and

text: mammals

text: To

text: date

text: at

text: least

text: plant

text: species

text: fishes

text: birds

text: mammals

text: amphibians

text: and

text: reptiles

text: have

text: been

text: scientifically

text: classified

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: One

text: in

text: five

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: bird

text: species

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: live

text: in

text: the

text: rainforests

text: of

text: the

text: Amazon

text: and

text: one

text: in

text: five

text: of

text: the

text: fish

text: species

text: live

text: in

text: Amazonian

text: rivers

text: and

text: streams

text: Scientists

text: have

text: described

text: between

text: and

text: invertebrate

text: species

text: in

text: Brazil

text: alone

question: How many species of insects are known in the region?

answer: 2.5 million

text: 2.5 million

answer: 2.5 million

text: 2.5 million

answer: 2.5 million

text: 2.5 million

question: What portion of bird species make up the world's total live in the rainforest?

answer: One in five

text: One in five

answer: One in five

text: One in five

answer: One in five

text: One in five

question: How many plant species make up the total in the rainforest?

answer: 40,000

answer: 40,000

answer: 40,000

question: What is the total make up of fish species living in the Amazon?

answer: one in five

text: one in five

answer: 2,200

answer: 2,200

question: How many invertebrate species are known in Brazil alone?

answer: 96,660 and 128,843

text: 96,660 and 128,843

answer: between 96,660 and 128,843

text: between 96,660 and 128,843

answer: 128,843

question: The Amazon region is home to how many species of insect?

answer: 2.5 million

text: 2.5 million

answer: about 2.5 million

text: about 2.5 million

answer: 2.5 million

text: 2.5 million

question: How many species of bird and mammals are there in the Amazon region?

answer: 2,000

answer: some 2,000

text: some 2,000

answer: 2,000

question: How many plant species are estimated to be in the Amazon region?

answer: 40,000

answer: tens of thousands

text: tens of thousands

answer: tens of thousands

text: tens of thousands

question: How many reptiles have been discovered in the Amazon region?

answer: 378

answer: 378

answer: 378

question: What amount of bird species on earth are found in the Amazon rainforest?

answer: One in five

text: One in five

answer: 1,294

answer: One in five of all the bird species in the world

text: One in five of all the bird species in the world

question: The region is home to 25 million what?

text: insect species

question: One in seven of the worlds bird species live where?

text: the rainforests

question: Between 96,660 and 128,843 vertebrate species live where?

text: Brazil

question: The Amazon rivers and streams contain how many reptiles?


text: Ranging from about 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) in size, ctenophores are the largest non-colonial animals that use cilia ("hairs") as their main method of locomotion. Most species have eight strips, called comb rows, that run the length of their bodies and bear comb-like bands of cilia, called "ctenes," stacked along the comb rows so that when the cilia beat, those of each comb touch the comb below. The name "ctenophora" means "comb-bearing", from the Greek κτείς (stem-form κτεν-) meaning "comb" and the Greek suffix -φορος meaning "carrying".

title: Ctenophora

title: Ctenophora

text: Ranging

text: from

text: about

text: millimeter

text: in

text: to

text: meters

text: ft

text: in

text: size

text: ctenophores

text: are

text: the

text: largest

text: non

text: colonial

text: animals

text: that

text: use

text: cilia

text: hairs

text: as

text: their

text: main

text: method

text: of

text: locomotion

text: Most

text: species

text: have

text: eight

text: strips

text: called

text: comb

text: rows

text: that

text: run

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: their

text: bodies

text: and

text: bear

text: comb

text: like

text: bands

text: of

text: cilia

text: called

text: ctenes

text: stacked

text: along

text: the

text: comb

text: rows

text: so

text: that

text: when

text: the

text: cilia

text: beat

text: those

text: of

text: each

text: comb

text: touch

text: the

text: comb

text: below

text: The

text: name

text: ctenophora

text: means

text: comb

text: bearing

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: κτείς

text: stem

text: form

text: κτεν-

text: meaning

text: comb

text: and

text: the

text: Greek

text: suffix

text: -φορος

text: meaning

text: carrying

question: What are the hairs on ctenophores called?

answer: cilia

text: cilia

answer: cilia

text: cilia

answer: cilia

text: cilia

question: What are cilia used for?

answer: method of locomotion

text: method of locomotion

answer: their main method of locomotion

text: their main method of locomotion

answer: locomotion

text: locomotion

question: Comb like bands of cilia are called what?

answer: ctenes

text: ctenes

answer: ctenes

text: ctenes

answer: ctenes

text: ctenes

question: What does ctenophore mean in Greek?

answer: comb-bearing

text: comb-bearing

answer: "comb" and the Greek suffix -φορος meaning "carrying"

text: "comb" and the Greek suffix -φορος meaning "carrying"

answer: comb-bearing

text: comb-bearing

question: How many types of cilia are there?

text: eight

question: How long can the cillia grow on ctenophores?

question: What do cilia use their bodies for?

text: locomotion

question: What are the bodies of cilia also called?

text: "ctenes,"

question: What kind of animals are cilia considered?

text: non-colonial


text: When considering computational problems, a problem instance is a string over an alphabet. Usually, the alphabet is taken to be the binary alphabet (i.e., the set {0,1}), and thus the strings are bitstrings. As in a real-world computer, mathematical objects other than bitstrings must be suitably encoded. For example, integers can be represented in binary notation, and graphs can be encoded directly via their adjacency matrices, or by encoding their adjacency lists in binary.

title: Computational_complexity_theory

title: Computational_complexity_theory

text: When

text: considering

text: computational

text: problems

text: a

text: problem

text: instance

text: is

text: a

text: string

text: over

text: an

text: alphabet

text: Usually

text: the

text: alphabet

text: is

text: taken

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: binary

text: alphabet

text: i.e.

text: the

text: set

text: and

text: thus

text: the

text: strings

text: are

text: bitstrings

text: As

text: in

text: a

text: real

text: world

text: computer

text: mathematical

text: objects

text: other

text: than

text: bitstrings

text: must

text: be

text: suitably

text: encoded

text: For

text: example

text: integers

text: can

text: be

text: represented

text: in

text: binary

text: notation

text: and

text: graphs

text: can

text: be

text: encoded

text: directly

text: via

text: their

text: adjacency

text: matrices

text: or

text: by

text: encoding

text: their

text: adjacency

text: lists

text: in

text: binary

question: In a computational problem, what can be described as a string over an alphabet?

answer: problem instance

text: problem instance

answer: a problem instance

text: a problem instance

answer: problem instance

text: problem instance

question: What is the name of the alphabet is most commonly used in a problem instance?

answer: binary alphabet

text: binary alphabet

answer: binary

text: binary

answer: binary

text: binary

question: What is another term for the string of a problem instance?

answer: bitstrings

text: bitstrings

answer: bitstrings

text: bitstrings

answer: bitstrings

text: bitstrings

question: In the encoding of mathematical objects, what is the way in which integers are commonly expressed?

answer: binary notation

text: binary notation

answer: binary notation

text: binary notation

answer: binary notation

text: binary notation

question: What is one way in which graphs can be encoded?

answer: adjacency matrices

text: adjacency matrices

answer: directly via their adjacency matrices

text: directly via their adjacency matrices

question: What is a string over a Greek number when considering a computational problem?

text: problem instance

question: What is the name of the alphabet that is rarely used in a problem instance?

text: binary alphabet

question: What is another term for the the string of a problem question?

text: bitstrings

question: What is represented by non-binary notation in the encoding of mathematical objects?

text: integers

question: How can graphs be encoded indirectly?


text: It was shown by Ladner that if P ≠ NP then there exist problems in NP that are neither in P nor NP-complete. Such problems are called NP-intermediate problems. The graph isomorphism problem, the discrete logarithm problem and the integer factorization problem are examples of problems believed to be NP-intermediate. They are some of the very few NP problems not known to be in P or to be NP-complete.

title: Computational_complexity_theory

title: Computational_complexity_theory

text: It

text: was

text: shown

text: by

text: Ladner

text: that

text: if

text: P

text: NP

text: then

text: there

text: exist

text: problems

text: in

text: NP

text: that

text: are

text: neither

text: in

text: P

text: nor

text: NP

text: complete

text: Such

text: problems

text: are

text: called

text: NP

text: intermediate

text: problems

text: The

text: graph

text: isomorphism

text: problem

text: the

text: discrete

text: logarithm

text: problem

text: and

text: the

text: integer

text: factorization

text: problem

text: are

text: examples

text: of

text: problems

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: NP

text: intermediate

text: They

text: are

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: very

text: few

text: NP

text: problems

text: not

text: known

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: P

text: or

text: to

text: be

text: NP

text: complete

question: Who demonstrated that P= NP implies problems not present in P or NP-complete?

answer: Ladner

text: Ladner

answer: Ladner

text: Ladner

answer: Ladner

text: Ladner

question: What is the name for a problem that meets Ladner's assertion?

answer: NP-intermediate problems

text: NP-intermediate problems

answer: NP-intermediate problems

text: NP-intermediate problems

answer: NP-intermediate

text: NP-intermediate

question: What is an example of an NP-intermediate problem not known to exist in P or NP-complete?

answer: graph isomorphism problem

text: graph isomorphism problem

answer: the discrete logarithm problem

text: the discrete logarithm problem

answer: graph isomorphism problem, the discrete logarithm problem and the integer factorization problem

text: graph isomorphism problem, the discrete logarithm problem and the integer factorization problem

question: Who showed that if P=NQ then there exists problems in NQ that are neither P nor NQ-complete?

text: Ladner

question: What is the name a a problem that meets Ladder's assertion?

text: NP-intermediate problems

question: What is not example of an NP-intermediate problem not known to exist in P or NP-complete?

text: graph isomorphism problem

question: What are four examples of problems believed to be NP=intermediate?


text: Trevithick continued his own experiments using a trio of locomotives, concluding with the Catch Me Who Can in 1808. Only four years later, the successful twin-cylinder locomotive Salamanca by Matthew Murray was used by the edge railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway. In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway. This was the first public steam railway in the world and then in 1829, he built The Rocket which was entered in and won the Rainhill Trials. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened in 1830 making exclusive use of steam power for both passenger and freight trains.

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: Trevithick

text: continued

text: his

text: own

text: experiments

text: using

text: a

text: trio

text: of

text: locomotives

text: concluding

text: with

text: the

text: Catch

text: Me

text: Who

text: Can

text: in

text: Only

text: four

text: years

text: later

text: the

text: successful

text: twin

text: cylinder

text: locomotive

text: Salamanca

text: by

text: Matthew

text: Murray

text: was

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: edge

text: railed

text: rack

text: and

text: pinion

text: Middleton

text: Railway

text: In

text: George

text: Stephenson

text: built

text: the

text: Locomotion

text: for

text: the

text: Stockton

text: and

text: Darlington

text: Railway

text: This

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: public

text: steam

text: railway

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: then

text: in

text: he

text: built

text: The

text: Rocket

text: which

text: was

text: entered

text: in

text: and

text: won

text: the

text: Rainhill

text: Trials

text: The

text: Liverpool

text: and

text: Manchester

text: Railway

text: opened

text: in

text: making

text: exclusive

text: use

text: of

text: steam

text: power

text: for

text: both

text: passenger

text: and

text: freight

text: trains

question: What was the name of the locomotive that debuted in 1808?

answer: Catch Me Who Can

text: Catch Me Who Can

answer: Catch Me Who Can

text: Catch Me Who Can

answer: Catch Me Who Can

text: Catch Me Who Can

question: Who designed Salamanca?

answer: Matthew Murray

text: Matthew Murray

answer: Matthew Murray

text: Matthew Murray

answer: Matthew Murray

text: Matthew Murray

question: What type of locomotive was Salamanca?

answer: twin-cylinder

text: twin-cylinder

answer: twin-cylinder

text: twin-cylinder

answer: twin-cylinder

text: twin-cylinder

question: On what railroad was Salamanca used?

answer: Middleton Railway

text: Middleton Railway

answer: Middleton Railway

text: Middleton Railway

answer: Middleton Railway

text: Middleton Railway

question: For what railroad did Stephenson build a locomotive in 1825?

answer: Stockton and Darlington

text: Stockton and Darlington

answer: Stockton and Darlington Railway

text: Stockton and Darlington Railway

answer: Stockton and Darlington Railway

text: Stockton and Darlington Railway

question: What was the name of the locomotive that debuted in 1825?

text: Catch Me Who Can

question: Who designed Salamanca?

text: Matthew Murray

question: What type of locomotive was Darlington?

text: twin-cylinder

question: On what railroad was Darlington used?

text: Middleton Railway

question: For what railroad did Murray build a locomotive in 1825?

text: Stockton and Darlington


text: Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived in the Jin dynasty. Interethnic marriage between Han and Jurchen became common at this time. His father was Shi Bingzhi (史秉直, Shih Ping-chih). Shi Bingzhi was married to a Jurchen woman (surname Na-ho) and a Han Chinese woman (surname Chang); it is unknown which of them was Shi Tianze's mother. Shi Tianze was married to two Jurchen women, a Han Chinese woman, and a Korean woman, and his son Shi Gang was born to one of his Jurchen wives. The surnames of his Jurchen wives were Mo-nien and Na-ho; the surname of his Korean wife was Li; and the surname of his Han Chinese wife was Shi. Shi Tianze defected to Mongol forces upon their invasion of the Jin dynasty. His son Shi Gang married a Kerait woman; the Kerait were Mongolified Turkic people and were considered part of the "Mongol nation". Shi Tianze (Shih T'ien-tse), Zhang Rou (Chang Jou, 張柔), and Yan Shi (Yen Shih, 嚴實) and other high ranking Chinese who served in the Jin dynasty and defected to the Mongols helped build the structure for the administration of the new state. Chagaan (Tsagaan) and Zhang Rou jointly launched an attack on the Song dynasty ordered by Töregene Khatun.

title: Yuan_dynasty

title: Yuan_dynasty

text: Shi

text: Tianze

text: was

text: a

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: who

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: Jin

text: dynasty

text: Interethnic

text: marriage

text: between

text: Han

text: and

text: Jurchen

text: became

text: common

text: at

text: this

text: time

text: His

text: father

text: was

text: Shi

text: Bingzhi

text: 史秉直

text: Shih

text: Ping

text: chih

text: Shi

text: Bingzhi

text: was

text: married

text: to

text: a

text: Jurchen

text: woman

text: surname

text: ho

text: and

text: a

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: woman

text: surname

text: Chang

text: it

text: is

text: unknown

text: which

text: of

text: them

text: was

text: Shi

text: Tianze

text: 's

text: mother

text: Shi

text: Tianze

text: was

text: married

text: to

text: two

text: Jurchen

text: women

text: a

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: woman

text: and

text: a

text: Korean

text: woman

text: and

text: his

text: son

text: Shi

text: Gang

text: was

text: born

text: to

text: one

text: of

text: his

text: Jurchen

text: wives

text: The

text: surnames

text: of

text: his

text: Jurchen

text: wives

text: were

text: Mo

text: nien

text: and

text: ho

text: the

text: surname

text: of

text: his

text: Korean

text: wife

text: was

text: Li

text: and

text: the

text: surname

text: of

text: his

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: wife

text: was

text: Shi

text: Shi

text: Tianze

text: defected

text: to

text: Mongol

text: forces

text: upon

text: their

text: invasion

text: of

text: the

text: Jin

text: dynasty

text: His

text: son

text: Shi

text: Gang

text: married

text: a

text: Kerait

text: woman

text: the

text: Kerait

text: were

text: Mongolified

text: Turkic

text: people

text: and

text: were

text: considered

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Mongol

text: nation

text: Shi

text: Tianze

text: Shih

text: T'ien

text: tse

text: Zhang

text: Rou

text: Chang

text: Jou

text: 張柔

text: and

text: Yan

text: Shi

text: Yen

text: Shih

text: 嚴實

text: and

text: other

text: high

text: ranking

text: Chinese

text: who

text: served

text: in

text: the

text: Jin

text: dynasty

text: and

text: defected

text: to

text: the

text: Mongols

text: helped

text: build

text: the

text: structure

text: for

text: the

text: administration

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: state

text: Chagaan

text: Tsagaan

text: and

text: Zhang

text: Rou

text: jointly

text: launched

text: an

text: attack

text: on

text: the

text: Song

text: dynasty

text: ordered

text: by

text: Töregene

text: Khatun

question: What ethnicity was Shi Tianze?

answer: Han Chinese

text: Han Chinese

answer: Han Chinese

text: Han Chinese

answer: Han Chinese

text: Han Chinese

question: In what dynasty did Tianze live?

answer: Jin dynasty

text: Jin dynasty

answer: Jin dynasty

text: Jin dynasty

answer: Jin

text: Jin

question: What kind of interethnic marriage became common in the Jin dynasty?

answer: between Han and Jurchen

text: between Han and Jurchen

answer: marriage between Han and Jurchen

text: marriage between Han and Jurchen

answer: Han and Jurchen

text: Han and Jurchen

question: Who was Shi Tianze's father?

answer: Shi Bingzhi

text: Shi Bingzhi

answer: Shi Bingzhi

text: Shi Bingzhi

answer: Shi Bingzhi

text: Shi Bingzhi

question: What dynasty did Zhang Rhou help attack?

answer: Song dynasty

text: Song dynasty

answer: Song dynasty

text: Song dynasty

answer: the Song dynasty

text: the Song dynasty

question: What religion was Shi Tianze?

text: Han Chinese

question: In what dynasty did Tianze die?

text: Jin dynasty

question: What kind of interethnic marriage became uncommon in the Jin dynasty?

text: between Han and Jurchen

question: Who was Shi Tianze's uncle?

text: Shi Bingzhi

question: What dynasty did Zhang Rhou help defend?

text: Song dynasty