text: On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish. Mnemiopsis is well equipped to invade new territories (although this was not predicted until after it so successfully colonized the Black Sea), as it can breed very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures and salinities. The impact was increased by chronic overfishing, and by eutrophication that gave the entire ecosystem a short-term boost, causing the Mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal – and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores. Mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993, which significantly slowed the animal's metabolism. However the abundance of plankton in the area seems unlikely to be restored to pre-Mnemiopsis levels.

title: Ctenophora

title: Ctenophora

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: the

text: Western

text: Atlantic

text: ctenophore

text: Mnemiopsis

text: leidyi

text: was

text: accidentally

text: introduced

text: into

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: and

text: Sea

text: of

text: Azov

text: via

text: the

text: ballast

text: tanks

text: of

text: ships

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: blamed

text: for

text: causing

text: sharp

text: drops

text: in

text: fish

text: catches

text: by

text: eating

text: both

text: fish

text: larvae

text: and

text: small

text: crustaceans

text: that

text: would

text: otherwise

text: feed

text: the

text: adult

text: fish

text: Mnemiopsis

text: is

text: well

text: equipped

text: to

text: invade

text: new

text: territories

text: although

text: this

text: was

text: not

text: predicted

text: until

text: after

text: it

text: so

text: successfully

text: colonized

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: as

text: it

text: can

text: breed

text: very

text: rapidly

text: and

text: tolerate

text: a

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: water

text: temperatures

text: and

text: salinities

text: The

text: impact

text: was

text: increased

text: by

text: chronic

text: overfishing

text: and

text: by

text: eutrophication

text: that

text: gave

text: the

text: entire

text: ecosystem

text: a

text: short

text: term

text: boost

text: causing

text: the

text: Mnemiopsis

text: population

text: to

text: increase

text: even

text: faster

text: than

text: normal

text: and

text: above

text: all

text: by

text: the

text: absence

text: of

text: efficient

text: predators

text: on

text: these

text: introduced

text: ctenophores

text: Mnemiopsis

text: populations

text: in

text: those

text: areas

text: were

text: eventually

text: brought

text: under

text: control

text: by

text: the

text: accidental

text: introduction

text: of

text: the

text: Mnemiopsis

text: eating

text: North

text: American

text: ctenophore

text: Beroe

text: ovata

text: and

text: by

text: a

text: cooling

text: of

text: the

text: local

text: climate

text: from

text: to

text: which

text: significantly

text: slowed

text: the

text: animal

text: 's

text: metabolism

text: However

text: the

text: abundance

text: of

text: plankton

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: seems

text: unlikely

text: to

text: be

text: restored

text: to

text: pre

text: Mnemiopsis

text: levels

question: What is blamed for causing the sharp drop in fish catches in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov?

answer: ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi

text: ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi

answer: Mnemiopsis leidyi

text: Mnemiopsis leidyi

answer: the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced

text: the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced

question: How was the ctenophore mnemiopsis leidyi introduced into The Black Sea and the Sea of Azov?

answer: via the ballast tanks of ships

text: via the ballast tanks of ships

answer: via the ballast tanks of ships

text: via the ballast tanks of ships

answer: the ballast tanks of ships

text: the ballast tanks of ships

question: When was ctenophore mnemiopsis leidyi introduced into The Black Sea and the Sea of Azov?

answer: in the late 1980s

text: in the late 1980s

answer: the late 1980s

text: the late 1980s

answer: late 1980s

text: late 1980s

question: How was the population of mnemiopsis in The black Sea and the Sea of Azov brought under control?

answer: by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata,

text: by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata,

answer: the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata

text: the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata

answer: the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993

text: the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993

question: How does cooling of the local environment affect the mnemiopsis?

answer: significantly slowed the animal's metabolism

text: significantly slowed the animal's metabolism

answer: slowed the animal's metabolism

text: slowed the animal's metabolism

answer: significantly slowed the animal's metabolism

text: significantly slowed the animal's metabolism

question: When were fish larvae introduced into the Black Sea accidentally?

text: in the late 1980s

question: What other sea had fish larvae accidentially introduced into it?

text: Sea of Azov

question: How did fish larvae accidentally get introduced into the two bodies of water?

text: via the ballast tanks of ships

question: What has the fish larvae caused a sharp drop in?

text: fish catches

question: How quickly can fish larvae grow?

text: very rapidly


text: On October 6, 1973, Syria and Egypt, with support from other Arab nations, launched a surprise attack on Israel, on Yom Kippur. This renewal of hostilities in the Arab–Israeli conflict released the underlying economic pressure on oil prices. At the time, Iran was the world's second-largest oil exporter and a close US ally. Weeks later, the Shah of Iran said in an interview: "Of course [the price of oil] is going to rise... Certainly! And how!... You've [Western nations] increased the price of the wheat you sell us by 300 percent, and the same for sugar and cement... You buy our crude oil and sell it back to us, refined as petrochemicals, at a hundred times the price you've paid us... It's only fair that, from now on, you should pay more for oil. Let's say ten times more."

title: 1973_oil_crisis

title: 1973_oil_crisis

text: On

text: October

text: Syria

text: and

text: Egypt

text: with

text: support

text: from

text: other

text: Arab

text: nations

text: launched

text: a

text: surprise

text: attack

text: on

text: Israel

text: on

text: Yom

text: Kippur

text: This

text: renewal

text: of

text: hostilities

text: in

text: the

text: Arab

text: Israeli

text: conflict

text: released

text: the

text: underlying

text: economic

text: pressure

text: on

text: oil

text: prices

text: At

text: the

text: time

text: Iran

text: was

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: oil

text: exporter

text: and

text: a

text: close

text: US

text: ally

text: Weeks

text: later

text: the

text: Shah

text: of

text: Iran

text: said

text: in

text: an

text: interview

text: Of

text: course

text: the

text: price

text: of

text: oil

text: is

text: going

text: to

text: rise

text: Certainly

text: And

text: how

text: You

text: 've

text: Western

text: nations

text: increased

text: the

text: price

text: of

text: the

text: wheat

text: you

text: sell

text: us

text: by

text: percent

text: and

text: the

text: same

text: for

text: sugar

text: and

text: cement

text: You

text: buy

text: our

text: crude

text: oil

text: and

text: sell

text: it

text: back

text: to

text: us

text: refined

text: as

text: petrochemicals

text: at

text: a

text: hundred

text: times

text: the

text: price

text: you

text: 've

text: paid

text: us

text: It

text: 's

text: only

text: fair

text: that

text: from

text: now

text: on

text: you

text: should

text: pay

text: more

text: for

text: oil

text: Let

text: 's

text: say

text: ten

text: times

text: more

question: When did Syria and Egypt launch a surprise attack on Israel?

answer: On October 6, 1973

text: On October 6, 1973

answer: October 6, 1973

text: October 6, 1973

answer: October 6, 1973

text: October 6, 1973

answer: October 6, 1973

text: October 6, 1973

answer: October 6, 1973

text: October 6, 1973

question: Who was the world's second largest oil producer?

answer: Iran

text: Iran

answer: Iran

text: Iran

answer: Iran

text: Iran

answer: Iran

text: Iran

answer: Iran

text: Iran

question: How many times more did the other nations have to pay for oil after the surprise attack?

answer: ten times more

text: ten times more

answer: ten

text: ten

answer: a hundred

text: a hundred

answer: ten

text: ten

question: Which oil producer is a close ally of the United States?

answer: Iran

text: Iran

answer: Iran

text: Iran

answer: Iran

text: Iran

answer: Iran

text: Iran

answer: Iran

text: Iran

question: Why did the Shah of Iran gave an interview?

answer: renewal of hostilities in the Arab–Israeli conflict

text: renewal of hostilities in the Arab–Israeli conflict

answer: renewal of hostilities

text: renewal of hostilities

answer: the Arab–Israeli conflict released the underlying economic pressure on oil prices

text: the Arab–Israeli conflict released the underlying economic pressure on oil prices

question: What did Iran do on Yom Kippur on October 6, 1973?

text: launched a surprise attack on Israel

question: Who was the worlds second largest wheat exporter to the middle east?

text: Iran

question: What did Syria decide that the price of oil should be after the attack?

text: ten times more

question: What did Egypt say that Iran increased the price of wheat they sell by?

text: 300 percent

question: What does Syria sell refined oil for to the middle east?

question: What happened on October 6, 1973 with Syria and Egypt?

text: launched a surprise attack on Israel

question: What holiday did Syria and Egypt launch an attack?

text: Yom Kippur

question: Iran was which size oil exporter?

text: second-largest

question: What was Iran's relationship with the US at this time?

text: ally

question: How much did they say it was fair to raise the prices?

text: ten times more


text: Highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion. Fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity; an ignition event, such as heat or a spark, is needed to trigger combustion. Oxygen is the oxidant, not the fuel, but nevertheless the source of most of the chemical energy released in combustion. Combustion hazards also apply to compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative potential, such as peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates because they can donate oxygen to a fire.

title: Oxygen

title: Oxygen

text: Highly

text: concentrated

text: sources

text: of

text: oxygen

text: promote

text: rapid

text: combustion

text: Fire

text: and

text: explosion

text: hazards

text: exist

text: when

text: concentrated

text: oxidants

text: and

text: fuels

text: are

text: brought

text: into

text: close

text: proximity

text: an

text: ignition

text: event

text: such

text: as

text: heat

text: or

text: a

text: spark

text: is

text: needed

text: to

text: trigger

text: combustion

text: Oxygen

text: is

text: the

text: oxidant

text: not

text: the

text: fuel

text: but

text: nevertheless

text: the

text: source

text: of

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: chemical

text: energy

text: released

text: in

text: combustion

text: Combustion

text: hazards

text: also

text: apply

text: to

text: compounds

text: of

text: oxygen

text: with

text: a

text: high

text: oxidative

text: potential

text: such

text: as

text: peroxides

text: chlorates

text: nitrates

text: perchlorates

text: and

text: dichromates

text: because

text: they

text: can

text: donate

text: oxygen

text: to

text: a

text: fire

question: What is needed to make combustion happen?

answer: heat or a spark

text: heat or a spark

answer: oxygen

text: oxygen

answer: an ignition event

text: an ignition event

answer: an ignition event, such as heat or a spark

text: an ignition event, such as heat or a spark

answer: an ignition event

text: an ignition event

question: Combustion is caused by an oxidant and a fuel. What role does oxygen play in combustion?

answer: Oxygen is the oxidant

text: Oxygen is the oxidant

answer: the oxidant

text: the oxidant

answer: oxidant

text: oxidant

answer: oxidant

text: oxidant

answer: oxidant

text: oxidant

question: Peroxides, nitrates and dichromates are examples of what type of compounds?

answer: compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative

text: compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative

answer: compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative potential

text: compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative potential

answer: compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative potential

text: compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative potential

answer: compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative potential

text: compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative potential

answer: compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative potential

text: compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative potential

question: Although not a fuel  ___ is the chemical compound the generates the most occurrence of explosions.

answer: Oxygen

text: Oxygen

answer: Oxygen

text: Oxygen

answer: Oxygen

text: Oxygen

answer: Oxygen

text: Oxygen

answer: Oxygen

text: Oxygen

question: What can concentrated oxygen produce?

answer: rapid combustion

text: rapid combustion

answer: rapid combustion

text: rapid combustion

answer: rapid combustion

text: rapid combustion

answer: rapid combustion

text: rapid combustion

answer: rapid combustion

text: rapid combustion

question: What is a spark or heat to the progress of a fire?

answer: ignition event

text: ignition event

answer: ignition event

text: ignition event

answer: an ignition event

text: an ignition event

answer: ignition event

text: ignition event

answer: an ignition event

text: an ignition event

question: Rather than the fuel, what is oxygen to a fire?

answer: oxidant

text: oxidant

answer: the oxidant

text: the oxidant

answer: oxidant

text: oxidant

answer: the oxidant

text: the oxidant

answer: oxidant

text: oxidant

question: What does oxygen the basis for in combustion?

answer: chemical energy

text: chemical energy

answer: chemical energy

text: chemical energy

answer: chemical energy

text: chemical energy

answer: most of the chemical energy

text: most of the chemical energy

question: What other sources of high oxidative potential can add to a fire?

answer: compounds of oxygen

text: compounds of oxygen

answer: peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates

text: peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates

answer: peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates

text: peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates

answer: peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates

text: peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates

answer: peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates

text: peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates

question: What do rapid concentrated sources of oxygen promote?

text: combustion

question: What is oxygen instead of an oxidant?

text: fuel,

question: What is fuel the source of?

question: What type of hazard is oxygen considered?

text: Combustion

question: What can donate dichromates to a fire?


text: For many geologic applications, isotope ratios of radioactive elements are measured in minerals that give the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature, the point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice. These are used in geochronologic and thermochronologic studies. Common methods include uranium-lead dating, potassium-argon dating, argon-argon dating and uranium-thorium dating. These methods are used for a variety of applications. Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence can provide absolute age data for sedimentary rock units which do not contain radioactive isotopes and calibrate relative dating techniques. These methods can also be used to determine ages of pluton emplacement. Thermochemical techniques can be used to determine temperature profiles within the crust, the uplift of mountain ranges, and paleotopography.

title: Geology

title: Geology

text: For

text: many

text: geologic

text: applications

text: isotope

text: ratios

text: of

text: radioactive

text: elements

text: are

text: measured

text: in

text: minerals

text: that

text: give

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: time

text: that

text: has

text: passed

text: since

text: a

text: rock

text: passed

text: through

text: its

text: particular

text: closure

text: temperature

text: the

text: point

text: at

text: which

text: different

text: radiometric

text: isotopes

text: stop

text: diffusing

text: into

text: and

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: crystal

text: lattice

text: These

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: geochronologic

text: and

text: thermochronologic

text: studies

text: Common

text: methods

text: include

text: uranium

text: lead

text: dating

text: potassium

text: argon

text: dating

text: argon

text: argon

text: dating

text: and

text: uranium

text: thorium

text: dating

text: These

text: methods

text: are

text: used

text: for

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: applications

text: Dating

text: of

text: lava

text: and

text: volcanic

text: ash

text: layers

text: found

text: within

text: a

text: stratigraphic

text: sequence

text: can

text: provide

text: absolute

text: age

text: data

text: for

text: sedimentary

text: rock

text: units

text: which

text: do

text: not

text: contain

text: radioactive

text: isotopes

text: and

text: calibrate

text: relative

text: dating

text: techniques

text: These

text: methods

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: determine

text: ages

text: of

text: pluton

text: emplacement

text: Thermochemical

text: techniques

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: determine

text: temperature

text: profiles

text: within

text: the

text: crust

text: the

text: uplift

text: of

text: mountain

text: ranges

text: and

text: paleotopography

question: What techniques can be used to determine paleotopography?

answer: Thermochemical techniques

text: Thermochemical techniques

answer: Thermochemical

text: Thermochemical

answer: Thermochemical

text: Thermochemical

answer: Thermochemical

text: Thermochemical

question: The point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice is called what?

answer: particular closure temperature

text: particular closure temperature

answer: closure temperature

text: closure temperature

answer: closure temperature

text: closure temperature

question: What type of ratios are used in geochronologic and thermochronologic studies?

answer: isotope ratios of radioactive elements

text: isotope ratios of radioactive elements

answer: isotope

text: isotope

answer: isotope

text: isotope

answer: isotope

text: isotope

question: How can you find the absolute age of sedimentary rock units which do not contain radioactive isotopes?

answer: Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence

text: Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence

answer: Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers

text: Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers

answer: stratigraphic sequence

text: stratigraphic sequence

answer: Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence

text: Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence

question: What are crystal lattices measured in?

text: minerals

question: What is one thing measuring in crystal lattices shows in ash layers?

question: What is one thing ash layers can be used to determine in a crystal lattice?

text: temperature profiles

question: What does pluton emplacement give after a stratigraphic sequence is measured in minerals?

question: What studies use pluton emplacement?

question: What is the crystal lattice made out of?

text: minerals

question: What does paleotopography study?

text: temperature profiles

question: What is the point that radiometric isotopes begin diffusing called?

text: particular closure temperature

question: What cannot be used to find the age of pluton emplacement?

question: What determines the temperature profile outside of the crust?


text: After the Greeks, little happened with the study of prime numbers until the 17th century. In 1640 Pierre de Fermat stated (without proof) Fermat's little theorem (later proved by Leibniz and Euler). Fermat also conjectured that all numbers of the form 22n + 1 are prime (they are called Fermat numbers) and he verified this up to n = 4 (or 216 + 1). However, the very next Fermat number 232 + 1 is composite (one of its prime factors is 641), as Euler discovered later, and in fact no further Fermat numbers are known to be prime. The French monk Marin Mersenne looked at primes of the form 2p − 1, with p a prime. They are called Mersenne primes in his honor.

title: Prime_number

title: Prime_number

text: After

text: the

text: Greeks

text: little

text: happened

text: with

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: prime

text: numbers

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: In

text: Pierre

text: de

text: Fermat

text: stated

text: without

text: proof

text: Fermat

text: 's

text: little

text: theorem

text: later

text: proved

text: by

text: Leibniz

text: and

text: Euler

text: Fermat

text: also

text: conjectured

text: that

text: all

text: numbers

text: of

text: the

text: form

text: are

text: prime

text: they

text: are

text: called

text: Fermat

text: numbers

text: and

text: he

text: verified

text: this

text: up

text: to

text: n

text: or

text: However

text: the

text: very

text: next

text: Fermat

text: number

text: is

text: composite

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: prime

text: factors

text: is

text: as

text: Euler

text: discovered

text: later

text: and

text: in

text: fact

text: no

text: further

text: Fermat

text: numbers

text: are

text: known

text: to

text: be

text: prime

text: The

text: French

text: monk

text: Marin

text: Mersenne

text: looked

text: at

text: primes

text: of

text: the

text: form

text: with

text: p

text: a

text: prime

text: They

text: are

text: called

text: Mersenne

text: primes

text: in

text: his

text: honor

question: In what year did Pierre de Fermat declare Fermat's little theorem?

answer: In 1640

text: In 1640

answer: 1640

answer: 1640

answer: 1640

answer: 1640

question: Besides Leibniz, what other mathematician proved the validity of Fermat's little theorem?

answer: Euler

text: Euler

answer: Euler

text: Euler

answer: Euler

text: Euler

answer: Euler

text: Euler

answer: Euler

text: Euler

question: Of what form do Fermat numbers take?

answer: 22n + 1

text: 22n + 1

answer: 22n + 1

text: 22n + 1

answer: 22n + 1

text: 22n + 1

answer: 22n + 1

text: 22n + 1

answer: 22n + 1

text: 22n + 1

question: To what extent did Fermat confirm the validity of Fermat numbers?

answer: up to n = 4 (or 216 + 1)

text: up to n = 4 (or 216 + 1)

answer: up to n = 4 (or 216 + 1)

text: up to n = 4 (or 216 + 1)

answer: 216 + 1

text: 216 + 1

answer: n = 4

text: n = 4

answer: n = 4

text: n = 4

question: Of what form do Mersenne primes take?

answer: 2p − 1

text: 2p − 1

answer: 2p − 1, with p a prime

text: 2p − 1, with p a prime

answer: 2p − 1

text: 2p − 1

answer: 2p − 1

text: 2p − 1

answer: 2p − 1

text: 2p − 1

question: In what year did Pierre de Fermat declare Euler's little theorem?

text: In 1640

question: Besides Beibniz, what other mathematician proved the validity of Euler's little theorem?

text: Euler

question: Of what form do Euler numbers take?

text: 22n + 1

question: To what extent did Fermat confirm the validity of Euler numbers?

text: up to n = 4 (or 216 + 1)

question: Of what form do Euler primes take?

text: 2p − 1


text: The judicial branch of the EU has played an important role in the development of EU law, by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration. Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the main judicial body, within which there is a higher European Court of Justice (commonly abbreviated as ECJ) that deals with cases that contain more public importance, and a General Court that deals with issues of detail but without general importance. There is also a Civil Service Tribunal to deal with EU staff issues, and then a separate Court of Auditors. Under the Treaty on European Union article 19(2) there is one judge from each member state, 28 at present, who are supposed to "possess the qualifications required for appointment to the highest judicial offices" (or for the General Court, the "ability required for appointment to high judicial office"). A president is elected by the judges for three years. Under TEU article 19(3) is to be the ultimate court to interpret questions of EU law. In fact, most EU law is applied by member state courts (the English Court of Appeal, the German Bundesgerichtshof, the Belgian Cour du travail, etc.) but they can refer questions to the EU court for a preliminary ruling. The CJEU's duty is to "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed", although realistically it has the ability to expand and develop the law according to the principles it deems to be appropriate. Arguably this has been done through both seminal and controversial judgments, including Van Gend en Loos, Mangold v Helm, and Kadi v Commission.

title: European_Union_law

title: European_Union_law

text: The

text: judicial

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: EU

text: has

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: EU

text: law

text: by

text: assuming

text: the

text: task

text: of

text: interpreting

text: the

text: treaties

text: and

text: accelerating

text: economic

text: and

text: political

text: integration

text: Today

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: CJEU

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: judicial

text: body

text: within

text: which

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: higher

text: European

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: commonly

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: ECJ

text: that

text: deals

text: with

text: cases

text: that

text: contain

text: more

text: public

text: importance

text: and

text: a

text: General

text: Court

text: that

text: deals

text: with

text: issues

text: of

text: detail

text: but

text: without

text: general

text: importance

text: There

text: is

text: also

text: a

text: Civil

text: Service

text: Tribunal

text: to

text: deal

text: with

text: EU

text: staff

text: issues

text: and

text: then

text: a

text: separate

text: Court

text: of

text: Auditors

text: Under

text: the

text: Treaty

text: on

text: European

text: Union

text: article

text: there

text: is

text: one

text: judge

text: from

text: each

text: member

text: state

text: at

text: present

text: who

text: are

text: supposed

text: to

text: possess

text: the

text: qualifications

text: required

text: for

text: appointment

text: to

text: the

text: highest

text: judicial

text: offices

text: or

text: for

text: the

text: General

text: Court

text: the

text: ability

text: required

text: for

text: appointment

text: to

text: high

text: judicial

text: office

text: A

text: president

text: is

text: elected

text: by

text: the

text: judges

text: for

text: three

text: years

text: Under

text: TEU

text: article

text: is

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: ultimate

text: court

text: to

text: interpret

text: questions

text: of

text: EU

text: law

text: In

text: fact

text: most

text: EU

text: law

text: is

text: applied

text: by

text: member

text: state

text: courts

text: the

text: English

text: Court

text: of

text: Appeal

text: the

text: German

text: Bundesgerichtshof

text: the

text: Belgian

text: Cour

text: du

text: travail

text: etc

text: but

text: they

text: can

text: refer

text: questions

text: to

text: the

text: EU

text: court

text: for

text: a

text: preliminary

text: ruling

text: The

text: CJEU

text: 's

text: duty

text: is

text: to

text: ensure

text: that

text: in

text: the

text: interpretation

text: and

text: application

text: of

text: the

text: Treaties

text: the

text: law

text: is

text: observed

text: although

text: realistically

text: it

text: has

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: expand

text: and

text: develop

text: the

text: law

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: principles

text: it

text: deems

text: to

text: be

text: appropriate

text: Arguably

text: this

text: has

text: been

text: done

text: through

text: both

text: seminal

text: and

text: controversial

text: judgments

text: including

text: Van

text: Gend

text: en

text: Loos

text: Mangold

text: v

text: Helm

text: and

text: Kadi

text: v

text: Commission

question: Which branch of the EU has had the most influence on the development of EU law?

answer: judicial branch

text: judicial branch

answer: The judicial branch

text: The judicial branch

answer: The judicial branch

text: The judicial branch

answer: The judicial branch

text: The judicial branch

question: What is the main judicial body of the EU?

answer: Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)

text: Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)

answer: the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)

text: the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)

answer: the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)

text: the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)

answer: the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)

text: the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)

question: How many total judges are there in the EU?

answer: 28

answer: 28

answer: 28

answer: 28

question: Under which courts is most EU law applied?

answer: member state courts

text: member state courts

answer: member state courts

text: member state courts

answer: member state courts

text: member state courts

answer: member state courts

text: member state courts

question: What is the CJEU's duty?

answer: ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed

text: ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed

answer: "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"

text: "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"

answer: "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"

text: "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"

answer: "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"

text: "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"

question: How is the judicial branch of the EU an important factor in the development of EU law?

answer: by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration

text: by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration

answer: assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration

text: assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration

answer: has the ability to expand and develop the law according to the principles it deems to be appropriate

text: has the ability to expand and develop the law according to the principles it deems to be appropriate

answer: has the ability to expand and develop the law according to the principles it deems to be appropriate

text: has the ability to expand and develop the law according to the principles it deems to be appropriate

question: What is the current main judicial body of the EU?

answer: the Court of Justice of the European Union

text: the Court of Justice of the European Union

answer: the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)

text: the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)

answer: the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)

text: the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)

answer: the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)

text: the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)

question: What entity deals with EU staff issues?

answer: Civil Service Tribunal

text: Civil Service Tribunal

answer: Civil Service Tribunal

text: Civil Service Tribunal

answer: Civil Service Tribunal

text: Civil Service Tribunal

answer: Civil Service Tribunal

text: Civil Service Tribunal

question: How long is one term for an elected president of the CJEU?

answer: three years

text: three years

answer: three years

text: three years

answer: three years

text: three years

answer: three years

text: three years

question: What is the CJEU's duty?

answer: to "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"

text: to "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"

answer: "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"

text: "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"

answer: "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"

text: "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"

answer: "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"

text: "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"

question: Which branch of the EU has had the least amount of influence on the development of Eu law?

text: judicial branch

question: What is not the main judicial body of the EU?

text: Court of Justice of the European Union

question: How many total female judges are there in the EU?

question: Which courts is the least EU law applied?

text: member state courts

question: What does the CJEU duty not emcompass?


text: Land-based steam engines could exhaust much of their steam, as feed water was usually readily available. Prior to and during World War I, the expansion engine dominated marine applications where high vessel speed was not essential. It was however superseded by the British invention steam turbine where speed was required, for instance in warships, such as the dreadnought battleships, and ocean liners. HMS Dreadnought of 1905 was the first major warship to replace the proven technology of the reciprocating engine with the then-novel steam turbine.[citation needed]

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: Land

text: based

text: steam

text: engines

text: could

text: exhaust

text: much

text: of

text: their

text: steam

text: as

text: feed

text: water

text: was

text: usually

text: readily

text: available

text: Prior

text: to

text: and

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: the

text: expansion

text: engine

text: dominated

text: marine

text: applications

text: where

text: high

text: vessel

text: speed

text: was

text: not

text: essential

text: It

text: was

text: however

text: superseded

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: invention

text: steam

text: turbine

text: where

text: speed

text: was

text: required

text: for

text: instance

text: in

text: warships

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: dreadnought

text: battleships

text: and

text: ocean

text: liners

text: HMS

text: Dreadnought

text: of

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: major

text: warship

text: to

text: replace

text: the

text: proven

text: technology

text: of

text: the

text: reciprocating

text: engine

text: with

text: the

text: then

text: novel

text: steam

text: turbine.[citation

text: needed

question: The frequent availability of what substance allowed land-based steam engines to exhaust a great deal of steam?

answer: feed water

text: feed water

answer: water

text: water

answer: feed water

text: feed water

question: People of what nationality invented the steam turbine?

answer: British

text: British

answer: British

text: British

answer: British

text: British

question: What was an example of a type of warship that required high speed?

answer: dreadnought battleships

text: dreadnought battleships

answer: dreadnought battleships

text: dreadnought battleships

answer: dreadnought battleships

text: dreadnought battleships

question: Other than warships, what ships typically required high speeds?

answer: ocean liners

text: ocean liners

answer: ocean liners

text: ocean liners

answer: ocean liners

text: ocean liners

question: In what year was HMS Dreadnought launched?

answer: 1905

answer: 1905

answer: 1905

question: The frequent availability of what substance allowed land-based steam engines to exhaust a great deal of battleships?

text: feed water

question: People of what nationality invented the HMS Dreadnought?

text: British

question: What was an example of a type of warship that required expansion engines?

text: dreadnought battleships

question: What ships, other than warships, typically required expansion engines?

text: ocean liners

question: In what year was World War I launched?


text: Several project structures can assist the owner in this integration, including design-build, partnering and construction management. In general, each of these project structures allows the owner to integrate the services of architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors throughout design and construction. In response, many companies are growing beyond traditional offerings of design or construction services alone and are placing more emphasis on establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process.

title: Construction

title: Construction

text: Several

text: project

text: structures

text: can

text: assist

text: the

text: owner

text: in

text: this

text: integration

text: including

text: design

text: build

text: partnering

text: and

text: construction

text: management

text: In

text: general

text: each

text: of

text: these

text: project

text: structures

text: allows

text: the

text: owner

text: to

text: integrate

text: the

text: services

text: of

text: architects

text: interior

text: designers

text: engineers

text: and

text: constructors

text: throughout

text: design

text: and

text: construction

text: In

text: response

text: many

text: companies

text: are

text: growing

text: beyond

text: traditional

text: offerings

text: of

text: design

text: or

text: construction

text: services

text: alone

text: and

text: are

text: placing

text: more

text: emphasis

text: on

text: establishing

text: relationships

text: with

text: other

text: necessary

text: participants

text: through

text: the

text: design

text: build

text: process

question: What project structures assist the owner in integration?

answer: design-build, partnering and construction management

text: design-build, partnering and construction management

answer: design-build, partnering and construction management

text: design-build, partnering and construction management

answer: design-build, partnering and construction management

text: design-build, partnering and construction management

question: These project structures allow the owner to integrate the services of who throughout the design and construction?

answer: architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors

text: architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors

answer: architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors

text: architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors

answer: architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors

text: architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors

question: Many construction companies are now placing more emphasis on what?

answer: establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process

text: establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process

answer: establishing relationships with other necessary participants

text: establishing relationships with other necessary participants

answer: establishing relationships with other necessary participants

text: establishing relationships with other necessary participants

question: What do partnering and construction management emphasize for the design-build process?

question: What helps the owner in design and construction?

question: Who's services do construction services integrate through design and construction?

question: What helps the interior designers during integration?

text: project structures

question: Because of integration what are growing beyond services of architects?

text: many companies


text: The first geological map of the U.S. was produced in 1809 by William Maclure. In 1807, Maclure commenced the self-imposed task of making a geological survey of the United States. Almost every state in the Union was traversed and mapped by him, the Allegheny Mountains being crossed and recrossed some 50 times. The results of his unaided labours were submitted to the American Philosophical Society in a memoir entitled Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map, and published in the Society's Transactions, together with the nation's first geological map. This antedates William Smith's geological map of England by six years, although it was constructed using a different classification of rocks.

title: Geology

title: Geology

text: The

text: first

text: geological

text: map

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: was

text: produced

text: in

text: by

text: William

text: Maclure

text: In

text: Maclure

text: commenced

text: the

text: self

text: imposed

text: task

text: of

text: making

text: a

text: geological

text: survey

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Almost

text: every

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: Union

text: was

text: traversed

text: and

text: mapped

text: by

text: him

text: the

text: Allegheny

text: Mountains

text: being

text: crossed

text: and

text: recrossed

text: some

text: times

text: The

text: results

text: of

text: his

text: unaided

text: labours

text: were

text: submitted

text: to

text: the

text: American

text: Philosophical

text: Society

text: in

text: a

text: memoir

text: entitled

text: Observations

text: on

text: the

text: Geology

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: explanatory

text: of

text: a

text: Geological

text: Map

text: and

text: published

text: in

text: the

text: Society

text: 's

text: Transactions

text: together

text: with

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: first

text: geological

text: map

text: This

text: antedates

text: William

text: Smith

text: 's

text: geological

text: map

text: of

text: England

text: by

text: six

text: years

text: although

text: it

text: was

text: constructed

text: using

text: a

text: different

text: classification

text: of

text: rocks

question: Who produced the first geological map of the U.S.?

answer: William Maclure

text: William Maclure

answer: William Maclure

text: William Maclure

answer: William Maclure

text: William Maclure

question: In what year was the first geological map of the U.S. produced?

answer: 1809

answer: 1809

answer: 1809

question: In what year did William Maclure begin the process of creating the first geological map of the U.S.?

answer: 1807

answer: 1807

answer: 1807

question: To whom did William Maclure submit the map?

answer: the American Philosophical Society

text: the American Philosophical Society

answer: American Philosophical Society

text: American Philosophical Society

answer: American Philosophical Society

text: American Philosophical Society

question: What was the memoir entitled which was submitted to the American Philosophical Society?

answer: Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map

text: Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map

answer: Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map

text: Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map

answer: Observations on the Geology of the United States

text: Observations on the Geology of the United States

question: When was the American Philosophical Society created?

text: in 1809

question: What did the American Philosophical Society produce in 1809?

text: The first geological map of the U.S

question: What did William Smith cross about 50 times?

text: the Allegheny Mountains

question: What memoir did William Smith write that was published in the Society's Transactions?

question: What did William Smith do in the US?

question: When was the first geological map of the entire earth created?

question: How many times did Maclure cross the Union states?

text: 50 times

question: Who published William Smith's geological map?

text: the Society's Transactions

question: When did the American Philosophical Society enlist Maclure to make the geological survey?

question: How many years later was Maclure's memoir published after the map?

text: six years


text: From their original homelands in Scandinavia and northern Europe, Germanic tribes expanded throughout northern and western Europe in the middle period of classical antiquity; southern Europe in late antiquity, conquering Celtic and other peoples; and by 800 CE, forming the Holy Roman Empire, the first German Empire. However, there was no real systemic continuity from the Western Roman Empire to its German successor which was famously described as "not holy, not Roman, and not an empire", as a great number of small states and principalities existed in the loosely autonomous confederation. Although by 1000 CE, the Germanic conquest of central, western, and southern Europe (west of and including Italy) was complete, excluding only Muslim Iberia. There was, however, little cultural integration or national identity, and "Germany" remained largely a conceptual term referring to an amorphous area of central Europe.

title: Imperialism

title: Imperialism

text: From

text: their

text: original

text: homelands

text: in

text: Scandinavia

text: and

text: northern

text: Europe

text: Germanic

text: tribes

text: expanded

text: throughout

text: northern

text: and

text: western

text: Europe

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: period

text: of

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: southern

text: Europe

text: in

text: late

text: antiquity

text: conquering

text: Celtic

text: and

text: other

text: peoples

text: and

text: by

text: CE

text: forming

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: the

text: first

text: German

text: Empire

text: However

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: real

text: systemic

text: continuity

text: from

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: to

text: its

text: German

text: successor

text: which

text: was

text: famously

text: described

text: as

text: not

text: holy

text: not

text: Roman

text: and

text: not

text: an

text: empire

text: as

text: a

text: great

text: number

text: of

text: small

text: states

text: and

text: principalities

text: existed

text: in

text: the

text: loosely

text: autonomous

text: confederation

text: Although

text: by

text: CE

text: the

text: Germanic

text: conquest

text: of

text: central

text: western

text: and

text: southern

text: Europe

text: west

text: of

text: and

text: including

text: Italy

text: was

text: complete

text: excluding

text: only

text: Muslim

text: Iberia

text: There

text: was

text: however

text: little

text: cultural

text: integration

text: or

text: national

text: identity

text: and

text: Germany

text: remained

text: largely

text: a

text: conceptual

text: term

text: referring

text: to

text: an

text: amorphous

text: area

text: of

text: central

text: Europe

question: Where were the Germanic tribes originally located?

answer: Scandinavia

text: Scandinavia

answer: Scandinavia and northern Europe

text: Scandinavia and northern Europe

answer: Scandinavia and northern Europe

text: Scandinavia and northern Europe

answer: Scandinavia and northern Europe

text: Scandinavia and northern Europe

answer: Scandinavia and northern Europe,

text: Scandinavia and northern Europe,

question: When did the Germanic tribes claim territory in north and west Europe?

answer: middle period of classical antiquity

text: middle period of classical antiquity

answer: the middle period of classical antiquity

text: the middle period of classical antiquity

answer: the middle period of classical antiquity

text: the middle period of classical antiquity

answer: the middle period of classical antiquity

text: the middle period of classical antiquity

answer: middle period of classical antiquity

text: middle period of classical antiquity

question: By when did the Germanic tribes conquer the Celtic peoples?

answer: 800 CE

text: 800 CE

answer: in late antiquity

text: in late antiquity

answer: late antiquity

text: late antiquity

answer: late antiquity

text: late antiquity

answer: by 800 CE

text: by 800 CE

question: What was the only region in Europe not conquered by the Germanic tribes?

answer: Muslim Iberia

text: Muslim Iberia

answer: Muslim Iberia

text: Muslim Iberia

answer: Muslim Iberia

text: Muslim Iberia

answer: Muslim Iberia

text: Muslim Iberia

answer: Muslim Iberia

text: Muslim Iberia

question: Germany referred to which area more so than an actual country?

answer: central Europe

text: central Europe

answer: amorphous area of central Europe

text: amorphous area of central Europe

answer: an amorphous area of central Europe

text: an amorphous area of central Europe

answer: central Europe

text: central Europe

answer: amorphous area of central Europe.

text: amorphous area of central Europe.

question: Where were the Germanic tribes not originally located?

text: Scandinavia

question: When did the Germanic tribes not claim territory in north and west Europe?

text: classical antiquity

question: By when did the Germanic tribes not conquer the Celtic peoples?

text: 800 CE

question: What was the only region in Europe conquered by the Germanic tribes?

text: Muslim Iberia


text: Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, who succeeded Marin as commander of the French forces after the latter died on October 29, invited Washington to dine with him. Over dinner, Washington presented Saint-Pierre with the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country. Saint-Pierre said, "As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it." He told Washington that France's claim to the region was superior to that of the British, since René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier.

title: French_and_Indian_War

title: French_and_Indian_War

text: Jacques

text: Legardeur

text: de

text: Saint

text: Pierre

text: who

text: succeeded

text: Marin

text: as

text: commander

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: forces

text: after

text: the

text: latter

text: died

text: on

text: October

text: invited

text: Washington

text: to

text: dine

text: with

text: him

text: Over

text: dinner

text: Washington

text: presented

text: Saint

text: Pierre

text: with

text: the

text: letter

text: from

text: Dinwiddie

text: demanding

text: an

text: immediate

text: French

text: withdrawal

text: from

text: the

text: Ohio

text: Country

text: Saint

text: Pierre

text: said

text: As

text: to

text: the

text: Summons

text: you

text: send

text: me

text: to

text: retire

text: I

text: do

text: not

text: think

text: myself

text: obliged

text: to

text: obey

text: it

text: He

text: told

text: Washington

text: that

text: France

text: 's

text: claim

text: to

text: the

text: region

text: was

text: superior

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: since

text: René

text: Robert

text: Cavelier

text: Sieur

text: de

text: La

text: Salle

text: had

text: explored

text: the

text: Ohio

text: Country

text: nearly

text: a

text: century

text: earlier

question: Who invited Washington to dine with him?

answer: Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre

text: Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre

answer: Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre

text: Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre

answer: Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre

text: Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre

answer: Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre

text: Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre

answer: Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre

text: Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre

question: What letter did Washington present to  Saint-Pierre ?

answer: Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country

text: Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country

answer: Dinwiddie

text: Dinwiddie

answer: from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country

text: from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country

answer: immediate French withdrawal

text: immediate French withdrawal

answer: the letter from Dinwiddie

text: the letter from Dinwiddie

question: How did Saint-Pierre respond to Washington?

answer: As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it.

text: As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it.

answer: said, "As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it."

text: said, "As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it."

answer: "As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it."

text: "As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it."

answer: I do not think myself obliged to obey

text: I do not think myself obliged to obey

answer: "As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it."

text: "As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it."

question: Why did French feel they had right to Ohio claim?

answer: France's claim to the region was superior to that of the British

text: France's claim to the region was superior to that of the British

answer: Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier

text: Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier

answer: René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier.

text: René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier.

answer: René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country

text: René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country

answer: René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier

text: René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier

question: Who uninvited Washington to dine with him?

text: Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre

question: Who invited Washington to fight with him?

text: Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre

question: What letter didn't Washington present to Saint-Pierre ?

question: How did Saint-Girard respond to Washington?

question: Why did French feel they had no right to Ohio claim?


text: As a member of the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body, the Presiding Officer is responsible for ensuring that the Parliament functions effectively and has the staff, property and resources it requires to operate. Convening the Parliamentary Bureau, which allocates time and sets the work agenda in the chamber, is another of the roles of the Presiding Officer. Under the Standing Orders of the Parliament the Bureau consists of the Presiding Officer and one representative from each political parties with five or more seats in the Parliament. Amongst the duties of the Bureau are to agree the timetable of business in the chamber, establish the number, remit and membership of parliamentary committees and regulate the passage of legislation (bills) through the Parliament. The Presiding Officer also represents the Scottish Parliament at home and abroad in an official capacity.

title: Scottish_Parliament

title: Scottish_Parliament

text: As

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Parliamentary

text: Corporate

text: Body

text: the

text: Presiding

text: Officer

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: ensuring

text: that

text: the

text: Parliament

text: functions

text: effectively

text: and

text: has

text: the

text: staff

text: property

text: and

text: resources

text: it

text: requires

text: to

text: operate

text: Convening

text: the

text: Parliamentary

text: Bureau

text: which

text: allocates

text: time

text: and

text: sets

text: the

text: work

text: agenda

text: in

text: the

text: chamber

text: is

text: another

text: of

text: the

text: roles

text: of

text: the

text: Presiding

text: Officer

text: Under

text: the

text: Standing

text: Orders

text: of

text: the

text: Parliament

text: the

text: Bureau

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: Presiding

text: Officer

text: and

text: one

text: representative

text: from

text: each

text: political

text: parties

text: with

text: five

text: or

text: more

text: seats

text: in

text: the

text: Parliament

text: Amongst

text: the

text: duties

text: of

text: the

text: Bureau

text: are

text: to

text: agree

text: the

text: timetable

text: of

text: business

text: in

text: the

text: chamber

text: establish

text: the

text: number

text: remit

text: and

text: membership

text: of

text: parliamentary

text: committees

text: and

text: regulate

text: the

text: passage

text: of

text: legislation

text: bills

text: through

text: the

text: Parliament

text: The

text: Presiding

text: Officer

text: also

text: represents

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: at

text: home

text: and

text: abroad

text: in

text: an

text: official

text: capacity

question: Who is responsible for ensuring the Parliament works smoothly?

answer: Presiding Officer

text: Presiding Officer

answer: Presiding Officer

text: Presiding Officer

answer: the Presiding Officer

text: the Presiding Officer

question: Who sets the work agenda and allocates time in the chamber?

answer: the Parliamentary Bureau

text: the Parliamentary Bureau

answer: Presiding Officer

text: Presiding Officer

answer: the Parliamentary Bureau

text: the Parliamentary Bureau

question: How many seats must a political party have to be represented on the Parliamentary Bureau?

answer: five

text: five

answer: five or more

text: five or more

answer: five or more seats

text: five or more seats

question: Who represents the Scottish Parliament at home and abroad in an official capacity?

answer: The Presiding Officer

text: The Presiding Officer

answer: Presiding Officer

text: Presiding Officer

answer: The Presiding Officer

text: The Presiding Officer

question: Which group sets the time agenda?

text: Parliamentary Bureau

question: Who is not responsible for ensuring Parliament runs smoothly?

text: the Presiding Officer

question: Who disagrees with the timetable of business in the chamber?

text: Parliamentary Bureau

question: Which officer represents the Scottish Police Force at home and abroad?

text: Presiding


text: Normans came into Scotland, building castles and founding noble families who would provide some future kings, such as Robert the Bruce, as well as founding a considerable number of the Scottish clans. King David I of Scotland, whose elder brother Alexander I had married Sybilla of Normandy, was instrumental in introducing Normans and Norman culture to Scotland, part of the process some scholars call the "Davidian Revolution". Having spent time at the court of Henry I of England (married to David's sister Maud of Scotland), and needing them to wrestle the kingdom from his half-brother Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair, David had to reward many with lands. The process was continued under David's successors, most intensely of all under William the Lion. The Norman-derived feudal system was applied in varying degrees to most of Scotland. Scottish families of the names Bruce, Gray, Ramsay, Fraser, Ogilvie, Montgomery, Sinclair, Pollock, Burnard, Douglas and Gordon to name but a few, and including the later royal House of Stewart, can all be traced back to Norman ancestry.

title: Normans

title: Normans

text: Normans

text: came

text: into

text: Scotland

text: building

text: castles

text: and

text: founding

text: noble

text: families

text: who

text: would

text: provide

text: some

text: future

text: kings

text: such

text: as

text: Robert

text: the

text: Bruce

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: founding

text: a

text: considerable

text: number

text: of

text: the

text: Scottish

text: clans

text: King

text: David

text: I

text: of

text: Scotland

text: whose

text: elder

text: brother

text: Alexander

text: I

text: had

text: married

text: Sybilla

text: of

text: Normandy

text: was

text: instrumental

text: in

text: introducing

text: Normans

text: and

text: Norman

text: culture

text: to

text: Scotland

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: process

text: some

text: scholars

text: call

text: the

text: Davidian

text: Revolution

text: Having

text: spent

text: time

text: at

text: the

text: court

text: of

text: Henry

text: I

text: of

text: England

text: married

text: to

text: David

text: 's

text: sister

text: Maud

text: of

text: Scotland

text: and

text: needing

text: them

text: to

text: wrestle

text: the

text: kingdom

text: from

text: his

text: half

text: brother

text: Máel

text: Coluim

text: mac

text: Alaxandair

text: David

text: had

text: to

text: reward

text: many

text: with

text: lands

text: The

text: process

text: was

text: continued

text: under

text: David

text: 's

text: successors

text: most

text: intensely

text: of

text: all

text: under

text: William

text: the

text: Lion

text: The

text: Norman

text: derived

text: feudal

text: system

text: was

text: applied

text: in

text: varying

text: degrees

text: to

text: most

text: of

text: Scotland

text: Scottish

text: families

text: of

text: the

text: names

text: Bruce

text: Gray

text: Ramsay

text: Fraser

text: Ogilvie

text: Montgomery

text: Sinclair

text: Pollock

text: Burnard

text: Douglas

text: and

text: Gordon

text: to

text: name

text: but

text: a

text: few

text: and

text: including

text: the

text: later

text: royal

text: House

text: of

text: Stewart

text: can

text: all

text: be

text: traced

text: back

text: to

text: Norman

text: ancestry

question: Who did Alexander I marry?

answer: Sybilla of Normandy

text: Sybilla of Normandy

answer: Sybilla of Normandy

text: Sybilla of Normandy

answer: Sybilla

text: Sybilla

question: What culture's arrival in Scotland is know as the "Davidian Revolution"?

answer: Norman

text: Norman

answer: Norman

text: Norman

answer: Norman

text: Norman

question: Who did King David I of Scotland Marry?

text: Sybilla of Normandy

question: What did Sybilla of Normandy introduce to Scotland?

text: Normans and Norman culture


text: Warsaw, especially its city centre (Śródmieście), is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies. In 2006, 304,016 companies were registered in the city. Warsaw's ever-growing business community has been noticed globally, regionally, and nationally. MasterCard Emerging Market Index has noted Warsaw's economic strength and commercial center. Moreover, Warsaw was ranked as the 7th greatest emerging market. Foreign investors' financial participation in the city's development was estimated in 2002 at over 650 million euro. Warsaw produces 12% of Poland's national income, which in 2008 was 305.1% of the Polish average, per capita (or 160% of the European Union average). The GDP per capita in Warsaw amounted to PLN 94 000 in 2008 (c. EUR 23 800, USD 33 000). Total nominal GDP of the city in 2010 amounted to 191.766 billion PLN, 111696 PLN per capita, which was 301,1 % of Polish average. Warsaw leads the region of East-Central Europe in foreign investment and in 2006, GDP growth met expectations with a level of 6.1%. It also has one of the fastest growing economies, with GDP growth at 6.5 percent in 2007 and 6.1 percent in the first quarter of 2008.

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: Warsaw

text: especially

text: its

text: city

text: centre

text: Śródmieście

text: is

text: home

text: not

text: only

text: to

text: many

text: national

text: institutions

text: and

text: government

text: agencies

text: but

text: also

text: to

text: many

text: domestic

text: and

text: international

text: companies

text: In

text: companies

text: were

text: registered

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: Warsaw

text: 's

text: ever

text: growing

text: business

text: community

text: has

text: been

text: noticed

text: globally

text: regionally

text: and

text: nationally

text: MasterCard

text: Emerging

text: Market

text: Index

text: has

text: noted

text: Warsaw

text: 's

text: economic

text: strength

text: and

text: commercial

text: center

text: Moreover

text: Warsaw

text: was

text: ranked

text: as

text: the

text: greatest

text: emerging

text: market

text: Foreign

text: investors

text: financial

text: participation

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: development

text: was

text: estimated

text: in

text: at

text: over

text: million

text: euro

text: Warsaw

text: produces

text: of

text: Poland

text: 's

text: national

text: income

text: which

text: in

text: was

text: of

text: the

text: Polish

text: average

text: per

text: capita

text: or

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: average

text: The

text: GDP

text: per

text: capita

text: in

text: Warsaw

text: amounted

text: to

text: PLN

text: in

text: c.

text: EUR

text: USD

text: Total

text: nominal

text: GDP

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: in

text: amounted

text: to

text: billion

text: PLN

text: PLN

text: per

text: capita

text: which

text: was

text: of

text: Polish

text: average

text: Warsaw

text: leads

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: East

text: Central

text: Europe

text: in

text: foreign

text: investment

text: and

text: in

text: GDP

text: growth

text: met

text: expectations

text: with

text: a

text: level

text: of

text: It

text: also

text: has

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: fastest

text: growing

text: economies

text: with

text: GDP

text: growth

text: at

text: percent

text: in

text: and

text: percent

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: quarter

text: of

question: What is the city centre of Warsaw called in Polish?

answer: Śródmieście

text: Śródmieście

answer: Śródmieście

text: Śródmieście

answer: Śródmieście

text: Śródmieście

question: How many companies were registered in Warsaw in 2006?

answer: 304,016

answer: 304,016

question: What was Warsaw ranked the 7th greatest of?

answer: emerging market

text: emerging market

answer: emerging market

text: emerging market

answer: emerging market

text: emerging market

question: How much of Poland's national income does Warsaw produce?

answer: 12%

answer: 12%

answer: 12%

question: What was the total nominal GDP of Warsaw in 2010?

answer: 191.766 billion PLN

text: 191.766 billion PLN

answer: 191.766 billion PLN

text: 191.766 billion PLN

answer: 191.766 billion PLN

text: 191.766 billion PLN

question: What is the city centre of Berlin called in Polish?

text: Śródmieście

question: How many companies were registered in Berlin in 2006?

question: What was Srodmiescie ranked the 7th greatest of?

text: emerging market

question: How much of Poland's national income does Srodmiescie produce?

question: What was the total nominal GDP of Srodmiescie in 2010?

text: 191.766 billion PLN


text: Although most are non-aligned, some of the best known independent schools also belong to the large, long-established religious foundations, such as the Anglican Church, Uniting Church and Presbyterian Church, but in most cases, they do not insist on their students’ religious allegiance. These schools are typically viewed as 'elite schools'. Many of the 'grammar schools' also fall in this category. They are usually expensive schools that tend to be up-market and traditional in style, some Catholic schools fall into this category as well, e.g. St Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace, Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview, St Gregory's College, Campbelltown, St Aloysius' College (Sydney) and St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill, as well as Loreto Kirribilli, Monte Sant Angelo Mercy College, St Ursula's College and Loreto Normanhurst for girls.

title: Private_school

title: Private_school

text: Although

text: most

text: are

text: non

text: aligned

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: known

text: independent

text: schools

text: also

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: large

text: long

text: established

text: religious

text: foundations

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Anglican

text: Church

text: Uniting

text: Church

text: and

text: Presbyterian

text: Church

text: but

text: in

text: most

text: cases

text: they

text: do

text: not

text: insist

text: on

text: their

text: students’

text: religious

text: allegiance

text: These

text: schools

text: are

text: typically

text: viewed

text: as

text: elite

text: schools

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: grammar

text: schools

text: also

text: fall

text: in

text: this

text: category

text: They

text: are

text: usually

text: expensive

text: schools

text: that

text: tend

text: to

text: be

text: up

text: market

text: and

text: traditional

text: in

text: style

text: some

text: Catholic

text: schools

text: fall

text: into

text: this

text: category

text: as

text: well

text: e.g.

text: St

text: Joseph

text: 's

text: College

text: Gregory

text: Terrace

text: Saint

text: Ignatius

text: College

text: Riverview

text: St

text: Gregory

text: 's

text: College

text: Campbelltown

text: St

text: Aloysius

text: College

text: Sydney

text: and

text: St

text: Joseph

text: 's

text: College

text: Hunters

text: Hill

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Loreto

text: Kirribilli

text: Monte

text: Sant

text: Angelo

text: Mercy

text: College

text: St

text: Ursula

text: 's

text: College

text: and

text: Loreto

text: Normanhurst

text: for

text: girls

question: Along with the Anglican Church and Uniting Church, what religious denomination operates private schools in Australia?

answer: Presbyterian

text: Presbyterian

answer: Presbyterian Church

text: Presbyterian Church

answer: Presbyterian Church

text: Presbyterian Church

question: What denomination operates St Joseph's College?

answer: Catholic

text: Catholic

answer: Catholic

text: Catholic

answer: Catholic

text: Catholic

question: Where is St Aloysius' College located?

answer: Sydney

text: Sydney

answer: Sydney

text: Sydney

answer: Sydney

text: Sydney

question: Who attends Loreto Normanhurst?

answer: girls

text: girls

answer: girls

text: girls

answer: girls

text: girls

question: What denomination insists that students must also be a member of the founding church?

text: Anglican Church

question: What category do all Catholic schools fall into?

text: 'elite schools'

question: Where is St. Gregory's College located?

text: (Sydney)

question: What three churches have colleges in Sydney?

question: What do all grammar schools insist their students have in order to attend?

text: religious allegiance


text: According to Sheldon Ungar's comparison with global warming, the actors in the ozone depletion case had a better understanding of scientific ignorance and uncertainties. The ozone case communicated to lay persons "with easy-to-understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture" and related to "immediate risks with everyday relevance", while the public opinion on climate change sees no imminent danger. The stepwise mitigation of the ozone layer challenge was based as well on successfully reducing regional burden sharing conflicts. In case of the IPCC conclusions and the failure of the Kyoto Protocol, varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions remain an unsolved problem. In the UK, a report for a House of Lords committee asked to urge the IPCC to involve better assessments of costs and benefits of climate change but the Stern Review ordered by the UK government made a stronger argument in favor to combat human-made climate change.

title: Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change

text: According

text: to

text: Sheldon

text: Ungar

text: 's

text: comparison

text: with

text: global

text: warming

text: the

text: actors

text: in

text: the

text: ozone

text: depletion

text: case

text: had

text: a

text: better

text: understanding

text: of

text: scientific

text: ignorance

text: and

text: uncertainties

text: The

text: ozone

text: case

text: communicated

text: to

text: lay

text: persons

text: with

text: easy

text: to

text: understand

text: bridging

text: metaphors

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: popular

text: culture

text: and

text: related

text: to

text: immediate

text: risks

text: with

text: everyday

text: relevance

text: while

text: the

text: public

text: opinion

text: on

text: climate

text: change

text: sees

text: no

text: imminent

text: danger

text: The

text: stepwise

text: mitigation

text: of

text: the

text: ozone

text: layer

text: challenge

text: was

text: based

text: as

text: well

text: on

text: successfully

text: reducing

text: regional

text: burden

text: sharing

text: conflicts

text: In

text: case

text: of

text: the

text: IPCC

text: conclusions

text: and

text: the

text: failure

text: of

text: the

text: Kyoto

text: Protocol

text: varying

text: regional

text: cost

text: benefit

text: analysis

text: and

text: burden

text: sharing

text: conflicts

text: with

text: regard

text: to

text: the

text: distribution

text: of

text: emission

text: reductions

text: remain

text: an

text: unsolved

text: problem

text: In

text: the

text: UK

text: a

text: report

text: for

text: a

text: House

text: of

text: Lords

text: committee

text: asked

text: to

text: urge

text: the

text: IPCC

text: to

text: involve

text: better

text: assessments

text: of

text: costs

text: and

text: benefits

text: of

text: climate

text: change

text: but

text: the

text: Stern

text: Review

text: ordered

text: by

text: the

text: UK

text: government

text: made

text: a

text: stronger

text: argument

text: in

text: favor

text: to

text: combat

text: human

text: made

text: climate

text: change

question: Who said people involved in the ozone situation had "a better understanding of scientific ignorance and uncertainties"?

answer: Sheldon Ungar

text: Sheldon Ungar

answer: Sheldon Ungar

text: Sheldon Ungar

answer: Sheldon Ungar

text: Sheldon Ungar

question: What remain unsolved problems with the Kyoto Protocol?

answer: varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions

text: varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions

answer: varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions

text: varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions

question: What conflicts did the ozone mitigation reduce?

answer: regional burden sharing conflicts

text: regional burden sharing conflicts

answer: regional burden sharing conflicts

text: regional burden sharing conflicts

answer: varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions

text: varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions

question: Who ordered the Stern Review?

answer: the UK government

text: the UK government

answer: the UK government

text: the UK government

answer: the UK government

text: the UK government

question: Who stated that that scientific ignorance was what caused uncertainties of global warming?

text: Sheldon Ungar

question: What metaphors explained global warming?

text: bridging metaphors

question: What did everyday relevance to popular culture explain?

text: ozone depletion

question: What does the public see an an imminent danger?

text: climate change

question: What was one of the problems solved by the Kyoto Protocol?

text: emission reductions


text: The views of Ali Shariati, ideologue of the Iranian Revolution, had resemblance with Mohammad Iqbal, ideological father of the State of Pakistan, but Khomeini's beliefs is perceived to be placed somewhere between beliefs of Sunni Islamic thinkers like Mawdudi and Qutb. He believed that complete imitation of the Prophet Mohammad and his successors such as Ali for restoration of Sharia law was essential to Islam, that many secular, Westernizing Muslims were actually agents of the West serving Western interests, and that the acts such as "plundering" of Muslim lands was part of a long-term conspiracy against Islam by the Western governments.

title: Islamism

title: Islamism

text: The

text: views

text: of

text: Ali

text: Shariati

text: ideologue

text: of

text: the

text: Iranian

text: Revolution

text: had

text: resemblance

text: with

text: Mohammad

text: Iqbal

text: ideological

text: father

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Pakistan

text: but

text: Khomeini

text: 's

text: beliefs

text: is

text: perceived

text: to

text: be

text: placed

text: somewhere

text: between

text: beliefs

text: of

text: Sunni

text: Islamic

text: thinkers

text: like

text: Mawdudi

text: and

text: Qutb

text: He

text: believed

text: that

text: complete

text: imitation

text: of

text: the

text: Prophet

text: Mohammad

text: and

text: his

text: successors

text: such

text: as

text: Ali

text: for

text: restoration

text: of

text: Sharia

text: law

text: was

text: essential

text: to

text: Islam

text: that

text: many

text: secular

text: Westernizing

text: Muslims

text: were

text: actually

text: agents

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: serving

text: Western

text: interests

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: acts

text: such

text: as

text: plundering

text: of

text: Muslim

text: lands

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: long

text: term

text: conspiracy

text: against

text: Islam

text: by

text: the

text: Western

text: governments

question: Who was the ideologue of the Iranian Revolution?

answer: Ali Shariati

text: Ali Shariati

answer: Ali Shariati

text: Ali Shariati

answer: Ali Shariati

text: Ali Shariati

question: Mohammad Iqbal was what type of father to the State of Pakistan?

answer: ideological

text: ideological

answer: ideological

text: ideological

answer: ideological

text: ideological

question: Where does Khomeini's beliefs fall as compared to Mawdudi and Qutb?

answer: somewhere between

text: somewhere between

answer: between

text: between

answer: somewhere between

text: somewhere between

question: Who was it essential to Islam to imitate?

answer: the Prophet Mohammad

text: the Prophet Mohammad

answer: Prophet Mohammad and his successors

text: Prophet Mohammad and his successors

answer: Prophet Mohammad

text: Prophet Mohammad

question: What long term agenda was the acts of plundering Muslim lands by the West?

answer: conspiracy

text: conspiracy

answer: Westernizing Muslims

text: Westernizing Muslims

answer: conspiracy

text: conspiracy

question: Who was not the ideologue of the Iranian Revolution?

text: Ali Shariati

question: Mohammad Iqbal was what type of enemy to the State of Pakistan?

text: ideological

question: Who was it essential for Islam to not imitate?

text: Prophet Mohammad

question: hat long term agenda was the acts of plundering Muslim lands by the East?

text: conspiracy


text: In July 1977, General Zia-ul-Haq overthrew Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's regime in Pakistan. Ali Bhutto, a leftist in democratic competition with Islamists, had announced banning alcohol and nightclubs within six months, shortly before he was overthrown. Zia-ul-Haq was much more committed to Islamism, and "Islamization" or implementation of Islamic law, became a cornerstone of his eleven-year military dictatorship and Islamism became his "official state ideology". Zia ul Haq was an admirer of Mawdudi and Mawdudi's party Jamaat-e-Islami became the "regime's ideological and political arm". In Pakistan this Islamization from above was "probably" more complete "than under any other regime except those in Iran and Sudan," but Zia-ul-Haq was also criticized by many Islamists for imposing "symbols" rather than substance, and using Islamization to legitimize his means of seizing power. Unlike neighboring Iran, Zia-ul-Haq's policies were intended to "avoid revolutionary excess", and not to strain relations with his American and Persian Gulf state allies. Zia-ul-Haq was killed in 1988 but Islamization remains an important element in Pakistani society.

title: Islamism

title: Islamism

text: In

text: July

text: General

text: Zia

text: ul

text: Haq

text: overthrew

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Zulfiqar

text: Ali

text: Bhutto

text: 's

text: regime

text: in

text: Pakistan

text: Ali

text: Bhutto

text: a

text: leftist

text: in

text: democratic

text: competition

text: with

text: Islamists

text: had

text: announced

text: banning

text: alcohol

text: and

text: nightclubs

text: within

text: six

text: months

text: shortly

text: before

text: he

text: was

text: overthrown

text: Zia

text: ul

text: Haq

text: was

text: much

text: more

text: committed

text: to

text: Islamism

text: and

text: Islamization

text: or

text: implementation

text: of

text: Islamic

text: law

text: became

text: a

text: cornerstone

text: of

text: his

text: eleven

text: year

text: military

text: dictatorship

text: and

text: Islamism

text: became

text: his

text: official

text: state

text: ideology

text: Zia

text: ul

text: Haq

text: was

text: an

text: admirer

text: of

text: Mawdudi

text: and

text: Mawdudi

text: 's

text: party

text: Jamaat

text: e

text: Islami

text: became

text: the

text: regime

text: 's

text: ideological

text: and

text: political

text: arm

text: In

text: Pakistan

text: this

text: Islamization

text: from

text: above

text: was

text: probably

text: more

text: complete

text: than

text: under

text: any

text: other

text: regime

text: except

text: those

text: in

text: Iran

text: and

text: Sudan

text: but

text: Zia

text: ul

text: Haq

text: was

text: also

text: criticized

text: by

text: many

text: Islamists

text: for

text: imposing

text: symbols

text: rather

text: than

text: substance

text: and

text: using

text: Islamization

text: to

text: legitimize

text: his

text: means

text: of

text: seizing

text: power

text: Unlike

text: neighboring

text: Iran

text: Zia

text: ul

text: Haq

text: 's

text: policies

text: were

text: intended

text: to

text: avoid

text: revolutionary

text: excess

text: and

text: not

text: to

text: strain

text: relations

text: with

text: his

text: American

text: and

text: Persian

text: Gulf

text: state

text: allies

text: Zia

text: ul

text: Haq

text: was

text: killed

text: in

text: but

text: Islamization

text: remains

text: an

text: important

text: element

text: in

text: Pakistani

text: society

question: When was the regime in Pakistan overthrown by General Zia-ul-Haq?

answer: July 1977

text: July 1977

answer: July 1977

text: July 1977

answer: 1977

question: What had Bhutto planned on banning within six months, before he was overthrown?

answer: alcohol and nightclubs

text: alcohol and nightclubs

answer: alcohol and nightclubs

text: alcohol and nightclubs

answer: alcohol and nightclubs

text: alcohol and nightclubs

question: What was Zia-ul-Haq's official state ideology?

answer: Islamism

text: Islamism

answer: Islamism

text: Islamism

answer: Islamism

text: Islamism

question: What was Zia-ul-Haq accused of using Islamization to legitimize?

answer: his means of seizing power

text: his means of seizing power

answer: his means of seizing

text: his means of seizing

answer: seizing power

text: seizing power

question: When was Zia-ul-Haq killed?

answer: 1988

answer: 1988

answer: 1988

question: When was the regime in Pakistan accepted by General Zia-ul-Haq?

text: July 1977

question: What had Bhutto planned on approving within six months, before he was overthrown?

text: alcohol and nightclubs

question: What was Zia-ul-Haq's non-official state ideology?

text: Islamism

question: What was Zia-ul-Haq supported for using Islamization to legitimize?

text: means of seizing power.

question: When was Zia-ul-Haq born?


text: Most of the Rhine's current course was not under the ice during the last Ice Age; although, its source must still have been a glacier. A tundra, with Ice Age flora and fauna, stretched across middle Europe, from Asia to the Atlantic Ocean. Such was the case during the Last Glacial Maximum, ca. 22,000–14,000 yr BP, when ice-sheets covered Scandinavia, the Baltics, Scotland and the Alps, but left the space between as open tundra. The loess or wind-blown dust over that tundra, settled in and around the Rhine Valley, contributing to its current agricultural usefulness.

title: Rhine

title: Rhine

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: 's

text: current

text: course

text: was

text: not

text: under

text: the

text: ice

text: during

text: the

text: last

text: Ice

text: Age

text: although

text: its

text: source

text: must

text: still

text: have

text: been

text: a

text: glacier

text: A

text: tundra

text: with

text: Ice

text: Age

text: flora

text: and

text: fauna

text: stretched

text: across

text: middle

text: Europe

text: from

text: Asia

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Such

text: was

text: the

text: case

text: during

text: the

text: Last

text: Glacial

text: Maximum

text: ca

text: yr

text: BP

text: when

text: ice

text: sheets

text: covered

text: Scandinavia

text: the

text: Baltics

text: Scotland

text: and

text: the

text: Alps

text: but

text: left

text: the

text: space

text: between

text: as

text: open

text: tundra

text: The

text: loess

text: or

text: wind

text: blown

text: dust

text: over

text: that

text: tundra

text: settled

text: in

text: and

text: around

text: the

text: Rhine

text: Valley

text: contributing

text: to

text: its

text: current

text: agricultural

text: usefulness

question: What was the source of the Rhine in the last Ice Age?

answer: glacier

text: glacier

answer: glacier

text: glacier

answer: a glacier

text: a glacier

question: What stretched across middle Europe in the last ice age?

answer: tundra

text: tundra

answer: tundra

text: tundra

answer: A tundra

text: A tundra

question: When was the Last Glacial Maximum?

answer: 22,000–14,000 yr BP

text: 22,000–14,000 yr BP

answer: 22,000–14,000 yr BP

text: 22,000–14,000 yr BP

answer: ca. 22,000–14,000 yr BP

text: ca. 22,000–14,000 yr BP

question: What covered Scandinavia, the Baltics, Scotland, and the Alps in the last Ice Age?

answer: ice-sheets

text: ice-sheets

answer: ice-sheets

text: ice-sheets

answer: ice-sheets

text: ice-sheets

question: What is the term for wind-blown dust in a tundra?

answer: loess

text: loess

answer: loess

text: loess

answer: loess

text: loess

question: What was the source of the Rhine during the current last Ice Age?

text: glacier

question: What flowed through the tundra?

text: the Rhine

question: When did ice-sheets cover Asia?

text: 22,000–14,000 yr BP

question: When were the Alps formed?

text: last Ice Age


text: The Education Service Contracting scheme of the government provides financial assistance for tuition and other school fees of students turned away from public high schools because of enrollment overflows. The Tuition Fee Supplement is geared to students enrolled in priority courses in post-secondary and non-degree programmes, including vocational and technical courses. The Private Education Student Financial Assistance is made available to underprivileged, but deserving high school graduates, who wish to pursue college/technical education in private colleges and universities.

title: Private_school

title: Private_school

text: The

text: Education

text: Service

text: Contracting

text: scheme

text: of

text: the

text: government

text: provides

text: financial

text: assistance

text: for

text: tuition

text: and

text: other

text: school

text: fees

text: of

text: students

text: turned

text: away

text: from

text: public

text: high

text: schools

text: because

text: of

text: enrollment

text: overflows

text: The

text: Tuition

text: Fee

text: Supplement

text: is

text: geared

text: to

text: students

text: enrolled

text: in

text: priority

text: courses

text: in

text: post

text: secondary

text: and

text: non

text: degree

text: programmes

text: including

text: vocational

text: and

text: technical

text: courses

text: The

text: Private

text: Education

text: Student

text: Financial

text: Assistance

text: is

text: made

text: available

text: to

text: underprivileged

text: but

text: deserving

text: high

text: school

text: graduates

text: who

text: wish

text: to

text: pursue

text: college

text: technical

text: education

text: in

text: private

text: colleges

text: and

text: universities

question: What is the name of the scheme that provides tuition and fee assistance to students due to excess enrollment?

answer: Education Service Contracting

text: Education Service Contracting

answer: Education Service Contracting

text: Education Service Contracting

answer: Education Service Contracting

text: Education Service Contracting

question: What stipend do students enrolled in priority courses receive?

answer: Tuition Fee Supplement

text: Tuition Fee Supplement

answer: Tuition Fee Supplement

text: Tuition Fee Supplement

answer: Tuition Fee Supplement

text: Tuition Fee Supplement

question: What aid is available to underprivileged students seeking to attend a private university?

answer: Private Education Student Financial Assistance

text: Private Education Student Financial Assistance

answer: Private Education Student Financial Assistance

text: Private Education Student Financial Assistance

answer: Private Education Student Financial Assistance

text: Private Education Student Financial Assistance

question: Why would students be turned away from non-degree programmes?

text: because of enrollment overflows

question: How does The Tuition Fee Suppliment help high school students?

question: What does The Private Education Student Financial Assistance help current high school students who are turned away do?

question: What program provides financial assistance for tuition and fees for a college or technical education?

question: What does the government provide for students turned away from priority courses?