text: In 1529, Warsaw for the first time became the seat of the General Sejm, permanent from 1569. In 1573 the city gave its name to the Warsaw Confederation, formally establishing religious freedom in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Due to its central location between the Commonwealth's capitals of Kraków and Vilnius, Warsaw became the capital of the Commonwealth and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland when King Sigismund III Vasa moved his court from Kraków to Warsaw in 1596. In the following years the town expanded towards the suburbs. Several private independent districts were established, the property of aristocrats and the gentry, which were ruled by their own laws. Three times between 1655–1658 the city was under siege and three times it was taken and pillaged by the Swedish, Brandenburgian and Transylvanian forces.

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: In

text: Warsaw

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: became

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: General

text: Sejm

text: permanent

text: from

text: In

text: the

text: city

text: gave

text: its

text: name

text: to

text: the

text: Warsaw

text: Confederation

text: formally

text: establishing

text: religious

text: freedom

text: in

text: the

text: Polish

text: Lithuanian

text: Commonwealth

text: Due

text: to

text: its

text: central

text: location

text: between

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: 's

text: capitals

text: of

text: Kraków

text: and

text: Vilnius

text: Warsaw

text: became

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: and

text: the

text: Crown

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Poland

text: when

text: King

text: Sigismund

text: III

text: Vasa

text: moved

text: his

text: court

text: from

text: Kraków

text: to

text: Warsaw

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: following

text: years

text: the

text: town

text: expanded

text: towards

text: the

text: suburbs

text: Several

text: private

text: independent

text: districts

text: were

text: established

text: the

text: property

text: of

text: aristocrats

text: and

text: the

text: gentry

text: which

text: were

text: ruled

text: by

text: their

text: own

text: laws

text: Three

text: times

text: between

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: under

text: siege

text: and

text: three

text: times

text: it

text: was

text: taken

text: and

text: pillaged

text: by

text: the

text: Swedish

text: Brandenburgian

text: and

text: Transylvanian

text: forces

question: Who did Warsaw serve as the seat for in 1529?

answer: General Sejm

text: General Sejm

answer: General Sejm

text: General Sejm

answer: General Sejm

text: General Sejm

question: When did the General Sejm make Warsaw it's permanent seat?

answer: 1569

answer: 1569

answer: 1569

question: What did the Warsaw Confederation formally establish in 1573?

answer: religious freedom

text: religious freedom

answer: religious freedom in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

text: religious freedom in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

answer: religious freedom

text: religious freedom

question: Why did Warsaw become the capital of the Commonwealth?

answer: Due to its central location

text: Due to its central location

answer: its central location

text: its central location

answer: central location

text: central location

question: What year did King Sigismund III Vasa move his court to Warsaw?

answer: 1596

answer: 1596

answer: 1596

question: When did General Sejm make Vilnius its permanent seat?

question: What did the Vilnius formally establish in 1573?

text: religious freedom

question: Why did Vilnius become the capital of the Commonwealth?

text: Due to its central location

question: What year did Kind Vilnius move his court to Warsaw?


text: Helper T cells express T cell receptors (TCR) that recognize antigen bound to Class II MHC molecules. The MHC:antigen complex is also recognized by the helper cell's CD4 co-receptor, which recruits molecules inside the T cell (e.g., Lck) that are responsible for the T cell's activation. Helper T cells have a weaker association with the MHC:antigen complex than observed for killer T cells, meaning many receptors (around 200–300) on the helper T cell must be bound by an MHC:antigen in order to activate the helper cell, while killer T cells can be activated by engagement of a single MHC:antigen molecule. Helper T cell activation also requires longer duration of engagement with an antigen-presenting cell. The activation of a resting helper T cell causes it to release cytokines that influence the activity of many cell types. Cytokine signals produced by helper T cells enhance the microbicidal function of macrophages and the activity of killer T cells. In addition, helper T cell activation causes an upregulation of molecules expressed on the T cell's surface, such as CD40 ligand (also called CD154), which provide extra stimulatory signals typically required to activate antibody-producing B cells.

title: Immune_system

title: Immune_system

text: Helper

text: T

text: cells

text: express

text: T

text: cell

text: receptors

text: TCR

text: that

text: recognize

text: antigen

text: bound

text: to

text: Class

text: II

text: MHC

text: molecules

text: The

text: MHC

text: antigen

text: complex

text: is

text: also

text: recognized

text: by

text: the

text: helper

text: cell

text: 's

text: co

text: receptor

text: which

text: recruits

text: molecules

text: inside

text: the

text: T

text: cell

text: e.g.

text: Lck

text: that

text: are

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: T

text: cell

text: 's

text: activation

text: Helper

text: T

text: cells

text: have

text: a

text: weaker

text: association

text: with

text: the

text: MHC

text: antigen

text: complex

text: than

text: observed

text: for

text: killer

text: T

text: cells

text: meaning

text: many

text: receptors

text: around

text: on

text: the

text: helper

text: T

text: cell

text: must

text: be

text: bound

text: by

text: an

text: MHC

text: antigen

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: activate

text: the

text: helper

text: cell

text: while

text: killer

text: T

text: cells

text: can

text: be

text: activated

text: by

text: engagement

text: of

text: a

text: single

text: MHC

text: antigen

text: molecule

text: Helper

text: T

text: cell

text: activation

text: also

text: requires

text: longer

text: duration

text: of

text: engagement

text: with

text: an

text: antigen

text: presenting

text: cell

text: The

text: activation

text: of

text: a

text: resting

text: helper

text: T

text: cell

text: causes

text: it

text: to

text: release

text: cytokines

text: that

text: influence

text: the

text: activity

text: of

text: many

text: cell

text: types

text: Cytokine

text: signals

text: produced

text: by

text: helper

text: T

text: cells

text: enhance

text: the

text: microbicidal

text: function

text: of

text: macrophages

text: and

text: the

text: activity

text: of

text: killer

text: T

text: cells

text: In

text: addition

text: helper

text: T

text: cell

text: activation

text: causes

text: an

text: upregulation

text: of

text: molecules

text: expressed

text: on

text: the

text: T

text: cell

text: 's

text: surface

text: such

text: as

text: ligand

text: also

text: called

text: which

text: provide

text: extra

text: stimulatory

text: signals

text: typically

text: required

text: to

text: activate

text: antibody

text: producing

text: B

text: cells

question: What co-receptor recruits molecules inside the T cell that are responsible for cell activation?

answer: CD4 co-receptor

text: CD4 co-receptor

answer: CD4

answer: CD4 co-receptor

text: CD4 co-receptor

question: How many receptors on a helper T cell must be bound to a MHC:antigen complex in order for the cell to be activated?

answer: around 200–300

text: around 200–300

answer: around 200–300

text: around 200–300

answer: around 200–300

text: around 200–300

question: The receptors on a killer T cell must bind to how many MHC: antigen complexes in order to activate the cell?

answer: a single MHC:antigen molecule

text: a single MHC:antigen molecule

answer: single

text: single

answer: a single MHC:antigen molecule

text: a single MHC:antigen molecule

question: Activation of a helper T cell causes it to release what chemicals that influence cell activity?

answer: cytokines

text: cytokines

answer: cytokines

text: cytokines

answer: cytokines

text: cytokines

question: What is a ligand on the cell surface that is upregulated after helper T cell activation?

answer: CD40 ligand

text: CD40 ligand

answer: CD40

answer: CD40 ligand

text: CD40 ligand

question: What antigens do Helper T cells not recognize?

text: antigen bound to Class II MHC molecules

question: What has a stronger association with the MHC:antigen complex than killer T cells?

text: Helper T cells

question: What are killer T cells dis-activated by?

question: What do helper T cells absorb?

text: cytokines

question: What do B cells help T cells produce?

text: antibody


text: Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels. When the researchers' analysis was "applied to the possible scenarios outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the researchers found that in 2100 sea levels would be 0.5–1.4 m [50–140 cm] above 1990 levels. These values are much greater than the 9–88 cm as projected by the IPCC itself in its Third Assessment Report, published in 2001". This may have been due, in part, to the expanding human understanding of climate.

title: Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change

text: Another

text: example

text: of

text: scientific

text: research

text: which

text: suggests

text: that

text: previous

text: estimates

text: by

text: the

text: IPCC

text: far

text: from

text: overstating

text: dangers

text: and

text: risks

text: have

text: actually

text: understated

text: them

text: is

text: a

text: study

text: on

text: projected

text: rises

text: in

text: sea

text: levels

text: When

text: the

text: researchers

text: analysis

text: was

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: possible

text: scenarios

text: outlined

text: by

text: the

text: Intergovernmental

text: Panel

text: on

text: Climate

text: Change

text: IPCC

text: the

text: researchers

text: found

text: that

text: in

text: sea

text: levels

text: would

text: be

text: m

text: cm

text: above

text: levels

text: These

text: values

text: are

text: much

text: greater

text: than

text: the

text: cm

text: as

text: projected

text: by

text: the

text: IPCC

text: itself

text: in

text: its

text: Third

text: Assessment

text: Report

text: published

text: in

text: This

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: due

text: in

text: part

text: to

text: the

text: expanding

text: human

text: understanding

text: of

text: climate

question: What danger did the IPCC understate?

answer: projected rises in sea levels

text: projected rises in sea levels

answer: rises in sea levels

text: rises in sea levels

answer: projected rises in sea levels

text: projected rises in sea levels

question: How much did the IPCC Third Assessment Report say sea levels will rise from 1990 to 2100?

answer: 9–88 cm

text: 9–88 cm

answer: 0.5–1.4 m

text: 0.5–1.4 m

answer: 9–88 cm

text: 9–88 cm

question: How much do researchers now think sea levels will rise from 1990 to 2100?

answer: 50–140 cm

text: 50–140 cm

answer: 9–88 cm

text: 9–88 cm

answer: 0.5–1.4 m [50–140 cm]

text: 0.5–1.4 m [50–140 cm]

question: When was the Third Assessment Report published?

answer: 2001

answer: 2001

answer: 2001

question: How much greater were 1990 sea levels than those anticipated in the year 2100?

text: 0.5–1.4 m

question: What was the projection of sea level increases in the forth assessment report?

text: 9–88 cm

question: Who projected the 1990 levels in the third assessment report?

text: IPCC

question: Which study suggests that previous estimates were overstated?

question: How much lower did researchers suggest sea levels would be in 2100 as compared to 1990?

text: 50–140 cm


text: In southern Europe, the stage was set in the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era, with the opening of the Tethys Ocean, between the Eurasian and African tectonic plates, between about 240 MBP and 220 MBP (million years before present). The present Mediterranean Sea descends from this somewhat larger Tethys sea. At about 180 MBP, in the Jurassic Period, the two plates reversed direction and began to compress the Tethys floor, causing it to be subducted under Eurasia and pushing up the edge of the latter plate in the Alpine Orogeny of the Oligocene and Miocene Periods. Several microplates were caught in the squeeze and rotated or were pushed laterally, generating the individual features of Mediterranean geography: Iberia pushed up the Pyrenees; Italy, the Alps, and Anatolia, moving west, the mountains of Greece and the islands. The compression and orogeny continue today, as shown by the ongoing raising of the mountains a small amount each year and the active volcanoes.

title: Rhine

title: Rhine

text: In

text: southern

text: Europe

text: the

text: stage

text: was

text: set

text: in

text: the

text: Triassic

text: Period

text: of

text: the

text: Mesozoic

text: Era

text: with

text: the

text: opening

text: of

text: the

text: Tethys

text: Ocean

text: between

text: the

text: Eurasian

text: and

text: African

text: tectonic

text: plates

text: between

text: about

text: MBP

text: and

text: MBP

text: million

text: years

text: before

text: present

text: The

text: present

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: descends

text: from

text: this

text: somewhat

text: larger

text: Tethys

text: sea

text: At

text: about

text: MBP

text: in

text: the

text: Jurassic

text: Period

text: the

text: two

text: plates

text: reversed

text: direction

text: and

text: began

text: to

text: compress

text: the

text: Tethys

text: floor

text: causing

text: it

text: to

text: be

text: subducted

text: under

text: Eurasia

text: and

text: pushing

text: up

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: latter

text: plate

text: in

text: the

text: Alpine

text: Orogeny

text: of

text: the

text: Oligocene

text: and

text: Miocene

text: Periods

text: Several

text: microplates

text: were

text: caught

text: in

text: the

text: squeeze

text: and

text: rotated

text: or

text: were

text: pushed

text: laterally

text: generating

text: the

text: individual

text: features

text: of

text: Mediterranean

text: geography

text: Iberia

text: pushed

text: up

text: the

text: Pyrenees

text: Italy

text: the

text: Alps

text: and

text: Anatolia

text: moving

text: west

text: the

text: mountains

text: of

text: Greece

text: and

text: the

text: islands

text: The

text: compression

text: and

text: orogeny

text: continue

text: today

text: as

text: shown

text: by

text: the

text: ongoing

text: raising

text: of

text: the

text: mountains

text: a

text: small

text: amount

text: each

text: year

text: and

text: the

text: active

text: volcanoes

question: The present Mediterranean Sea descends from what sea?

answer: Tethys sea

text: Tethys sea

answer: Tethys

text: Tethys

answer: Tethys sea

text: Tethys sea

question: What period opened the Tethys Ocean?

answer: Mesozoic Era

text: Mesozoic Era

answer: Triassic Period

text: Triassic Period

answer: Triassic Period

text: Triassic Period

question: What period did plates reverse directions to compress the Tethys floor?

answer: Jurassic Period

text: Jurassic Period

answer: Jurassic Period

text: Jurassic Period

answer: Jurassic Period

text: Jurassic Period

question: Microplates squeezing and rotating created the features of what?

answer: Mediterranean geography

text: Mediterranean geography

answer: Mediterranean geography

text: Mediterranean geography

answer: Mediterranean geography

text: Mediterranean geography

question: What pushed up the Pyrenees?

answer: Iberia

text: Iberia

answer: Iberia

text: Iberia

answer: Iberia

text: Iberia

question: What period closed up the Tethys Ocean?

text: Mesozoic Era

question: During what period was southern Europe discovered?

text: Triassic Period

question: When did the Jurassic Period end?

text: 180 MBP

question: During what period was the Tethys floor discovered?

text: Jurassic Period

question: Between which years did the Mediterranean Sea flow into the Tethys sea?

text: 240 MBP and 220 MBP


text: The Scotland Act 1998, which was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom and given royal assent by Queen Elizabeth II on 19 November 1998, governs the functions and role of the Scottish Parliament and delimits its legislative competence. The Scotland Act 2012 extends the devolved competencies. For the purposes of parliamentary sovereignty, the Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster continues to constitute the supreme legislature of Scotland. However, under the terms of the Scotland Act, Westminster agreed to devolve some of its responsibilities over Scottish domestic policy to the Scottish Parliament. Such "devolved matters" include education, health, agriculture and justice. The Scotland Act enabled the Scottish Parliament to pass primary legislation on these issues. A degree of domestic authority, and all foreign policy, remain with the UK Parliament in Westminster. The Scottish Parliament has the power to pass laws and has limited tax-varying capability. Another of the roles of the Parliament is to hold the Scottish Government to account.

title: Scottish_Parliament

title: Scottish_Parliament

text: The

text: Scotland

text: Act

text: which

text: was

text: passed

text: by

text: the

text: Parliament

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: given

text: royal

text: assent

text: by

text: Queen

text: Elizabeth

text: II

text: on

text: November

text: governs

text: the

text: functions

text: and

text: role

text: of

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: and

text: delimits

text: its

text: legislative

text: competence

text: The

text: Scotland

text: Act

text: extends

text: the

text: devolved

text: competencies

text: For

text: the

text: purposes

text: of

text: parliamentary

text: sovereignty

text: the

text: Parliament

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: at

text: Westminster

text: continues

text: to

text: constitute

text: the

text: supreme

text: legislature

text: of

text: Scotland

text: However

text: under

text: the

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: Scotland

text: Act

text: Westminster

text: agreed

text: to

text: devolve

text: some

text: of

text: its

text: responsibilities

text: over

text: Scottish

text: domestic

text: policy

text: to

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: Such

text: devolved

text: matters

text: include

text: education

text: health

text: agriculture

text: and

text: justice

text: The

text: Scotland

text: Act

text: enabled

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: to

text: pass

text: primary

text: legislation

text: on

text: these

text: issues

text: A

text: degree

text: of

text: domestic

text: authority

text: and

text: all

text: foreign

text: policy

text: remain

text: with

text: the

text: UK

text: Parliament

text: in

text: Westminster

text: The

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: has

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: pass

text: laws

text: and

text: has

text: limited

text: tax

text: varying

text: capability

text: Another

text: of

text: the

text: roles

text: of

text: the

text: Parliament

text: is

text: to

text: hold

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Government

text: to

text: account

question: What act sets forth the functions of the Scottish Parliament?

answer: Scotland Act 1998

text: Scotland Act 1998

answer: The Scotland Act 1998

text: The Scotland Act 1998

answer: The Scotland Act 1998

text: The Scotland Act 1998

question: Who gave her royal assent to the Scotland Act of 1998?

answer: Queen Elizabeth II

text: Queen Elizabeth II

answer: Queen Elizabeth II

text: Queen Elizabeth II

answer: Queen Elizabeth II

text: Queen Elizabeth II

question: What does the Scotland Act of 2012 extend?

answer: devolved competencies

text: devolved competencies

answer: devolved competencies

text: devolved competencies

answer: the devolved competencies

text: the devolved competencies

question: What body constitutes the supreme legislature of Scotland?

answer: Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster

text: Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster

answer: Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster

text: Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster

answer: the Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster

text: the Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster

question: Who has the role of holding the Scottish Government to account?

answer: Scottish Parliament

text: Scottish Parliament

answer: Parliament

text: Parliament

answer: the Parliament

text: the Parliament

question: The Scotland Act 2002 extends the devolved what?

text: competencies

question: Who passed the Scotland Act of 1988?

text: the Parliament of the United Kingdom

question: Who granted royal assent to the Scotland Act of 1988?

text: Queen Elizabeth II

question: The Scotland Act enabled the Spanish Parliament to pass what?

text: primary legislation

question: Who has no power to pass laws?

text: Scottish Parliament


text: However, already in quantum mechanics there is one "caveat", namely the particles acting onto each other do not only possess the spatial variable, but also a discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called the "spin", and there is the Pauli principle relating the space and the spin variables. Depending on the value of the spin, identical particles split into two different classes, fermions and bosons. If two identical fermions (e.g. electrons) have a symmetric spin function (e.g. parallel spins) the spatial variables must be antisymmetric (i.e. they exclude each other from their places much as if there was a repulsive force), and vice versa, i.e. for antiparallel spins the position variables must be symmetric (i.e. the apparent force must be attractive). Thus in the case of two fermions there is a strictly negative correlation between spatial and spin variables, whereas for two bosons (e.g. quanta of electromagnetic waves, photons) the correlation is strictly positive.

title: Force

title: Force

text: However

text: already

text: in

text: quantum

text: mechanics

text: there

text: is

text: one

text: caveat

text: namely

text: the

text: particles

text: acting

text: onto

text: each

text: other

text: do

text: not

text: only

text: possess

text: the

text: spatial

text: variable

text: but

text: also

text: a

text: discrete

text: intrinsic

text: angular

text: momentum

text: like

text: variable

text: called

text: the

text: spin

text: and

text: there

text: is

text: the

text: Pauli

text: principle

text: relating

text: the

text: space

text: and

text: the

text: spin

text: variables

text: Depending

text: on

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: the

text: spin

text: identical

text: particles

text: split

text: into

text: two

text: different

text: classes

text: fermions

text: and

text: bosons

text: If

text: two

text: identical

text: fermions

text: e.g.

text: electrons

text: have

text: a

text: symmetric

text: spin

text: function

text: e.g.

text: parallel

text: spins

text: the

text: spatial

text: variables

text: must

text: be

text: antisymmetric

text: i.e.

text: they

text: exclude

text: each

text: other

text: from

text: their

text: places

text: much

text: as

text: if

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: repulsive

text: force

text: and

text: vice

text: versa

text: i.e.

text: for

text: antiparallel

text: spins

text: the

text: position

text: variables

text: must

text: be

text: symmetric

text: i.e.

text: the

text: apparent

text: force

text: must

text: be

text: attractive

text: Thus

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: two

text: fermions

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: strictly

text: negative

text: correlation

text: between

text: spatial

text: and

text: spin

text: variables

text: whereas

text: for

text: two

text: bosons

text: e.g.

text: quanta

text: of

text: electromagnetic

text: waves

text: photons

text: the

text: correlation

text: is

text: strictly

text: positive

question: What is the intrisic angular variable called when particles act upon one another?

answer: spin

text: spin

answer: spin

text: spin

answer: spin

text: spin

answer: spin

text: spin

answer: the "spin

text: the "spin

question: What is the principle about relating spin and space variables?

answer: Pauli

text: Pauli

answer: Pauli principle

text: Pauli principle

answer: Pauli principle

text: Pauli principle

answer: Pauli

text: Pauli

answer: Pauli

text: Pauli

question: What value does the seperating into fermions and bosons depend?

answer: spin

text: spin

answer: value of the spin

text: value of the spin

answer: the value of the spin

text: the value of the spin

answer: the spin

text: the spin

answer: value of the spin,

text: value of the spin,

question: If the apparant force of two fermions is attractive, what is the spin function?

answer: antiparallel

text: antiparallel

answer: antiparallel spins

text: antiparallel spins

answer: antisymmetric

text: antisymmetric

answer: antiparallel

text: antiparallel

answer: antiparallel

text: antiparallel

question: If the apparant force of two fermions is repulsive, what is the spin function?

answer: parallel

text: parallel

answer: antisymmetric

text: antisymmetric

answer: symmetric

text: symmetric

answer: parallel

text: parallel

answer: symmetric

text: symmetric

question: Identical particles split into two different classes depending on the formation of what?

text: spin

question: If three identical fermions have a symmetric spin, the spatial variables must be what?

text: antisymmetric

question: When is the correlation occasionally positive?

text: for two bosons

question: When is the correlation occasionally negative?

text: in the case of two fermions


text:
Oxygen is more soluble in water than nitrogen is. Water in equilibrium with air contains approximately 1 molecule of dissolved O
2 for every 2 molecules of N
2, compared to an atmospheric ratio of approximately 1:4. The solubility of oxygen in water is temperature-dependent, and about twice as much (14.6 mg·L−1) dissolves at 0 °C than at 20 °C (7.6 mg·L−1). At 25 °C and 1 standard atmosphere (101.3 kPa) of air, freshwater contains about 6.04 milliliters (mL) of oxygen per liter, whereas seawater contains about 4.95 mL per liter. At 5 °C the solubility increases to 9.0 mL (50% more than at 25 °C) per liter for water and 7.2 mL (45% more) per liter for sea water.

title: Oxygen

title: Oxygen

text: Oxygen

text: is

text: more

text: soluble

text: in

text: water

text: than

text: nitrogen

text: is

text: Water

text: in

text: equilibrium

text: with

text: air

text: contains

text: approximately

text: molecule

text: of

text: dissolved

text: O

text: for

text: every

text: molecules

text: of

text: N

text: compared

text: to

text: an

text: atmospheric

text: ratio

text: of

text: approximately

text: The

text: solubility

text: of

text: oxygen

text: in

text: water

text: is

text: temperature

text: dependent

text: and

text: about

text: twice

text: as

text: much

text: dissolves

text: at

text: C

text: than

text: at

text: C

text: At

text: C

text: and

text: standard

text: atmosphere

text: kPa

text: of

text: air

text: freshwater

text: contains

text: about

text: milliliters

text: mL

text: of

text: oxygen

text: per

text: liter

text: whereas

text: seawater

text: contains

text: about

text: mL

text: per

text: liter

text: At

text: C

text: the

text: solubility

text: increases

text: to

text: mL

text: more

text: than

text: at

text: C

text: per

text: liter

text: for

text: water

text: and

text: mL

text: more

text: per

text: liter

text: for

text: sea

text: water

question: What component of water is more soluble than nitrogen?

answer: Oxygen

text: Oxygen

answer: Oxygen

text: Oxygen

answer: Oxygen

text: Oxygen

answer: Oxygen

text: Oxygen

answer: Oxygen

text: Oxygen

question: Upon what chemical characteristic is oxygen's solubility dependent?

answer: temperature

text: temperature

answer: temperature

text: temperature

answer: temperature

text: temperature

answer: temperature

text: temperature

answer: temperature

text: temperature

question: How much oxygen is found is a liter of fresh water under normal conditions?

answer: 6.04 milliliters

text: 6.04 milliliters

answer: 6.04 milliliters

text: 6.04 milliliters

answer: 6.04 milliliters

text: 6.04 milliliters

answer: 6.04 milliliters

text: 6.04 milliliters

answer: 6.04 milliliters

text: 6.04 milliliters

question: In what type of water does oxygen dissolve more slowly?

answer: seawater

text: seawater

answer: seawater

text: seawater

answer: seawater

text: seawater

answer: seawater

text: seawater

answer: sea water

text: sea water

question: How much more oxygen dissolves at 0 degrees C than at 20 degrees C?

answer: twice

text: twice

answer: 50% more

text: 50% more

answer: about twice as much

text: about twice as much

answer: twice as much

text: twice as much

answer: twice

text: twice

question: What is nitrogen more water soluble than?

text: Oxygen

question: What does air in equilibrium with water contain?

question: What is the solubility water in oxygen dependent on?

text: temperature

question: What is equivalent to 103.1 kPa?

text: 1 standard atmosphere


text: Hamas has continued to be a major player in Palestine. From 2000 to 2007 it killed 542 people in 140 suicide bombing or "martyrdom operations". In the January 2006 legislative election—its first foray into the political process—it won the majority of the seats, and in 2007 it drove the PLO out of Gaza. Hamas has been praised by Muslims for driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip, but criticized for failure to achieve its demands in the 2008-9 and 2014 Gaza Wars despite heavy destruction and significant loss of life.

title: Islamism

title: Islamism

text: Hamas

text: has

text: continued

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: major

text: player

text: in

text: Palestine

text: From

text: to

text: it

text: killed

text: people

text: in

text: suicide

text: bombing

text: or

text: martyrdom

text: operations

text: In

text: the

text: January

text: legislative

text: election

text: its

text: first

text: foray

text: into

text: the

text: political

text: process

text: it

text: won

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: seats

text: and

text: in

text: it

text: drove

text: the

text: PLO

text: out

text: of

text: Gaza

text: Hamas

text: has

text: been

text: praised

text: by

text: Muslims

text: for

text: driving

text: Israel

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: Gaza

text: Strip

text: but

text: criticized

text: for

text: failure

text: to

text: achieve

text: its

text: demands

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: Gaza

text: Wars

text: despite

text: heavy

text: destruction

text: and

text: significant

text: loss

text: of

text: life

question: What organization has continued to be a major disruptive force in Palestine?

answer: Hamas

text: Hamas

answer: Hamas

text: Hamas

answer: Hamas

text: Hamas

question: How many people did Hamas kill between 2000 to 2007?

answer: 542

answer: 542

answer: 542

question: What did Hamas win in the January 2006 legislative election?

answer: majority of the seats,

text: majority of the seats,

answer: the majority of the seats

text: the majority of the seats

answer: majority of the seats

text: majority of the seats

question: When did Hamas drive the PLO out of Gaza?

answer: 2007

answer: 2007

answer: 2007

question: What have Muslims praised Hamas for doing?

answer: driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip

text: driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip

answer: driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip

text: driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip

answer: driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip

text: driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip

question: What organization has stopped being a major disruptive force in Palestine?

text: Hamas

question: How many people did Hamas kill between 2010 to 2017?

question: What did Hamas lose in the January 2006 legislative election?

text: the majority of the seats

question: When did Hamas keep the PLO in Gaza?

question: What have Muslims rejected Hamas for doing?

text: driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip


text: According to PolitiFact the top 400 richest Americans "have more wealth than half of all Americans combined." According to the New York Times on July 22, 2014, the "richest 1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent". Inherited wealth may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a "substantial head start". In September 2012, according to the Institute for Policy Studies, "over 60 percent" of the Forbes richest 400 Americans "grew up in substantial privilege".

title: Economic_inequality

title: Economic_inequality

text: According

text: to

text: PolitiFact

text: the

text: top

text: richest

text: Americans

text: have

text: more

text: wealth

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: all

text: Americans

text: combined

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: on

text: July

text: the

text: richest

text: percent

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: now

text: own

text: more

text: wealth

text: than

text: the

text: bottom

text: percent

text: Inherited

text: wealth

text: may

text: help

text: explain

text: why

text: many

text: Americans

text: who

text: have

text: become

text: rich

text: may

text: have

text: had

text: a

text: substantial

text: head

text: start

text: In

text: September

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: Institute

text: for

text: Policy

text: Studies

text: over

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: Forbes

text: richest

text: Americans

text: grew

text: up

text: in

text: substantial

text: privilege

question: How many Americans are richer than more than half of all citizens?

answer: 400

answer: 400

answer: 400

question: What publication printed that the wealthiest 1% have more money than those in the bottom 90%?

answer: New York Times

text: New York Times

answer: New York Times

text: New York Times

answer: New York Times

text: New York Times

question: What is considered as a potential advantage for wealth for some Americans?

answer: Inherited wealth

text: Inherited wealth

answer: Inherited wealth

text: Inherited wealth

answer: Inherited wealth

text: Inherited wealth

question: What did the richest 400 Americans have as children that helped them be successful adults?

answer: grew up in substantial privilege

text: grew up in substantial privilege

answer: substantial privilege

text: substantial privilege

answer: substantial privilege

text: substantial privilege

question: What do the top 400 richest Americans have more of than half of all Americans combined?

answer: wealth

text: wealth

answer: wealth

text: wealth

answer: wealth

text: wealth

question: Who owns more wealth than the bottom 90 percent of people in the U.S.?

answer: richest 1 percent

text: richest 1 percent

answer: richest 1 percent

text: richest 1 percent

answer: richest 1 percent

text: richest 1 percent

question: What may explain why some Americans who've become rich may have had a head start?

answer: Inherited wealth

text: Inherited wealth

answer: Inherited wealth

text: Inherited wealth

answer: Inherited wealth

text: Inherited wealth

question: How many of the richest 400 Americans grew up in substantial privilege?

answer: over 60 percent

text: over 60 percent

answer: over 60 percent

text: over 60 percent

answer: over 60 percent

text: over 60 percent

question: What Institute published findings in September 2012 regarding the Forbes richest 400 Americans?

answer: Institute for Policy Studies

text: Institute for Policy Studies

answer: Institute for Policy Studies

text: Institute for Policy Studies

answer: PolitiFact

text: PolitiFact

question: How many Americans are richer than less than half of all citizens?

question: What publication printed that the wealthiest 1% have more money than those in the bottom 99%?

text: New York Times

question: What is considered as a potential disadvantage for wealth for some Americans?

text: Inherited wealth

question: What did the richest 40 Americans have as children that helped them be successful adults?

text: grew up in substantial privilege

question: What do the top 400 richest Americans have less of than half of all Americans combined?

text: wealth


text: are prime. Prime numbers of this form are known as factorial primes. Other primes where either p + 1 or p − 1 is of a particular shape include the Sophie Germain primes (primes of the form 2p + 1 with p prime), primorial primes, Fermat primes and Mersenne primes, that is, prime numbers that are of the form 2p − 1, where p is an arbitrary prime. The Lucas–Lehmer test is particularly fast for numbers of this form. This is why the largest known prime has almost always been a Mersenne prime since the dawn of electronic computers.

title: Prime_number

title: Prime_number

text: are

text: prime

text: Prime

text: numbers

text: of

text: this

text: form

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: factorial

text: primes

text: Other

text: primes

text: where

text: either

text: p

text: or

text: p

text: is

text: of

text: a

text: particular

text: shape

text: include

text: the

text: Sophie

text: Germain

text: primes

text: primes

text: of

text: the

text: form

text: with

text: p

text: prime

text: primorial

text: primes

text: Fermat

text: primes

text: and

text: Mersenne

text: primes

text: that

text: is

text: prime

text: numbers

text: that

text: are

text: of

text: the

text: form

text: where

text: p

text: is

text: an

text: arbitrary

text: prime

text: The

text: Lucas

text: Lehmer

text: test

text: is

text: particularly

text: fast

text: for

text: numbers

text: of

text: this

text: form

text: This

text: is

text: why

text: the

text: largest

text: known

text: prime

text: has

text: almost

text: always

text: been

text: a

text: Mersenne

text: prime

text: since

text: the

text: dawn

text: of

text: electronic

text: computers

question: Of what form are Sophie Germain primes?

answer: 2p + 1

text: 2p + 1

answer: 2p + 1 with p prime

text: 2p + 1 with p prime

answer: 2p + 1 with p prime

text: 2p + 1 with p prime

answer: 2p + 1

text: 2p + 1

answer: 2p + 1

text: 2p + 1

question: Of what form are Mersenne primes?

answer: 2p − 1

text: 2p − 1

answer: 2p − 1

text: 2p − 1

answer: 2p − 1, where p is an arbitrary prime

text: 2p − 1, where p is an arbitrary prime

answer: 2p − 1

text: 2p − 1

answer: 2p − 1,

text: 2p − 1,

question: What test is especially useful for numbers of the form 2p - 1?

answer: The Lucas–Lehmer test

text: The Lucas–Lehmer test

answer: Lucas–Lehmer

text: Lucas–Lehmer

answer: Lucas–Lehmer

text: Lucas–Lehmer

answer: Lucas–Lehmer

text: Lucas–Lehmer

answer: Lucas–Lehmer test

text: Lucas–Lehmer test

question: What is the name of one type of prime where p+1 or p-1 takes a certain shape?

answer: primorial primes

text: primorial primes

answer: Fermat

text: Fermat

answer: Sophie Germain

text: Sophie Germain

answer: Sophie Germain

text: Sophie Germain

answer: Sophie Germain

text: Sophie Germain

question: What is the name of another type of prime here p+1 or p-1 takes a certain shape?

answer: Fermat primes

text: Fermat primes

answer: Mersenne

text: Mersenne

answer: primorial primes

text: primorial primes

answer: primorial primes

text: primorial primes

answer: primorial primes

text: primorial primes

question: Of what form are Sophie Germain tests?

text: 2p + 1

question: Of what form are Mersenne tests?

text: 2p − 1

question: What test is especially useful for tests of the form 2p-1?

text: The Lucas–Lehmer test

question: What is the name of one type of test where p+1 or p-1 takes a certain shape?

text: primorial primes

question: What is the name of another type of test where p+1 or p-1 takes a certain shape?

text: Fermat primes


text: can have infinitely many primes only when a and q are coprime, i.e., their greatest common divisor is one. If this necessary condition is satisfied, Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions asserts that the progression contains infinitely many primes. The picture below illustrates this with q = 9: the numbers are "wrapped around" as soon as a multiple of 9 is passed. Primes are highlighted in red. The rows (=progressions) starting with a = 3, 6, or 9 contain at most one prime number. In all other rows (a = 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8) there are infinitely many prime numbers. What is more, the primes are distributed equally among those rows in the long run—the density of all primes congruent a modulo 9 is 1/6.

title: Prime_number

title: Prime_number

text: can

text: have

text: infinitely

text: many

text: primes

text: only

text: when

text: a

text: and

text: q

text: are

text: coprime

text: i.e.

text: their

text: greatest

text: common

text: divisor

text: is

text: one

text: If

text: this

text: necessary

text: condition

text: is

text: satisfied

text: Dirichlet

text: 's

text: theorem

text: on

text: arithmetic

text: progressions

text: asserts

text: that

text: the

text: progression

text: contains

text: infinitely

text: many

text: primes

text: The

text: picture

text: below

text: illustrates

text: this

text: with

text: q

text: the

text: numbers

text: are

text: wrapped

text: around

text: as

text: soon

text: as

text: a

text: multiple

text: of

text: is

text: passed

text: Primes

text: are

text: highlighted

text: in

text: red

text: The

text: rows

text: progressions

text: starting

text: with

text: a

text: or

text: contain

text: at

text: most

text: one

text: prime

text: number

text: In

text: all

text: other

text: rows

text: a

text: and

text: there

text: are

text: infinitely

text: many

text: prime

text: numbers

text: What

text: is

text: more

text: the

text: primes

text: are

text: distributed

text: equally

text: among

text: those

text: rows

text: in

text: the

text: long

text: run

text: the

text: density

text: of

text: all

text: primes

text: congruent

text: a

text: modulo

text: is

question: What is another way to state the condition that infinitely many primes can exist only if a and q are coprime?

answer: their greatest common divisor is one

text: their greatest common divisor is one

answer: greatest common divisor is one

text: greatest common divisor is one

answer: their greatest common divisor is one

text: their greatest common divisor is one

answer: their greatest common divisor is one

text: their greatest common divisor is one

question: If a and q are coprime, which theorem holds that an arithmetic progression has an infinite number of primes?

answer: Dirichlet's theorem

text: Dirichlet's theorem

answer: Dirichlet's

text: Dirichlet's

answer: Dirichlet's theorem

text: Dirichlet's theorem

answer: Dirichlet's theorem

text: Dirichlet's theorem

question: What is the density of all primes compatible with a modulo 9?

answer: 1/6

answer: 1/6

answer: 1/6

answer: 1/6

question: If q=9 and a=3,6 or 9, how many primes would be in the progression?

answer: at most one prime number

text: at most one prime number

answer: one

text: one

answer: one

text: one

answer: at most one

text: at most one

question: If q=9 and a=1,2,4,5,7, or 8, how many primes would be in a progression?

answer: infinitely many prime numbers

text: infinitely many prime numbers

answer: infinitely many

text: infinitely many

answer: infinite

text: infinite

answer: infinitely many

text: infinitely many

question: What is another way to state the condition that infinitely many rows can exist only if a and q are coprime?

text: their greatest common divisor is one

question: If a and q are coprime, which theorem holds that an arithmetic progression has an infinite number of wraps?

text: Dirichlet's theorem

question: What is the density of all wraps compatible with a modulo 9?

question: If q=9 and a=3, 6 or 9, how many wraps would be in the progression?

text: at most one

question: If q=9 and a=1,2,4,5, 7, or 8, how many wraps would be in a progression?

text: infinitely many


text: Exceptional examples of the bourgeois architecture of the later periods were not restored by the communist authorities after the war (like mentioned Kronenberg Palace and Insurance Company Rosja building) or they were rebuilt in socialist realism style (like Warsaw Philharmony edifice originally inspired by Palais Garnier in Paris). Despite that the Warsaw University of Technology building (1899–1902) is the most interesting of the late 19th-century architecture. Some 19th-century buildings in the Praga district (the Vistula’s right bank) have been restored although many have been poorly maintained. Warsaw’s municipal government authorities have decided to rebuild the Saxon Palace and the Brühl Palace, the most distinctive buildings in prewar Warsaw.

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: Exceptional

text: examples

text: of

text: the

text: bourgeois

text: architecture

text: of

text: the

text: later

text: periods

text: were

text: not

text: restored

text: by

text: the

text: communist

text: authorities

text: after

text: the

text: war

text: like

text: mentioned

text: Kronenberg

text: Palace

text: and

text: Insurance

text: Company

text: Rosja

text: building

text: or

text: they

text: were

text: rebuilt

text: in

text: socialist

text: realism

text: style

text: like

text: Warsaw

text: Philharmony

text: edifice

text: originally

text: inspired

text: by

text: Palais

text: Garnier

text: in

text: Paris

text: Despite

text: that

text: the

text: Warsaw

text: University

text: of

text: Technology

text: building

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: interesting

text: of

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: architecture

text: Some

text: century

text: buildings

text: in

text: the

text: Praga

text: district

text: the

text: Vistula

text: ’s

text: right

text: bank

text: have

text: been

text: restored

text: although

text: many

text: have

text: been

text: poorly

text: maintained

text: Warsaw

text: ’s

text: municipal

text: government

text: authorities

text: have

text: decided

text: to

text: rebuild

text: the

text: Saxon

text: Palace

text: and

text: the

text: Brühl

text: Palace

text: the

text: most

text: distinctive

text: buildings

text: in

text: prewar

text: Warsaw

question: The Kronenberg Palace had been an exceptional example of what type of architecture?

answer: bourgeois

text: bourgeois

answer: bourgeois

text: bourgeois

answer: bourgeois

text: bourgeois

question: Why aren't the examples of bouregois architecture visible today?

answer: not restored by the communist authorities

text: not restored by the communist authorities

answer: were not restored

text: were not restored

answer: not restored by the communist authorities after the war

text: not restored by the communist authorities after the war

question: What style was the Warsaw Philharmony edifice built in?

answer: socialist realism

text: socialist realism

answer: socialist realism

text: socialist realism

answer: socialist realism

text: socialist realism

question: What building is the most interesting of the late 19th-century architecture?

answer: Warsaw University of Technology building

text: Warsaw University of Technology building

answer: Warsaw University of Technology building

text: Warsaw University of Technology building

answer: Warsaw University of Technology

text: Warsaw University of Technology

question: What were the Saxon Palace and Brühl Palace in prewar Warsaw?

answer: the most distinctive buildings

text: the most distinctive buildings

answer: the most distinctive buildings

text: the most distinctive buildings

answer: most distinctive buildings

text: most distinctive buildings

question: What style was he Paris Philharmony edifice built in?

text: socialist realism

question: What were the Saxon Palace and Bruhl Palace in prewar Paris?

text: the most distinctive buildings

question: The Paris Palace had been an exceptional example of what type of architecture?

text: bourgeois

question: Why aren't the examples of Parisian architecture visible today?

question: What building is the most interesting of the late 18th-century architecture?


text: Loudoun, a capable administrator but a cautious field commander, planned one major operation for 1757: an attack on New France's capital, Quebec. Leaving a sizable force at Fort William Henry to distract Montcalm, he began organizing for the expedition to Quebec. He was then ordered by William Pitt, the Secretary of State responsible for the colonies, to attack Louisbourg first. Beset by delays of all kinds, the expedition was finally ready to sail from Halifax, Nova Scotia in early August. In the meantime French ships had escaped the British blockade of the French coast, and a fleet outnumbering the British one awaited Loudoun at Louisbourg. Faced with this strength, Loudoun returned to New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry.

title: French_and_Indian_War

title: French_and_Indian_War

text: Loudoun

text: a

text: capable

text: administrator

text: but

text: a

text: cautious

text: field

text: commander

text: planned

text: one

text: major

text: operation

text: for

text: an

text: attack

text: on

text: New

text: France

text: 's

text: capital

text: Quebec

text: Leaving

text: a

text: sizable

text: force

text: at

text: Fort

text: William

text: Henry

text: to

text: distract

text: Montcalm

text: he

text: began

text: organizing

text: for

text: the

text: expedition

text: to

text: Quebec

text: He

text: was

text: then

text: ordered

text: by

text: William

text: Pitt

text: the

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: colonies

text: to

text: attack

text: Louisbourg

text: first

text: Beset

text: by

text: delays

text: of

text: all

text: kinds

text: the

text: expedition

text: was

text: finally

text: ready

text: to

text: sail

text: from

text: Halifax

text: Nova

text: Scotia

text: in

text: early

text: August

text: In

text: the

text: meantime

text: French

text: ships

text: had

text: escaped

text: the

text: British

text: blockade

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: coast

text: and

text: a

text: fleet

text: outnumbering

text: the

text: British

text: one

text: awaited

text: Loudoun

text: at

text: Louisbourg

text: Faced

text: with

text: this

text: strength

text: Loudoun

text: returned

text: to

text: New

text: York

text: amid

text: news

text: that

text: a

text: massacre

text: had

text: occurred

text: at

text: Fort

text: William

text: Henry

question: What was Loudoun's plans for 1757?

answer: attack on New France's capital, Quebec

text: attack on New France's capital, Quebec

answer: an attack on New France's capital, Quebec

text: an attack on New France's capital, Quebec

answer: an attack on New France's capital, Quebec

text: an attack on New France's capital, Quebec

answer: one major operation

text: one major operation

answer: an attack on New France's capital, Quebec

text: an attack on New France's capital, Quebec

question: What was the purpose of Loudoun's troops at Fort Henry?

answer: to distract Montcalm

text: to distract Montcalm

answer: distract Montcalm

text: distract Montcalm

answer: distract Montcalm

text: distract Montcalm

answer: distract Montcalm

text: distract Montcalm

answer: to distract Montcalm

text: to distract Montcalm

question: Who ordered Loudoun to attack Louisbourg?

answer: William Pitt

text: William Pitt

answer: William Pitt

text: William Pitt

answer: William Pitt

text: William Pitt

answer: William Pitt

text: William Pitt

answer: William Pitt

text: William Pitt

question: Given the strength of French forces at Louisbourg, what did Loudoun do?

answer: returned to New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry.

text: returned to New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry.

answer: returned to New York

text: returned to New York

answer: returned to New York

text: returned to New York

answer: returned to New York

text: returned to New York

answer: returned to New York

text: returned to New York

question: What was Loudoun's plans for 1775?

text: attack on New France's capital, Quebec

question: What wasn't Loudoun's plans for 1757?

text: attack on New France's capital, Quebec

question: What wasn't the purpose of Loudoun's troops at Fort Henry?

text: to distract Montcalm

question: Who ordered Loudoun to defend Louisbourg?

text: William Pitt

question: Given the weakness of French forces at Louisbourg, what did Loudoun do?

text: returned to New York


text: For the 2012–13 school year annual tuition was $38,000, with a total cost of attendance of $57,000. Beginning 2007, families with incomes below $60,000 pay nothing for their children to attend, including room and board. Families with incomes between $60,000 to $80,000 pay only a few thousand dollars per year, and families earning between $120,000 and $180,000 pay no more than 10% of their annual incomes. In 2009, Harvard offered grants totaling $414 million across all eleven divisions;[further explanation needed] $340 million came from institutional funds, $35 million from federal support, and $39 million from other outside support. Grants total 88% of Harvard's aid for undergraduate students, with aid also provided by loans (8%) and work-study (4%).

title: Harvard_University

title: Harvard_University

text: For

text: the

text: school

text: year

text: annual

text: tuition

text: was

text: with

text: a

text: total

text: cost

text: of

text: attendance

text: of

text: Beginning

text: families

text: with

text: incomes

text: below

text: pay

text: nothing

text: for

text: their

text: children

text: to

text: attend

text: including

text: room

text: and

text: board

text: Families

text: with

text: incomes

text: between

text: to

text: pay

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: thousand

text: dollars

text: per

text: year

text: and

text: families

text: earning

text: between

text: and

text: pay

text: no

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: their

text: annual

text: incomes

text: In

text: Harvard

text: offered

text: grants

text: totaling

text: million

text: across

text: all

text: eleven

text: divisions;[further

text: explanation

text: needed

text: million

text: came

text: from

text: institutional

text: funds

text: million

text: from

text: federal

text: support

text: and

text: million

text: from

text: other

text: outside

text: support

text: Grants

text: total

text: of

text: Harvard

text: 's

text: aid

text: for

text: undergraduate

text: students

text: with

text: aid

text: also

text: provided

text: by

text: loans

text: and

text: work

text: study

question: What is tuition for 2012 - 13 year at Harvard?

answer: $38,000

answer: $38,000

answer: $38,000

question: What is the total cost of attendance in 2012-13?

answer: $57,000

answer: $57,000

answer: $57,000

question: After 2007 how much do student from families earning less than $60,000 pay for school?

answer: nothing for their children to attend, including room and board

text: nothing for their children to attend, including room and board

answer: nothing

text: nothing

answer: nothing

text: nothing

question: In 2009 what was the total of Grants awarded from Harvard?

answer: $414 million

text: $414 million

answer: $414 million

text: $414 million

answer: $414 million

text: $414 million

question: What percentage of total financial aid for undergraduates from Harvard was in the form of grants?

answer: 88%

answer: 88%

answer: 88%

question: What did families with incomes below $38,000 pay for tuition in 2009?

text: nothing

question: What else were families with incomes below $38,000 not required to pay for in 2009?

text: room and board

question: How much did students pay in total to go to Harvard in 2007?

text: $414 million

question: How many student loans can you apply for in four years at Harvard?

text: eleven

question: How many student dorms were there in use at Harvard in 2012?

text: eleven


text: There are hints in the surviving records of the ancient Egyptians that they had some knowledge of prime numbers: the Egyptian fraction expansions in the Rhind papyrus, for instance, have quite different forms for primes and for composites. However, the earliest surviving records of the explicit study of prime numbers come from the Ancient Greeks. Euclid's Elements (circa 300 BC) contain important theorems about primes, including the infinitude of primes and the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. Euclid also showed how to construct a perfect number from a Mersenne prime. The Sieve of Eratosthenes, attributed to Eratosthenes, is a simple method to compute primes, although the large primes found today with computers are not generated this way.

title: Prime_number

title: Prime_number

text: There

text: are

text: hints

text: in

text: the

text: surviving

text: records

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Egyptians

text: that

text: they

text: had

text: some

text: knowledge

text: of

text: prime

text: numbers

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: fraction

text: expansions

text: in

text: the

text: Rhind

text: papyrus

text: for

text: instance

text: have

text: quite

text: different

text: forms

text: for

text: primes

text: and

text: for

text: composites

text: However

text: the

text: earliest

text: surviving

text: records

text: of

text: the

text: explicit

text: study

text: of

text: prime

text: numbers

text: come

text: from

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Greeks

text: Euclid

text: 's

text: Elements

text: circa

text: BC

text: contain

text: important

text: theorems

text: about

text: primes

text: including

text: the

text: infinitude

text: of

text: primes

text: and

text: the

text: fundamental

text: theorem

text: of

text: arithmetic

text: Euclid

text: also

text: showed

text: how

text: to

text: construct

text: a

text: perfect

text: number

text: from

text: a

text: Mersenne

text: prime

text: The

text: Sieve

text: of

text: Eratosthenes

text: attributed

text: to

text: Eratosthenes

text: is

text: a

text: simple

text: method

text: to

text: compute

text: primes

text: although

text: the

text: large

text: primes

text: found

text: today

text: with

text: computers

text: are

text: not

text: generated

text: this

text: way

question: What is the name of the Egyptian papyrus that suggests that they may have had knowledge of prime numbers?

answer: the Rhind papyrus

text: the Rhind papyrus

answer: Rhind

text: Rhind

answer: Rhind

text: Rhind

answer: Egyptian fraction

text: Egyptian fraction

answer: Rhind papyrus

text: Rhind papyrus

question: What civilization was the first known to clearly study prime numbers?

answer: the Ancient Greeks

text: the Ancient Greeks

answer: Ancient Greeks

text: Ancient Greeks

answer: Greeks

text: Greeks

answer: Ancient Greeks

text: Ancient Greeks

answer: Ancient Greeks

text: Ancient Greeks

question: What work from around 300 BC has significant theorems about prime numbers?

answer: Euclid's Elements

text: Euclid's Elements

answer: Euclid's Elements

text: Euclid's Elements

answer: Euclid's Elements

text: Euclid's Elements

answer: Euclid's Elements

text: Euclid's Elements

answer: Euclid's Elements

text: Euclid's Elements

question: Who demonstrated how to create a perfect number from a Mersenne prime?

answer: Euclid

text: Euclid

answer: Euclid

text: Euclid

answer: Euclid

text: Euclid

answer: Euclid

text: Euclid

answer: Euclid

text: Euclid

question: What does the Sieve of Eratosthenes do?

answer: compute primes

text: compute primes

answer: compute primes

text: compute primes

answer: compute primes

text: compute primes

answer: compute primes

text: compute primes

answer: compute primes

text: compute primes

question: What is the name of the Egyptian papyrus that suggests that they may have had knowledge of infinite numbers?

text: the Rhind papyrus

question: What civilization was the first known to clearly study infinite numbers?

text: the Ancient Greeks

question: What work from around 3000BC has significant theorems about infinite numbers?

text: Euclid

question: Who demonstrated how to create an infinite number from a Mersenne prime?

text: Euclid

question: What does the Sieve of Euclid do?

text: compute primes


text: During 2003–04, the gross value of Victorian agricultural production increased by 17% to $8.7 billion. This represented 24% of national agricultural production total gross value. As of 2004, an estimated 32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi) of Victorian land. This comprises more than 60% of the state's total land surface. Victorian farms range from small horticultural outfits to large-scale livestock and grain productions. A quarter of farmland is used to grow consumable crops.

title: Victoria_(Australia)

title: Victoria_(Australia

text: During

text: the

text: gross

text: value

text: of

text: Victorian

text: agricultural

text: production

text: increased

text: by

text: to

text: billion

text: This

text: represented

text: of

text: national

text: agricultural

text: production

text: total

text: gross

text: value

text: As

text: of

text: an

text: estimated

text: farms

text: occupied

text: around

text: square

text: kilometres

text: sq

text: mi

text: of

text: Victorian

text: land

text: This

text: comprises

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: total

text: land

text: surface

text: Victorian

text: farms

text: range

text: from

text: small

text: horticultural

text: outfits

text: to

text: large

text: scale

text: livestock

text: and

text: grain

text: productions

text: A

text: quarter

text: of

text: farmland

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: grow

text: consumable

text: crops

question: How much did the gross agricultural product increase from 2003-04?

answer: $8.7 billion

text: $8.7 billion

answer: 24%

answer: $8.7 billion

text: $8.7 billion

question: What percentage was the increase of agricultural products in 2003-04?

answer: 17%

answer: 17%

answer: 17%

question: How many farms are there in Victoria?

answer: 32,463

answer: 32,463

answer: 32,463

question: How much land do farms use in Victoria?

answer: 136,000 square kilometres

text: 136,000 square kilometres

answer: 136,000 square kilometres

text: 136,000 square kilometres

answer: 136,000 square kilometres

text: 136,000 square kilometres

question: How much percentage of Victoria's land is taken up by farms?

answer: 60%

answer: 60%

answer: 60%

question: How much did the gross agricultural product increase since 2004?

text: $8.7 billion

question: What percentage was the increase of agricultural products since 2004?

question: How many farms are there west of Melbourne?

question: How much land do farms crop rotate each year in Victoria?

text: 136,000 square kilometres

question: How much percentage of Victoria's land is taken up by consumable crops?


text: Other components are often present; pumps (such as an injector) to supply water to the boiler during operation, condensers to recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation, and superheaters to raise the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapour point, and various mechanisms to increase the draft for fireboxes. When coal is used, a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply bin (bunker) to the firebox. See: Mechanical stoker

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: Other

text: components

text: are

text: often

text: present

text: pumps

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: injector

text: to

text: supply

text: water

text: to

text: the

text: boiler

text: during

text: operation

text: condensers

text: to

text: recirculate

text: the

text: water

text: and

text: recover

text: the

text: latent

text: heat

text: of

text: vaporisation

text: and

text: superheaters

text: to

text: raise

text: the

text: temperature

text: of

text: the

text: steam

text: above

text: its

text: saturated

text: vapour

text: point

text: and

text: various

text: mechanisms

text: to

text: increase

text: the

text: draft

text: for

text: fireboxes

text: When

text: coal

text: is

text: used

text: a

text: chain

text: or

text: screw

text: stoking

text: mechanism

text: and

text: its

text: drive

text: engine

text: or

text: motor

text: may

text: be

text: included

text: to

text: move

text: the

text: fuel

text: from

text: a

text: supply

text: bin

text: bunker

text: to

text: the

text: firebox

text: See

text: Mechanical

text: stoker

question: What is an example of a pump component?

answer: injector

text: injector

answer: condensers

text: condensers

answer: injector

text: injector

question: In addition to recirculating water, what do condensers do?

answer: recover the latent heat of vaporisation

text: recover the latent heat of vaporisation

answer: recover the latent heat of vaporisation

text: recover the latent heat of vaporisation

answer: recover the latent heat of vaporisation

text: recover the latent heat of vaporisation

question: What components raise steam temperature above its saturated vapor point?

answer: superheaters

text: superheaters

answer: superheaters

text: superheaters

answer: superheaters

text: superheaters

question: What is another name for a coal supply bin?

answer: bunker

text: bunker

answer: bunker

text: bunker

answer: bunker

text: bunker

question: What mechanism moves coal from a bunker to the firebox?

answer: stoking

text: stoking

answer: Mechanical stoker

text: Mechanical stoker

answer: a chain or screw stoking mechanism

text: a chain or screw stoking mechanism

question: What is an example of a firebox?

text: injector

question: IN addition to recirculating water, what do bunkers do?

text: recover the latent heat of vaporisation

question: What components raise steam temperature above its saturated firebox point?

text: superheaters

question: What is another name for a firebox?

text: bunker

question: What mechanism moves coal from a firebox to a bunker?

text: stoking


text: Central Banking economist Raghuram Rajan argues that "systematic economic inequalities, within the United States and around the world, have created deep financial 'fault lines' that have made [financial] crises more likely to happen than in the past" – the Financial crisis of 2007–08 being the most recent example. To compensate for stagnating and declining purchasing power, political pressure has developed to extend easier credit to the lower and middle income earners – particularly to buy homes – and easier credit in general to keep unemployment rates low. This has given the American economy a tendency to go "from bubble to bubble" fueled by unsustainable monetary stimulation.

title: Economic_inequality

title: Economic_inequality

text: Central

text: Banking

text: economist

text: Raghuram

text: Rajan

text: argues

text: that

text: systematic

text: economic

text: inequalities

text: within

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: have

text: created

text: deep

text: financial

text: fault

text: lines

text: that

text: have

text: made

text: financial

text: crises

text: more

text: likely

text: to

text: happen

text: than

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: the

text: Financial

text: crisis

text: of

text: being

text: the

text: most

text: recent

text: example

text: To

text: compensate

text: for

text: stagnating

text: and

text: declining

text: purchasing

text: power

text: political

text: pressure

text: has

text: developed

text: to

text: extend

text: easier

text: credit

text: to

text: the

text: lower

text: and

text: middle

text: income

text: earners

text: particularly

text: to

text: buy

text: homes

text: and

text: easier

text: credit

text: in

text: general

text: to

text: keep

text: unemployment

text: rates

text: low

text: This

text: has

text: given

text: the

text: American

text: economy

text: a

text: tendency

text: to

text: go

text: from

text: bubble

text: to

text: bubble

text: fueled

text: by

text: unsustainable

text: monetary

text: stimulation

question: What is Raghuram Rajan's career?

answer: economist

text: economist

answer: economist

text: economist

answer: economist

text: economist

question: What does Rajan feel has created deep financial fault lines?

answer: systematic economic inequalities

text: systematic economic inequalities

answer: systematic economic inequalities

text: systematic economic inequalities

answer: systematic economic inequalities

text: systematic economic inequalities

question: What is the most recent example of financial fault lines?

answer: the Financial crisis of 2007–08

text: the Financial crisis of 2007–08

answer: Financial crisis of 2007–08

text: Financial crisis of 2007–08

answer: Financial crisis of 2007–08

text: Financial crisis of 2007–08

question: What does political pressure push to extend to compensate for stagnating purchasing power?

answer: easier credit

text: easier credit

answer: easier credit to the lower and middle income earners

text: easier credit to the lower and middle income earners

answer: easier credit to the lower and middle income earners

text: easier credit to the lower and middle income earners

question: What has given the American economy a tendency to go "from bubble to bubble"?

answer: easier credit

text: easier credit

answer: easier credit

text: easier credit

answer: easier credit

text: easier credit

question: What isn't Raghuram Rajan's career?

text: economist

question: What does Rajan feel hasn't created deep financial fault lines?

text: systematic economic inequalities

question: What is the oldest example of financial fault lines?

text: the Financial crisis of 2007–08

question: What doesn't political pressure push to extend to compensate for stagnating purchasing power?

text: easier credit

question: What hasn't given the American economy a tendency to go "from bubble to bubble"?

text: easier credit


text: The energy crisis led to greater interest in renewable energy, nuclear power and domestic fossil fuels. There is criticism that American energy policies since the crisis have been dominated by crisis-mentality thinking, promoting expensive quick fixes and single-shot solutions that ignore market and technology realities. Instead of providing stable rules that support basic research while leaving plenty of scope for entrepreneurship and innovation, congresses and presidents have repeatedly backed policies which promise solutions that are politically expedient, but whose prospects are doubtful.

title: 1973_oil_crisis

title: 1973_oil_crisis

text: The

text: energy

text: crisis

text: led

text: to

text: greater

text: interest

text: in

text: renewable

text: energy

text: nuclear

text: power

text: and

text: domestic

text: fossil

text: fuels

text: There

text: is

text: criticism

text: that

text: American

text: energy

text: policies

text: since

text: the

text: crisis

text: have

text: been

text: dominated

text: by

text: crisis

text: mentality

text: thinking

text: promoting

text: expensive

text: quick

text: fixes

text: and

text: single

text: shot

text: solutions

text: that

text: ignore

text: market

text: and

text: technology

text: realities

text: Instead

text: of

text: providing

text: stable

text: rules

text: that

text: support

text: basic

text: research

text: while

text: leaving

text: plenty

text: of

text: scope

text: for

text: entrepreneurship

text: and

text: innovation

text: congresses

text: and

text: presidents

text: have

text: repeatedly

text: backed

text: policies

text: which

text: promise

text: solutions

text: that

text: are

text: politically

text: expedient

text: but

text: whose

text: prospects

text: are

text: doubtful

question: What was the catalyst that created greater interest in renewable resources?

answer: energy crisis

text: energy crisis

answer: The energy crisis

text: The energy crisis

answer: energy crisis

text: energy crisis

answer: energy crisis

text: energy crisis

answer: The energy crisis

text: The energy crisis

question: There is criticism that the energy policies are expensive quick fixes that ignore which facts?

answer: market and technology realities

text: market and technology realities

answer: market and technology realities

text: market and technology realities

answer: market and technology realities

text: market and technology realities

answer: market and technology realities

text: market and technology realities

answer: market and technology realities

text: market and technology realities

question: Who backed policies that have solutions that sound good but have poor prospects?

answer: congresses and presidents

text: congresses and presidents

answer: congresses and presidents

text: congresses and presidents

answer: congresses and presidents

text: congresses and presidents

answer: congresses and presidents

text: congresses and presidents

answer: congresses and presidents

text: congresses and presidents

question: What kinds of energy did single-shot solutions create interest in?

question: How have American entrepreneurships been criticized since the crisis?

question: What policies have been promoted due to nuclear power?

question: What are the results of policies that use renewable energy?

text: doubtful

question: What have politically correct policies about nuclear power promoted in America?


text: Egyptian President Anwar Sadat – whose policies included opening Egypt to Western investment (infitah); transferring Egypt's allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States; and making peace with Israel – released Islamists from prison and welcomed home exiles in tacit exchange for political support in his struggle against leftists. His "encouraging of the emergence of the Islamist movement" was said to have been "imitated by many other Muslim leaders in the years that followed."  This "gentlemen's agreement" between Sadat and Islamists broke down in 1975 but not before Islamists came to completely dominate university student unions. Sadat was later assassinated and a formidable insurgency was formed in Egypt in the 1990s. The French government has also been reported to have promoted Islamist preachers "in the hope of channeling Muslim energies into zones of piety and charity."

title: Islamism

title: Islamism

text: Egyptian

text: President

text: Anwar

text: Sadat

text: whose

text: policies

text: included

text: opening

text: Egypt

text: to

text: Western

text: investment

text: infitah

text: transferring

text: Egypt

text: 's

text: allegiance

text: from

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: making

text: peace

text: with

text: Israel

text: released

text: Islamists

text: from

text: prison

text: and

text: welcomed

text: home

text: exiles

text: in

text: tacit

text: exchange

text: for

text: political

text: support

text: in

text: his

text: struggle

text: against

text: leftists

text: His

text: encouraging

text: of

text: the

text: emergence

text: of

text: the

text: Islamist

text: movement

text: was

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: imitated

text: by

text: many

text: other

text: Muslim

text: leaders

text: in

text: the

text: years

text: that

text: followed

text: This

text: gentlemen

text: 's

text: agreement

text: between

text: Sadat

text: and

text: Islamists

text: broke

text: down

text: in

text: but

text: not

text: before

text: Islamists

text: came

text: to

text: completely

text: dominate

text: university

text: student

text: unions

text: Sadat

text: was

text: later

text: assassinated

text: and

text: a

text: formidable

text: insurgency

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: Egypt

text: in

text: the

text: The

text: French

text: government

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: reported

text: to

text: have

text: promoted

text: Islamist

text: preachers

text: in

text: the

text: hope

text: of

text: channeling

text: Muslim

text: energies

text: into

text: zones

text: of

text: piety

text: and

text: charity

question: Who is the President of Egypt?

answer: Anwar Sadat

text: Anwar Sadat

answer: Anwar Sadat

text: Anwar Sadat

answer: Anwar Sadat

text: Anwar Sadat

question: What relationship with Israel is Sadat for?

answer: peace

text: peace

answer: peace

text: peace

question: What was Sadat seeking by releasing Islamists from prison?

answer: political support

text: political support

answer: making peace with Israel

text: making peace with Israel

answer: political support

text: political support

question: When did the so called gentlemen's agreement between Sadat and the Islamists break down?

answer: 1975

answer: 1975

answer: 1975

question: How was Sadat rewarded by the Islamists for his attempts to bring Egypt into modern times and civilization?

answer: assassinated

text: assassinated

answer: Islamists came to completely dominate university student unions

text: Islamists came to completely dominate university student unions

answer: assassinated

text: assassinated

question: Who is the President of Afghanistan?

text: Anwar Sadat

question: What relationship with Israel is Sadat against?

text: peace

question: What was Sadat not seeking by releasing Islamists from prison?

text: political support

question: When did the so called gentlemen's agreement between Sadat and the Islamists not break down?

question: How was Sadat rewarded by the Islamists for his attempts to keep Egypt from being in modern times and civilization?

text: assassinated


text: As of August 2010, Victoria had 1,548 public schools, 489 Catholic schools and 214 independent schools. Just under 540,800 students were enrolled in public schools, and just over 311,800 in private schools. Over 61 per cent of private students attend Catholic schools. More than 462,000 students were enrolled in primary schools and more than 390,000 in secondary schools. Retention rates for the final two years of secondary school were 77 per cent for public school students and 90 per cent for private school students. Victoria has about 63,519 full-time teachers.

title: Victoria_(Australia)

title: Victoria_(Australia

text: As

text: of

text: August

text: Victoria

text: had

text: public

text: schools

text: Catholic

text: schools

text: and

text: independent

text: schools

text: Just

text: under

text: students

text: were

text: enrolled

text: in

text: public

text: schools

text: and

text: just

text: over

text: in

text: private

text: schools

text: Over

text: per

text: cent

text: of

text: private

text: students

text: attend

text: Catholic

text: schools

text: More

text: than

text: students

text: were

text: enrolled

text: in

text: primary

text: schools

text: and

text: more

text: than

text: in

text: secondary

text: schools

text: Retention

text: rates

text: for

text: the

text: final

text: two

text: years

text: of

text: secondary

text: school

text: were

text: per

text: cent

text: for

text: public

text: school

text: students

text: and

text: per

text: cent

text: for

text: private

text: school

text: students

text: Victoria

text: has

text: about

text: full

text: time

text: teachers

question: By August 2010 how many public schools did Victoria have?

answer: 1,548

answer: 1,548

answer: 1,548

question: How many Catholic schools were in Victoria?

answer: 489

answer: 489

answer: 489

question: How many students were enrolled in public schools in Victoria?

answer: 540,800

answer: 540,800

answer: 540,800

question: How many full time teachers does Victoria have?

answer: 63,519

answer: 63,519

answer: 63,519

question: What percentage of private school students go to Catholic schools?

answer: 61

answer: 61

answer: 61

question: By August 2010 how many trade schools did Victoria have?

question: How many Catholic schools got government assistance?

question: How many students were enrolled in public schools outside Victoria?

question: How many full time janitors does Victoria have?

question: What percentage of private school students go to Lutheran schools?


text: Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206. He and his successors expanded the Mongol empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son, Ögedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234, conquering most of northern China. Ögedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in Xingzhou, Hebei. Kublai was unable to read Chinese but had several Han Chinese teachers attached to him since his early years by his mother Sorghaghtani. He sought the counsel of Chinese Buddhist and Confucian advisers. Möngke Khan succeeded Ögedei's son, Güyük, as Great Khan in 1251. He granted his brother Kublai control over Mongol held territories in China. Kublai built schools for Confucian scholars, issued paper money, revived Chinese rituals, and endorsed policies that stimulated agricultural and commercial growth. He adopted as his capital city Kaiping in Inner Mongolia, later renamed Shangdu.

title: Yuan_dynasty

title: Yuan_dynasty

text: Genghis

text: Khan

text: united

text: the

text: Mongol

text: and

text: Turkic

text: tribes

text: of

text: the

text: steppes

text: and

text: became

text: Great

text: Khan

text: in

text: He

text: and

text: his

text: successors

text: expanded

text: the

text: Mongol

text: empire

text: across

text: Asia

text: Under

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Genghis

text: third

text: son

text: Ögedei

text: Khan

text: the

text: Mongols

text: destroyed

text: the

text: weakened

text: Jin

text: dynasty

text: in

text: conquering

text: most

text: of

text: northern

text: China

text: Ögedei

text: offered

text: his

text: nephew

text: Kublai

text: a

text: position

text: in

text: Xingzhou

text: Hebei

text: Kublai

text: was

text: unable

text: to

text: read

text: Chinese

text: but

text: had

text: several

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: teachers

text: attached

text: to

text: him

text: since

text: his

text: early

text: years

text: by

text: his

text: mother

text: Sorghaghtani

text: He

text: sought

text: the

text: counsel

text: of

text: Chinese

text: Buddhist

text: and

text: Confucian

text: advisers

text: Möngke

text: Khan

text: succeeded

text: Ögedei

text: 's

text: son

text: Güyük

text: as

text: Great

text: Khan

text: in

text: He

text: granted

text: his

text: brother

text: Kublai

text: control

text: over

text: Mongol

text: held

text: territories

text: in

text: China

text: Kublai

text: built

text: schools

text: for

text: Confucian

text: scholars

text: issued

text: paper

text: money

text: revived

text: Chinese

text: rituals

text: and

text: endorsed

text: policies

text: that

text: stimulated

text: agricultural

text: and

text: commercial

text: growth

text: He

text: adopted

text: as

text: his

text: capital

text: city

text: Kaiping

text: in

text: Inner

text: Mongolia

text: later

text: renamed

text: Shangdu

question: Which tribes did Genghis Khan unite?

answer: Mongol and Turkic tribes

text: Mongol and Turkic tribes

answer: Mongol and Turkic tribes

text: Mongol and Turkic tribes

answer: the Mongol and Turkic tribes

text: the Mongol and Turkic tribes

question: When did Genghis Khan become Great Khan?

answer: 1206

answer: 1206

answer: 1206

question: Who was Genghis's 3rd son?

answer: Ögedei Khan

text: Ögedei Khan

answer: Ögedei Khan

text: Ögedei Khan

answer: Ögedei Khan

text: Ögedei Khan

question: When did Mongke Khan become Great Khan?

answer: 1251

answer: 1251

answer: 1251

question: What was Kublai Khan's relation to Ogedei Khan?

answer: nephew

text: nephew

answer: nephew

text: nephew

answer: nephew

text: nephew

question: Which tribes did Genghis Khan fight against?

text: Mongol and Turkic tribes

question: When did Genghis Khan kill Great Khan?

question: Who was Genghis's 4th son?

text: Ögedei Khan

question: When did Mongke Khan kill Great Khan?

question: What was Kublai Khan's opposition to Ogedei Khan?

text: nephew


text: The first commercial steam-powered device was a water pump, developed in 1698 by Thomas Savery. It used condensing steam to create a vacuum which was used to raise water from below, then it used steam pressure to raise it higher. Small engines were effective though larger models were problematic. They proved only to have a limited lift height and were prone to boiler explosions. It received some use in mines, pumping stations and for supplying water wheels used to power textile machinery. An attractive feature of the Savery engine was its low cost. Bento de Moura Portugal introduced an ingenious improvement of Savery's construction "to render it capable of working itself", as described by John Smeaton in the Philosophical Transactions published in 1751. It continued to be manufactured until the late 18th century. One engine was still known to be operating in 1820.

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: The

text: first

text: commercial

text: steam

text: powered

text: device

text: was

text: a

text: water

text: pump

text: developed

text: in

text: by

text: Thomas

text: Savery

text: It

text: used

text: condensing

text: steam

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: vacuum

text: which

text: was

text: used

text: to

text: raise

text: water

text: from

text: below

text: then

text: it

text: used

text: steam

text: pressure

text: to

text: raise

text: it

text: higher

text: Small

text: engines

text: were

text: effective

text: though

text: larger

text: models

text: were

text: problematic

text: They

text: proved

text: only

text: to

text: have

text: a

text: limited

text: lift

text: height

text: and

text: were

text: prone

text: to

text: boiler

text: explosions

text: It

text: received

text: some

text: use

text: in

text: mines

text: pumping

text: stations

text: and

text: for

text: supplying

text: water

text: wheels

text: used

text: to

text: power

text: textile

text: machinery

text: An

text: attractive

text: feature

text: of

text: the

text: Savery

text: engine

text: was

text: its

text: low

text: cost

text: Bento

text: de

text: Moura

text: Portugal

text: introduced

text: an

text: ingenious

text: improvement

text: of

text: Savery

text: 's

text: construction

text: to

text: render

text: it

text: capable

text: of

text: working

text: itself

text: as

text: described

text: by

text: John

text: Smeaton

text: in

text: the

text: Philosophical

text: Transactions

text: published

text: in

text: It

text: continued

text: to

text: be

text: manufactured

text: until

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: One

text: engine

text: was

text: still

text: known

text: to

text: be

text: operating

text: in

question: Who developed the first commercial steam powered device?

answer: Thomas Savery

text: Thomas Savery

answer: Thomas Savery.

text: Thomas Savery.

answer: Thomas Savery

text: Thomas Savery

answer: Thomas Savery

text: Thomas Savery

question: What was the first steam powered device used commercially?

answer: water pump

text: water pump

answer: water pump

text: water pump

answer: vacuum

text: vacuum

answer: water pump

text: water pump

question: In what year was the first commercial steam powered device invented?

answer: 1698

answer: 1698

answer: 1698

answer: 1698

question: Who notably improved the Savery water pump?

answer: Bento de Moura Portugal

text: Bento de Moura Portugal

answer: Bento de Moura Portugal

text: Bento de Moura Portugal

answer: Bento de Moura Portugal

text: Bento de Moura Portugal

answer: Bento de Moura Portugal

text: Bento de Moura Portugal

question: Who wrote of the Savery water pump in 1751's Philosophical Transactions?

answer: John Smeaton

text: John Smeaton

answer: John Smeaton

text: John Smeaton

answer: John Smeaton

text: John Smeaton

answer: John Smeaton

text: John Smeaton

question: Who developed the first commercial engine powered device?

text: Thomas Savery

question: What was the first textile device used commercially?

question: In what year was the first commercial textile device invented?

question: Who notably improved the Smeaton water pump?

text: Bento de Moura Portugal

question: Who wrote of the Smeaton water pump in 1751's Philosophical Transactions?

text: John Smeaton


text: A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of the river Deabolis, Gllavenica (Ballsh), Kanina and Jericho. This time, the Albanians sided with the Normans, dissatisfied by the heavy taxes the Byzantines had imposed upon them. With their help, the Normans secured the Arbanon passes and opened their way to Dibra. The lack of supplies, disease and Byzantine resistance forced Bohemond to retreat from his campaign and sign a peace treaty with the Byzantines in the city of Deabolis.

title: Normans

title: Normans

text: A

text: few

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: First

text: Crusade

text: in

text: the

text: Normans

text: under

text: the

text: command

text: of

text: Bohemond

text: Robert

text: 's

text: son

text: landed

text: in

text: Valona

text: and

text: besieged

text: Dyrrachium

text: using

text: the

text: most

text: sophisticated

text: military

text: equipment

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: but

text: to

text: no

text: avail

text: Meanwhile

text: they

text: occupied

text: Petrela

text: the

text: citadel

text: of

text: Mili

text: at

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: the

text: river

text: Deabolis

text: Gllavenica

text: Ballsh

text: Kanina

text: and

text: Jericho

text: This

text: time

text: the

text: Albanians

text: sided

text: with

text: the

text: Normans

text: dissatisfied

text: by

text: the

text: heavy

text: taxes

text: the

text: Byzantines

text: had

text: imposed

text: upon

text: them

text: With

text: their

text: help

text: the

text: Normans

text: secured

text: the

text: Arbanon

text: passes

text: and

text: opened

text: their

text: way

text: to

text: Dibra

text: The

text: lack

text: of

text: supplies

text: disease

text: and

text: Byzantine

text: resistance

text: forced

text: Bohemond

text: to

text: retreat

text: from

text: his

text: campaign

text: and

text: sign

text: a

text: peace

text: treaty

text: with

text: the

text: Byzantines

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Deabolis

question: Where did the Normans and Byzantines sign the peace treaty?

answer: Deabolis

text: Deabolis

answer: Deabolis

text: Deabolis

answer: Deabolis

text: Deabolis

question: Who was Robert's son?

answer: Bohemond

text: Bohemond

answer: Bohemond

text: Bohemond

answer: Bohemond

text: Bohemond

question: What river was Petrela located by?

answer: Deabolis

text: Deabolis

answer: the river Deabolis

text: the river Deabolis

answer: Deabolis

text: Deabolis

question: Who did the Normans besiege in the 11th century?

text: Dyrrachium

question: Who did Robert lead agains Dyrrachium in 1107?

text: Normans

question: Who was Bohemond's son?

text: Robert