text: Passenger rail service is provided by Amtrak San Joaquins. The main passenger rail station is the recently renovated historic Santa Fe Railroad Depot in Downtown Fresno. The Bakersfield-Stockton mainlines of the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad railroads cross in Fresno, and both railroads maintain railyards within the city; the San Joaquin Valley Railroad also operates former Southern Pacific branchlines heading west and south out of the city. The city of Fresno is planned to serve the future California High Speed Rail.

title: Fresno,_California

title: Fresno,_California

text: Passenger

text: rail

text: service

text: is

text: provided

text: by

text: Amtrak

text: San

text: Joaquins

text: The

text: main

text: passenger

text: rail

text: station

text: is

text: the

text: recently

text: renovated

text: historic

text: Santa

text: Fe

text: Railroad

text: Depot

text: in

text: Downtown

text: Fresno

text: The

text: Bakersfield

text: Stockton

text: mainlines

text: of

text: the

text: Burlington

text: Northern

text: Santa

text: Fe

text: Railway

text: and

text: Union

text: Pacific

text: Railroad

text: railroads

text: cross

text: in

text: Fresno

text: and

text: both

text: railroads

text: maintain

text: railyards

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: the

text: San

text: Joaquin

text: Valley

text: Railroad

text: also

text: operates

text: former

text: Southern

text: Pacific

text: branchlines

text: heading

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Fresno

text: is

text: planned

text: to

text: serve

text: the

text: future

text: California

text: High

text: Speed

text: Rail

question: Which company provides train service in Fresno?

answer: Amtrak San Joaquins

text: Amtrak San Joaquins

answer: Amtrak San Joaquins

text: Amtrak San Joaquins

answer: Amtrak San Joaquins

text: Amtrak San Joaquins

question: Where is the Santa Fe Railroad Depot located?

answer: Downtown Fresno

text: Downtown Fresno

answer: Downtown Fresno

text: Downtown Fresno

answer: Downtown Fresno

text: Downtown Fresno

question: What two railroads have railyards in the city of Fresno?

answer: Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad

text: Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad

answer: Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad

text: Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad

answer: Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad

text: Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad

question: If you were to take a train west or south out of the city of Fresno, which railroad would you take?

answer: San Joaquin Valley Railroad

text: San Joaquin Valley Railroad

answer: San Joaquin Valley Railroad

text: San Joaquin Valley Railroad

answer: San Joaquin Valley Railroad

text: San Joaquin Valley Railroad

question: Which city is planned to be a part of the California High Speed Rail?

answer: Fresno

text: Fresno

answer: Fresno

text: Fresno

answer: Fresno

text: Fresno

question: Who renovated the Santa Fe Railroad Depot?

text: Amtrak San Joaquins

question: What does the San Joaquin Valley Railroad cross with?

text: Bakersfield-Stockton

question: Who owns the California High Speed Rail?

text: Amtrak San Joaquins

question: What mainlines head west and south from the city?

text: San Joaquin Valley Railroad

question: Who took over the San Joaquin Valley Railroad branchlines?

text: Southern Pacific


text: The Presiding Officer (or Deputy Presiding Officer) decides who speaks in chamber debates and the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak. Normally, the Presiding Officer tries to achieve a balance between different viewpoints and political parties when selecting members to speak. Typically, ministers or party leaders open debates, with opening speakers given between 5 and 20 minutes, and succeeding speakers allocated less time. The Presiding Officer can reduce speaking time if a large number of members wish to participate in the debate. Debate is more informal than in some parliamentary systems. Members may call each other directly by name, rather than by constituency or cabinet position, and hand clapping is allowed. Speeches to the chamber are normally delivered in English, but members may use Scots, Gaelic, or any other language with the agreement of the Presiding Officer. The Scottish Parliament has conducted debates in the Gaelic language.

title: Scottish_Parliament

title: Scottish_Parliament

text: The

text: Presiding

text: Officer

text: or

text: Deputy

text: Presiding

text: Officer

text: decides

text: who

text: speaks

text: in

text: chamber

text: debates

text: and

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: time

text: for

text: which

text: they

text: are

text: allowed

text: to

text: speak

text: Normally

text: the

text: Presiding

text: Officer

text: tries

text: to

text: achieve

text: a

text: balance

text: between

text: different

text: viewpoints

text: and

text: political

text: parties

text: when

text: selecting

text: members

text: to

text: speak

text: Typically

text: ministers

text: or

text: party

text: leaders

text: open

text: debates

text: with

text: opening

text: speakers

text: given

text: between

text: and

text: minutes

text: and

text: succeeding

text: speakers

text: allocated

text: less

text: time

text: The

text: Presiding

text: Officer

text: can

text: reduce

text: speaking

text: time

text: if

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: members

text: wish

text: to

text: participate

text: in

text: the

text: debate

text: Debate

text: is

text: more

text: informal

text: than

text: in

text: some

text: parliamentary

text: systems

text: Members

text: may

text: call

text: each

text: other

text: directly

text: by

text: name

text: rather

text: than

text: by

text: constituency

text: or

text: cabinet

text: position

text: and

text: hand

text: clapping

text: is

text: allowed

text: Speeches

text: to

text: the

text: chamber

text: are

text: normally

text: delivered

text: in

text: English

text: but

text: members

text: may

text: use

text: Scots

text: Gaelic

text: or

text: any

text: other

text: language

text: with

text: the

text: agreement

text: of

text: the

text: Presiding

text: Officer

text: The

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: has

text: conducted

text: debates

text: in

text: the

text: Gaelic

text: language

question: Who decides who gets to speak in the chamber debates?

answer: The Presiding Officer

text: The Presiding Officer

answer: Presiding Officer

text: Presiding Officer

answer: The Presiding Officer

text: The Presiding Officer

question: What is also decided by the Presiding Officer?

answer: amount of time for which they are allowed to speak

text: amount of time for which they are allowed to speak

answer: amount of time for which they are allowed to speak

text: amount of time for which they are allowed to speak

answer: the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak

text: the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak

question: What does the Presiding Officer try to achieve a balance of between speakers?

answer: different viewpoints

text: different viewpoints

answer: different viewpoints and political parties

text: different viewpoints and political parties

answer: a balance between different viewpoints and political parties

text: a balance between different viewpoints and political parties

question: What members typically open debates?

answer: ministers or party leaders

text: ministers or party leaders

answer: ministers or party leaders

text: ministers or party leaders

answer: ministers or party leaders

text: ministers or party leaders

question: What language other than English has the Scottish Parliament had meetings in?

answer: Gaelic

text: Gaelic

answer: Gaelic

text: Gaelic

answer: Scots, Gaelic, or any other language with the agreement of the Presiding Officer

text: Scots, Gaelic, or any other language with the agreement of the Presiding Officer

question: The Presiding Officer tries the achieve a balance between similar viewpoints and whom?

text: political parties

question: Who typically closes debates?

text: ministers or party leaders

question: Closing speakers are given between 5 and how many minutes?

question: Succeeding speakers are usually allotted more what?

text: time

question: The Presiding Officer can increase speaking time if what?


text: In 1973, Nixon named William E. Simon as the first Administrator of the Federal Energy Office, a short-term organization created to coordinate the response to the embargo. Simon allocated states the same amount of domestic oil for 1974 that each had consumed in 1972, which worked for states whose populations were not increasing. In other states, lines at gasoline stations were common. The American Automobile Association reported that in the last week of February 1974, 20% of American gasoline stations had no fuel.

title: 1973_oil_crisis

title: 1973_oil_crisis

text: In

text: Nixon

text: named

text: William

text: E.

text: Simon

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: Administrator

text: of

text: the

text: Federal

text: Energy

text: Office

text: a

text: short

text: term

text: organization

text: created

text: to

text: coordinate

text: the

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: embargo

text: Simon

text: allocated

text: states

text: the

text: same

text: amount

text: of

text: domestic

text: oil

text: for

text: that

text: each

text: had

text: consumed

text: in

text: which

text: worked

text: for

text: states

text: whose

text: populations

text: were

text: not

text: increasing

text: In

text: other

text: states

text: lines

text: at

text: gasoline

text: stations

text: were

text: common

text: The

text: American

text: Automobile

text: Association

text: reported

text: that

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: week

text: of

text: February

text: of

text: American

text: gasoline

text: stations

text: had

text: no

text: fuel

question: Who is the first administrator of the Federal Energy Office?

answer: William E. Simon

text: William E. Simon

answer: William E. Simon

text: William E. Simon

answer: William E. Simon

text: William E. Simon

answer: William E. Simon

text: William E. Simon

answer: William E. Simon

text: William E. Simon

question: When was he elected by Nixon?

answer: In 1973

text: In 1973

answer: 1973

answer: 1973

answer: 1973

answer: 1973

question: Why was this short termed organization created?

answer: coordinate the response to the embargo

text: coordinate the response to the embargo

answer: to coordinate the response to the embargo

text: to coordinate the response to the embargo

answer: to coordinate the response to the embargo

text: to coordinate the response to the embargo

answer: to coordinate the response to the embargo

text: to coordinate the response to the embargo

answer: to coordinate the response to the embargo

text: to coordinate the response to the embargo

question: According to the AAA, what is the percentage of the gas stations that ran out of gasoline?

answer: last week of February 1974,

text: last week of February 1974,

answer: 20%

answer: 20

answer: 20%

answer: 20%

question: What percentage of American gas stations were out of fuel in 1973?

question: In 1973 what was Nixon named as?

question: What was the American Automobile Association created to do?

question: How much oil did Nixon give to states in 1974?

question: What was common in states without population increases?

text: lines at gasoline stations


text: The third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the "hockey stick graph". This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century. The schematic was not an actual plot of data, and was based on a diagram of temperatures in central England, with temperatures increased on the basis of documentary evidence of Medieval vineyards in England. Even with this increase, the maximum it showed for the Medieval Warm Period did not reach temperatures recorded in central England in 2007. The MBH99 finding was supported by cited reconstructions by Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000, using differing data and methods. The Jones et al. and Briffa reconstructions were overlaid with the MBH99 reconstruction in Figure 2.21 of the IPCC report.

title: Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change

text: The

text: third

text: assessment

text: report

text: TAR

text: prominently

text: featured

text: a

text: graph

text: labeled

text: Millennial

text: Northern

text: Hemisphere

text: temperature

text: reconstruction

text: based

text: on

text: a

text: paper

text: by

text: Michael

text: E.

text: Mann

text: Raymond

text: S.

text: Bradley

text: and

text: Malcolm

text: K.

text: Hughes

text: which

text: has

text: been

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: hockey

text: stick

text: graph

text: This

text: graph

text: extended

text: the

text: similar

text: graph

text: in

text: Figure

text: from

text: the

text: IPCC

text: Second

text: Assessment

text: Report

text: of

text: and

text: differed

text: from

text: a

text: schematic

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: assessment

text: report

text: that

text: lacked

text: temperature

text: units

text: but

text: appeared

text: to

text: depict

text: larger

text: global

text: temperature

text: variations

text: over

text: the

text: past

text: years

text: and

text: higher

text: temperatures

text: during

text: the

text: Medieval

text: Warm

text: Period

text: than

text: the

text: mid

text: century

text: The

text: schematic

text: was

text: not

text: an

text: actual

text: plot

text: of

text: data

text: and

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: a

text: diagram

text: of

text: temperatures

text: in

text: central

text: England

text: with

text: temperatures

text: increased

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: documentary

text: evidence

text: of

text: Medieval

text: vineyards

text: in

text: England

text: Even

text: with

text: this

text: increase

text: the

text: maximum

text: it

text: showed

text: for

text: the

text: Medieval

text: Warm

text: Period

text: did

text: not

text: reach

text: temperatures

text: recorded

text: in

text: central

text: England

text: in

text: The

text: finding

text: was

text: supported

text: by

text: cited

text: reconstructions

text: by

text: Jones

text: et

text: al

text: Pollack

text: Huang

text: Shen

text: Crowley

text: Lowery

text: and

text: Briffa

text: using

text: differing

text: data

text: and

text: methods

text: The

text: Jones

text: et

text: al

text: and

text: Briffa

text: reconstructions

text: were

text: overlaid

text: with

text: the

text: reconstruction

text: in

text: Figure

text: of

text: the

text: IPCC

text: report

question: When was the paper published that the "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" graph was based on?

answer: 1999

answer: 1999

answer: 1999

question: Who wrote the paper that the "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" graph was based on?

answer: Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes

text: Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes

answer: Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes

text: Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes

answer: Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes

text: Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes

question: What is the nickname for the "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" graph?

answer: the "hockey stick graph"

text: the "hockey stick graph"

answer: hockey stick graph

text: hockey stick graph

answer: hockey stick graph

text: hockey stick graph

question: What reconstructions supported the 1999 paper's information?

answer: Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000

text: Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000

answer: Jones et al. and Briffa reconstructions

text: Jones et al. and Briffa reconstructions

answer: temperatures increased on the basis of documentary evidence of Medieval vineyards in England

text: temperatures increased on the basis of documentary evidence of Medieval vineyards in England

question: Which graph was prominently featured in the second assessment report?

text: hockey stick graph

question: What year was the third assessment report published?

question: What was lacking in the second assessment report?

text: temperature units

question: Which report depicted lesser temperature variations?

text: the first assessment report

question: In which area was the 1995 report based?

text: central England


text: At the same time the Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara in Central Asia, using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands. Han Chinese were moved to Central Asian areas like Besh Baliq, Almaliq, and Samarqand by the Mongols where they worked as artisans and farmers. Alans were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called "Right Alan Guard" which was combined with "recently surrendered" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former Kingdom of Qocho and in Besh Balikh the Mongols established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Kongzhi (Ch'i Kung-chih). After the Mongol conquest of Central Asia by Genghis Khan, foreigners were chosen as administrators and co-management with Chinese and Qara-Khitays (Khitans) of gardens and fields in Samarqand was put upon the Muslims as a requirement since Muslims were not allowed to manage without them. The Mongol appointed Governor of Samarqand was a Qara-Khitay (Khitan), held the title Taishi, familiar with Chinese culture his name was Ahai

title: Yuan_dynasty

title: Yuan_dynasty

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: the

text: Mongols

text: imported

text: Central

text: Asian

text: Muslims

text: to

text: serve

text: as

text: administrators

text: in

text: China

text: the

text: Mongols

text: also

text: sent

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: and

text: Khitans

text: from

text: China

text: to

text: serve

text: as

text: administrators

text: over

text: the

text: Muslim

text: population

text: in

text: Bukhara

text: in

text: Central

text: Asia

text: using

text: foreigners

text: to

text: curtail

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: local

text: peoples

text: of

text: both

text: lands

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: were

text: moved

text: to

text: Central

text: Asian

text: areas

text: like

text: Besh

text: Baliq

text: Almaliq

text: and

text: Samarqand

text: by

text: the

text: Mongols

text: where

text: they

text: worked

text: as

text: artisans

text: and

text: farmers

text: Alans

text: were

text: recruited

text: into

text: the

text: Mongol

text: forces

text: with

text: one

text: unit

text: called

text: Right

text: Alan

text: Guard

text: which

text: was

text: combined

text: with

text: recently

text: surrendered

text: soldiers

text: Mongols

text: and

text: Chinese

text: soldiers

text: stationed

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Qocho

text: and

text: in

text: Besh

text: Balikh

text: the

text: Mongols

text: established

text: a

text: Chinese

text: military

text: colony

text: led

text: by

text: Chinese

text: general

text: Qi

text: Kongzhi

text: Ch'i

text: Kung

text: chih

text: After

text: the

text: Mongol

text: conquest

text: of

text: Central

text: Asia

text: by

text: Genghis

text: Khan

text: foreigners

text: were

text: chosen

text: as

text: administrators

text: and

text: co

text: management

text: with

text: Chinese

text: and

text: Qara

text: Khitays

text: Khitans

text: of

text: gardens

text: and

text: fields

text: in

text: Samarqand

text: was

text: put

text: upon

text: the

text: Muslims

text: as

text: a

text: requirement

text: since

text: Muslims

text: were

text: not

text: allowed

text: to

text: manage

text: without

text: them

text: The

text: Mongol

text: appointed

text: Governor

text: of

text: Samarqand

text: was

text: a

text: Qara

text: Khitay

text: Khitan

text: held

text: the

text: title

text: Taishi

text: familiar

text: with

text: Chinese

text: culture

text: his

text: name

text: was

text: Ahai

question: Who did the Mongols bring to China as administrators?

answer: Central Asian Muslims

text: Central Asian Muslims

answer: Central Asian Muslims

text: Central Asian Muslims

answer: Central Asian Muslims

text: Central Asian Muslims

question: Who did the Mongols send to Bukhara as administrators?

answer: Han Chinese and Khitans

text: Han Chinese and Khitans

answer: Han Chinese and Khitans

text: Han Chinese and Khitans

answer: Han Chinese and Khitans

text: Han Chinese and Khitans

question: Where in Central Asia did the Han Chinese move?

answer: Besh Baliq, Almaliq, and Samarqand

text: Besh Baliq, Almaliq, and Samarqand

answer: Besh Baliq, Almaliq, and Samarqand

text: Besh Baliq, Almaliq, and Samarqand

answer: Bukhara

text: Bukhara

question: What types of work did the Han do in Central Asia?

answer: artisans and farmers

text: artisans and farmers

answer: artisans and farmers

text: artisans and farmers

answer: artisans and farmers

text: artisans and farmers

question: Who was made Governor of Samarqand?

answer: a Qara-Khitay (Khitan

text: a Qara-Khitay (Khitan

answer: Ahai

text: Ahai

answer: Ahai

text: Ahai

question: Who did the Mongols bring to Japan as administrators?

text: Central Asian Muslims

question: Who didn't the Mongols send to Bukhara as administrators?

text: Han Chinese

question: Where in Central Asia didn't the Han Chinese move?

text: Besh Baliq, Almaliq, and Samarqand

question: What types of work did the Han do in Eastern Asia?

text: artisans and farmers


text: In addition to the Riemann hypothesis, many more conjectures revolving about primes have been posed. Often having an elementary formulation, many of these conjectures have withstood a proof for decades: all four of Landau's problems from 1912 are still unsolved. One of them is Goldbach's conjecture, which asserts that every even integer n greater than 2 can be written as a sum of two primes. As of February 2011[update], this conjecture has been verified for all numbers up to n = 2 · 1017. Weaker statements than this have been proven, for example Vinogradov's theorem says that every sufficiently large odd integer can be written as a sum of three primes. Chen's theorem says that every sufficiently large even number can be expressed as the sum of a prime and a semiprime, the product of two primes. Also, any even integer can be written as the sum of six primes. The branch of number theory studying such questions is called additive number theory.

title: Prime_number

title: Prime_number

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: Riemann

text: hypothesis

text: many

text: more

text: conjectures

text: revolving

text: about

text: primes

text: have

text: been

text: posed

text: Often

text: having

text: an

text: elementary

text: formulation

text: many

text: of

text: these

text: conjectures

text: have

text: withstood

text: a

text: proof

text: for

text: decades

text: all

text: four

text: of

text: Landau

text: 's

text: problems

text: from

text: are

text: still

text: unsolved

text: One

text: of

text: them

text: is

text: Goldbach

text: 's

text: conjecture

text: which

text: asserts

text: that

text: every

text: even

text: integer

text: n

text: greater

text: than

text: can

text: be

text: written

text: as

text: a

text: sum

text: of

text: two

text: primes

text: As

text: of

text: February

text: this

text: conjecture

text: has

text: been

text: verified

text: for

text: all

text: numbers

text: up

text: to

text: n

text: Weaker

text: statements

text: than

text: this

text: have

text: been

text: proven

text: for

text: example

text: Vinogradov

text: 's

text: theorem

text: says

text: that

text: every

text: sufficiently

text: large

text: odd

text: integer

text: can

text: be

text: written

text: as

text: a

text: sum

text: of

text: three

text: primes

text: Chen

text: 's

text: theorem

text: says

text: that

text: every

text: sufficiently

text: large

text: even

text: number

text: can

text: be

text: expressed

text: as

text: the

text: sum

text: of

text: a

text: prime

text: and

text: a

text: semiprime

text: the

text: product

text: of

text: two

text: primes

text: Also

text: any

text: even

text: integer

text: can

text: be

text: written

text: as

text: the

text: sum

text: of

text: six

text: primes

text: The

text: branch

text: of

text: number

text: theory

text: studying

text: such

text: questions

text: is

text: called

text: additive

text: number

text: theory

question: When did Landau propose his four conjectural problems?

answer: 1912

answer: 1912

answer: 1912

answer: 1912

question: Which conjecture holds that every even integer n greater than 2 can be expressed as a sum of two primes?

answer: Goldbach's conjecture

text: Goldbach's conjecture

answer: Goldbach's

text: Goldbach's

answer: Goldbach's

text: Goldbach's

answer: Goldbach's

text: Goldbach's

question: As of February 2011, how many numbers has Goldbach's conjecture been proven to?

answer: all numbers up to n = 2 · 1017

text: all numbers up to n = 2 · 1017

answer: n = 2 · 1017

text: n = 2 · 1017

answer: n = 2

text: n = 2

answer: n = 2

text: n = 2

question: Which theorem states that all large odd integers can be expressed as a sum of three primes?

answer: Vinogradov's theorem

text: Vinogradov's theorem

answer: Vinogradov's

text: Vinogradov's

answer: Vinogradov's theorem

text: Vinogradov's theorem

answer: Vinogradov's theorem

text: Vinogradov's theorem

question: Which theorem states that every large even integer can be written as a prime summed with a semiprime?

answer: Chen's theorem

text: Chen's theorem

answer: Chen's

text: Chen's

answer: Chen's theorem

text: Chen's theorem

answer: Chen's theorem

text: Chen's theorem

question: When did Vinogradov propose his four conjectural problems?

question: Which conjecture holds that every odd integer n greater than 2 can be expressed as a sum of two primes?

text: Goldbach's conjecture

question: As of February 2017, how many numbers has Goldbach's conjecture been proven to?

text: all numbers up to n = 2 · 1017

question: Which theorem states that all large even integers can be expressed as a sum of three primes?

text: Vinogradov's theorem

question: Which theorem states that every large odd integer can be written as a prime summed with a semiprime?

text: Chen's theorem


text: Internet2 is a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government. The Internet2 community, in partnership with Qwest, built the first Internet2 Network, called Abilene, in 1998 and was a prime investor in the National LambdaRail (NLR) project. In 2006, Internet2 announced a partnership with Level 3 Communications to launch a brand new nationwide network, boosting its capacity from 10 Gbit/s to 100 Gbit/s. In October, 2007, Internet2 officially retired Abilene and now refers to its new, higher capacity network as the Internet2 Network.

title: Packet_switching

title: Packet_switching

text: is

text: a

text: not

text: for

text: profit

text: United

text: States

text: computer

text: networking

text: consortium

text: led

text: by

text: members

text: from

text: the

text: research

text: and

text: education

text: communities

text: industry

text: and

text: government

text: The

text: community

text: in

text: partnership

text: with

text: Qwest

text: built

text: the

text: first

text: Network

text: called

text: Abilene

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: a

text: prime

text: investor

text: in

text: the

text: National

text: LambdaRail

text: NLR

text: project

text: In

text: announced

text: a

text: partnership

text: with

text: Level

text: Communications

text: to

text: launch

text: a

text: brand

text: new

text: nationwide

text: network

text: boosting

text: its

text: capacity

text: from

text: Gbit

text: s

text: to

text: Gbit

text: s

text: In

text: October

text: officially

text: retired

text: Abilene

text: and

text: now

text: refers

text: to

text: its

text: new

text: higher

text: capacity

text: network

text: as

text: the

text: Network

question: what is Internet2

answer: a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government

text: a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government

answer: a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government

text: a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government

answer: not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium

text: not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium

question: Who did internet2 partner with

answer: The Internet2 community, in partnership with Qwest

text: The Internet2 community, in partnership with Qwest

answer: Qwest

text: Qwest

answer: Qwest

text: Qwest

question: What was the first internet2 network named

answer: Abilene

text: Abilene

answer: Abilene

text: Abilene

answer: Abilene

text: Abilene

question: Who did internet2 partner with

answer: a partnership with Level 3 Communications to launch a brand new nationwide network

text: a partnership with Level 3 Communications to launch a brand new nationwide network

answer: Level 3 Communications

text: Level 3 Communications

answer: Qwest

text: Qwest

question: ableine was retired and the new platform is called

answer: Internet2 officially retired Abilene and now refers to its new, higher capacity network as the Internet2 Network

text: Internet2 officially retired Abilene and now refers to its new, higher capacity network as the Internet2 Network

answer: Internet2 Network

text: Internet2 Network

answer: Internet2 Network

text: Internet2 Network

question: Qwest partnered with who to help create Internet2?

question: Level 3 communications launched what?

text: a brand new nationwide network

question: Internet2 became what in 2007?

text: the Internet2 Network

question: Abilene referred to what?

question: A higher capacity network was formed by what project?

text: National LambdaRail (NLR) project

question: What was the first Internet2 Network created with NLR?

text: Abilene

question: Who did Internet2 partner with to boost their capacity from 100 Gbit/s to 1000 Gbit/s?

text: Level 3 Communications

question: Who leads the Qwest consortium?

question: Abilene was a prime investor in what project?

text: National LambdaRail (NLR) project


text: The capabilities approach – sometimes called the human development approach – looks at income inequality and poverty as form of “capability deprivation”. Unlike neoliberalism, which “defines well-being as utility maximization”, economic growth and income are considered a means to an end rather than the end itself. Its goal is to “wid[en] people’s choices and the level of their achieved well-being” through increasing functionings (the things a person values doing), capabilities (the freedom to enjoy functionings) and agency (the ability to pursue valued goals).

title: Economic_inequality

title: Economic_inequality

text: The

text: capabilities

text: approach

text: sometimes

text: called

text: the

text: human

text: development

text: approach

text: looks

text: at

text: income

text: inequality

text: and

text: poverty

text: as

text: form

text: of

text: capability

text: deprivation

text: Unlike

text: neoliberalism

text: which

text: defines

text: well

text: being

text: as

text: utility

text: maximization

text: economic

text: growth

text: and

text: income

text: are

text: considered

text: a

text: means

text: to

text: an

text: end

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: end

text: itself

text: Its

text: goal

text: is

text: to

text: wid[en

text: people

text: ’s

text: choices

text: and

text: the

text: level

text: of

text: their

text: achieved

text: well

text: being

text: through

text: increasing

text: functionings

text: the

text: things

text: a

text: person

text: values

text: doing

text: capabilities

text: the

text: freedom

text: to

text: enjoy

text: functionings

text: and

text: agency

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: pursue

text: valued

text: goals

question: What does the capabilities approach look at poverty as a form of?

answer: capability deprivation

text: capability deprivation

answer: capability deprivation

text: capability deprivation

answer: “capability deprivation”

text: “capability deprivation”

question: In the capabilities approach, grow and income are considered a means to an end rather than what?

answer: the end itself

text: the end itself

answer: the end itself

text: the end itself

answer: the end itself

text: the end itself

question: What is the goal of the capabilities approach?

answer: to “wid[en] people’s choices and the level of their achieved well-being”

text: to “wid[en] people’s choices and the level of their achieved well-being”

answer: wid[en] people’s choices and the level of their achieved well-being

text: wid[en] people’s choices and the level of their achieved well-being

answer: “wid[en] people’s choices and the level of their achieved well-being”

text: “wid[en] people’s choices and the level of their achieved well-being”

question: How would the capabilities approach achieve it's goal?

answer: through increasing functionings

text: through increasing functionings

answer: increasing functionings (the things a person values doing), capabilities (the freedom to enjoy functionings) and agency (the ability to pursue valued goals)

text: increasing functionings (the things a person values doing), capabilities (the freedom to enjoy functionings) and agency (the ability to pursue valued goals)

answer: through increasing functionings

text: through increasing functionings

question: What is the definition of agency as it relates to capabilities?

answer: the ability to pursue valued goals

text: the ability to pursue valued goals

answer: the ability to pursue valued goals

text: the ability to pursue valued goals

question: What doesn't the capabilities approach look at poverty as a form of?

text: capability deprivation

question: In the capabilities approach, grow and income aren't considered a means to an end rather than what?

text: the end itself

question: What is the goal of the incapabilities approach?

question: How wouldn't the capabilities approach achieve it's goal?

text: through increasing functionings

question: What is the definition of agency as it unrelates to incapabilities?

text: the ability to pursue valued goals


text: Unlike animals, plants lack phagocytic cells, but many plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals that are sent through a plant. Individual plant cells respond to molecules associated with pathogens known as Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs. When a part of a plant becomes infected, the plant produces a localized hypersensitive response, whereby cells at the site of infection undergo rapid apoptosis to prevent the spread of the disease to other parts of the plant. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a type of defensive response used by plants that renders the entire plant resistant to a particular infectious agent. RNA silencing mechanisms are particularly important in this systemic response as they can block virus replication.

title: Immune_system

title: Immune_system

text: Unlike

text: animals

text: plants

text: lack

text: phagocytic

text: cells

text: but

text: many

text: plant

text: immune

text: responses

text: involve

text: systemic

text: chemical

text: signals

text: that

text: are

text: sent

text: through

text: a

text: plant

text: Individual

text: plant

text: cells

text: respond

text: to

text: molecules

text: associated

text: with

text: pathogens

text: known

text: as

text: Pathogen

text: associated

text: molecular

text: patterns

text: or

text: PAMPs

text: When

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: plant

text: becomes

text: infected

text: the

text: plant

text: produces

text: a

text: localized

text: hypersensitive

text: response

text: whereby

text: cells

text: at

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: infection

text: undergo

text: rapid

text: apoptosis

text: to

text: prevent

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: plant

text: Systemic

text: acquired

text: resistance

text: SAR

text: is

text: a

text: type

text: of

text: defensive

text: response

text: used

text: by

text: plants

text: that

text: renders

text: the

text: entire

text: plant

text: resistant

text: to

text: a

text: particular

text: infectious

text: agent

text: RNA

text: silencing

text: mechanisms

text: are

text: particularly

text: important

text: in

text: this

text: systemic

text: response

text: as

text: they

text: can

text: block

text: virus

text: replication

question: Plants lack what kind of immune cells?

answer: phagocytic cells

text: phagocytic cells

answer: phagocytic

text: phagocytic

answer: phagocytic cells

text: phagocytic cells

question: Plant cells respond to the molecules associated with pathogens known as what?

answer: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

text: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

answer: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

text: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

answer: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs

text: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs

question: Cells of the site of an infection in a plant undergo what process to prevent spread of the disease?

answer: apoptosis

text: apoptosis

answer: apoptosis

text: apoptosis

answer: rapid apoptosis

text: rapid apoptosis

question: What is a kind of defense response that makes the entire plant resistant to a particular agent?

answer: Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)

text: Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)

answer: Systemic acquired resistance

text: Systemic acquired resistance

answer: Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)

text: Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)

question: What is a mechanism that can help plants block virus replication?

answer: RNA silencing mechanisms

text: RNA silencing mechanisms

answer: RNA silencing mechanisms

text: RNA silencing mechanisms

answer: RNA silencing mechanisms

text: RNA silencing mechanisms

question: What cells do plants and animals both have?

text: phagocytic cells

question: What happens when all parts of a plant become infected?

text: localized hypersensitive response

question: What do cells away from the site of the infection undergo?

text: rapid apoptosis

question: What cells undergo slow apoptosis?

text: cells at the site of infection

question: What is unimportant in SAR?

text: RNA silencing mechanisms


text: An oscillating cylinder steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine which does not require valves to direct steam into and out of the cylinder. Instead of valves, the entire cylinder rocks, or oscillates, such that one or more holes in the cylinder line up with holes in a fixed port face or in the pivot mounting (trunnion). These engines are mainly used in toys and models, because of their simplicity, but have also been used in full size working engines, mainly on ships where their compactness is valued.[citation needed]

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: An

text: oscillating

text: cylinder

text: steam

text: engine

text: is

text: a

text: variant

text: of

text: the

text: simple

text: expansion

text: steam

text: engine

text: which

text: does

text: not

text: require

text: valves

text: to

text: direct

text: steam

text: into

text: and

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: cylinder

text: Instead

text: of

text: valves

text: the

text: entire

text: cylinder

text: rocks

text: or

text: oscillates

text: such

text: that

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: holes

text: in

text: the

text: cylinder

text: line

text: up

text: with

text: holes

text: in

text: a

text: fixed

text: port

text: face

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: pivot

text: mounting

text: trunnion

text: These

text: engines

text: are

text: mainly

text: used

text: in

text: toys

text: and

text: models

text: because

text: of

text: their

text: simplicity

text: but

text: have

text: also

text: been

text: used

text: in

text: full

text: size

text: working

text: engines

text: mainly

text: on

text: ships

text: where

text: their

text: compactness

text: is

text: valued.[citation

text: needed

question: What type of steam engine doesn't need valves to direct steam?

answer: oscillating cylinder

text: oscillating cylinder

answer: oscillating cylinder

text: oscillating cylinder

answer: oscillating

text: oscillating

question: What is another term for the pivot mounting?

answer: trunnion

text: trunnion

answer: trunnion

text: trunnion

answer: trunnion

text: trunnion

question: Along with toys, where are oscillating cylinder steam engines typically used?

answer: models

text: models

answer: models

text: models

answer: models

text: models

question: Full size working engines on what vehicles sometimes use oscillating cylinder steam engines?

answer: ships

text: ships

answer: ships

text: ships

answer: ships

text: ships

question: What type of steam engine doesn't need valves to direct engines?

text: oscillating cylinder

question: What is another term for the port face?

text: trunnion

question: Where, along with toys, are oscillating cylinder port faces typically used?

text: models

question: On what vehicles do full size working engines sometimes use oscillating cylinder rocks?

text: ships

question: What is a variant of the simple expansion pivot mounting?

text: oscillating cylinder steam engine


text: where  is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area (the off-diagonal elements). The stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all strains (deformations) including also tensile stresses and compressions.:133–134:38-1–38-11

title: Force

title: Force

text: where

text: is

text: the

text: relevant

text: cross

text: sectional

text: area

text: for

text: the

text: volume

text: for

text: which

text: the

text: stress

text: tensor

text: is

text: being

text: calculated

text: This

text: formalism

text: includes

text: pressure

text: terms

text: associated

text: with

text: forces

text: that

text: act

text: normal

text: to

text: the

text: cross

text: sectional

text: area

text: the

text: matrix

text: diagonals

text: of

text: the

text: tensor

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: shear

text: terms

text: associated

text: with

text: forces

text: that

text: act

text: parallel

text: to

text: the

text: cross

text: sectional

text: area

text: the

text: off

text: diagonal

text: elements

text: The

text: stress

text: tensor

text: accounts

text: for

text: forces

text: that

text: cause

text: all

text: strains

text: deformations

text: including

text: also

text: tensile

text: stresses

text: and

question: What causes strain in structures?

answer: stress tensor

text: stress tensor

answer: stress tensor

text: stress tensor

answer: deformations

text: deformations

answer: The stress tensor

text: The stress tensor

question: What is used to calculate cross section area in the volume of an object?

answer: pressure terms

text: pressure terms

answer: stress tensor

text: stress tensor

answer: pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms

text: pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms

question: What are associated with normal forces?

answer: pressure terms

text: pressure terms

answer: matrix diagonals of the tensor)

text: matrix diagonals of the tensor)

answer: pressure terms

text: pressure terms

question: What includes pressure terms when calculating area in volume?

answer: formalism

text: formalism

answer: the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated

text: the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated

answer: formalism

text: formalism

answer: This formalism

text: This formalism

question: What does not cause strain in structures?

text: stress tensor

question: What is associated with abnormal forces?

text: pressure terms

question: What is associated with horizontal forces?

text: shear terms

question: Another term for on-diagonal elements is what?

text: cross-sectional area


text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 874.3 square miles (2,264 km2), making Jacksonville the largest city in land area in the contiguous United States; of this, 86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2) is land and ; 13.34% (116.7 sq mi or 302 km2) is water. Jacksonville surrounds the town of Baldwin. Nassau County lies to the north, Baker County lies to the west, and Clay and St. Johns County lie to the south; the Atlantic Ocean lies to the east, along with the Jacksonville Beaches. The St. Johns River divides the city. The Trout River, a major tributary of the St. Johns River, is located entirely within Jacksonville.

title: Jacksonville,_Florida

title: Jacksonville,_Florida

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Census

text: Bureau

text: the

text: city

text: has

text: a

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: square

text: miles

text: making

text: Jacksonville

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: land

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: contiguous

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: this

text: sq

text: mi

text: or

text: is

text: land

text: and

text: sq

text: mi

text: or

text: is

text: water

text: Jacksonville

text: surrounds

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Baldwin

text: Nassau

text: County

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Baker

text: County

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Clay

text: and

text: St.

text: Johns

text: County

text: lie

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: Jacksonville

text: Beaches

text: The

text: St.

text: Johns

text: River

text: divides

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: Trout

text: River

text: a

text: major

text: tributary

text: of

text: the

text: St.

text: Johns

text: River

text: is

text: located

text: entirely

text: within

text: Jacksonville

question: What is the land area of Jacksonville?

answer: 874.3 square miles

text: 874.3 square miles

answer: 874.3 square miles

text: 874.3 square miles

answer: 874.3 square miles

text: 874.3 square miles

question: What river separates Jacksonville?

answer: The St. Johns River

text: The St. Johns River

answer: St. Johns River

text: St. Johns River

answer: St. Johns River

text: St. Johns River

question: What is the name of the river that is completely contained inside Jacksonville?

answer: The Trout River

text: The Trout River

answer: Trout River

text: Trout River

answer: The Trout River

text: The Trout River

question: How much of Jacksonville is made up of water?

answer: 13.34%

answer: 13.34%

answer: 13.34%

question: What town is surrounded by Jacksonville?

answer: Baldwin

text: Baldwin

answer: Baldwin

text: Baldwin

answer: Baldwin

text: Baldwin

question: Was sitting is 874.3 km²?

text: Jacksonville

question: What River surrounds Jacksonville?

text: The St. Johns River

question: What makes up 11.6% of Jacksonville?

text: water

question: What is the name of the river that lies completely outside of Jacksonville?

text: Trout River

question: What town surrounds Jacksonville?

text: the town of Baldwin


text: The availability of the Bible in vernacular languages was important to the spread of the Protestant movement and development of the Reformed church in France. The country had a long history of struggles with the papacy by the time the Protestant Reformation finally arrived. Around 1294, a French version of the Scriptures was prepared by the Roman Catholic priest, Guyard de Moulin. A two-volume illustrated folio paraphrase version based on his manuscript, by Jean de Rély, was printed in Paris in 1487.

title: Huguenot

title: Huguenot

text: The

text: availability

text: of

text: the

text: Bible

text: in

text: vernacular

text: languages

text: was

text: important

text: to

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: the

text: Protestant

text: movement

text: and

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: Reformed

text: church

text: in

text: France

text: The

text: country

text: had

text: a

text: long

text: history

text: of

text: struggles

text: with

text: the

text: papacy

text: by

text: the

text: time

text: the

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: finally

text: arrived

text: Around

text: a

text: French

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: Scriptures

text: was

text: prepared

text: by

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: priest

text: Guyard

text: de

text: Moulin

text: A

text: two

text: volume

text: illustrated

text: folio

text: paraphrase

text: version

text: based

text: on

text: his

text: manuscript

text: by

text: Jean

text: de

text: Rély

text: was

text: printed

text: in

text: Paris

text: in

question: What helped spread Protestantism in France?

answer: availability of the Bible in vernacular languages

text: availability of the Bible in vernacular languages

answer: the Bible in vernacular languages

text: the Bible in vernacular languages

answer: The availability of the Bible in vernacular languages

text: The availability of the Bible in vernacular languages

question: When did the first French language bible appear?

answer: Around 1294

text: Around 1294

answer: 1294

answer: Around 1294

text: Around 1294

question: Who translated this version of the scriptures?

answer: Guyard de Moulin

text: Guyard de Moulin

answer: Guyard de Moulin

text: Guyard de Moulin

answer: Guyard de Moulin

text: Guyard de Moulin

question: An illustrated, paraphrased version of this appeared when?

answer: 1487

answer: 1487

answer: 1487

question: Jean De Rely's illustrated French-language scriptures were first published in what city?

answer: Paris

text: Paris

answer: Paris

text: Paris

answer: Paris

text: Paris

question: In what year did the Protestant Reformation arrive in France?

question: In what country did the Protestant Reformation get its start?

text: France

question: In what year did the Reformed church of France get established?

question: Where was the Roman Catholic Priest Guyard de Moulin from?

text: France

question: Where was Jean de Rely from?


text: Montpellier was among the most important of the 66 "villes de sûreté" that the Edict of 1598 granted to the Huguenots. The city's political institutions and the university were all handed over to the Huguenots. Tension with Paris led to a siege by the royal army in 1622. Peace terms called for the dismantling of the city's fortifications. A royal citadel was built and the university and consulate were taken over by the Catholic party. Even before the Edict of Alès (1629), Protestant rule was dead and the ville de sûreté was no more.[citation needed]

title: Huguenot

title: Huguenot

text: Montpellier

text: was

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: of

text: the

text: villes

text: de

text: sûreté

text: that

text: the

text: Edict

text: of

text: granted

text: to

text: the

text: Huguenots

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: political

text: institutions

text: and

text: the

text: university

text: were

text: all

text: handed

text: over

text: to

text: the

text: Huguenots

text: Tension

text: with

text: Paris

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: siege

text: by

text: the

text: royal

text: army

text: in

text: Peace

text: terms

text: called

text: for

text: the

text: dismantling

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: fortifications

text: A

text: royal

text: citadel

text: was

text: built

text: and

text: the

text: university

text: and

text: consulate

text: were

text: taken

text: over

text: by

text: the

text: Catholic

text: party

text: Even

text: before

text: the

text: Edict

text: of

text: Alès

text: Protestant

text: rule

text: was

text: dead

text: and

text: the

text: ville

text: de

text: sûreté

text: was

text: no

text: more.[citation

text: needed

question: What were the towns granted to the Huguenots in 1598 collectively called?

answer: villes de sûreté

text: villes de sûreté

answer: "villes de sûreté"

text: "villes de sûreté"

answer: villes de sûreté

text: villes de sûreté

question: What was the most important of these cities or towns?

answer: Montpellier

text: Montpellier

answer: Montpellier

text: Montpellier

answer: Montpellier

text: Montpellier

question: France laid siege to Montpellier in what year?

answer: 1622

answer: 1622

answer: 1622

question: What proclamation officially ended limited Huguenot autonomy?

answer: Edict of Alès

text: Edict of Alès

answer: Edict of Alès

text: Edict of Alès

answer: Edict of Alès

text: Edict of Alès

question: When was this proclamation issued?

answer: 1629

answer: 1629

answer: 1629

question: What was the result in Montpellier of the Edict of Ales in 1629?

question: What does "villes de surete" translate to in English?

text: royal citadel

question: How many miles is Montpellier from Paris?

question: In what year did Protestant rule in Montpellier effectively collapse?

question: In what year was a royal citadel built by Catholics in Montpellier?


text: Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects. However, in real life, matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object. For situations where lattice holding together the atoms in an object is able to flow, contract, expand, or otherwise change shape, the theories of continuum mechanics describe the way forces affect the material. For example, in extended fluids, differences in pressure result in forces being directed along the pressure gradients as follows:

title: Force

title: Force

text: Newton

text: 's

text: laws

text: and

text: Newtonian

text: mechanics

text: in

text: general

text: were

text: first

text: developed

text: to

text: describe

text: how

text: forces

text: affect

text: idealized

text: point

text: particles

text: rather

text: than

text: three

text: dimensional

text: objects

text: However

text: in

text: real

text: life

text: matter

text: has

text: extended

text: structure

text: and

text: forces

text: that

text: act

text: on

text: one

text: part

text: of

text: an

text: object

text: might

text: affect

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: an

text: object

text: For

text: situations

text: where

text: lattice

text: holding

text: together

text: the

text: atoms

text: in

text: an

text: object

text: is

text: able

text: to

text: flow

text: contract

text: expand

text: or

text: otherwise

text: change

text: shape

text: the

text: theories

text: of

text: continuum

text: mechanics

text: describe

text: the

text: way

text: forces

text: affect

text: the

text: material

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: extended

text: fluids

text: differences

text: in

text: pressure

text: result

text: in

text: forces

text: being

text: directed

text: along

text: the

text: pressure

text: gradients

text: as

text: follows

question: What did Newton's mechanics affect?

answer: idealized point particles

text: idealized point particles

answer: idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects

text: idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects

answer: idealized point particles

text: idealized point particles

answer: idealized point particles

text: idealized point particles

question: What didn't Newton's mechanics affext?

answer: three-dimensional objects

text: three-dimensional objects

answer: three-dimensional objects

text: three-dimensional objects

answer: three-dimensional objects

text: three-dimensional objects

question: In what kind of fluid are pressure differences caused by direction of forces over gradients?

answer: extended

text: extended

answer: extended

text: extended

answer: extended

text: extended

question: What may a force on one part of an object affect?

answer: other parts

text: other parts

answer: other parts of an object

text: other parts of an object

answer: other parts of an object

text: other parts of an object

answer: other parts of an object

text: other parts of an object

question: What does matter actually have that Newtonian mechanics doesn't address?

answer: extended structure

text: extended structure

answer: extended structure

text: extended structure

answer: extended structure

text: extended structure

answer: extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object

text: extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object

question: What does not have extended structure?

text: matter

question: Forces that act on one part of an object do not act on what?

text: other parts of an object

question: In extended fluids, similarities in pressure result in forces being directed where?

text: along the pressure gradients

question: Whose mechanics affected three dimensional objects?

text: Newtonian


text: The concept of legal certainty is recognised one of the general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1960s. It is an important general principle of international law and public law, which predates European Union law. As a general principle in European Union law it means that the law must be certain, in that it is clear and precise, and its legal implications foreseeable, specially when applied to financial obligations. The adoption of laws which will have legal effect in the European Union must have a proper legal basis. Legislation in member states which implements European Union law must be worded so that it is clearly understandable by those who are subject to the law. In European Union law the general principle of legal certainty prohibits Ex post facto laws, i.e. laws should not take effect before they are published. The doctrine of legitimate expectation, which has its roots in the principles of legal certainty and good faith, is also a central element of the general principle of legal certainty in European Union law. The legitimate expectation doctrine holds that and that "those who act in good faith on the basis of law as it is or seems to be should not be frustrated in their expectations".

title: European_Union_law

title: European_Union_law

text: The

text: concept

text: of

text: legal

text: certainty

text: is

text: recognised

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: general

text: principles

text: of

text: European

text: Union

text: law

text: by

text: the

text: European

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: since

text: the

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: general

text: principle

text: of

text: international

text: law

text: and

text: public

text: law

text: which

text: predates

text: European

text: Union

text: law

text: As

text: a

text: general

text: principle

text: in

text: European

text: Union

text: law

text: it

text: means

text: that

text: the

text: law

text: must

text: be

text: certain

text: in

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: clear

text: and

text: precise

text: and

text: its

text: legal

text: implications

text: foreseeable

text: specially

text: when

text: applied

text: to

text: financial

text: obligations

text: The

text: adoption

text: of

text: laws

text: which

text: will

text: have

text: legal

text: effect

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: must

text: have

text: a

text: proper

text: legal

text: basis

text: Legislation

text: in

text: member

text: states

text: which

text: implements

text: European

text: Union

text: law

text: must

text: be

text: worded

text: so

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: clearly

text: understandable

text: by

text: those

text: who

text: are

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: law

text: In

text: European

text: Union

text: law

text: the

text: general

text: principle

text: of

text: legal

text: certainty

text: prohibits

text: Ex

text: post

text: facto

text: laws

text: i.e.

text: laws

text: should

text: not

text: take

text: effect

text: before

text: they

text: are

text: published

text: The

text: doctrine

text: of

text: legitimate

text: expectation

text: which

text: has

text: its

text: roots

text: in

text: the

text: principles

text: of

text: legal

text: certainty

text: and

text: good

text: faith

text: is

text: also

text: a

text: central

text: element

text: of

text: the

text: general

text: principle

text: of

text: legal

text: certainty

text: in

text: European

text: Union

text: law

text: The

text: legitimate

text: expectation

text: doctrine

text: holds

text: that

text: and

text: that

text: those

text: who

text: act

text: in

text: good

text: faith

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: law

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: or

text: seems

text: to

text: be

text: should

text: not

text: be

text: frustrated

text: in

text: their

text: expectations

question: How long has the concept of legal certainty been recognized as one of the general principles by the EU law?

answer: since the 1960s

text: since the 1960s

answer: since the 1960s

text: since the 1960s

answer: since the 1960s

text: since the 1960s

question: Which laws mentioned predate EU law?

answer: international law and public law

text: international law and public law

answer: international law and public law

text: international law and public law

answer: international law and public law

text: international law and public law

question: What must the adoption of laws which will have legal effect in the EU have?

answer: a proper legal basis

text: a proper legal basis

answer: a proper legal basis

text: a proper legal basis

answer: a proper legal basis

text: a proper legal basis

question: In what does the doctrine of legitimate expectations have roots?

answer: the principles of legal certainty and good faith

text: the principles of legal certainty and good faith

answer: the principles of legal certainty and good faith

text: the principles of legal certainty and good faith

answer: the principles of legal certainty and good faith

text: the principles of legal certainty and good faith

question: What is not recognized as one of the general principles of European Union law?

text: The concept of legal certainty

question: What was first recognized by EU law in the 1970's?

text: The concept of legal certainty

question: Which laws mentioned not not predate EU law?

text: international law and public law

question: What must the adoption of laws which will not have legal effect in the EU have?

text: proper legal basis

question: How must legislation in member states which implements EU law must not be worded?


text: When Yesün Temür died in Shangdu in 1328, Tugh Temür was recalled to Khanbaliq by the Qipchaq commander El Temür. He was installed as the emperor (Emperor Wenzong) in Khanbaliq, while Yesün Temür's son Ragibagh succeeded to the throne in Shangdu with the support of Yesün Temür's favorite retainer Dawlat Shah. Gaining support from princes and officers in Northern China and some other parts of the dynasty, Khanbaliq-based Tugh Temür eventually won the civil war against Ragibagh known as the War of the Two Capitals. Afterwards, Tugh Temür abdicated in favour of his brother Kusala, who was backed by Chagatai Khan Eljigidey, and announced Khanbaliq's intent to welcome him. However, Kusala suddenly died only four days after a banquet with Tugh Temür. He was supposedly killed with poison by El Temür, and Tugh Temür then remounted the throne. Tugh Temür also managed to send delegates to the western Mongol khanates such as Golden Horde and Ilkhanate to be accepted as the suzerain of Mongol world. However, he was mainly a puppet of the powerful official El Temür during his latter three-year reign. El Temür purged pro-Kusala officials and brought power to warlords, whose despotic rule clearly marked the decline of the dynasty.

title: Yuan_dynasty

title: Yuan_dynasty

text: When

text: Yesün

text: Temür

text: died

text: in

text: Shangdu

text: in

text: Tugh

text: Temür

text: was

text: recalled

text: to

text: Khanbaliq

text: by

text: the

text: Qipchaq

text: commander

text: El

text: Temür

text: He

text: was

text: installed

text: as

text: the

text: emperor

text: Emperor

text: Wenzong

text: in

text: Khanbaliq

text: while

text: Yesün

text: Temür

text: 's

text: son

text: Ragibagh

text: succeeded

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: in

text: Shangdu

text: with

text: the

text: support

text: of

text: Yesün

text: Temür

text: 's

text: favorite

text: retainer

text: Dawlat

text: Shah

text: Gaining

text: support

text: from

text: princes

text: and

text: officers

text: in

text: Northern

text: China

text: and

text: some

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: dynasty

text: Khanbaliq

text: based

text: Tugh

text: Temür

text: eventually

text: won

text: the

text: civil

text: war

text: against

text: Ragibagh

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Two

text: Capitals

text: Afterwards

text: Tugh

text: Temür

text: abdicated

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: his

text: brother

text: Kusala

text: who

text: was

text: backed

text: by

text: Chagatai

text: Khan

text: Eljigidey

text: and

text: announced

text: Khanbaliq

text: 's

text: intent

text: to

text: welcome

text: him

text: However

text: Kusala

text: suddenly

text: died

text: only

text: four

text: days

text: after

text: a

text: banquet

text: with

text: Tugh

text: Temür

text: He

text: was

text: supposedly

text: killed

text: with

text: poison

text: by

text: El

text: Temür

text: and

text: Tugh

text: Temür

text: then

text: remounted

text: the

text: throne

text: Tugh

text: Temür

text: also

text: managed

text: to

text: send

text: delegates

text: to

text: the

text: western

text: Mongol

text: khanates

text: such

text: as

text: Golden

text: Horde

text: and

text: Ilkhanate

text: to

text: be

text: accepted

text: as

text: the

text: suzerain

text: of

text: Mongol

text: world

text: However

text: he

text: was

text: mainly

text: a

text: puppet

text: of

text: the

text: powerful

text: official

text: El

text: Temür

text: during

text: his

text: latter

text: three

text: year

text: reign

text: El

text: Temür

text: purged

text: pro

text: Kusala

text: officials

text: and

text: brought

text: power

text: to

text: warlords

text: whose

text: despotic

text: rule

text: clearly

text: marked

text: the

text: decline

text: of

text: the

text: dynasty

question: Where did Yesun Temur die?

answer: Shangdu

text: Shangdu

answer: Shangdu

text: Shangdu

answer: Shangdu

text: Shangdu

question: What was the civil war against Ragibagh also called?

answer: the War of the Two Capitals

text: the War of the Two Capitals

answer: War of the Two Capitals

text: War of the Two Capitals

answer: the War of the Two Capitals

text: the War of the Two Capitals

question: How long after a banquet with Tugh Temur did Kusala die?

answer: four days

text: four days

answer: four days

text: four days

answer: four days

text: four days

question: Who was thought to have killed Tugh Temur?

answer: El Temür

text: El Temür

answer: El Temür

text: El Temür

question: Who took the throne after Kusala's death?

answer: Tugh Temür

text: Tugh Temür

answer: Tugh Temür

text: Tugh Temür

answer: Tugh Temür

text: Tugh Temür

question: How did Yesun Temur die

text: Shangdu

question: What was the civil war against Ragibagh never called?

text: War of the Two Capitals

question: How long after a banquet with Tugh Temur did Kusala have a child?

text: four days

question: Who was thought to have loved Tugh Temur?

text: El Temür

question: Who took the throne after Kusala's uprising?

text: Tugh Temür


text: A number of researchers (David Rodda, Jacob Vigdor, and Janna Matlack), argue that a shortage of affordable housing – at least in the US – is caused in part by income inequality. David Rodda noted that from 1984 and 1991, the number of quality rental units decreased as the demand for higher quality housing increased (Rhoda 1994:148). Through gentrification of older neighbourhoods, for example, in East New York, rental prices increased rapidly as landlords found new residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing and left lower income families without rental units. The ad valorem property tax policy combined with rising prices made it difficult or impossible for low income residents to keep pace.

title: Economic_inequality

title: Economic_inequality

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: researchers

text: David

text: Rodda

text: Jacob

text: Vigdor

text: and

text: Janna

text: Matlack

text: argue

text: that

text: a

text: shortage

text: of

text: affordable

text: housing

text: at

text: least

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: is

text: caused

text: in

text: part

text: by

text: income

text: inequality

text: David

text: Rodda

text: noted

text: that

text: from

text: and

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: quality

text: rental

text: units

text: decreased

text: as

text: the

text: demand

text: for

text: higher

text: quality

text: housing

text: increased

text: Rhoda

text: Through

text: gentrification

text: of

text: older

text: neighbourhoods

text: for

text: example

text: in

text: East

text: New

text: York

text: rental

text: prices

text: increased

text: rapidly

text: as

text: landlords

text: found

text: new

text: residents

text: willing

text: to

text: pay

text: higher

text: market

text: rate

text: for

text: housing

text: and

text: left

text: lower

text: income

text: families

text: without

text: rental

text: units

text: The

text: ad

text: valorem

text: property

text: tax

text: policy

text: combined

text: with

text: rising

text: prices

text: made

text: it

text: difficult

text: or

text: impossible

text: for

text: low

text: income

text: residents

text: to

text: keep

text: pace

question: What do a number of researchers think a shortage of is caused in part by income inequality?

answer: a shortage of affordable housing

text: a shortage of affordable housing

answer: affordable housing

text: affordable housing

answer: affordable housing

text: affordable housing

question: What decreased in number between 1984 and 1991?

answer: quality rental units

text: quality rental units

answer: quality rental units

text: quality rental units

answer: quality rental units

text: quality rental units

question: Why did the demand for rentals decrease?

answer: demand for higher quality housing increased

text: demand for higher quality housing increased

answer: demand for higher quality housing increased

text: demand for higher quality housing increased

answer: demand for higher quality housing increased

text: demand for higher quality housing increased

question: What drove increased rental prices in East New York?

answer: residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing

text: residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing

answer: gentrification of older neighbourhoods

text: gentrification of older neighbourhoods

answer: new residents willing to pay higher market rate

text: new residents willing to pay higher market rate

question: What combined with ricing prices to make it difficult or impossible for poor people to keep pace?

answer: ad valorem property tax policy

text: ad valorem property tax policy

answer: ad valorem property tax policy

text: ad valorem property tax policy

answer: property tax policy

text: property tax policy

question: What do a number of researchers think a shortage of isn't caused in part by income inequality?

text: a shortage of affordable housing

question: What decreased in number between 1948 and 1991?

text: quality rental units

question: Why did the demand for rentals increase?

question: What drove decreased rental prices in East New York?

question: What combined with lowering prices to make it difficult or impossible for poor people to keep pace?

text: ad valorem property tax policy


text: The mayor of Warsaw is called President. Generally, in Poland, the mayors of bigger cities are called presidents – i.e. such cities, which have over 100,000 people or these, where already was president before 1990. The first Warsaw President was Jan Andrzej Menich (1695–1696). Between 1975 and 1990 the Warsaw Presidents was simultaneously the Warsaw Voivode. Since 1990 the President of Warsaw had been elected by the City council. In the years of 1994–1999 the mayor of the district Centrum automatically was designated as the President of Warsaw: the mayor of Centrum was elected by the district council of Centrum and the council was elected only by the Centrum residents. Since 2002 the President of Warsaw is elected by all of the citizens of Warsaw.

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: The

text: mayor

text: of

text: Warsaw

text: is

text: called

text: President

text: Generally

text: in

text: Poland

text: the

text: mayors

text: of

text: bigger

text: cities

text: are

text: called

text: presidents

text: i.e.

text: such

text: cities

text: which

text: have

text: over

text: people

text: or

text: these

text: where

text: already

text: was

text: president

text: before

text: The

text: first

text: Warsaw

text: President

text: was

text: Jan

text: Andrzej

text: Menich

text: Between

text: and

text: the

text: Warsaw

text: Presidents

text: was

text: simultaneously

text: the

text: Warsaw

text: Voivode

text: Since

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: Warsaw

text: had

text: been

text: elected

text: by

text: the

text: City

text: council

text: In

text: the

text: years

text: of

text: the

text: mayor

text: of

text: the

text: district

text: Centrum

text: automatically

text: was

text: designated

text: as

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: Warsaw

text: the

text: mayor

text: of

text: Centrum

text: was

text: elected

text: by

text: the

text: district

text: council

text: of

text: Centrum

text: and

text: the

text: council

text: was

text: elected

text: only

text: by

text: the

text: Centrum

text: residents

text: Since

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: Warsaw

text: is

text: elected

text: by

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: citizens

text: of

text: Warsaw

question: What is the mayor of Warsaw called?

answer: President

text: President

answer: President

text: President

answer: President

text: President

question: Who was the first Warsaw President?

answer: Jan Andrzej Menich

text: Jan Andrzej Menich

answer: Jan Andrzej Menich

text: Jan Andrzej Menich

answer: Jan Andrzej Menich

text: Jan Andrzej Menich

question: When did Menich serve as President?

answer: 1695–1696

answer: 1695–1696

answer: 1695–1696

question: Who has elected the President of Warsaw since 1990?

answer: the City council

text: the City council

answer: City council

text: City council

answer: City council

text: City council

question: What district of Warsaw chose the President between 1994 and 1999?

answer: Centrum

text: Centrum

answer: Centrum

text: Centrum

answer: Centrum

text: Centrum

question: What is the mayor of Menich called?

text: President

question: Who was the first Cetrum President?

text: Jan Andrzej Menich

question: When did Centrum serve as President?

question: Who has elected the President of Centrum since 1990?

text: the City council

question: What district of Warsaw chose the President between 1990 and 1993?

text: Centrum


text: The owner produces a list of requirements for a project, giving an overall view of the project's goals. Several D&B contractors present different ideas about how to accomplish these goals. The owner selects the ideas he or she likes best and hires the appropriate contractor. Often, it is not just one contractor, but a consortium of several contractors working together. Once these have been hired, they begin building the first phase of the project. As they build phase 1, they design phase 2. This is in contrast to a design-bid-build contract, where the project is completely designed by the owner, then bid on, then completed.

title: Construction

title: Construction

text: The

text: owner

text: produces

text: a

text: list

text: of

text: requirements

text: for

text: a

text: project

text: giving

text: an

text: overall

text: view

text: of

text: the

text: project

text: 's

text: goals

text: Several

text: D&B

text: contractors

text: present

text: different

text: ideas

text: about

text: how

text: to

text: accomplish

text: these

text: goals

text: The

text: owner

text: selects

text: the

text: ideas

text: he

text: or

text: she

text: likes

text: best

text: and

text: hires

text: the

text: appropriate

text: contractor

text: Often

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: just

text: one

text: contractor

text: but

text: a

text: consortium

text: of

text: several

text: contractors

text: working

text: together

text: Once

text: these

text: have

text: been

text: hired

text: they

text: begin

text: building

text: the

text: first

text: phase

text: of

text: the

text: project

text: As

text: they

text: build

text: phase

text: they

text: design

text: phase

text: This

text: is

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: a

text: design

text: bid

text: build

text: contract

text: where

text: the

text: project

text: is

text: completely

text: designed

text: by

text: the

text: owner

text: then

text: bid

text: on

text: then

text: completed

question: Who produces a list of requirements for a project, giving an overall view of the project's goals?

answer: The owner

text: The owner

answer: The owner

text: The owner

answer: The owner

text: The owner

question: Who presents different ideas about how to accomplish goals?

answer: D&B contractors

text: D&B contractors

answer: D&B contractors

text: D&B contractors

answer: Several D&B contractors

text: Several D&B contractors

question: Who selects and hires the best ideas and appropriate contractors?

answer: The owner

text: The owner

answer: The owner

text: The owner

answer: The owner

text: The owner

question: Who is usually working together?

answer: a consortium of several contractors

text: a consortium of several contractors

answer: a consortium of several contractors

text: a consortium of several contractors

answer: a consortium of several contractors

text: a consortium of several contractors

question: What happens as they build phase 1?

answer: they design phase 2

text: they design phase 2

answer: they design phase 2

text: they design phase 2

answer: they design phase 2

text: they design phase 2

question: What does the contractor produce to let everyone see the project's goals?

text: a list of requirements for a project

question: What does the owner produce to show how to attain the goals?

text: different ideas

question: Before they hire a contractor, what do the D&B contractors also do about a project?

text: selects the ideas he or she likes best

question: Who is usually hired for a design-bid-build contract?

text: a consortium of several contractors

question: What happens in a phase 2 contract?


text: However, this definition is disputed by Thoreau's political philosophy pitching the conscience vs. the collective. The individual is the final judge of right and wrong. More than this, since only individuals act, only individuals can act unjustly. When the government knocks on the door, it is an individual in the form of a postman or tax collector whose hand hits the wood. Before Thoreau’s imprisonment, when a confused taxman had wondered aloud about how to handle his refusal to pay, Thoreau had advised, “Resign.” If a man chose to be an agent of injustice, then Thoreau insisted on confronting him with the fact that he was making a choice. But if government is “the voice of the people,” as it is often called, shouldn’t that voice be heeded? Thoreau admits that government may express the will of the majority but it may also express nothing more than the will of elite politicians. Even a good form of government is “liable to be abused and perverted before the people can act through it.” Moreover, even if a government did express the voice of the people, this fact would not compel the obedience of individuals who disagree with what is being said. The majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right. What, then, is the proper relationship between the individual and the government?

title: Civil_disobedience

title: Civil_disobedience

text: However

text: this

text: definition

text: is

text: disputed

text: by

text: Thoreau

text: 's

text: political

text: philosophy

text: pitching

text: the

text: conscience

text: vs.

text: the

text: collective

text: The

text: individual

text: is

text: the

text: final

text: judge

text: of

text: right

text: and

text: wrong

text: More

text: than

text: this

text: since

text: only

text: individuals

text: act

text: only

text: individuals

text: can

text: act

text: unjustly

text: When

text: the

text: government

text: knocks

text: on

text: the

text: door

text: it

text: is

text: an

text: individual

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: a

text: postman

text: or

text: tax

text: collector

text: whose

text: hand

text: hits

text: the

text: wood

text: Before

text: Thoreau

text: ’s

text: imprisonment

text: when

text: a

text: confused

text: taxman

text: had

text: wondered

text: aloud

text: about

text: how

text: to

text: handle

text: his

text: refusal

text: to

text: pay

text: Thoreau

text: had

text: advised

text: Resign

text: If

text: a

text: man

text: chose

text: to

text: be

text: an

text: agent

text: of

text: injustice

text: then

text: Thoreau

text: insisted

text: on

text: confronting

text: him

text: with

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: making

text: a

text: choice

text: But

text: if

text: government

text: is

text: the

text: voice

text: of

text: the

text: people

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: called

text: should

text: n’t

text: that

text: voice

text: be

text: heeded

text: Thoreau

text: admits

text: that

text: government

text: may

text: express

text: the

text: will

text: of

text: the

text: majority

text: but

text: it

text: may

text: also

text: express

text: nothing

text: more

text: than

text: the

text: will

text: of

text: elite

text: politicians

text: Even

text: a

text: good

text: form

text: of

text: government

text: is

text: liable

text: to

text: be

text: abused

text: and

text: perverted

text: before

text: the

text: people

text: can

text: act

text: through

text: it

text: Moreover

text: even

text: if

text: a

text: government

text: did

text: express

text: the

text: voice

text: of

text: the

text: people

text: this

text: fact

text: would

text: not

text: compel

text: the

text: obedience

text: of

text: individuals

text: who

text: disagree

text: with

text: what

text: is

text: being

text: said

text: The

text: majority

text: may

text: be

text: powerful

text: but

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: necessarily

text: right

text: What

text: then

text: is

text: the

text: proper

text: relationship

text: between

text: the

text: individual

text: and

text: the

text: government

question: What author argues pitching the conscience versus the collective?

answer: Thoreau

text: Thoreau

answer: Thoreau

text: Thoreau

answer: Thoreau

text: Thoreau

answer: Thoreau

text: Thoreau

answer: Thoreau's

text: Thoreau's

question: What was Thoreau's punishment for not paying his taxes?

answer: imprisonment

text: imprisonment

answer: imprisonment

text: imprisonment

answer: imprisonment

text: imprisonment

answer: imprisonment

text: imprisonment

answer: imprisonment

text: imprisonment

question: Thoreau argues that usually majority rules but their views collectively are sometimes?

answer: not necessarily right

text: not necessarily right

answer: not necessarily right

text: not necessarily right

answer: the will of elite politicians

text: the will of elite politicians

answer: the will of elite politicians

text: the will of elite politicians

answer: not necessarily right

text: not necessarily right

question: What did Thoreau ask a public figure the taxman to do?

answer: Resign

text: Resign

answer: refusal to pay

text: refusal to pay

answer: Resign

text: Resign

answer: Resign

text: Resign

answer: Resign

text: Resign

question: Thoreau mentions what type of person could corrupt a government system?

answer: elite politicians

text: elite politicians

answer: elite politicians

text: elite politicians

answer: individuals

text: individuals

answer: elite politicians

text: elite politicians

answer: individuals

text: individuals

question: Who is the final judge of right and wrong?

answer: The individual

text: The individual

answer: individuals

text: individuals

answer: The individual

text: The individual

answer: The individual

text: The individual

answer: individual

text: individual

question: Who is to blame for acting unjustly?

answer: individuals

text: individuals

answer: individuals

text: individuals

answer: an individual

text: an individual

answer: individuals

text: individuals

answer: individuals

text: individuals

question: Who was famous for disobedience against a tax collector?

answer: Thoreau

text: Thoreau

answer: Thoreau

text: Thoreau

answer: Thoreau

text: Thoreau

answer: Thoreau

text: Thoreau

answer: Thoreau

text: Thoreau

question: What advise did Thoreau give the tax collector when unable to perform his duty?

answer: Resign

text: Resign

answer: Resign

text: Resign

answer: Resign

text: Resign

answer: Resign

text: Resign

answer: Resign

text: Resign

question: What did Thoreau claim about the majority?

answer: not necessarily right

text: not necessarily right

answer: may be powerful but it is not necessarily right

text: may be powerful but it is not necessarily right

answer: The majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right

text: The majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right

answer: The majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right

text: The majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right

answer: may be powerful but it is not necessarily right

text: may be powerful but it is not necessarily right

question: What was the taxman's political philosophy?

question: What was the government the final judge of?

text: right and wrong

question: Who did the government refuse to pay?

text: Thoreau

question: What did the government want Thoreau to do?

text: “Resign.”

question: Who's will may elite politicians follow according to the government?

text: the will of the majority


text: Chemical barriers also protect against infection. The skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase A2 in saliva, tears, and breast milk are also antibacterials. Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche, when they become slightly acidic, while semen contains defensins and zinc to kill pathogens. In the stomach, gastric acid and proteases serve as powerful chemical defenses against ingested pathogens.

title: Immune_system

title: Immune_system

text: Chemical

text: barriers

text: also

text: protect

text: against

text: infection

text: The

text: skin

text: and

text: respiratory

text: tract

text: secrete

text: antimicrobial

text: peptides

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: β-defensins

text: Enzymes

text: such

text: as

text: lysozyme

text: and

text: phospholipase

text: in

text: saliva

text: tears

text: and

text: breast

text: milk

text: are

text: also

text: antibacterials

text: Vaginal

text: secretions

text: serve

text: as

text: a

text: chemical

text: barrier

text: following

text: menarche

text: when

text: they

text: become

text: slightly

text: acidic

text: while

text: semen

text: contains

text: defensins

text: and

text: zinc

text: to

text: kill

text: pathogens

text: In

text: the

text: stomach

text: gastric

text: acid

text: and

text: proteases

text: serve

text: as

text: powerful

text: chemical

text: defenses

text: against

text: ingested

text: pathogens

question: What are the anitmicrobial peptides secreted by the skin called?

answer: β-defensins

text: β-defensins

answer: β-defensins

text: β-defensins

answer: β-defensins

text: β-defensins

question: What enzymes in saliva are antibacterial in nature?

answer: lysozyme and phospholipase A2

text: lysozyme and phospholipase A2

answer: lysozyme and phospholipase A2

text: lysozyme and phospholipase A2

answer: lysozyme

text: lysozyme

question: Semen contains what in order to kill pathogens?

answer: defensins and zinc

text: defensins and zinc

answer: defensins and zinc

text: defensins and zinc

answer: defensins

text: defensins

question: What compounds in the stomach protect against ingested pathogens?

answer: gastric acid and proteases

text: gastric acid and proteases

answer: gastric acid and proteases

text: gastric acid and proteases

answer: gastric acid

text: gastric acid

question: Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical protective barrier following what?

answer: menarche

text: menarche

answer: menarche

text: menarche

answer: menarche

text: menarche

question: What does the respiratory tract secrete in order to promote infection?

text: antimicrobial peptides

question: What enzyme is not an antibacterial?

text: lysozyme

question: What fluids are enzymes not found in?

text: saliva, tears, and breast milk

question: When do vaginal secretions become less acidic?

text: following menarche

question: What provides chemical protection to pathogens?

text: proteases


text: Immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system. It originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease. The earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time. In the 18th century, Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune to this venom. This and other observations of acquired immunity were later exploited by Louis Pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory of disease. Pasteur's theory was in direct opposition to contemporary theories of disease, such as the miasma theory. It was not until Robert Koch's 1891 proofs, for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905, that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease. Viruses were confirmed as human pathogens in 1901, with the discovery of the yellow fever virus by Walter Reed.

title: Immune_system

title: Immune_system

text: Immunology

text: is

text: a

text: science

text: that

text: examines

text: the

text: structure

text: and

text: function

text: of

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: It

text: originates

text: from

text: medicine

text: and

text: early

text: studies

text: on

text: the

text: causes

text: of

text: immunity

text: to

text: disease

text: The

text: earliest

text: known

text: reference

text: to

text: immunity

text: was

text: during

text: the

text: plague

text: of

text: Athens

text: in

text: BC

text: Thucydides

text: noted

text: that

text: people

text: who

text: had

text: recovered

text: from

text: a

text: previous

text: bout

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: could

text: nurse

text: the

text: sick

text: without

text: contracting

text: the

text: illness

text: a

text: second

text: time

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: Pierre

text: Louis

text: Moreau

text: de

text: Maupertuis

text: made

text: experiments

text: with

text: scorpion

text: venom

text: and

text: observed

text: that

text: certain

text: dogs

text: and

text: mice

text: were

text: immune

text: to

text: this

text: venom

text: This

text: and

text: other

text: observations

text: of

text: acquired

text: immunity

text: were

text: later

text: exploited

text: by

text: Louis

text: Pasteur

text: in

text: his

text: development

text: of

text: vaccination

text: and

text: his

text: proposed

text: germ

text: theory

text: of

text: disease

text: Pasteur

text: 's

text: theory

text: was

text: in

text: direct

text: opposition

text: to

text: contemporary

text: theories

text: of

text: disease

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: miasma

text: theory

text: It

text: was

text: not

text: until

text: Robert

text: Koch

text: 's

text: proofs

text: for

text: which

text: he

text: was

text: awarded

text: a

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: in

text: that

text: microorganisms

text: were

text: confirmed

text: as

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: infectious

text: disease

text: Viruses

text: were

text: confirmed

text: as

text: human

text: pathogens

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: the

text: yellow

text: fever

text: virus

text: by

text: Walter

text: Reed

question: Who won the Nobel Prize in 1905?

answer: Robert Koch

text: Robert Koch

answer: Robert Koch

text: Robert Koch

answer: Robert Koch

text: Robert Koch

question: What did Robert Koch prove was the cause of infectious disease?

answer: microorganisms

text: microorganisms

answer: microorganisms

text: microorganisms

answer: microorganisms

text: microorganisms

question: What virus did Walter Reed discover?

answer: yellow fever virus

text: yellow fever virus

answer: yellow fever

text: yellow fever

answer: yellow fever virus

text: yellow fever virus

question: When was the first known historical reference to immunity?

answer: Athens in 430 BC

text: Athens in 430 BC

answer: 430 BC

text: 430 BC

answer: 430 BC.

text: 430 BC.

question: What is a science that examines the structure and function of the brain?

text: Immunology

question: When is the latest known reference to immunity?

text: 430 BC

question: What scientist experimented with snake venom in the 18th century?

text: Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis

question: Whose theories supported the miasma theory?

text: Louis Pasteur

question: When did Robert Koch discover the yellow fever virus?