text: In 1929, the university's fifth president, Robert Maynard Hutchins, took office; the university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure. Hutchins eliminated varsity football from the university in an attempt to emphasize academics over athletics, instituted the undergraduate college's liberal-arts curriculum known as the Common Core, and organized the university's graduate work into its current[when?] four divisions. In 1933, Hutchins proposed an unsuccessful plan to merge the University of Chicago and Northwestern University into a single university. During his term, the University of Chicago Hospitals (now called the University of Chicago Medical Center) finished construction and enrolled its first medical students. Also, the Committee on Social Thought, an institution distinctive of the university, was created.

title: University_of_Chicago

title: University_of_Chicago

text: In

text: the

text: university

text: 's

text: fifth

text: president

text: Robert

text: Maynard

text: Hutchins

text: took

text: office

text: the

text: university

text: underwent

text: many

text: changes

text: during

text: his

text: tenure

text: Hutchins

text: eliminated

text: varsity

text: football

text: from

text: the

text: university

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: emphasize

text: academics

text: over

text: athletics

text: instituted

text: the

text: undergraduate

text: college

text: 's

text: liberal

text: arts

text: curriculum

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Common

text: Core

text: and

text: organized

text: the

text: university

text: 's

text: graduate

text: work

text: into

text: its

text: current[when

text: four

text: divisions

text: In

text: Hutchins

text: proposed

text: an

text: unsuccessful

text: plan

text: to

text: merge

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: and

text: Northwestern

text: University

text: into

text: a

text: single

text: university

text: During

text: his

text: term

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: Hospitals

text: now

text: called

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: Medical

text: Center

text: finished

text: construction

text: and

text: enrolled

text: its

text: first

text: medical

text: students

text: Also

text: the

text: Committee

text: on

text: Social

text: Thought

text: an

text: institution

text: distinctive

text: of

text: the

text: university

text: was

text: created

question: Who was the university's 5th president?

answer: Robert Maynard Hutchins

text: Robert Maynard Hutchins

answer: Robert Maynard Hutchins

text: Robert Maynard Hutchins

answer: Robert Maynard Hutchins

text: Robert Maynard Hutchins

answer: Robert Maynard Hutchins

text: Robert Maynard Hutchins

question: In what year was the university's 5th president granted his position?

answer: 1929

answer: 1929

answer: 1929

answer: 1929

question: How long did the 5th president's tenure last?

answer: 24-year tenure

text: 24-year tenure

answer: 24-year

answer: 24-year tenure.

text: 24-year tenure.

answer: 24-year

question: Why did the 5th president of the university decide to get rid of the football program?

answer: to emphasize academics over athletics

text: to emphasize academics over athletics

answer: emphasize academics

text: emphasize academics

answer: an attempt to emphasize academics over athletics

text: an attempt to emphasize academics over athletics

answer: to emphasize academics over athletics,

text: to emphasize academics over athletics,

question: What was the name given to the undergraduate college's liberal-arts curriculum?

answer: the Common Core

text: the Common Core

answer: Common Core

text: Common Core

answer: Common Core

text: Common Core

answer: Common Core

text: Common Core

question: In what year did the fourth president, Robert Maynard Hutchins take office?

question: What did the university undergo during Hutchins 33 year tenure?

text: many changes

question: Why did Hutchins eliminate hospitals from the university?

question: In what year did Hutchins propose a plan to combine the U of C with Common Core?

question: During who's tenure was the University of Chicago Hospitals system destroyed?

text: Robert Maynard Hutchins


text: Evolution of the adaptive immune system occurred in an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates. Many of the classical molecules of the adaptive immune system (e.g., immunoglobulins and T cell receptors) exist only in jawed vertebrates. However, a distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule has been discovered in primitive jawless vertebrates, such as the lamprey and hagfish. These animals possess a large array of molecules called Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) that, like the antigen receptors of jawed vertebrates, are produced from only a small number (one or two) of genes. These molecules are believed to bind pathogenic antigens in a similar way to antibodies, and with the same degree of specificity.

title: Immune_system

title: Immune_system

text: Evolution

text: of

text: the

text: adaptive

text: immune

text: system

text: occurred

text: in

text: an

text: ancestor

text: of

text: the

text: jawed

text: vertebrates

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: classical

text: molecules

text: of

text: the

text: adaptive

text: immune

text: system

text: e.g.

text: immunoglobulins

text: and

text: T

text: cell

text: receptors

text: exist

text: only

text: in

text: jawed

text: vertebrates

text: However

text: a

text: distinct

text: lymphocyte

text: derived

text: molecule

text: has

text: been

text: discovered

text: in

text: primitive

text: jawless

text: vertebrates

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: lamprey

text: and

text: hagfish

text: These

text: animals

text: possess

text: a

text: large

text: array

text: of

text: molecules

text: called

text: Variable

text: lymphocyte

text: receptors

text: VLRs

text: that

text: like

text: the

text: antigen

text: receptors

text: of

text: jawed

text: vertebrates

text: are

text: produced

text: from

text: only

text: a

text: small

text: number

text: one

text: or

text: two

text: of

text: genes

text: These

text: molecules

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: bind

text: pathogenic

text: antigens

text: in

text: a

text: similar

text: way

text: to

text: antibodies

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: degree

text: of

text: specificity

question: What molecules of the adaptive immune system only exist in jawed vertebrates?

answer: immunoglobulins and T cell receptors

text: immunoglobulins and T cell receptors

answer: immunoglobulins and T cell receptors

text: immunoglobulins and T cell receptors

answer: immunoglobulins

text: immunoglobulins

question: What are two examples of primitive jawless vertebrates?

answer: the lamprey and hagfish

text: the lamprey and hagfish

answer: lamprey and hagfish

text: lamprey and hagfish

answer: the lamprey and hagfish

text: the lamprey and hagfish

question: Primitive jawless vertebrates possess an array of receptors referred to as what?

answer: Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs)

text: Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs)

answer: Variable lymphocyte receptors

text: Variable lymphocyte receptors

answer: Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs)

text: Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs)

question: Evolution of what part of the immune system occurred in the evolutionary ancestor of jawed vertebrates?

answer: adaptive immune system

text: adaptive immune system

answer: adaptive

text: adaptive

answer: the adaptive immune system

text: the adaptive immune system

question: What evolved in modern jawed vertebrates?

text: adaptive immune system

question: What only exists outside of jawed vertebrates?

question: What primitive jawed vertebrates do not contain lymphocyte-derived molecules?

text: lamprey and hagfish

question: What are produced from a large number of genes?

text: Variable lymphocyte receptors

question: What molecules are repelled by pathogenic antigens?

text: Variable lymphocyte receptors


text: Following the French Crown's revocation of the Edict of Nantes, many Huguenots settled in Ireland in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, encouraged by an act of parliament for Protestants' settling in Ireland. Huguenot regiments fought for William of Orange in the Williamite war in Ireland, for which they were rewarded with land grants and titles, many settling in Dublin. Significant Huguenot settlements were in Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal. Smaller settlements, which included Killeshandra in County Cavan, contributed to the expansion of flax cultivation and the growth of the Irish linen industry.

title: Huguenot

title: Huguenot

text: Following

text: the

text: French

text: Crown

text: 's

text: revocation

text: of

text: the

text: Edict

text: of

text: Nantes

text: many

text: Huguenots

text: settled

text: in

text: Ireland

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: encouraged

text: by

text: an

text: act

text: of

text: parliament

text: for

text: Protestants

text: settling

text: in

text: Ireland

text: Huguenot

text: regiments

text: fought

text: for

text: William

text: of

text: Orange

text: in

text: the

text: Williamite

text: war

text: in

text: Ireland

text: for

text: which

text: they

text: were

text: rewarded

text: with

text: land

text: grants

text: and

text: titles

text: many

text: settling

text: in

text: Dublin

text: Significant

text: Huguenot

text: settlements

text: were

text: in

text: Dublin

text: Cork

text: Portarlington

text: Lisburn

text: Waterford

text: and

text: Youghal

text: Smaller

text: settlements

text: which

text: included

text: Killeshandra

text: in

text: County

text: Cavan

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: expansion

text: of

text: flax

text: cultivation

text: and

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: the

text: Irish

text: linen

text: industry

question: What war in Ireland featured Huguenot regiments?

answer: Williamite war

text: Williamite war

answer: Williamite

text: Williamite

answer: the Williamite war

text: the Williamite war

question: Under which leader did the Huguenots fight in this conflict?

answer: William of Orange

text: William of Orange

answer: William of Orange

text: William of Orange

answer: William of Orange

text: William of Orange

question: Which Irish cities had large Huguenot enclaves?

answer: Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal

text: Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal

answer: Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal

text: Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal

answer: Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal

text: Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal

question: Huguenots in Killeshandra and County Cavan expanded what agricultural industry?

answer: flax cultivation

text: flax cultivation

answer: flax

text: flax

answer: flax cultivation

text: flax cultivation

question: What textile industry did the Huguenots contribute to in Ireland?

answer: Irish linen industry

text: Irish linen industry

answer: linen

text: linen

answer: Irish linen

text: Irish linen

question: In what era was the Williamite war in Ireland?

text: early 18th centuries

question: Where was the biggest settlement of Huguenots in Ireland?

text: Cork

question: Where was the smallest settlement of Huguenots in Ireland among major cities?

text: Portarlington

question: What did the Huguenots who settled in Dublin contribute?

text: expansion of flax cultivation

question: What did the Huguenots who settled in Cork contribute?

text: the growth of the Irish linen industry


text: Islamists have asked the question, "If Islam is a way of life, how can we say that those who want to live by its principles in legal, social, political, economic, and political spheres of life are not Muslims, but Islamists and believe in Islamism, not [just] Islam?" Similarly, a writer for the International Crisis Group maintains that "the conception of 'political Islam'" is a creation of Americans to explain the Iranian Islamic Revolution and apolitical Islam was a historical fluke of the "short-lived era of the heyday of secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970", and it is quietist/non-political Islam, not Islamism, that requires explanation.

title: Islamism

title: Islamism

text: Islamists

text: have

text: asked

text: the

text: question

text: If

text: Islam

text: is

text: a

text: way

text: of

text: life

text: how

text: can

text: we

text: say

text: that

text: those

text: who

text: want

text: to

text: live

text: by

text: its

text: principles

text: in

text: legal

text: social

text: political

text: economic

text: and

text: political

text: spheres

text: of

text: life

text: are

text: not

text: Muslims

text: but

text: Islamists

text: and

text: believe

text: in

text: Islamism

text: not

text: just

text: Islam

text: Similarly

text: a

text: writer

text: for

text: the

text: International

text: Crisis

text: Group

text: maintains

text: that

text: the

text: conception

text: of

text: political

text: Islam

text: is

text: a

text: creation

text: of

text: Americans

text: to

text: explain

text: the

text: Iranian

text: Islamic

text: Revolution

text: and

text: apolitical

text: Islam

text: was

text: a

text: historical

text: fluke

text: of

text: the

text: short

text: lived

text: era

text: of

text: the

text: heyday

text: of

text: secular

text: Arab

text: nationalism

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: quietist

text: non

text: political

text: Islam

text: not

text: Islamism

text: that

text: requires

text: explanation

question: What term do Islamists think should be applied to them?

answer: Muslims

text: Muslims

answer: Muslims

text: Muslims

question: What does a writer for the International Crisis Group think the concept of political Islam is a creation of?

answer: Americans

text: Americans

answer: Americans

text: Americans

answer: Americans

text: Americans

question: What was apolitical Islam?

answer: a historical fluke

text: a historical fluke

answer: political Islam

text: political Islam

answer: historical fluke

text: historical fluke

question: When was the heyday of secular Arab nationalism?

answer: between 1945 and 1970

text: between 1945 and 1970

answer: between 1945 and 1970

text: between 1945 and 1970

answer: between 1945 and 1970

text: between 1945 and 1970

question: What, rather than Islamism, requires explanation?

answer: non-political Islam

text: non-political Islam

answer: quietist/non-political Islam

text: quietist/non-political Islam

answer: quietist/non-political Islam

text: quietist/non-political Islam

question: What term don't Islamists think should be applied to them?

text: Muslims

question: What does a writer for the International Crisis Group think the concept of political Islam is not a creation of?

text: Americans

question: What wasn't apolitical Islam?

text: a historical fluke

question: When was the heyday of secular non-Arab nationalism?

text: between 1945 and 1970

question: What, rather than Islamism, requires no explanation?

text: non-political Islam


text: The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries. According to Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671. The Second Pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years: 1360–63; 1374; 1400; 1438–39; 1456–57; 1464–66; 1481–85; 1500–03; 1518–31; 1544–48; 1563–66; 1573–88; 1596–99; 1602–11; 1623–40; 1644–54; and 1664–67. Subsequent outbreaks, though severe, marked the retreat from most of Europe (18th century) and northern Africa (19th century). According to Geoffrey Parker, "France alone lost almost a million people to the plague in the epidemic of 1628–31."

title: Black_Death

title: Black_Death

text: The

text: plague

text: repeatedly

text: returned

text: to

text: haunt

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: throughout

text: the

text: to

text: centuries

text: According

text: to

text: Biraben

text: the

text: plague

text: was

text: present

text: somewhere

text: in

text: Europe

text: in

text: every

text: year

text: between

text: and

text: The

text: Second

text: Pandemic

text: was

text: particularly

text: widespread

text: in

text: the

text: following

text: years

text: and

text: Subsequent

text: outbreaks

text: though

text: severe

text: marked

text: the

text: retreat

text: from

text: most

text: of

text: Europe

text: century

text: and

text: northern

text: Africa

text: century

text: According

text: to

text: Geoffrey

text: Parker

text: France

text: alone

text: lost

text: almost

text: a

text: million

text: people

text: to

text: the

text: plague

text: in

text: the

text: epidemic

text: of

question: When did the plague return to Europe?

answer: throughout the 14th to 17th centuries

text: throughout the 14th to 17th centuries

answer: 14th to 17th centuries

text: 14th to 17th centuries

answer: 14th to 17th centuries

text: 14th to 17th centuries

question: What did Biraben say about the plague in Europe?

answer: the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671.

text: the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671.

answer: was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671

text: was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671

answer: the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671

text: the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671

question: How many French people were lost to plague between 1628-31?

answer: almost a million people

text: almost a million people

answer: almost a million people

text: almost a million people

answer: a million

text: a million

question: What is Biraben's first name?

text: Geoffrey

question: When did the First Pandemic end?

question: Where is Geoffrey Parker from?

text: France

question: Where is Biraben from?

text: northern Africa

question: How many people died from the Black Death in Northern  Africa?

text: a million people


text: The war in North America officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763, and war in the European theatre of the Seven Years' War was settled by the Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763. The British offered France the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, which had been occupied by the British. France chose to cede the former, but was able to negotiate the retention of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, two small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, along with fishing rights in the area. They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent. The contemporaneous French philosopher Voltaire referred to Canada disparagingly as nothing more than a few acres of snow. The British, for their part, were happy to take New France, as defence of their North American colonies would no longer be an issue and also because they already had ample places from which to obtain sugar. Spain, which traded Florida to Britain to regain Cuba, also gained Louisiana, including New Orleans, from France in compensation for its losses. Great Britain and Spain also agreed that navigation on the Mississippi River was to be open to vessels of all nations.

title: French_and_Indian_War

title: French_and_Indian_War

text: The

text: war

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: officially

text: ended

text: with

text: the

text: signing

text: of

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Paris

text: on

text: February

text: and

text: war

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: theatre

text: of

text: the

text: Seven

text: Years

text: War

text: was

text: settled

text: by

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Hubertusburg

text: on

text: February

text: The

text: British

text: offered

text: France

text: the

text: choice

text: of

text: surrendering

text: either

text: its

text: continental

text: North

text: American

text: possessions

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: or

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: islands

text: of

text: Guadeloupe

text: and

text: Martinique

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: occupied

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: France

text: chose

text: to

text: cede

text: the

text: former

text: but

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: negotiate

text: the

text: retention

text: of

text: Saint

text: Pierre

text: and

text: Miquelon

text: two

text: small

text: islands

text: in

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: St.

text: Lawrence

text: along

text: with

text: fishing

text: rights

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: They

text: viewed

text: the

text: economic

text: value

text: of

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: islands

text: sugar

text: cane

text: to

text: be

text: greater

text: and

text: easier

text: to

text: defend

text: than

text: the

text: furs

text: from

text: the

text: continent

text: The

text: contemporaneous

text: French

text: philosopher

text: Voltaire

text: referred

text: to

text: Canada

text: disparagingly

text: as

text: nothing

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: few

text: acres

text: of

text: snow

text: The

text: British

text: for

text: their

text: part

text: were

text: happy

text: to

text: take

text: New

text: France

text: as

text: defence

text: of

text: their

text: North

text: American

text: colonies

text: would

text: no

text: longer

text: be

text: an

text: issue

text: and

text: also

text: because

text: they

text: already

text: had

text: ample

text: places

text: from

text: which

text: to

text: obtain

text: sugar

text: Spain

text: which

text: traded

text: Florida

text: to

text: Britain

text: to

text: regain

text: Cuba

text: also

text: gained

text: Louisiana

text: including

text: New

text: Orleans

text: from

text: France

text: in

text: compensation

text: for

text: its

text: losses

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Spain

text: also

text: agreed

text: that

text: navigation

text: on

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: open

text: to

text: vessels

text: of

text: all

text: nations

question: When did the North American French and Indian War end?

answer: signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763

text: signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763

answer: 10 February 1763

text: 10 February 1763

answer: 10 February 1763

text: 10 February 1763

answer: 10 February 1763

text: 10 February 1763

answer: 10 February 1763

text: 10 February 1763

question: When was the European portion of the Seven Years War complete?

answer: Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763

text: Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763

answer: 15 February 1763

text: 15 February 1763

answer: 15 February 1763

text: 15 February 1763

answer: 15 February 1763

text: 15 February 1763

answer: 15 February 1763

text: 15 February 1763

question: What choice did French have for surrendering land?

answer: continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique

text: continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique

answer: surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique

text: surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique

answer: either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique,

text: either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique,

answer: its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands

text: its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands

answer: surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique

text: surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique

question: Why did France choose to give up continental lands?

answer: value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent

text: value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent

answer: They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent

text: They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent

answer: They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater

text: They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater

answer: value of the Caribbean islands' sugar

text: value of the Caribbean islands' sugar

answer: They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent

text: They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent

question: When did the North American French and Indian War begin?

text: 10 February 1763

question: When did the South American French and Indian War end?

text: 10 February 1763

question: When was the European portion of the Six Years War complete?

question: When was the European portion of the Seven Years War incomplete?

text: 15 February 1763

question: Why did France choose to give up no continental lands?


text: In Marxian analysis, capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs (workers) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits. Over the long-term, this trend increases the organic composition of capital, meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs, increasing unemployment (the "reserve army of labour"). This process exerts a downward pressure on wages. The substitution of capital equipment for labor (mechanization and automation) raises the productivity of each worker, resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class.

title: Economic_inequality

title: Economic_inequality

text: In

text: Marxian

text: analysis

text: capitalist

text: firms

text: increasingly

text: substitute

text: capital

text: equipment

text: for

text: labor

text: inputs

text: workers

text: under

text: competitive

text: pressure

text: to

text: reduce

text: costs

text: and

text: maximize

text: profits

text: Over

text: the

text: long

text: term

text: this

text: trend

text: increases

text: the

text: organic

text: composition

text: of

text: capital

text: meaning

text: that

text: less

text: workers

text: are

text: required

text: in

text: proportion

text: to

text: capital

text: inputs

text: increasing

text: unemployment

text: the

text: reserve

text: army

text: of

text: labour

text: This

text: process

text: exerts

text: a

text: downward

text: pressure

text: on

text: wages

text: The

text: substitution

text: of

text: capital

text: equipment

text: for

text: labor

text: mechanization

text: and

text: automation

text: raises

text: the

text: productivity

text: of

text: each

text: worker

text: resulting

text: in

text: a

text: situation

text: of

text: relatively

text: stagnant

text: wages

text: for

text: the

text: working

text: class

text: amidst

text: rising

text: levels

text: of

text: property

text: income

text: for

text: the

text: capitalist

text: class

question: What pushes businesses to increase pressures on workers?

answer: reduce costs and maximize profits

text: reduce costs and maximize profits

answer: substitution of capital equipment for labor

text: substitution of capital equipment for labor

answer: pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits

text: pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits

question: What impact does workers working harder have on productivity of a business?

answer: less workers are required

text: less workers are required

answer: raises the productivity of each worker,

text: raises the productivity of each worker,

question: When less workers are required, what happens to the job market?

answer: increasing unemployment

text: increasing unemployment

answer: increasing unemployment

text: increasing unemployment

answer: increasing unemployment

text: increasing unemployment

question: What impact does higher worker productivity and leveled pay have on higher earners?

answer: rising levels of property income

text: rising levels of property income

answer: rising levels of property income

text: rising levels of property income

answer: downward pressure on wages

text: downward pressure on wages

question: What do capitalist firms substitute equipment for in a Marxian analysis?

answer: labor inputs

text: labor inputs

answer: labor inputs (workers)

text: labor inputs (workers)

answer: labor inputs

text: labor inputs

question: Why do firms substitute equipment for workers?

answer: reduce costs and maximize profits

text: reduce costs and maximize profits

answer: to reduce costs and maximize profits

text: to reduce costs and maximize profits

answer: raises the productivity of each worker

text: raises the productivity of each worker

question: What trend increases the organic composition of capital over the long term?

answer: substitute capital equipment

text: substitute capital equipment

answer: increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs

text: increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs

answer: pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits

text: pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits

question: What does the substitution of equipment for labor raise for workers?

answer: productivity

text: productivity

answer: organic composition of capital

text: organic composition of capital

answer: productivity

text: productivity

question: What type of wages does mechanization and automation lead to?

answer: stagnant

text: stagnant

answer: stagnant wages

text: stagnant wages

answer: stagnant

text: stagnant

question: What pushes businesses to decrease pressures on workers?

text: reduce costs and maximize profits

question: What impact does workers working less have on productivity of a business?

text: less workers are required

question: When more workers are required, what happens to the job market?

text: increasing unemployment

question: What impact does higher worker productivity and leveled pay have on lower earners?

text: rising levels of property income

question: What don't capitalist firms substitute equipment for in a Marxian analysis?

text: labor inputs


text: Because of the complexity of medications including specific indications, effectiveness of treatment regimens, safety of medications (i.e., drug interactions) and patient compliance issues (in the hospital and at home) many pharmacists practicing in hospitals gain more education and training after pharmacy school through a pharmacy practice residency and sometimes followed by another residency in a specific area. Those pharmacists are often referred to as clinical pharmacists and they often specialize in various disciplines of pharmacy. For example, there are pharmacists who specialize in hematology/oncology, HIV/AIDS, infectious disease, critical care, emergency medicine, toxicology, nuclear pharmacy, pain management, psychiatry, anti-coagulation clinics, herbal medicine, neurology/epilepsy management, pediatrics, neonatal pharmacists and more.

title: Pharmacy

title: Pharmacy

text: Because

text: of

text: the

text: complexity

text: of

text: medications

text: including

text: specific

text: indications

text: effectiveness

text: of

text: treatment

text: regimens

text: safety

text: of

text: medications

text: i.e.

text: drug

text: interactions

text: and

text: patient

text: compliance

text: issues

text: in

text: the

text: hospital

text: and

text: at

text: home

text: many

text: pharmacists

text: practicing

text: in

text: hospitals

text: gain

text: more

text: education

text: and

text: training

text: after

text: pharmacy

text: school

text: through

text: a

text: pharmacy

text: practice

text: residency

text: and

text: sometimes

text: followed

text: by

text: another

text: residency

text: in

text: a

text: specific

text: area

text: Those

text: pharmacists

text: are

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: clinical

text: pharmacists

text: and

text: they

text: often

text: specialize

text: in

text: various

text: disciplines

text: of

text: pharmacy

text: For

text: example

text: there

text: are

text: pharmacists

text: who

text: specialize

text: in

text: hematology

text: oncology

text: HIV

text: AIDS

text: infectious

text: disease

text: critical

text: care

text: emergency

text: medicine

text: toxicology

text: nuclear

text: pharmacy

text: pain

text: management

text: psychiatry

text: anti

text: coagulation

text: clinics

text: herbal

text: medicine

text: neurology

text: epilepsy

text: management

text: pediatrics

text: neonatal

text: pharmacists

text: and

text: more

question: Where do pharmacists acquire more preparation following pharmacy school?

answer: a pharmacy practice residency

text: a pharmacy practice residency

answer: pharmacy practice residency

text: pharmacy practice residency

answer: pharmacy practice residency

text: pharmacy practice residency

question: What do clinical pharmacists specialize in?

answer: various disciplines of pharmacy

text: various disciplines of pharmacy

answer: various disciplines of pharmacy

text: various disciplines of pharmacy

answer: various disciplines of pharmacy

text: various disciplines of pharmacy

question: What is one issue that adds to the complexity of a pharmacist's job?

answer: effectiveness of treatment regimens

text: effectiveness of treatment regimens

answer: effectiveness of treatment regimens

text: effectiveness of treatment regimens

answer: effectiveness of treatment regimens

text: effectiveness of treatment regimens

question: Which pharmacists are likely to seek additional education following pharmacy school?

answer: pharmacists practicing in hospitals

text: pharmacists practicing in hospitals

answer: pharmacists practicing in hospitals

text: pharmacists practicing in hospitals

answer: clinical pharmacists

text: clinical pharmacists

question: Where do pharmacists not go following pharmacy school?

text: a pharmacy practice residency

question: What do clinical pharmacists not specialize in?

text: various disciplines of pharmacy

question: What is one issue that takes away the complexity of a pharmacist's job?

text: effectiveness of treatment regimens

question: Which pharmacists never seek additional education following pharmacy school?

text: pharmacists practicing in hospitals


text: Islamism is a controversial concept not just because it posits a political role for Islam but also because its supporters believe their views merely reflect Islam, while the contrary idea that Islam is, or can be, apolitical is an error. Scholars and observers who do not believe that Islam is merely a political ideology include Fred Halliday, John Esposito and Muslim intellectuals like Javed Ahmad Ghamidi. Hayri Abaza argues the failure to distinguish between Islam and Islamism leads many in the West to support illiberal Islamic regimes, to the detriment of progressive moderates who seek to separate religion from politics.

title: Islamism

title: Islamism

text: Islamism

text: is

text: a

text: controversial

text: concept

text: not

text: just

text: because

text: it

text: posits

text: a

text: political

text: role

text: for

text: Islam

text: but

text: also

text: because

text: its

text: supporters

text: believe

text: their

text: views

text: merely

text: reflect

text: Islam

text: while

text: the

text: contrary

text: idea

text: that

text: Islam

text: is

text: or

text: can

text: be

text: apolitical

text: is

text: an

text: error

text: Scholars

text: and

text: observers

text: who

text: do

text: not

text: believe

text: that

text: Islam

text: is

text: merely

text: a

text: political

text: ideology

text: include

text: Fred

text: Halliday

text: John

text: Esposito

text: and

text: Muslim

text: intellectuals

text: like

text: Javed

text: Ahmad

text: Ghamidi

text: Hayri

text: Abaza

text: argues

text: the

text: failure

text: to

text: distinguish

text: between

text: Islam

text: and

text: Islamism

text: leads

text: many

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: to

text: support

text: illiberal

text: Islamic

text: regimes

text: to

text: the

text: detriment

text: of

text: progressive

text: moderates

text: who

text: seek

text: to

text: separate

text: religion

text: from

text: politics

question: What type of role that Islamism seeks makes it a somewhat controversial concept?

answer: political

text: political

answer: political

text: political

answer: political

text: political

question: What do supporters of Islamism believe their views reflect?

answer: Islam

text: Islam

answer: Islam

text: Islam

answer: Islam

text: Islam

question: The idea that Islam can be apolitical isn't able to be embraced by whom?

answer: its supporters

text: its supporters

answer: Scholars and observers

text: Scholars and observers

answer: Islamism

text: Islamism

question: What does the inability to separate Islam from Islamism lead many in the West to support?

answer: illiberal Islamic regimes

text: illiberal Islamic regimes

answer: illiberal Islamic regimes

text: illiberal Islamic regimes

answer: illiberal Islamic regimes

text: illiberal Islamic regimes

question: What do progressive moderates of Islam seek to separate?

answer: religion from politics

text: religion from politics

answer: religion from politics

text: religion from politics

answer: religion from politics

text: religion from politics

question: What type of role that Islamism seeks makes it not a controversial concept?

text: political

question: What don't supporters of Islamism believe their views reflect?

text: Islam

question: The idea that Islam can't be apolitical isn't able to be embraced by whom?

text: supporters

question: What does the inability to separate Islam from Islamism lead many in the Eest to support?

text: illiberal Islamic regimes

question: What don't progressive moderates of Islam seek to separate?

text: religion from politics


text: are prime for any natural number n. Here  represents the floor function, i.e., largest integer not greater than the number in question. The latter formula can be shown using Bertrand's postulate (proven first by Chebyshev), which states that there always exists at least one prime number p with n < p < 2n − 2, for any natural number n > 3. However, computing A or μ requires the knowledge of infinitely many primes to begin with. Another formula is based on Wilson's theorem and generates the number 2 many times and all other primes exactly once.

title: Prime_number

title: Prime_number

text: are

text: prime

text: for

text: any

text: natural

text: number

text: n.

text: Here

text: represents

text: the

text: floor

text: function

text: i.e.

text: largest

text: integer

text: not

text: greater

text: than

text: the

text: number

text: in

text: question

text: The

text: latter

text: formula

text: can

text: be

text: shown

text: using

text: Bertrand

text: 's

text: postulate

text: proven

text: first

text: by

text: Chebyshev

text: which

text: states

text: that

text: there

text: always

text: exists

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: prime

text: number

text: p

text: with

text: n

text: p

text: for

text: any

text: natural

text: number

text: n

text: However

text: computing

text: A

text: or

text: μ

text: requires

text: the

text: knowledge

text: of

text: infinitely

text: many

text: primes

text: to

text: begin

text: with

text: Another

text: formula

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: Wilson

text: 's

text: theorem

text: and

text: generates

text: the

text: number

text: many

text: times

text: and

text: all

text: other

text: primes

text: exactly

text: once

question: What is name of the function used for the largest integer not greater than the number in question?

answer: the floor function

text: the floor function

answer: floor

text: floor

answer: floor

text: floor

answer: floor function

text: floor function

answer: floor function

text: floor function

question: Who first proved Bertrand's postulate?

answer: Chebyshev

text: Chebyshev

answer: Chebyshev

text: Chebyshev

answer: Chebyshev

text: Chebyshev

answer: Chebyshev

text: Chebyshev

answer: Chebyshev

text: Chebyshev

question: For what size natural number does Bertrand's postulate hold?

answer: any natural number n > 3

text: any natural number n > 3

answer: n > 3

text: n > 3

answer: n > 3

text: n > 3

answer: > 3.

text: > 3.

answer: n > 3

text: n > 3

question: How is the prime number p in Bertrand's postulate expressed mathematically?

answer: n < p < 2n − 2

text: n < p < 2n − 2

answer: n < p < 2n − 2

text: n < p < 2n − 2

answer: A or μ

text: A or μ

answer: n < p < 2n − 2

text: n < p < 2n − 2

answer: n < p < 2n − 2

text: n < p < 2n − 2

question: On what theorem is the formula that frequently generates the number 2 and all other primes precisely once based on?

answer: Wilson's theorem

text: Wilson's theorem

answer: Wilson's

text: Wilson's

answer: Wilson's

text: Wilson's

answer: Wilson's theorem

text: Wilson's theorem

answer: Wilson's theorem

text: Wilson's theorem

question: What is the name of the function used for the smallest integer not greater than the number in question?

text: the floor function

question: Who first proved Bertrands prime?

text: Chebyshev

question: For what size natural number does Chebyshev's postulate hold?

text: any natural number n > 3

question: How is the prime number p in Chebyshev's postulate expressed mathematically?

text: n < p < 2n − 2

question: On what theorem is the formula that frequently generates the number 2 and all other primes precisely twice based on?

text: Wilson's theorem


text: Analogous definitions can be made for space requirements. Although time and space are the most well-known complexity resources, any complexity measure can be viewed as a computational resource. Complexity measures are very generally defined by the Blum complexity axioms. Other complexity measures used in complexity theory include communication complexity, circuit complexity, and decision tree complexity.

title: Computational_complexity_theory

title: Computational_complexity_theory

text: Analogous

text: definitions

text: can

text: be

text: made

text: for

text: space

text: requirements

text: Although

text: time

text: and

text: space

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: well

text: known

text: complexity

text: resources

text: any

text: complexity

text: measure

text: can

text: be

text: viewed

text: as

text: a

text: computational

text: resource

text: Complexity

text: measures

text: are

text: very

text: generally

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: Blum

text: complexity

text: axioms

text: Other

text: complexity

text: measures

text: used

text: in

text: complexity

text: theory

text: include

text: communication

text: complexity

text: circuit

text: complexity

text: and

text: decision

text: tree

text: complexity

question: Time and space are both examples of what type of resource?

answer: complexity resources

text: complexity resources

answer: complexity resources

text: complexity resources

answer: complexity

text: complexity

question: A complexity resource can also be described as what other type of resource?

answer: computational resource

text: computational resource

answer: computational

text: computational

answer: computational

text: computational

question: What is typically used to broadly define complexity measures?

answer: Blum complexity axioms

text: Blum complexity axioms

answer: the Blum complexity axioms

text: the Blum complexity axioms

answer: the Blum complexity axioms

text: the Blum complexity axioms

question: Communication complexity is an example of what type of measure?

answer: Complexity measures

text: Complexity measures

answer: complexity measures

text: complexity measures

answer: complexity

text: complexity

question: Decision tree is an example of what type of measure?

answer: Complexity measures

text: Complexity measures

answer: complexity measures

text: complexity measures

answer: complexity

text: complexity

question: What can not be made for space requirements?

text: Analogous definitions

question: What are the least well known complexity resources?

text: time and space

question: How are complexity measures generally not defined?

text: by the Blum complexity axioms.

question: What are other complexity measures not used in complexity theory?

question: What type of measure is communication complexity not an example of?

text: complexity measures


text: Each chapter has a number of authors who are responsible for writing and editing the material. A chapter typically has two "coordinating lead authors", ten to fifteen "lead authors", and a somewhat larger number of "contributing authors". The coordinating lead authors are responsible for assembling the contributions of the other authors, ensuring that they meet stylistic and formatting requirements, and reporting to the Working Group chairs. Lead authors are responsible for writing sections of chapters. Contributing authors prepare text, graphs or data for inclusion by the lead authors.

title: Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change

text: Each

text: chapter

text: has

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: authors

text: who

text: are

text: responsible

text: for

text: writing

text: and

text: editing

text: the

text: material

text: A

text: chapter

text: typically

text: has

text: two

text: coordinating

text: lead

text: authors

text: ten

text: to

text: fifteen

text: lead

text: authors

text: and

text: a

text: somewhat

text: larger

text: number

text: of

text: contributing

text: authors

text: The

text: coordinating

text: lead

text: authors

text: are

text: responsible

text: for

text: assembling

text: the

text: contributions

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: authors

text: ensuring

text: that

text: they

text: meet

text: stylistic

text: and

text: formatting

text: requirements

text: and

text: reporting

text: to

text: the

text: Working

text: Group

text: chairs

text: Lead

text: authors

text: are

text: responsible

text: for

text: writing

text: sections

text: of

text: chapters

text: Contributing

text: authors

text: prepare

text: text

text: graphs

text: or

text: data

text: for

text: inclusion

text: by

text: the

text: lead

text: authors

question: How many coordinating lead authors does an IPCC report chapter have?

answer: two

text: two

answer: two

text: two

answer: two

text: two

question: How many lead authors does an IPCC report chapter have?

answer: ten to fifteen

text: ten to fifteen

answer: ten to fifteen

text: ten to fifteen

answer: ten to fifteen

text: ten to fifteen

question: How many contributing authors does an IPCC report chapter have?

answer: a somewhat larger number

text: a somewhat larger number

answer: a somewhat larger number of "contributing authors"

text: a somewhat larger number of "contributing authors"

answer: a somewhat larger number

text: a somewhat larger number

question: Who assembles the authors' contributions?

answer: The coordinating lead authors

text: The coordinating lead authors

answer: coordinating lead authors

text: coordinating lead authors

answer: coordinating lead authors

text: coordinating lead authors

question: Who do coordinating lead authors report to?

answer: the Working Group chairs

text: the Working Group chairs

answer: Working Group chairs

text: Working Group chairs

answer: Working Group chairs

text: Working Group chairs

question: What is the one lead author responsible for?

text: writing and editing the material

question: How many chapters have coordinating lead authors?

text: two

question: Who do the contributing authors report to?

text: lead authors

question: Who has the responsibility for publishing materials?

text: coordinating lead authors

question: Who do the lead authors prepare graphs and data for?

text: Contributing authors


text: However, some computational problems are easier to analyze in terms of more unusual resources. For example, a non-deterministic Turing machine is a computational model that is allowed to branch out to check many different possibilities at once. The non-deterministic Turing machine has very little to do with how we physically want to compute algorithms, but its branching exactly captures many of the mathematical models we want to analyze, so that non-deterministic time is a very important resource in analyzing computational problems.

title: Computational_complexity_theory

title: Computational_complexity_theory

text: However

text: some

text: computational

text: problems

text: are

text: easier

text: to

text: analyze

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: more

text: unusual

text: resources

text: For

text: example

text: a

text: non

text: deterministic

text: Turing

text: machine

text: is

text: a

text: computational

text: model

text: that

text: is

text: allowed

text: to

text: branch

text: out

text: to

text: check

text: many

text: different

text: possibilities

text: at

text: once

text: The

text: non

text: deterministic

text: Turing

text: machine

text: has

text: very

text: little

text: to

text: do

text: with

text: how

text: we

text: physically

text: want

text: to

text: compute

text: algorithms

text: but

text: its

text: branching

text: exactly

text: captures

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: mathematical

text: models

text: we

text: want

text: to

text: analyze

text: so

text: that

text: non

text: deterministic

text: time

text: is

text: a

text: very

text: important

text: resource

text: in

text: analyzing

text: computational

text: problems

question: What type of Turing machine can be characterized by checking multiple possibilities at the same time?

answer: non-deterministic

text: non-deterministic

answer: non-deterministic

text: non-deterministic

answer: non-deterministic Turing machine

text: non-deterministic Turing machine

question: What often affects or facilitates ease of analysis in computational problems?

answer: unusual resources

text: unusual resources

answer: more unusual resources

text: more unusual resources

answer: more unusual resources

text: more unusual resources

question: A non-deterministic Turing machine has the ability to capture what facet of useful analysis?

answer: mathematical models

text: mathematical models

answer: mathematical models

text: mathematical models

answer: branching

text: branching

question: What is the most critical resource in the analysis of computational problems associated with non-deterministic Turing machines?

answer: time

text: time

answer: non-deterministic time

text: non-deterministic time

answer: non-deterministic time

text: non-deterministic time

question: What is harder to analyze in terms of more unusual resources?

text: some computational problems

question: What type of machine is a computational model that is not allowed to branch out to check many different possibilities at once?

text: a non-deterministic Turing machine

question: What has a lot to do with how we physically want to compute algorithms?

text: non-deterministic Turing machine

question: What machine's branching does not exactly capture many of the mathematical models we want to analyze?

text: non-deterministic Turing

question: What is the least critical resource in the analysis of computational problems associated with non-deterministic Turing machines?

text: time


text: Past faculty have also included Egyptologist James Henry Breasted, mathematician Alberto Calderón, Nobel prize winning economist and classical liberalism defender Friedrich Hayek, meteorologist Ted Fujita, chemists Glenn T. Seaborg, the developer of the actinide concept and Nobel Prize winner Yuan T. Lee, Nobel Prize winning novelist Saul Bellow, political philosopher and author Allan Bloom, cancer researchers Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley, astronomer Gerard Kuiper, one of the most important figures in the early development of the discipline of linguistics Edward Sapir, and the founder of McKinsey & Co., James O. McKinsey.

title: University_of_Chicago

title: University_of_Chicago

text: Past

text: faculty

text: have

text: also

text: included

text: Egyptologist

text: James

text: Henry

text: Breasted

text: mathematician

text: Alberto

text: Calderón

text: Nobel

text: prize

text: winning

text: economist

text: and

text: classical

text: liberalism

text: defender

text: Friedrich

text: Hayek

text: meteorologist

text: Ted

text: Fujita

text: chemists

text: Glenn

text: T.

text: Seaborg

text: the

text: developer

text: of

text: the

text: actinide

text: concept

text: and

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: winner

text: Yuan

text: T.

text: Lee

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: winning

text: novelist

text: Saul

text: Bellow

text: political

text: philosopher

text: and

text: author

text: Allan

text: Bloom

text: cancer

text: researchers

text: Charles

text: Brenton

text: Huggins

text: and

text: Janet

text: Rowley

text: astronomer

text: Gerard

text: Kuiper

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: figures

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: discipline

text: of

text: linguistics

text: Edward

text: Sapir

text: and

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: McKinsey

text: Co.

text: James

text: O.

text: McKinsey

question: What Egyptologist was also apart of the university's faculty?

answer: James Henry Breasted

text: James Henry Breasted

answer: James Henry Breasted

text: James Henry Breasted

answer: James Henry Breasted

text: James Henry Breasted

question: What mathematician was also apart of the university's faculty?

answer: Alberto Calderón

text: Alberto Calderón

answer: Alberto Calderón

text: Alberto Calderón

answer: Alberto Calderón

text: Alberto Calderón

question: What meteorologist was also apart of the university's faculty?

answer: Ted Fujita

text: Ted Fujita

answer: Ted Fujita

text: Ted Fujita

answer: Ted Fujita

text: Ted Fujita

question: Who developed the actinide concept?

answer: Yuan T. Lee

text: Yuan T. Lee

answer: Yuan T. Lee

text: Yuan T. Lee

answer: Glenn T. Seaborg

text: Glenn T. Seaborg

question: What cancer researchers were also apart of the university's faculty?

answer: Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley

text: Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley

answer: Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley

text: Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley

answer: Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley

text: Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley

question: Who is a Nobel prize winning prior novelist?

text: Friedrich Hayek

question: Who is the founder of T. Seaborg and Co.?

text: James O. McKinsey

question: Who is the developer of the McKinsey concept?

text: Yuan T. Lee

question: What Nobel Prize researchers are former faculty members?

question: Who was a political philosopher, mathematician, author and also former faculty member?

text: Allan Bloom


text: Geographical theories such as environmental determinism also suggested that tropical environments created uncivilized people in need of European guidance. For instance, American geographer Ellen Churchill Semple argued that even though human beings originated in the tropics they were only able to become fully human in the temperate zone. Tropicality can be paralleled with Edward Said’s Orientalism as the west’s construction of the east as the “other”. According to Siad, orientalism allowed Europe to establish itself as the superior and the norm, which justified its dominance over the essentialized Orient.

title: Imperialism

title: Imperialism

text: Geographical

text: theories

text: such

text: as

text: environmental

text: determinism

text: also

text: suggested

text: that

text: tropical

text: environments

text: created

text: uncivilized

text: people

text: in

text: need

text: of

text: European

text: guidance

text: For

text: instance

text: American

text: geographer

text: Ellen

text: Churchill

text: Semple

text: argued

text: that

text: even

text: though

text: human

text: beings

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: tropics

text: they

text: were

text: only

text: able

text: to

text: become

text: fully

text: human

text: in

text: the

text: temperate

text: zone

text: Tropicality

text: can

text: be

text: paralleled

text: with

text: Edward

text: Said

text: ’s

text: Orientalism

text: as

text: the

text: west

text: ’s

text: construction

text: of

text: the

text: east

text: as

text: the

text: other

text: According

text: to

text: Siad

text: orientalism

text: allowed

text: Europe

text: to

text: establish

text: itself

text: as

text: the

text: superior

text: and

text: the

text: norm

text: which

text: justified

text: its

text: dominance

text: over

text: the

text: essentialized

text: Orient

question: Which theory suggested people in the tropics were uncivilized?

answer: environmental determinism

text: environmental determinism

answer: environmental determinism

text: environmental determinism

answer: environmental determinism

text: environmental determinism

answer: environmental determinism

text: environmental determinism

answer: environmental determinism

text: environmental determinism

question: According to Ellen Churchill Semple what type of climate was necessary for humans to become fully human?

answer: temperate

text: temperate

answer: temperate zone

text: temperate zone

answer: the temperate zone

text: the temperate zone

answer: temperate zone

text: temperate zone

answer: temperate

text: temperate

question: Which book by Edward Said portrayed the east as being the "others?"

answer: Orientalism

text: Orientalism

answer: Orientalism

text: Orientalism

answer: Orientalism

text: Orientalism

answer: Orientalism

text: Orientalism

answer: Orientalism

text: Orientalism

question: According to certain Geographical theories what type of human does a tropical climate produce?

answer: uncivilized

text: uncivilized

answer: uncivilized

text: uncivilized

answer: fully human

text: fully human

answer: uncivilized people

text: uncivilized people

answer: uncivilized

text: uncivilized

question: By justification certain racial and geographical theories, Europe thought of itself as what?

answer: superior

text: superior

answer: superior

text: superior

answer: the superior and the norm

text: the superior and the norm

answer: superior

text: superior

answer: superior

text: superior

question: Which theory suggested people in the tropics were civilized?

text: environmental determinism

question: According to Ellen Churchill Semple what type of climate was unnecessary for humans to become fully human?

text: temperate

question: Which book by Edward Said portrayed the west as being the "others?"

text: orientalism

question: According to certain Geographical theories what type of human does a non-tropical climate produce?

text: uncivilized

question: By justification certain racial and geographical theories, Asia thought of itself as what?

text: superior


text: Tamara de Lempicka was a famous artist born in Warsaw. She was born Maria Górska in Warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916 married a Polish lawyer Tadeusz Łempicki. Better than anyone else she represented the Art Deco style in painting and art. Nathan Alterman, the Israeli poet, was born in Warsaw, as was Moshe Vilenski, the Israeli composer, lyricist, and pianist, who studied music at the Warsaw Conservatory. Warsaw was the beloved city of Isaac Bashevis Singer, which he described in many of his novels: Warsaw has just now been destroyed. No one will ever see the Warsaw I knew. Let me just write about it. Let this Warsaw not disappear forever, he commented.

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: Tamara

text: de

text: Lempicka

text: was

text: a

text: famous

text: artist

text: born

text: in

text: Warsaw

text: She

text: was

text: born

text: Maria

text: Górska

text: in

text: Warsaw

text: to

text: wealthy

text: parents

text: and

text: in

text: married

text: a

text: Polish

text: lawyer

text: Tadeusz

text: Łempicki

text: Better

text: than

text: anyone

text: else

text: she

text: represented

text: the

text: Art

text: Deco

text: style

text: in

text: painting

text: and

text: art

text: Nathan

text: Alterman

text: the

text: Israeli

text: poet

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Warsaw

text: as

text: was

text: Moshe

text: Vilenski

text: the

text: Israeli

text: composer

text: lyricist

text: and

text: pianist

text: who

text: studied

text: music

text: at

text: the

text: Warsaw

text: Conservatory

text: Warsaw

text: was

text: the

text: beloved

text: city

text: of

text: Isaac

text: Bashevis

text: Singer

text: which

text: he

text: described

text: in

text: many

text: of

text: his

text: novels

text: Warsaw

text: has

text: just

text: now

text: been

text: destroyed

text: No

text: one

text: will

text: ever

text: see

text: the

text: Warsaw

text: I

text: knew

text: Let

text: me

text: just

text: write

text: about

text: it

text: Let

text: this

text: Warsaw

text: not

text: disappear

text: forever

text: he

text: commented

question: Where was the famous artist Tamara de Lempicka born?

answer: Warsaw

text: Warsaw

answer: Warsaw

text: Warsaw

answer: Warsaw

text: Warsaw

question: When did Tamara marry a lawyer?

answer: 1916

answer: 1916

answer: 1916

question: What did Lempicka represent better than anyone else?

answer: the Art Deco style

text: the Art Deco style

answer: Art Deco style in painting and art

text: Art Deco style in painting and art

answer: Art Deco style

text: Art Deco style

question: What profession was Nathan Alterman?

answer: poet

text: poet

answer: poet

text: poet

answer: poet

text: poet

question: Who loved Warsaw so much that he kept putting it in his novels?

answer: Isaac Bashevis Singer

text: Isaac Bashevis Singer

answer: Isaac Bashevis Singer

text: Isaac Bashevis Singer

answer: Isaac Bashevis Singer

text: Isaac Bashevis Singer

question: Where was the famous artist Tamara de Maria born?

text: Warsaw

question: When did Tamera marry a composer?

question: What did Vilenski represent better than anyone else?

text: the Art Deco style

question: What profession was Nathan Gorska?

text: poet

question: Who loved Warsaw so much that he kept putting it in his poems?

text: Isaac Bashevis Singer


text: The historical measure of a steam engine's energy efficiency was its "duty". The concept of duty was first introduced by Watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier Newcomen designs. Duty is the number of foot-pounds of work delivered by burning one bushel (94 pounds) of coal. The best examples of Newcomen designs had a duty of about 7 million, but most were closer to 5 million. Watt's original low-pressure designs were able to deliver duty as high as 25 million, but averaged about 17. This was a three-fold improvement over the average Newcomen design. Early Watt engines equipped with high-pressure steam improved this to 65 million.

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: The

text: historical

text: measure

text: of

text: a

text: steam

text: engine

text: 's

text: energy

text: efficiency

text: was

text: its

text: duty

text: The

text: concept

text: of

text: duty

text: was

text: first

text: introduced

text: by

text: Watt

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: illustrate

text: how

text: much

text: more

text: efficient

text: his

text: engines

text: were

text: over

text: the

text: earlier

text: Newcomen

text: designs

text: Duty

text: is

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: foot

text: pounds

text: of

text: work

text: delivered

text: by

text: burning

text: one

text: bushel

text: pounds

text: of

text: coal

text: The

text: best

text: examples

text: of

text: Newcomen

text: designs

text: had

text: a

text: duty

text: of

text: about

text: million

text: but

text: most

text: were

text: closer

text: to

text: million

text: Watt

text: 's

text: original

text: low

text: pressure

text: designs

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: deliver

text: duty

text: as

text: high

text: as

text: million

text: but

text: averaged

text: about

text: This

text: was

text: a

text: three

text: fold

text: improvement

text: over

text: the

text: average

text: Newcomen

text: design

text: Early

text: Watt

text: engines

text: equipped

text: with

text: high

text: pressure

text: steam

text: improved

text: this

text: to

text: million

question: How was the efficiency of a steam engine typically evaluated?

answer: duty

text: duty

answer: duty

text: duty

question: Who invented the notion of a steam engine's duty?

answer: Watt

text: Watt

answer: Watt

text: Watt

answer: Watt

text: Watt

question: What is the weight of a bushel of coal in pounds?

answer: 94

answer: 94 pounds

text: 94 pounds

answer: 94 pounds

text: 94 pounds

question: What was the ideal duty of a Newcomen engine?

answer: 7 million

text: 7 million

answer: 7 million

text: 7 million

answer: 7 million

text: 7 million

question: What was the average duty of a low-pressure Watt engine?

answer: 17

answer: 17.

answer: 17

question: How was the efficiency of a concept engine typically evaluated?

text: duty

question: Who invented the notion of a concept engine's duty?

text: Watt

question: What is the weight of a bushel of engines in pounds?

question: What was the ideal duty of a concept engine?

text: 7 million

question: What was the average duty of a concept engine?


text: Petrologists can also use fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments to understand the temperatures and pressures at which different mineral phases appear, and how they change through igneous and metamorphic processes. This research can be extrapolated to the field to understand metamorphic processes and the conditions of crystallization of igneous rocks. This work can also help to explain processes that occur within the Earth, such as subduction and magma chamber evolution.

title: Geology

title: Geology

text: Petrologists

text: can

text: also

text: use

text: fluid

text: inclusion

text: data

text: and

text: perform

text: high

text: temperature

text: and

text: pressure

text: physical

text: experiments

text: to

text: understand

text: the

text: temperatures

text: and

text: pressures

text: at

text: which

text: different

text: mineral

text: phases

text: appear

text: and

text: how

text: they

text: change

text: through

text: igneous

text: and

text: metamorphic

text: processes

text: This

text: research

text: can

text: be

text: extrapolated

text: to

text: the

text: field

text: to

text: understand

text: metamorphic

text: processes

text: and

text: the

text: conditions

text: of

text: crystallization

text: of

text: igneous

text: rocks

text: This

text: work

text: can

text: also

text: help

text: to

text: explain

text: processes

text: that

text: occur

text: within

text: the

text: Earth

text: such

text: as

text: subduction

text: and

text: magma

text: chamber

text: evolution

question: How else can petrologists understand the pressures at which different mineral phases appear?

answer: pressure physical experiments

text: pressure physical experiments

answer: fluid inclusion data

text: fluid inclusion data

answer: fluid inclusion data

text: fluid inclusion data

question: How else can petrologists understand the temperature at which different mineral phases appear?

answer: physical experiments

text: physical experiments

answer: high temperature and pressure physical experiments

text: high temperature and pressure physical experiments

answer: pressure physical experiments

text: pressure physical experiments

question: Data from physical experiments can be extrapolated to the field to understand what processes?

answer: metamorphic processes

text: metamorphic processes

answer: metamorphic

text: metamorphic

answer: metamorphic

text: metamorphic

question: What do petrologists use to understand magma chamber crystallization?

text: fluid inclusion data

question: What experiments are used to understand how magma flows?

question: How does the flow of magma change?

question: What else can magma flows be used to understand?

question: What can experiments be used to explain beside magma crystallization?

text: subduction

question: What does the magma chamber evolution explain?

question: What processes occur above the earth?

text: subduction and magma chamber evolution

question: How do physical experiments explain fluid inclusion data?

question: Research regarding metamorphic processes helps explain what about pressure?


text: The principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than the fault, and the ones that are not cut must be younger than the fault. Finding the key bed in these situations may help determine whether the fault is a normal fault or a thrust fault.

title: Geology

title: Geology

text: The

text: principle

text: of

text: cross

text: cutting

text: relationships

text: pertains

text: to

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: faults

text: and

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: the

text: sequences

text: through

text: which

text: they

text: cut

text: Faults

text: are

text: younger

text: than

text: the

text: rocks

text: they

text: cut

text: accordingly

text: if

text: a

text: fault

text: is

text: found

text: that

text: penetrates

text: some

text: formations

text: but

text: not

text: those

text: on

text: top

text: of

text: it

text: then

text: the

text: formations

text: that

text: were

text: cut

text: are

text: older

text: than

text: the

text: fault

text: and

text: the

text: ones

text: that

text: are

text: not

text: cut

text: must

text: be

text: younger

text: than

text: the

text: fault

text: Finding

text: the

text: key

text: bed

text: in

text: these

text: situations

text: may

text: help

text: determine

text: whether

text: the

text: fault

text: is

text: a

text: normal

text: fault

text: or

text: a

text: thrust

text: fault

question: What principle relates to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut?

answer: The principle of cross-cutting relationships

text: The principle of cross-cutting relationships

answer: cross-cutting relationships

text: cross-cutting relationships

answer: cross-cutting relationships

text: cross-cutting relationships

question: When rock formations are found on top of a fault that have not been cut, then they must be older or younger than the fault?

answer: younger than the fault

text: younger than the fault

answer: younger

text: younger

answer: younger

text: younger

question: Finding what helps to determine if a fault is a normal fault or a thrust fault?

answer: the key bed

text: the key bed

answer: key bed

text: key bed

answer: key bed

text: key bed

question: Rocks on top of a fault that are cut are always older or younger than the fault itself?

answer: older than the fault

text: older than the fault

answer: older

text: older

answer: younger

text: younger

question: What principle helps find the difference between a normal or thrust fault?

question: What are key beds younger than?

text: the rocks they cut

question: What needs to be found to find out if rocks are related?

text: the key bed

question: What is the age of key beds if they are related to a fault and not cut?

text: younger

question: What does cutting a key bed help an older rock form?

text: faults

question: What is the key bed?

question: What principle helps define the key bed?

text: cross-cutting relationships

question: Why are cut rocks on top of a fault younger than the fault?

question: What is a thrust fault?

question: What can you say about a fault that penetrates the top rocks but not the lower formations?


text: Southern California consists of one of the more varied collections of geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes in a diversity outnumbering other major regions in the state and country. The region spans from Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains, through the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges with their peaks, into the large and small interior valleys, to the vast deserts of California.

title: Southern_California

title: Southern_California

text: Southern

text: California

text: consists

text: of

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: more

text: varied

text: collections

text: of

text: geologic

text: topographic

text: and

text: natural

text: ecosystem

text: landscapes

text: in

text: a

text: diversity

text: outnumbering

text: other

text: major

text: regions

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: country

text: The

text: region

text: spans

text: from

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: islands

text: shorelines

text: beaches

text: and

text: coastal

text: plains

text: through

text: the

text: Transverse

text: and

text: Peninsular

text: Ranges

text: with

text: their

text: peaks

text: into

text: the

text: large

text: and

text: small

text: interior

text: valleys

text: to

text: the

text: vast

text: deserts

text: of

text: California

question: What term best describes southern California's collection of landscapes?

answer: varied

text: varied

answer: varied

text: varied

answer: natural ecosystem

text: natural ecosystem

question: The region spans starting at islands found in which body of water?

answer: Pacific Ocean

text: Pacific Ocean

answer: Pacific Ocean

text: Pacific Ocean

answer: Pacific Ocean

text: Pacific Ocean

question: What type of landscapes other than geologic and natural ecosystem landscapes can be found in southern California?

answer: topographic

text: topographic

answer: topographic

text: topographic

answer: topographic

text: topographic

question: The region spans which mountains other than the Transverse ranges?

answer: Peninsular

text: Peninsular

answer: Peninsular Ranges

text: Peninsular Ranges

answer: Peninsular Ranges

text: Peninsular Ranges

question: The mountain ranges tail off into what kind of geographical formation?

answer: valleys

text: valleys

answer: valleys

text: valleys

answer: interior valleys

text: interior valleys

question: What types of collections does desert California have?

question: What ocean has the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges?

text: Pacific Ocean

question: What ocean has large and small interior valleys?

text: Pacific Ocean

question: What area has the most diversity of anywhere in the country?

text: Southern California


text: The fourth Yuan emperor, Buyantu Khan (Ayurbarwada), was a competent emperor. He was the first Yuan emperor to actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese culture after the reign of Kublai, to the discontent of some Mongol elite. He had been mentored by Li Meng, a Confucian academic. He made many reforms, including the liquidation of the Department of State Affairs (Chinese: 尚書省), which resulted in the execution of five of the highest-ranking officials. Starting in 1313 the traditional imperial examinations were reintroduced for prospective officials, testing their knowledge on significant historical works. Also, he codified much of the law, as well as publishing or translating a number of Chinese books and works.

title: Yuan_dynasty

title: Yuan_dynasty

text: The

text: fourth

text: Yuan

text: emperor

text: Buyantu

text: Khan

text: Ayurbarwada

text: was

text: a

text: competent

text: emperor

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: Yuan

text: emperor

text: to

text: actively

text: support

text: and

text: adopt

text: mainstream

text: Chinese

text: culture

text: after

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Kublai

text: to

text: the

text: discontent

text: of

text: some

text: Mongol

text: elite

text: He

text: had

text: been

text: mentored

text: by

text: Li

text: Meng

text: a

text: Confucian

text: academic

text: He

text: made

text: many

text: reforms

text: including

text: the

text: liquidation

text: of

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: State

text: Affairs

text: Chinese

text: 尚書省

text: which

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: execution

text: of

text: five

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: ranking

text: officials

text: Starting

text: in

text: the

text: traditional

text: imperial

text: examinations

text: were

text: reintroduced

text: for

text: prospective

text: officials

text: testing

text: their

text: knowledge

text: on

text: significant

text: historical

text: works

text: Also

text: he

text: codified

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: law

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: publishing

text: or

text: translating

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: Chinese

text: books

text: and

text: works

question: Who was the 4th to rule the Yuan dynasty?

answer: Buyantu Khan

text: Buyantu Khan

answer: Buyantu Khan

text: Buyantu Khan

answer: Buyantu Khan

text: Buyantu Khan

question: What did the Mongol elites wish Buyantu didn't do?

answer: actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese culture

text: actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese culture

answer: actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese culture

text: actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese culture

answer: adopt mainstream Chinese culture

text: adopt mainstream Chinese culture

question: Who mentored Buyantu?

answer: Li Meng

text: Li Meng

answer: Li Meng

text: Li Meng

answer: Li Meng

text: Li Meng

question: What government department did Buyantu shut down?

answer: the Department of State Affairs

text: the Department of State Affairs

answer: Department of State Affairs

text: Department of State Affairs

answer: the Department of State Affairs

text: the Department of State Affairs

question: When did Buyantu resume testing potential government employees?

answer: 1313

answer: 1313

answer: 1313

question: Who was the 3rd to rule the Yuan dynasty?

text: Buyantu Khan

question: What did the Mongol elites wish Buyantu do?

question: Who refused Buyantu?

text: Li Meng

question: What government department did Buyantu approve?

text: Department of State Affairs

question: When did Buyantu stop testing potential government employees?


text: For the Conservatives, the main disappointment was the loss of Edinburgh Pentlands, the seat of former party leader David McLetchie, to the SNP. McLetchie was elected on the Lothian regional list and the Conservatives suffered a net loss of five seats, with leader Annabel Goldie claiming that their support had held firm. Nevertheless, she too announced she would step down as leader of the party. Cameron congratulated the SNP on their victory but vowed to campaign for the Union in the independence referendum.

title: Scottish_Parliament

title: Scottish_Parliament

text: For

text: the

text: Conservatives

text: the

text: main

text: disappointment

text: was

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: Edinburgh

text: Pentlands

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: former

text: party

text: leader

text: David

text: McLetchie

text: to

text: the

text: SNP

text: McLetchie

text: was

text: elected

text: on

text: the

text: Lothian

text: regional

text: list

text: and

text: the

text: Conservatives

text: suffered

text: a

text: net

text: loss

text: of

text: five

text: seats

text: with

text: leader

text: Annabel

text: Goldie

text: claiming

text: that

text: their

text: support

text: had

text: held

text: firm

text: Nevertheless

text: she

text: too

text: announced

text: she

text: would

text: step

text: down

text: as

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: party

text: Cameron

text: congratulated

text: the

text: SNP

text: on

text: their

text: victory

text: but

text: vowed

text: to

text: campaign

text: for

text: the

text: Union

text: in

text: the

text: independence

text: referendum

question: The loss of Edinburgh Pentlands really disappointed whom the most?

answer: the Conservatives

text: the Conservatives

answer: Conservatives

text: Conservatives

answer: Conservatives

text: Conservatives

question: What was the seat of former party leader David McLetchie?

answer: Edinburgh Pentlands

text: Edinburgh Pentlands

answer: Edinburgh Pentlands

text: Edinburgh Pentlands

answer: former party leader

text: former party leader

question: What net loss did the Conservatives suffer?

answer: five seats

text: five seats

answer: five seats

text: five seats

answer: five seats

text: five seats

question: Who announced she would step down as leader of the Conservatives?

answer: Annabel Goldie

text: Annabel Goldie

answer: Annabel Goldie

text: Annabel Goldie

answer: Annabel Goldie

text: Annabel Goldie

question: Who congratulated the SNP while vowing to campaign against their referendum?

answer: Cameron

text: Cameron

answer: Cameron

text: Cameron

answer: Cameron

text: Cameron

question: For the Liberals, the main disappointment was what?

text: the loss of Edinburgh Pentlands

question: Current party leader, David McLetchie lost what seat?

text: Edinburgh Pentlands

question: Who was elected on the Lothian global list?

text: David McLetchie

question: Who announced that she would not step down as party leader?

text: Annabel Goldie

question: Who congratulated the SNP on their loss?

text: Cameron


text: DECnet is a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation, originally released in 1975 in order to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers. It evolved into one of the first peer-to-peer network architectures, thus transforming DEC into a networking powerhouse in the 1980s. Initially built with three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol. The DECnet protocols were designed entirely by Digital Equipment Corporation. However, DECnet Phase II (and later) were open standards with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including one for Linux.

title: Packet_switching

title: Packet_switching

text: DECnet

text: is

text: a

text: suite

text: of

text: network

text: protocols

text: created

text: by

text: Digital

text: Equipment

text: Corporation

text: originally

text: released

text: in

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: connect

text: two

text: minicomputers

text: It

text: evolved

text: into

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: peer

text: to

text: peer

text: network

text: architectures

text: thus

text: transforming

text: DEC

text: into

text: a

text: networking

text: powerhouse

text: in

text: the

text: Initially

text: built

text: with

text: three

text: layers

text: it

text: later

text: evolved

text: into

text: a

text: seven

text: layer

text: OSI

text: compliant

text: networking

text: protocol

text: The

text: DECnet

text: protocols

text: were

text: designed

text: entirely

text: by

text: Digital

text: Equipment

text: Corporation

text: However

text: DECnet

text: Phase

text: II

text: and

text: later

text: were

text: open

text: standards

text: with

text: published

text: specifications

text: and

text: several

text: implementations

text: were

text: developed

text: outside

text: DEC

text: including

text: one

text: for

text: Linux

question: What is  DECnet

answer: a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation

text: a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation

answer: a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation

text: a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation

answer: suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation

text: suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation

question: What did DECnet originally do

answer: connect two PDP-11 minicomputers

text: connect two PDP-11 minicomputers

answer: connect two PDP-11 minicomputers

text: connect two PDP-11 minicomputers

answer: connect two PDP-11 minicomputers

text: connect two PDP-11 minicomputers

question: DEC originally had 3 layers but evolved into how many layers

answer: Initially built with three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol

text: Initially built with three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol

answer: seven

text: seven

answer: seven

text: seven

question: What did DECnet phase 2 become

answer: were open standards with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including one for Linux

text: were open standards with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including one for Linux

answer: Linux

text: Linux

answer: open standards

text: open standards

question: DECnet stands for what?

text: Digital Equipment Corporation

question: What is peer to peer?

text: a suite of network protocols

question: What sort of protocols were developed?

question: What does DECnet suite include?

text: peer-to-peer network architectures

question: Late published versions were utilized by who?

text: Linux

question: DECnet originally released in 1982 for what reason?

text: to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers

question: Originally built with four layers, how many layers did DEC evolve to have?

question: Linux became a networking powerhouse in the 1980s for what reason?

question: DECnet II protocols were designed by who?

question: What did DECnet Phase I become?


text: During the mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch. Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic, while to the west water flowed toward the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin. As the Andes Mountains rose, however, a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the Solimões Basin. Within the last 5–10 million years, this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch, joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic.

title: Amazon_rainforest

title: Amazon_rainforest

text: During

text: the

text: mid

text: Eocene

text: it

text: is

text: believed

text: that

text: the

text: drainage

text: basin

text: of

text: the

text: Amazon

text: was

text: split

text: along

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: continent

text: by

text: the

text: Purus

text: Arch

text: Water

text: on

text: the

text: eastern

text: side

text: flowed

text: toward

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: while

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: water

text: flowed

text: toward

text: the

text: Pacific

text: across

text: the

text: Amazonas

text: Basin

text: As

text: the

text: Andes

text: Mountains

text: rose

text: however

text: a

text: large

text: basin

text: was

text: created

text: that

text: enclosed

text: a

text: lake

text: now

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Solimões

text: Basin

text: Within

text: the

text: last

text: million

text: years

text: this

text: accumulating

text: water

text: broke

text: through

text: the

text: Purus

text: Arch

text: joining

text: the

text: easterly

text: flow

text: toward

text: the

text: Atlantic

question: In which point did the drainage basin of the Amazon split?

answer: During the mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch.

text: During the mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch.

answer: During the mid-Eocene

text: During the mid-Eocene

answer: mid-Eocene

text: mid-Eocene

question: In which direction did the water on the eastern side flow?

answer: Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic,

text: Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic,

answer: toward the Atlantic

text: toward the Atlantic

answer: toward the Atlantic

text: toward the Atlantic

question: What is the name of the basin that was created from a enclosed lake?

answer: Solimões Basin

text: Solimões Basin

answer: Solimões Basin

text: Solimões Basin

answer: Solimões Basin

text: Solimões Basin

question: How long ago was it when the water broke through the Purus Arch?

answer: Within the last 5–10 million years

text: Within the last 5–10 million years

answer: Within the last 5–10 million years

text: Within the last 5–10 million years

answer: last 5–10 million years

text: last 5–10 million years

question: Where did it join in the direction of its flow?

answer: joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic.

text: joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic.

answer: the easterly flow

text: the easterly flow

answer: easterly

text: easterly

question: When was the drainage basin of the Amazon believed to have split in the middle of South America?

answer: During the mid-Eocene

text: During the mid-Eocene

answer: During the mid-Eocene

text: During the mid-Eocene

answer: During the mid-Eocene

text: During the mid-Eocene

question: Where did water to the east of the Amazon drainage basin flow towards?

answer: the Atlantic

text: the Atlantic

answer: the Atlantic

text: the Atlantic

answer: Atlantic

text: Atlantic

question: Where did water to the west of the Amazon drainage basin flow towards?

answer: the Pacific

text: the Pacific

answer: the Pacific

text: the Pacific

answer: Pacific

text: Pacific

question: What did water that flowed towards the Pacific have to flow across during the mid-Eocene?

answer: Amazonas Basin

text: Amazonas Basin

answer: Amazonas Basin

text: Amazonas Basin

answer: Andes Mountains

text: Andes Mountains

question: What basin was formed when the Andes Mountains rose?

answer: the Solimões Basin

text: the Solimões Basin

answer: Solimões Basin

text: Solimões Basin

answer: Solimões Basin

text: Solimões Basin

question: During what period the drainage basin of the Amazon likely split?

answer: the mid-Eocene

text: the mid-Eocene

answer: the mid-Eocene

text: the mid-Eocene

answer: mid-Eocene

text: mid-Eocene

question: Near where in the continent is it believed that the Amazon basin split?

answer: Purus Arch

text: Purus Arch

answer: along the middle

text: along the middle

answer: Purus Arch

text: Purus Arch

question: Where did water on the eastern side of the amazon basin travel after the split?

answer: the Atlantic

text: the Atlantic

answer: the Atlantic

text: the Atlantic

answer: Atlantic

text: Atlantic

question: Where did the water in the Amazon Basin flow towards when moving west?

answer: the Pacific

text: the Pacific

answer: the Pacific

text: the Pacific

answer: Pacific

text: Pacific

question: What is the lake known as which was created by the rise of the Andes Mountains?

answer: Solimões Basin

text: Solimões Basin

answer: Solimões Basin

text: Solimões Basin

answer: Solimões Basin

text: Solimões Basin

question: What split the Amazon drainage basin along the northern part of the continent?

text: Purus Arch.

question: Water on the eastern side float away from what ocean?

text: Atlantic

question: Water on the west side flowed below the basin and towards which ocean?

text: Pacific

question: The Rocky Mountains enclosed a late creating what basing?

text: Solimões Basin

question: Water from broke through and joined the westward flow to the Pacific?

text: Solimões Basin


text: In ring theory, the notion of number is generally replaced with that of ideal. Prime ideals, which generalize prime elements in the sense that the principal ideal generated by a prime element is a prime ideal, are an important tool and object of study in commutative algebra, algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry. The prime ideals of the ring of integers are the ideals (0), (2), (3), (5), (7), (11), … The fundamental theorem of arithmetic generalizes to the Lasker–Noether theorem, which expresses every ideal in a Noetherian commutative ring as an intersection of primary ideals, which are the appropriate generalizations of prime powers.

title: Prime_number

title: Prime_number

text: In

text: ring

text: theory

text: the

text: notion

text: of

text: number

text: is

text: generally

text: replaced

text: with

text: that

text: of

text: ideal

text: Prime

text: ideals

text: which

text: generalize

text: prime

text: elements

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: that

text: the

text: principal

text: ideal

text: generated

text: by

text: a

text: prime

text: element

text: is

text: a

text: prime

text: ideal

text: are

text: an

text: important

text: tool

text: and

text: object

text: of

text: study

text: in

text: commutative

text: algebra

text: algebraic

text: number

text: theory

text: and

text: algebraic

text: geometry

text: The

text: prime

text: ideals

text: of

text: the

text: ring

text: of

text: integers

text: are

text: the

text: ideals

text: The

text: fundamental

text: theorem

text: of

text: arithmetic

text: generalizes

text: to

text: the

text: Lasker

text: Noether

text: theorem

text: which

text: expresses

text: every

text: ideal

text: in

text: a

text: Noetherian

text: commutative

text: ring

text: as

text: an

text: intersection

text: of

text: primary

text: ideals

text: which

text: are

text: the

text: appropriate

text: generalizations

text: of

text: prime

text: powers

question: In what theory is the idea of a number exchanged with that of an ideal?

answer: In ring theory

text: In ring theory

answer: ring

text: ring

answer: ring theory

text: ring theory

answer: ring theory

text: ring theory

question: What type of ideals generalize prime elements?

answer: Prime ideals

text: Prime ideals

answer: Prime

text: Prime

answer: Prime ideals

text: Prime ideals

answer: Prime ideals

text: Prime ideals

question: What type of number theory utilizes and studies prime ideals?

answer: algebraic number theory

text: algebraic number theory

answer: algebraic

text: algebraic

answer: algebraic

text: algebraic

answer: algebraic

text: algebraic

question: Which theorem can be simplified to the Lasker–Noether theorem?

answer: The fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: The fundamental theorem of arithmetic

answer: theorem of arithmetic

text: theorem of arithmetic

answer: fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: fundamental theorem of arithmetic

answer: The fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: The fundamental theorem of arithmetic

question: What type of commutative ring does the Lasker–Noether theorem express every ideal as an intersection of primary ideals in?

answer: a Noetherian commutative ring

text: a Noetherian commutative ring

answer: Noetherian

text: Noetherian

answer: Noetherian commutative ring

text: Noetherian commutative ring

answer: Noetherian

text: Noetherian

question: In what theory is the idea of a number exchanged with that of Noetherian arithmetic?

text: In ring theory

question: What type of ideals generalize Noetherian arithmetic?

text: Prime ideals

question: What type of number theory utilizes and studies Noetherian arithmetic?

text: algebraic number theory

question: Which theorem can be simplified to the prime ideals theorem?

text: The fundamental theorem of arithmetic

question: What type of commutative ring does the prime ideals theorem express every ideal as an intersection of Noetherian arithmetic in?

text: a Noetherian commutative ring