text: Some civil disobedience defendants choose to make a defiant speech, or a speech explaining their actions, in allocution. In U.S. v. Burgos-Andujar, a defendant who was involved in a movement to stop military exercises by trespassing on U.S. Navy property argued to the court in allocution that "the ones who are violating the greater law are the members of the Navy". As a result, the judge increased her sentence from 40 to 60 days. This action was upheld because, according to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, her statement suggested a lack of remorse, an attempt to avoid responsibility for her actions, and even a likelihood of repeating her illegal actions. Some of the other allocution speeches given by the protesters complained about mistreatment from government officials.

title: Civil_disobedience

title: Civil_disobedience

text: Some

text: civil

text: disobedience

text: defendants

text: choose

text: to

text: make

text: a

text: defiant

text: speech

text: or

text: a

text: speech

text: explaining

text: their

text: actions

text: in

text: allocution

text: In

text: U.S.

text: v.

text: Burgos

text: Andujar

text: a

text: defendant

text: who

text: was

text: involved

text: in

text: a

text: movement

text: to

text: stop

text: military

text: exercises

text: by

text: trespassing

text: on

text: U.S.

text: Navy

text: property

text: argued

text: to

text: the

text: court

text: in

text: allocution

text: that

text: the

text: ones

text: who

text: are

text: violating

text: the

text: greater

text: law

text: are

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Navy

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: the

text: judge

text: increased

text: her

text: sentence

text: from

text: to

text: days

text: This

text: action

text: was

text: upheld

text: because

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Court

text: of

text: Appeals

text: for

text: the

text: First

text: Circuit

text: her

text: statement

text: suggested

text: a

text: lack

text: of

text: remorse

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: avoid

text: responsibility

text: for

text: her

text: actions

text: and

text: even

text: a

text: likelihood

text: of

text: repeating

text: her

text: illegal

text: actions

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: allocution

text: speeches

text: given

text: by

text: the

text: protesters

text: complained

text: about

text: mistreatment

text: from

text: government

text: officials

question: What way do some people perform civil disobedience in a constructive way?

answer: defiant speech

text: defiant speech

answer: defiant speech

text: defiant speech

answer: allocution

text: allocution

answer: defiant speech

text: defiant speech

answer: defiant speech

text: defiant speech

answer: defiant speech

text: defiant speech

question: Why would one want to give a speech?

answer: explaining their actions

text: explaining their actions

answer: explaining their actions

text: explaining their actions

answer: make a defiant speech, or a speech explaining their actions,

text: make a defiant speech, or a speech explaining their actions,

answer: explaining their actions

text: explaining their actions

answer: explaining their actions

text: explaining their actions

answer: explaining their actions

text: explaining their actions

question: Why is giving a defiant speech sometimes more harmful for the individual?

answer: lack of remorse

text: lack of remorse

answer: lack of remorse

text: lack of remorse

answer: the judge increased her sentence

text: the judge increased her sentence

answer: statement suggested a lack of remorse

text: statement suggested a lack of remorse

question: Why would one want to give more punishment?

answer: likelihood of repeating

text: likelihood of repeating

answer: likelihood of repeating her illegal actions

text: likelihood of repeating her illegal actions

answer: a lack of remorse

text: a lack of remorse

answer: lack of remorse

text: lack of remorse

answer: lack of remorse

text: lack of remorse

question: What type of treatment do civil disobedients usually receive?

answer: mistreatment from government officials

text: mistreatment from government officials

answer: mistreatment

text: mistreatment

answer: mistreatment from government officials

text: mistreatment from government officials

answer: sentence

text: sentence

answer: mistreatment

text: mistreatment

answer: mistreatment

text: mistreatment

question: What do some government officials give in response to illegal actions?

text: a defiant speech

question: Why did the Navy give a speech in court?

text: explaining their actions

question: By how much did the Navy increase the defendant's sentence?

text: from 40 to 60 days

question: What did speeches given by the Navy mention about their treatment by protesters?

text: complained about mistreatment

question: In the US v. Burgos-Andujar, why was a member of the Navy's sentence increased?


text: The University is organized into eleven separate academic units—ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study—with campuses throughout the Boston metropolitan area: its 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, approximately 3 miles (5 km) northwest of Boston; the business school and athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston and the medical, dental, and public health schools are in the Longwood Medical Area. Harvard's $37.6 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution.

title: Harvard_University

title: Harvard_University

text: The

text: University

text: is

text: organized

text: into

text: eleven

text: separate

text: academic

text: units

text: ten

text: faculties

text: and

text: the

text: Radcliffe

text: Institute

text: for

text: Advanced

text: Study

text: with

text: campuses

text: throughout

text: the

text: Boston

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: its

text: ha

text: main

text: campus

text: is

text: centered

text: on

text: Harvard

text: Yard

text: in

text: Cambridge

text: approximately

text: miles

text: km

text: northwest

text: of

text: Boston

text: the

text: business

text: school

text: and

text: athletics

text: facilities

text: including

text: Harvard

text: Stadium

text: are

text: located

text: across

text: the

text: Charles

text: River

text: in

text: the

text: Allston

text: neighborhood

text: of

text: Boston

text: and

text: the

text: medical

text: dental

text: and

text: public

text: health

text: schools

text: are

text: in

text: the

text: Longwood

text: Medical

text: Area

text: Harvard

text: 's

text: billion

text: financial

text: endowment

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: any

text: academic

text: institution

question: What is the major US city that the is the university located?

answer: Boston metropolitan area

text: Boston metropolitan area

answer: Boston

text: Boston

answer: Boston

text: Boston

question: What is the size of the school's endowment?

answer: $37.6 billion

text: $37.6 billion

answer: $37.6 billion

text: $37.6 billion

answer: $37.6 billion

text: $37.6 billion

question: What river is located in the vicinity of the school?

answer: Charles River

text: Charles River

answer: Charles

text: Charles

answer: Charles

text: Charles

question: How many academic units make up the school?

answer: eleven separate academic units

text: eleven separate academic units

answer: eleven

text: eleven

answer: eleven

text: eleven

question: What is the name of the area that the main campus is centered in Cambridge?

answer: Harvard Yard

text: Harvard Yard

answer: Harvard Yard

text: Harvard Yard

answer: Harvard Yard

text: Harvard Yard

question: How much did it cost to build Harvard Stadium?

text: $37.6 billion

question: How many academic units make up Radcliffe?

text: eleven

question: How large is the Allston neighborhood in Boston?

text: 209-acre (85 ha)

question: Where is the Longwood Medical area located?

text: 3 miles (5 km) northwest of Boston

question: How many sports are played at the athletics facilites?

text: eleven


text: Britain's imperialist ambitions can be seen as early as the sixteenth century. In 1599 the British East India Company was established and was chartered by Queen Elizabeth in the following year. With the establishment of trading posts in India, the British were able to maintain strength relative to others empires such as the Portuguese who already had set up trading posts in India. In 1767 political activity caused exploitation of the East India Company causing the plundering of the local economy, almost bringing the company into bankruptcy.

title: Imperialism

title: Imperialism

text: Britain

text: 's

text: imperialist

text: ambitions

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: the

text: sixteenth

text: century

text: In

text: the

text: British

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: was

text: established

text: and

text: was

text: chartered

text: by

text: Queen

text: Elizabeth

text: in

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: With

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: trading

text: posts

text: in

text: India

text: the

text: British

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: maintain

text: strength

text: relative

text: to

text: others

text: empires

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: who

text: already

text: had

text: set

text: up

text: trading

text: posts

text: in

text: India

text: In

text: political

text: activity

text: caused

text: exploitation

text: of

text: the

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: causing

text: the

text: plundering

text: of

text: the

text: local

text: economy

text: almost

text: bringing

text: the

text: company

text: into

text: bankruptcy

question: When is the earliest Britain had an imperialist policy?

answer: the sixteenth century

text: the sixteenth century

answer: sixteenth century

text: sixteenth century

answer: sixteenth century

text: sixteenth century

answer: sixteenth century

text: sixteenth century

answer: sixteenth century

text: sixteenth century

question: When was the British East India Company established?

answer: 1599

answer: 1599

answer: 1599

answer: 1599

answer: 1599

question: Who chartered the British East India Company?

answer: Queen Elizabeth

text: Queen Elizabeth

answer: Queen Elizabeth

text: Queen Elizabeth

answer: Queen Elizabeth

text: Queen Elizabeth

answer: Queen Elizabeth

text: Queen Elizabeth

answer: Queen Elizabeth

text: Queen Elizabeth

question: What happened to the East India Trading Company in 1767?

answer: exploitation

text: exploitation

answer: political activity caused exploitation

text: political activity caused exploitation

answer: political activity caused exploitation

text: political activity caused exploitation

answer: exploitation

text: exploitation

answer: exploitation

text: exploitation

question: Which country had trading posts in India before Britain?

answer: the Portuguese

text: the Portuguese

answer: Portuguese

text: Portuguese

answer: Portuguese

text: Portuguese

answer: Portuguese

text: Portuguese

answer: Portuguese

text: Portuguese

question: When is the latest Britain had an imperialist policy?

text: sixteenth century

question: When was the British East India Company unestablished?

question: Who did not charter the British East India Company?

text: Queen Elizabeth

question: What happened to the East India Trading Company in 1766?

text: exploitation

question: Which country had trading posts in India after Britain?

text: Portuguese


text: The "freedom to provide services" under TFEU article 56 applies to people who give services "for remuneration", especially commercial or professional activity. For example, in Van Binsbergen v Bestuur van de Bedrijfvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid a Dutch lawyer moved to Belgium while advising a client in a social security case, and was told he could not continue because Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice. The Court of Justice held that the freedom to provide services applied, it was directly effective, and the rule was probably unjustified: having an address in the member state would be enough to pursue the legitimate aim of good administration of justice. The Court of Justice has held that secondary education falls outside the scope of article 56, because usually the state funds it, though higher education does not. Health care generally counts as a service. In Geraets-Smits v Stichting Ziekenfonds Mrs Geraets-Smits claimed she should be reimbursed by Dutch social insurance for costs of receiving treatment in Germany. The Dutch health authorities regarded the treatment unnecessary, so she argued this restricted the freedom (of the German health clinic) to provide services. Several governments submitted that hospital services should not be regarded as economic, and should not fall within article 56. But the Court of Justice held health was a "service" even though the government (rather than the service recipient) paid for the service. National authorities could be justified in refusing to reimburse patients for medical services abroad if the health care received at home was without undue delay, and it followed "international medical science" on which treatments counted as normal and necessary. The Court requires that the individual circumstances of a patient justify waiting lists, and this is also true in the context of the UK's National Health Service. Aside from public services, another sensitive field of services are those classified as illegal. Josemans v Burgemeester van Maastricht held that the Netherlands' regulation of cannabis consumption, including the prohibitions by some municipalities on tourists (but not Dutch nationals) going to coffee shops, fell outside article 56 altogether. The Court of Justice reasoned that narcotic drugs were controlled in all member states, and so this differed from other cases where prostitution or other quasi-legal activity was subject to restriction. If an activity does fall within article 56, a restriction can be justified under article 52 or overriding requirements developed by the Court of Justice. In Alpine Investments BV v Minister van Financiën a business that sold commodities futures (with Merrill Lynch and another banking firms) attempted to challenge a Dutch law that prohibiting cold calling customers. The Court of Justice held the Dutch prohibition pursued a legitimate aim to prevent "undesirable developments in securities trading" including protecting the consumer from aggressive sales tactics, thus maintaining confidence in the Dutch markets. In Omega Spielhallen GmbH v Bonn a "laserdrome" business was banned by the Bonn council. It bought fake laser gun services from a UK firm called Pulsar Ltd, but residents had protested against "playing at killing" entertainment. The Court of Justice held that the German constitutional value of human dignity, which underpinned the ban, did count as a justified restriction on freedom to provide services. In Liga Portuguesa de Futebol v Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Lisboa the Court of Justice also held that the state monopoly on gambling, and a penalty for a Gibraltar firm that had sold internet gambling services, was justified to prevent fraud and gambling where people's views were highly divergent. The ban was proportionate as this was an appropriate and necessary way to tackle the serious problems of fraud that arise over the internet. In the Services Directive a group of justifications were codified in article 16 that the case law has developed.

title: European_Union_law

title: European_Union_law

text: The

text: freedom

text: to

text: provide

text: services

text: under

text: TFEU

text: article

text: applies

text: to

text: people

text: who

text: give

text: services

text: for

text: remuneration

text: especially

text: commercial

text: or

text: professional

text: activity

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: Van

text: Binsbergen

text: v

text: Bestuur

text: van

text: de

text: Bedrijfvereniging

text: voor

text: de

text: Metaalnijverheid

text: a

text: Dutch

text: lawyer

text: moved

text: to

text: Belgium

text: while

text: advising

text: a

text: client

text: in

text: a

text: social

text: security

text: case

text: and

text: was

text: told

text: he

text: could

text: not

text: continue

text: because

text: Dutch

text: law

text: said

text: only

text: people

text: established

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: could

text: give

text: legal

text: advice

text: The

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: held

text: that

text: the

text: freedom

text: to

text: provide

text: services

text: applied

text: it

text: was

text: directly

text: effective

text: and

text: the

text: rule

text: was

text: probably

text: unjustified

text: having

text: an

text: address

text: in

text: the

text: member

text: state

text: would

text: be

text: enough

text: to

text: pursue

text: the

text: legitimate

text: aim

text: of

text: good

text: administration

text: of

text: justice

text: The

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: has

text: held

text: that

text: secondary

text: education

text: falls

text: outside

text: the

text: scope

text: of

text: article

text: because

text: usually

text: the

text: state

text: funds

text: it

text: though

text: higher

text: education

text: does

text: not

text: Health

text: care

text: generally

text: counts

text: as

text: a

text: service

text: In

text: Geraets

text: Smits

text: v

text: Stichting

text: Ziekenfonds

text: Mrs

text: Geraets

text: Smits

text: claimed

text: she

text: should

text: be

text: reimbursed

text: by

text: Dutch

text: social

text: insurance

text: for

text: costs

text: of

text: receiving

text: treatment

text: in

text: Germany

text: The

text: Dutch

text: health

text: authorities

text: regarded

text: the

text: treatment

text: unnecessary

text: so

text: she

text: argued

text: this

text: restricted

text: the

text: freedom

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: health

text: clinic

text: to

text: provide

text: services

text: Several

text: governments

text: submitted

text: that

text: hospital

text: services

text: should

text: not

text: be

text: regarded

text: as

text: economic

text: and

text: should

text: not

text: fall

text: within

text: article

text: But

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: held

text: health

text: was

text: a

text: service

text: even

text: though

text: the

text: government

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: service

text: recipient

text: paid

text: for

text: the

text: service

text: National

text: authorities

text: could

text: be

text: justified

text: in

text: refusing

text: to

text: reimburse

text: patients

text: for

text: medical

text: services

text: abroad

text: if

text: the

text: health

text: care

text: received

text: at

text: home

text: was

text: without

text: undue

text: delay

text: and

text: it

text: followed

text: international

text: medical

text: science

text: on

text: which

text: treatments

text: counted

text: as

text: normal

text: and

text: necessary

text: The

text: Court

text: requires

text: that

text: the

text: individual

text: circumstances

text: of

text: a

text: patient

text: justify

text: waiting

text: lists

text: and

text: this

text: is

text: also

text: true

text: in

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: 's

text: National

text: Health

text: Service

text: Aside

text: from

text: public

text: services

text: another

text: sensitive

text: field

text: of

text: services

text: are

text: those

text: classified

text: as

text: illegal

text: Josemans

text: v

text: Burgemeester

text: van

text: Maastricht

text: held

text: that

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: regulation

text: of

text: cannabis

text: consumption

text: including

text: the

text: prohibitions

text: by

text: some

text: municipalities

text: on

text: tourists

text: but

text: not

text: Dutch

text: nationals

text: going

text: to

text: coffee

text: shops

text: fell

text: outside

text: article

text: altogether

text: The

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: reasoned

text: that

text: narcotic

text: drugs

text: were

text: controlled

text: in

text: all

text: member

text: states

text: and

text: so

text: this

text: differed

text: from

text: other

text: cases

text: where

text: prostitution

text: or

text: other

text: quasi

text: legal

text: activity

text: was

text: subject

text: to

text: restriction

text: If

text: an

text: activity

text: does

text: fall

text: within

text: article

text: a

text: restriction

text: can

text: be

text: justified

text: under

text: article

text: or

text: overriding

text: requirements

text: developed

text: by

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: In

text: Alpine

text: Investments

text: BV

text: v

text: Minister

text: van

text: Financiën

text: a

text: business

text: that

text: sold

text: commodities

text: futures

text: with

text: Merrill

text: Lynch

text: and

text: another

text: banking

text: firms

text: attempted

text: to

text: challenge

text: a

text: Dutch

text: law

text: that

text: prohibiting

text: cold

text: calling

text: customers

text: The

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: held

text: the

text: Dutch

text: prohibition

text: pursued

text: a

text: legitimate

text: aim

text: to

text: prevent

text: undesirable

text: developments

text: in

text: securities

text: trading

text: including

text: protecting

text: the

text: consumer

text: from

text: aggressive

text: sales

text: tactics

text: thus

text: maintaining

text: confidence

text: in

text: the

text: Dutch

text: markets

text: In

text: Omega

text: Spielhallen

text: GmbH

text: v

text: Bonn

text: a

text: laserdrome

text: business

text: was

text: banned

text: by

text: the

text: Bonn

text: council

text: It

text: bought

text: fake

text: laser

text: gun

text: services

text: from

text: a

text: UK

text: firm

text: called

text: Pulsar

text: Ltd

text: but

text: residents

text: had

text: protested

text: against

text: playing

text: at

text: killing

text: entertainment

text: The

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: held

text: that

text: the

text: German

text: constitutional

text: value

text: of

text: human

text: dignity

text: which

text: underpinned

text: the

text: ban

text: did

text: count

text: as

text: a

text: justified

text: restriction

text: on

text: freedom

text: to

text: provide

text: services

text: In

text: Liga

text: Portuguesa

text: de

text: Futebol

text: v

text: Santa

text: Casa

text: da

text: Misericórdia

text: de

text: Lisboa

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: also

text: held

text: that

text: the

text: state

text: monopoly

text: on

text: gambling

text: and

text: a

text: penalty

text: for

text: a

text: Gibraltar

text: firm

text: that

text: had

text: sold

text: internet

text: gambling

text: services

text: was

text: justified

text: to

text: prevent

text: fraud

text: and

text: gambling

text: where

text: people

text: 's

text: views

text: were

text: highly

text: divergent

text: The

text: ban

text: was

text: proportionate

text: as

text: this

text: was

text: an

text: appropriate

text: and

text: necessary

text: way

text: to

text: tackle

text: the

text: serious

text: problems

text: of

text: fraud

text: that

text: arise

text: over

text: the

text: internet

text: In

text: the

text: Services

text: Directive

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: justifications

text: were

text: codified

text: in

text: article

text: that

text: the

text: case

text: law

text: has

text: developed

question: The freedom to provide services under TFEU article 56 applies to who?

answer: to people who give services "for remuneration"

text: to people who give services "for remuneration"

answer: people who give services "for remuneration", especially commercial or professional activity

text: people who give services "for remuneration", especially commercial or professional activity

answer: people who give services "for remuneration"

text: people who give services "for remuneration"

question: Why was the Dutch lawyer who moved to Belgium while advising a client in a social society case told he couldn't continue?

answer: because Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice

text: because Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice

answer: Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice

text: Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice

answer: Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice

text: Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice

question: What did the Court of Justice reason were controlled in all member states in Josemans v Burgemeester van Maastricht?

answer: narcotic drugs

text: narcotic drugs

answer: narcotic drugs

text: narcotic drugs

answer: narcotic drugs

text: narcotic drugs

question: What did the Dutch health authorities regard as unnecessary in Geraets-Smits v Stichting Ziekenfonds?

answer: the treatment

text: the treatment

answer: treatment

text: treatment

answer: treatment

text: treatment

question: Who does the TFEU article 56 not apply to?

question: Why could a Dutch lawyer who moved to Belgium give legal advice?

question: What does not fall outside the scope of article 56 according to the Court of Justice?

text: secondary education

question: What did Dutch health authorities regard as necessary?

text: treatment

question: What should fall under article 56 according to several governments?


text: Southern California consists of one Combined Statistical Area, eight Metropolitan Statistical Areas, one international metropolitan area, and multiple metropolitan divisions. The region is home to two extended metropolitan areas that exceed five million in population. These are the Greater Los Angeles Area at 17,786,419, and San Diego–Tijuana at 5,105,768. Of these metropolitan areas, the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana metropolitan area, Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario metropolitan area, and Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura metropolitan area form Greater Los Angeles; while the El Centro metropolitan area and San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos metropolitan area form the Southern Border Region. North of Greater Los Angeles are the Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, and Bakersfield metropolitan areas.

title: Southern_California

title: Southern_California

text: Southern

text: California

text: consists

text: of

text: one

text: Combined

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: eight

text: Metropolitan

text: Statistical

text: Areas

text: one

text: international

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: and

text: multiple

text: metropolitan

text: divisions

text: The

text: region

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: two

text: extended

text: metropolitan

text: areas

text: that

text: exceed

text: five

text: million

text: in

text: population

text: These

text: are

text: the

text: Greater

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Area

text: at

text: and

text: San

text: Diego

text: Tijuana

text: at

text: Of

text: these

text: metropolitan

text: areas

text: the

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Long

text: Beach

text: Santa

text: Ana

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: Riverside

text: San

text: Bernardino

text: Ontario

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: and

text: Oxnard

text: Thousand

text: Oaks

text: Ventura

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: form

text: Greater

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: while

text: the

text: El

text: Centro

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: and

text: San

text: Diego

text: Carlsbad

text: San

text: Marcos

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: form

text: the

text: Southern

text: Border

text: Region

text: North

text: of

text: Greater

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: are

text: the

text: Santa

text: Barbara

text: San

text: Luis

text: Obispo

text: and

text: Bakersfield

text: metropolitan

text: areas

question: What is the name associated with the eight areas that make up a part of southern California?

answer: Metropolitan Statistical Areas

text: Metropolitan Statistical Areas

answer: Metropolitan Statistical Areas

text: Metropolitan Statistical Areas

answer: Metropolitan Statistical Areas

text: Metropolitan Statistical Areas

question: How many extended metropolitan areas are there?

answer: two

text: two

answer: two

text: two

answer: two

text: two

question: Each of the extended metropolitan areas has a population that exceeds what number?

answer: five million

text: five million

answer: five million

text: five million

answer: five million

text: five million

question: What does the El Centro metropolitan area and San Diego-Carslbad-San Marcos metropolitan area form?

answer: Southern Border Region

text: Southern Border Region

answer: the Southern Border Region

text: the Southern Border Region

answer: Southern Border Region

text: Southern Border Region

question: What is the population of the Greater Los Angeles Area?

answer: 17,786,419

answer: 17,786,419

answer: 17,786,419

question: What consists of one Metropolitan Statistical Area?

text: Southern California

question: What consists of eight Combined Statistical Areas?

text: Southern California

question: What area has a population of 17,786,914?

text: Greater Los Angeles Area

question: What area has a population of 5,105,786?

text: San Diego–Tijuana

question: What areas are north of Greater Santa Barbara?


text: Mean monthly temperatures range from around 53 F in January to 82 F in July. High temperatures average 64 to 92 °F (18 to 33 °C) throughout the year. High heat indices are common for the summer months in the area, with indices above 110 °F (43.3 °C) possible. The highest temperature recorded was 104 °F (40 °C) on July 11, 1879 and July 28, 1872. It is common for thunderstorms to erupt during a typical summer afternoon. These are caused by the rapid heating of the land relative to the water, combined with extremely high humidity.

title: Jacksonville,_Florida

title: Jacksonville,_Florida

text: Mean

text: monthly

text: temperatures

text: range

text: from

text: around

text: F

text: in

text: January

text: to

text: F

text: in

text: July

text: High

text: temperatures

text: average

text: to

text: F

text: to

text: C

text: throughout

text: the

text: year

text: High

text: heat

text: indices

text: are

text: common

text: for

text: the

text: summer

text: months

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: with

text: indices

text: above

text: F

text: C

text: possible

text: The

text: highest

text: temperature

text: recorded

text: was

text: F

text: C

text: on

text: July

text: and

text: July

text: It

text: is

text: common

text: for

text: thunderstorms

text: to

text: erupt

text: during

text: a

text: typical

text: summer

text: afternoon

text: These

text: are

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: rapid

text: heating

text: of

text: the

text: land

text: relative

text: to

text: the

text: water

text: combined

text: with

text: extremely

text: high

text: humidity

question: What is Jacksonville's hottest recorded temperature?

answer: 104 °F

text: 104 °F

answer: 104 °F

text: 104 °F

answer: 104 °F

text: 104 °F

question: What is a common occurrence during summer days?

answer: thunderstorms

text: thunderstorms

answer: thunderstorms

text: thunderstorms

answer: thunderstorms

text: thunderstorms

question: What else contributes to Jacksonville's summer storms other than land heating beside the water?

answer: high humidity

text: high humidity

answer: high humidity

text: high humidity

answer: extremely high humidity

text: extremely high humidity

question: What is Jacksonville's hottest month on average?

answer: July

text: July

answer: July

text: July

answer: July

text: July

question: What is Jacksonville's highest recorded monthly temperature?

text: 82 F

question: What kind of storms are common in the fall?

text: thunderstorms

question: Low humidity and what lead to Jacksonville's storms?

question: My ways Jacksonville's coldest month on record?

text: January


text: In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on both sides of the channel. Early Norman kings of England, as Dukes of Normandy, owed homage to the King of France for their land on the continent. They considered England to be their most important holding (it brought with it the title of King—an important status symbol).

title: Normans

title: Normans

text: In

text: Duke

text: William

text: II

text: of

text: Normandy

text: conquered

text: England

text: killing

text: King

text: Harold

text: II

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Hastings

text: The

text: invading

text: Normans

text: and

text: their

text: descendants

text: replaced

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Saxons

text: as

text: the

text: ruling

text: class

text: of

text: England

text: The

text: nobility

text: of

text: England

text: were

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: single

text: Normans

text: culture

text: and

text: many

text: had

text: lands

text: on

text: both

text: sides

text: of

text: the

text: channel

text: Early

text: Norman

text: kings

text: of

text: England

text: as

text: Dukes

text: of

text: Normandy

text: owed

text: homage

text: to

text: the

text: King

text: of

text: France

text: for

text: their

text: land

text: on

text: the

text: continent

text: They

text: considered

text: England

text: to

text: be

text: their

text: most

text: important

text: holding

text: it

text: brought

text: with

text: it

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: King

text: an

text: important

text: status

text: symbol

question: Where did Harold II die?

answer: Battle of Hastings

text: Battle of Hastings

answer: the Battle of Hastings

text: the Battle of Hastings

answer: at the Battle of Hastings

text: at the Battle of Hastings

question: Who killed Harold II?

answer: William II

text: William II

answer: Duke William II

text: Duke William II

answer: Duke William II

text: Duke William II

question: When was the Battle of Hastings?

answer: 1066

answer: In 1066

text: In 1066

answer: 1066

question: Who was the ruling class ahead of the Normans?

answer: Anglo-Saxons

text: Anglo-Saxons

answer: the Anglo-Saxons

text: the Anglo-Saxons

answer: Anglo-Saxons

text: Anglo-Saxons

question: When did King Harold II conquer England?

question: What battle took place in the 10th century?

text: Battle of Hastings

question: Who replaced the Normans as the ruling class?

text: Anglo-Saxons

question: Who considered their land on the continent their most important holding?

text: Early Norman kings


text: By far the most famous work of Norman art is the Bayeux Tapestry, which is not a tapestry but a work of embroidery. It was commissioned by Odo, the Bishop of Bayeux and first Earl of Kent, employing natives from Kent who were learned in the Nordic traditions imported in the previous half century by the Danish Vikings.

title: Normans

title: Normans

text: By

text: far

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: work

text: of

text: Norman

text: art

text: is

text: the

text: Bayeux

text: Tapestry

text: which

text: is

text: not

text: a

text: tapestry

text: but

text: a

text: work

text: of

text: embroidery

text: It

text: was

text: commissioned

text: by

text: Odo

text: the

text: Bishop

text: of

text: Bayeux

text: and

text: first

text: Earl

text: of

text: Kent

text: employing

text: natives

text: from

text: Kent

text: who

text: were

text: learned

text: in

text: the

text: Nordic

text: traditions

text: imported

text: in

text: the

text: previous

text: half

text: century

text: by

text: the

text: Danish

text: Vikings

question: What kind of needlework was used in the creation of the Bayeux Tapestry?

answer: embroidery

text: embroidery

answer: embroidery

text: embroidery

answer: embroidery

text: embroidery

question: What is Norman art's most well known piece?

answer: Bayeux Tapestry

text: Bayeux Tapestry

answer: the Bayeux Tapestry

text: the Bayeux Tapestry

answer: the Bayeux Tapestry

text: the Bayeux Tapestry

question: Who commissioned the Tapestry?

answer: Odo

text: Odo

answer: Odo

text: Odo

answer: Odo

text: Odo

question: What is the oldest work of Norman art?

text: the Bayeux Tapestry

question: Who commissioned Danish vikings to create the Bayeux Tapestry?

text: Odo


text: Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin. Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (劉黑馬, Liu Ni), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala (蕭札剌) defected and commanded the 3 Tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Ogödei Khan. Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols. There were 4 Han Tumens and 3 Khitan Tumens, with each Tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan Generals Shimobeidier (石抹孛迭兒), Tabuyir (塔不已兒) and Xiaozhacizhizizhongxi (蕭札刺之子重喜) commanded the three Khitan Tumens and the four Han Generals Zhang Rou, Yan Shi, Shi Tianze, and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tumens under Ogödei Khan.

title: Yuan_dynasty

title: Yuan_dynasty

text: Many

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: and

text: Khitan

text: defected

text: to

text: the

text: Mongols

text: to

text: fight

text: against

text: the

text: Jin

text: Two

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: leaders

text: Shi

text: Tianze

text: Liu

text: Heima

text: 劉黑馬

text: Liu

text: Ni

text: and

text: the

text: Khitan

text: Xiao

text: Zhala

text: 蕭札剌

text: defected

text: and

text: commanded

text: the

text: Tumens

text: in

text: the

text: Mongol

text: army

text: Liu

text: Heima

text: and

text: Shi

text: Tianze

text: served

text: Ogödei

text: Khan

text: Liu

text: Heima

text: and

text: Shi

text: Tianxiang

text: led

text: armies

text: against

text: Western

text: Xia

text: for

text: the

text: Mongols

text: There

text: were

text: Han

text: Tumens

text: and

text: Khitan

text: Tumens

text: with

text: each

text: Tumen

text: consisting

text: of

text: troops

text: The

text: three

text: Khitan

text: Generals

text: Shimobeidier

text: 石抹孛迭兒

text: Tabuyir

text: 塔不已兒

text: and

text: Xiaozhacizhizizhongxi

text: 蕭札刺之子重喜

text: commanded

text: the

text: three

text: Khitan

text: Tumens

text: and

text: the

text: four

text: Han

text: Generals

text: Zhang

text: Rou

text: Yan

text: Shi

text: Shi

text: Tianze

text: and

text: Liu

text: Heima

text: commanded

text: the

text: four

text: Han

text: tumens

text: under

text: Ogödei

text: Khan

question: Who did the Han Chinese want to help the Mongols fight?

answer: the Jin

text: the Jin

answer: Jin

text: Jin

answer: the Jin

text: the Jin

question: What Khitan leader defected to the Mongols?

answer: Xiao Zhala

text: Xiao Zhala

answer: Xiao Zhala

text: Xiao Zhala

answer: Xiao Zhala

text: Xiao Zhala

question: What Han Chinese leader defected to the Mongols?

answer: Shi Tianze, Liu Heima

text: Shi Tianze, Liu Heima

answer: Shi Tianze, Liu Heima

text: Shi Tianze, Liu Heima

answer: Shi Tianze, Liu Heima

text: Shi Tianze, Liu Heima

question: How many soldiers were in each Tumen?

answer: 10,000

answer: 10,000

answer: 10,000

question: How many Khitan Tumens were there?

answer: 3

answer: three

text: three

question: Who did the Han Japanese want to help the Mongols fight?

text: Jin

question: What Khitan leader rejected the Mongols?

text: Xiao Zhala

question: What Han Chinese leader rejected the Mongols?

text: Shi Tianze, Liu Heima

question: How many armies were in each Tumen?

question: How many Khitan Tumens weren't there?


text: A static equilibrium between two forces is the most usual way of measuring forces, using simple devices such as weighing scales and spring balances. For example, an object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the "spring reaction force", which equals the object's weight. Using such tools, some quantitative force laws were discovered: that the force of gravity is proportional to volume for objects of constant density (widely exploited for millennia to define standard weights); Archimedes' principle for buoyancy; Archimedes' analysis of the lever; Boyle's law for gas pressure; and Hooke's law for springs. These were all formulated and experimentally verified before Isaac Newton expounded his Three Laws of Motion.

title: Force

title: Force

text: A

text: static

text: equilibrium

text: between

text: two

text: forces

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: usual

text: way

text: of

text: measuring

text: forces

text: using

text: simple

text: devices

text: such

text: as

text: weighing

text: scales

text: and

text: spring

text: balances

text: For

text: example

text: an

text: object

text: suspended

text: on

text: a

text: vertical

text: spring

text: scale

text: experiences

text: the

text: force

text: of

text: gravity

text: acting

text: on

text: the

text: object

text: balanced

text: by

text: a

text: force

text: applied

text: by

text: the

text: spring

text: reaction

text: force

text: which

text: equals

text: the

text: object

text: 's

text: weight

text: Using

text: such

text: tools

text: some

text: quantitative

text: force

text: laws

text: were

text: discovered

text: that

text: the

text: force

text: of

text: gravity

text: is

text: proportional

text: to

text: volume

text: for

text: objects

text: of

text: constant

text: density

text: widely

text: exploited

text: for

text: millennia

text: to

text: define

text: standard

text: weights

text: Archimedes

text: principle

text: for

text: buoyancy

text: Archimedes

text: analysis

text: of

text: the

text: lever

text: Boyle

text: 's

text: law

text: for

text: gas

text: pressure

text: and

text: Hooke

text: 's

text: law

text: for

text: springs

text: These

text: were

text: all

text: formulated

text: and

text: experimentally

text: verified

text: before

text: Isaac

text: Newton

text: expounded

text: his

text: Three

text: Laws

text: of

text: Motion

question: What can scales and spring balances measure between two forces by using static equilibrium?

answer: forces

text: forces

answer: static equilibrium

text: static equilibrium

answer: forces

text: forces

answer: force of gravity

text: force of gravity

answer: forces

text: forces

question: What force acts on an object suspended on a spring scale in addition to gravity?

answer: spring reaction force

text: spring reaction force

answer: spring reaction force

text: spring reaction force

answer: the force of gravity

text: the force of gravity

answer: spring reaction

text: spring reaction

answer: spring reaction force

text: spring reaction force

question: What equals the spring reaction force on an object suspended on a spring reaction scale?

answer: gravity

text: gravity

answer: object's weight

text: object's weight

answer: spring reaction force

text: spring reaction force

answer: the object's weight

text: the object's weight

answer: the object's weight

text: the object's weight

question: Objects of constant density are proportional to volume by what force to define standard weights?.

answer: gravity

text: gravity

answer: gravity

text: gravity

answer: the force of gravity

text: the force of gravity

answer: force of gravity

text: force of gravity

answer: the force of gravity

text: the force of gravity

question: Who expounded the Three Laws of Motion?

answer: Isaac Newton

text: Isaac Newton

answer: Isaac Newton

text: Isaac Newton

answer: Isaac Newton

text: Isaac Newton

answer: Isaac Newton

text: Isaac Newton

answer: Isaac Newton

text: Isaac Newton

question: A static equilibrium between three sources is a way of doing what?

text: measuring forces

question: Complex devices such as weighing scales are used when measuring what?

text: forces

question: An object suspended on a horizontal spring scale experiences the force of what?

text: gravity

question: All quantitative force laws were discovered using what?

text: tools


text: After World War II, under a Communist regime set up by the conquering Soviets, the "Bricks for Warsaw" campaign was initiated, and large prefabricated housing projects were erected in Warsaw to address the housing shortage, along with other typical buildings of an Eastern Bloc city, such as the Palace of Culture and Science, a gift from the Soviet Union. The city resumed its role as the capital of Poland and the country's centre of political and economic life. Many of the historic streets, buildings, and churches were restored to their original form. In 1980, Warsaw's historic Old Town was inscribed onto UNESCO's World Heritage list.

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: After

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: under

text: a

text: Communist

text: regime

text: set

text: up

text: by

text: the

text: conquering

text: Soviets

text: the

text: Bricks

text: for

text: Warsaw

text: campaign

text: was

text: initiated

text: and

text: large

text: prefabricated

text: housing

text: projects

text: were

text: erected

text: in

text: Warsaw

text: to

text: address

text: the

text: housing

text: shortage

text: along

text: with

text: other

text: typical

text: buildings

text: of

text: an

text: Eastern

text: Bloc

text: city

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Palace

text: of

text: Culture

text: and

text: Science

text: a

text: gift

text: from

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: The

text: city

text: resumed

text: its

text: role

text: as

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Poland

text: and

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: centre

text: of

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: life

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: historic

text: streets

text: buildings

text: and

text: churches

text: were

text: restored

text: to

text: their

text: original

text: form

text: In

text: Warsaw

text: 's

text: historic

text: Old

text: Town

text: was

text: inscribed

text: onto

text: UNESCO

text: 's

text: World

text: Heritage

text: list

question: What campaign did the Communist regime initiate after WWII?

answer: "Bricks for Warsaw"

text: "Bricks for Warsaw"

answer: Bricks for Warsaw

text: Bricks for Warsaw

answer: Bricks for Warsaw

text: Bricks for Warsaw

question: What type of housing was erected in Warsaw as part of the Bricks for Warsaw process?

answer: prefabricated

text: prefabricated

answer: prefabricated

text: prefabricated

answer: prefabricated

text: prefabricated

question: What were the structures built by the Soviets typical of?

answer: an Eastern Bloc city

text: an Eastern Bloc city

answer: an Eastern Bloc city

text: an Eastern Bloc city

question: What building was a gift from the Soviet Union?

answer: Palace of Culture and Science

text: Palace of Culture and Science

answer: Palace of Culture and Science

text: Palace of Culture and Science

answer: Palace of Culture and Science

text: Palace of Culture and Science

question: What list was Warsaw's Old Town inscribed onto in 1980?

answer: UNESCO's World Heritage list

text: UNESCO's World Heritage list

answer: UNESCO's World Heritage

text: UNESCO's World Heritage

answer: UNESCO's World Heritage

text: UNESCO's World Heritage

question: What campaign did the Communist regime initiate after WWI?

text: "Bricks for Warsaw"

question: what type of housing was erected in the Soviet Union as part of the Bricks for Warsaw process?

text: prefabricated

question: What were the structures built by Poland typical of?

text: an Eastern Bloc city

question: What building was a gift from Poland?

text: Palace of Culture and Science

question: What list was the Soviet Union's Old Town inscribed onto in 1980?

text: UNESCO's World Heritage list


text: A rich cultural diversity developed during the Yuan dynasty. The major cultural achievements were the development of drama and the novel and the increased use of the written vernacular. The political unity of China and much of central Asia promoted trade between East and West. The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts produced a fair amount of cultural exchange. The other cultures and peoples in the Mongol World Empire also very much influenced China. It had significantly eased trade and commerce across Asia until its decline; the communications between Yuan dynasty and its ally and subordinate in Persia, the Ilkhanate, encouraged this development. Buddhism had a great influence in the Yuan government, and the Tibetan-rite Tantric Buddhism had significantly influenced China during this period. The Muslims of the Yuan dynasty introduced Middle Eastern cartography, astronomy, medicine, clothing, and diet in East Asia. Eastern crops such as carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar, and cotton were all either introduced or successfully popularized during the Yuan dynasty.

title: Yuan_dynasty

title: Yuan_dynasty

text: A

text: rich

text: cultural

text: diversity

text: developed

text: during

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: The

text: major

text: cultural

text: achievements

text: were

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: drama

text: and

text: the

text: novel

text: and

text: the

text: increased

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: written

text: vernacular

text: The

text: political

text: unity

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: much

text: of

text: central

text: Asia

text: promoted

text: trade

text: between

text: East

text: and

text: West

text: The

text: Mongols

text: extensive

text: West

text: Asian

text: and

text: European

text: contacts

text: produced

text: a

text: fair

text: amount

text: of

text: cultural

text: exchange

text: The

text: other

text: cultures

text: and

text: peoples

text: in

text: the

text: Mongol

text: World

text: Empire

text: also

text: very

text: much

text: influenced

text: China

text: It

text: had

text: significantly

text: eased

text: trade

text: and

text: commerce

text: across

text: Asia

text: until

text: its

text: decline

text: the

text: communications

text: between

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: and

text: its

text: ally

text: and

text: subordinate

text: in

text: Persia

text: the

text: Ilkhanate

text: encouraged

text: this

text: development

text: Buddhism

text: had

text: a

text: great

text: influence

text: in

text: the

text: Yuan

text: government

text: and

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: rite

text: Tantric

text: Buddhism

text: had

text: significantly

text: influenced

text: China

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: The

text: Muslims

text: of

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: introduced

text: Middle

text: Eastern

text: cartography

text: astronomy

text: medicine

text: clothing

text: and

text: diet

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: Eastern

text: crops

text: such

text: as

text: carrots

text: turnips

text: new

text: varieties

text: of

text: lemons

text: eggplants

text: and

text: melons

text: high

text: quality

text: granulated

text: sugar

text: and

text: cotton

text: were

text: all

text: either

text: introduced

text: or

text: successfully

text: popularized

text: during

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

question: What encouraged trade under the Yuan?

answer: The political unity of China and much of central Asia

text: The political unity of China and much of central Asia

answer: political unity of China and much of central Asia

text: political unity of China and much of central Asia

answer: political unity

text: political unity

question: What encouraged cultural exchange under the Yuan?

answer: The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts

text: The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts

answer: The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts

text: The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts

question: What was the Yuan's Persian ally?

answer: the Ilkhanate

text: the Ilkhanate

answer: Ilkhanate

text: Ilkhanate

question: What crops were introduced or popularized in the Yuan?

answer: carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar, and cotton

text: carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar, and cotton

answer: carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar, and cotton

text: carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar, and cotton

answer: carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar, and cotton

text: carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar, and cotton

question: What discouraged trade under the Yuan?

question: What discouraged cultural exchange under the Yuan?

question: What was the Yuan's Persian enemy?

text: Ilkhanate


text: While many homes in the neighborhood date back to the 1930s or before, the neighborhood is also home to several public housing developments built between the 1960s and 1990s by the Fresno Housing Authority. The US Department of Housing and Urban Development has also built small subdivisions of single-family homes in the area for purchase by low-income working families. There have been numerous attempts to revitalize the neighborhood, including the construction of a modern shopping center on the corner of Fresno and B streets, an aborted attempt to build luxury homes and a golf course on the western edge of the neighborhood, and some new section 8 apartments have been built along Church Ave west of Elm St. Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms both have large processing facilities in the neighborhood, and the stench from these (and other small industrial facilities) has long plagued area residents. The Fresno Chandler Executive Airport is also on the West Side. Due to its position on the edge of the city and years of neglect by developers, is not a true "inner-city" neighborhood, and there are many vacant lots, strawberry fields and vineyards throughout the neighborhood. The neighborhood has very little retail activity, aside from the area near Fresno Street and State Route 99 Freeway (Kearney Palm Shopping Center, built in the late 1990s) and small corner markets scattered throughout.

title: Fresno,_California

title: Fresno,_California

text: While

text: many

text: homes

text: in

text: the

text: neighborhood

text: date

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: or

text: before

text: the

text: neighborhood

text: is

text: also

text: home

text: to

text: several

text: public

text: housing

text: developments

text: built

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: Fresno

text: Housing

text: Authority

text: The

text: US

text: Department

text: of

text: Housing

text: and

text: Urban

text: Development

text: has

text: also

text: built

text: small

text: subdivisions

text: of

text: single

text: family

text: homes

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: for

text: purchase

text: by

text: low

text: income

text: working

text: families

text: There

text: have

text: been

text: numerous

text: attempts

text: to

text: revitalize

text: the

text: neighborhood

text: including

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: a

text: modern

text: shopping

text: center

text: on

text: the

text: corner

text: of

text: Fresno

text: and

text: B

text: streets

text: an

text: aborted

text: attempt

text: to

text: build

text: luxury

text: homes

text: and

text: a

text: golf

text: course

text: on

text: the

text: western

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: neighborhood

text: and

text: some

text: new

text: section

text: apartments

text: have

text: been

text: built

text: along

text: Church

text: Ave

text: west

text: of

text: Elm

text: St.

text: Cargill

text: Meat

text: Solutions

text: and

text: Foster

text: Farms

text: both

text: have

text: large

text: processing

text: facilities

text: in

text: the

text: neighborhood

text: and

text: the

text: stench

text: from

text: these

text: and

text: other

text: small

text: industrial

text: facilities

text: has

text: long

text: plagued

text: area

text: residents

text: The

text: Fresno

text: Chandler

text: Executive

text: Airport

text: is

text: also

text: on

text: the

text: West

text: Side

text: Due

text: to

text: its

text: position

text: on

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: years

text: of

text: neglect

text: by

text: developers

text: is

text: not

text: a

text: true

text: inner

text: city

text: neighborhood

text: and

text: there

text: are

text: many

text: vacant

text: lots

text: strawberry

text: fields

text: and

text: vineyards

text: throughout

text: the

text: neighborhood

text: The

text: neighborhood

text: has

text: very

text: little

text: retail

text: activity

text: aside

text: from

text: the

text: area

text: near

text: Fresno

text: Street

text: and

text: State

text: Route

text: Freeway

text: Kearney

text: Palm

text: Shopping

text: Center

text: built

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: small

text: corner

text: markets

text: scattered

text: throughout

question: When were the public housing developments built in the neighborhood?

answer: between the 1960s and 1990s

text: between the 1960s and 1990s

answer: between the 1960s and 1990s

text: between the 1960s and 1990s

answer: between the 1960s and 1990s

text: between the 1960s and 1990s

question: On which corner is the shopping center located?

answer: Fresno and B streets

text: Fresno and B streets

answer: Fresno and B streets

text: Fresno and B streets

answer: Fresno and B streets

text: Fresno and B streets

question: What are the two processing facilities in the neighborhood?

answer: Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms

text: Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms

answer: Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms

text: Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms

answer: Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms

text: Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms

question: Where is the airport located?

answer: the West Side

text: the West Side

answer: West Side

text: West Side

answer: on the West Side

text: on the West Side

question: How much retail activity does the neighborhood have?

answer: very little

text: very little

answer: very little

text: very little

answer: very little

text: very little

question: What organization built homes in the neighborhood in the 1930s?

text: Fresno Housing Authority

question: Luxury homes were built on what corner?

text: Fresno and B streets

question: On what street was the golf course built?

text: Church Ave

question: What problem from the Fresno Chandler Airport has plagued residents?

text: the stench

question: When was State Route 99 Freeway built?

text: late 1990s


text: Killer T cells are a sub-group of T cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses (and other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional. As with B cells, each type of T cell recognizes a different antigen. Killer T cells are activated when their T cell receptor (TCR) binds to this specific antigen in a complex with the MHC Class I receptor of another cell. Recognition of this MHC:antigen complex is aided by a co-receptor on the T cell, called CD8. The T cell then travels throughout the body in search of cells where the MHC I receptors bear this antigen. When an activated T cell contacts such cells, it releases cytotoxins, such as perforin, which form pores in the target cell's plasma membrane, allowing ions, water and toxins to enter. The entry of another toxin called granulysin (a protease) induces the target cell to undergo apoptosis. T cell killing of host cells is particularly important in preventing the replication of viruses. T cell activation is tightly controlled and generally requires a very strong MHC/antigen activation signal, or additional activation signals provided by "helper" T cells (see below).

title: Immune_system

title: Immune_system

text: Killer

text: T

text: cells

text: are

text: a

text: sub

text: group

text: of

text: T

text: cells

text: that

text: kill

text: cells

text: that

text: are

text: infected

text: with

text: viruses

text: and

text: other

text: pathogens

text: or

text: are

text: otherwise

text: damaged

text: or

text: dysfunctional

text: As

text: with

text: B

text: cells

text: each

text: type

text: of

text: T

text: cell

text: recognizes

text: a

text: different

text: antigen

text: Killer

text: T

text: cells

text: are

text: activated

text: when

text: their

text: T

text: cell

text: receptor

text: TCR

text: binds

text: to

text: this

text: specific

text: antigen

text: in

text: a

text: complex

text: with

text: the

text: MHC

text: Class

text: I

text: receptor

text: of

text: another

text: cell

text: Recognition

text: of

text: this

text: MHC

text: antigen

text: complex

text: is

text: aided

text: by

text: a

text: co

text: receptor

text: on

text: the

text: T

text: cell

text: called

text: The

text: T

text: cell

text: then

text: travels

text: throughout

text: the

text: body

text: in

text: search

text: of

text: cells

text: where

text: the

text: MHC

text: I

text: receptors

text: bear

text: this

text: antigen

text: When

text: an

text: activated

text: T

text: cell

text: contacts

text: such

text: cells

text: it

text: releases

text: cytotoxins

text: such

text: as

text: perforin

text: which

text: form

text: pores

text: in

text: the

text: target

text: cell

text: 's

text: plasma

text: membrane

text: allowing

text: ions

text: water

text: and

text: toxins

text: to

text: enter

text: The

text: entry

text: of

text: another

text: toxin

text: called

text: granulysin

text: a

text: protease

text: induces

text: the

text: target

text: cell

text: to

text: undergo

text: apoptosis

text: T

text: cell

text: killing

text: of

text: host

text: cells

text: is

text: particularly

text: important

text: in

text: preventing

text: the

text: replication

text: of

text: viruses

text: T

text: cell

text: activation

text: is

text: tightly

text: controlled

text: and

text: generally

text: requires

text: a

text: very

text: strong

text: MHC

text: antigen

text: activation

text: signal

text: or

text: additional

text: activation

text: signals

text: provided

text: by

text: helper

text: T

text: cells

text: see

text: below

question: What kind of T cells kill cells that are infected with pathogens?

answer: Killer T cells

text: Killer T cells

answer: Killer T

text: Killer T

answer: Killer T cells

text: Killer T cells

question: What is the receptor that killer T cells use to bind to specific antigens that are complexed with the MHC Class 1 receptor of another cell?

answer: T cell receptor (TCR)

text: T cell receptor (TCR)

answer: T cell receptor

text: T cell receptor

answer: T cell receptor (TCR)

text: T cell receptor (TCR)

question: What co-receptor on the T cell helps in recognizing the MHC-antigen complex?

answer: CD8

answer: CD8

answer: CD8

question: When an activated killer T cell finds cells where the MHC 1 receptor has specific antigens, it releases cytotoxins such as what?

answer: perforin

text: perforin

answer: perforin

text: perforin

answer: perforin

text: perforin

question: What toxin induces apoptosis in the target cell?

answer: granulysin

text: granulysin

answer: granulysin

text: granulysin

answer: granulysin (a protease)

text: granulysin (a protease)

question: What cells help breed cells that are infected with viruses?

text: Killer T cells

question: What do Killer B cells kill?

text: cells that are infected with viruses

question: When are Killer T cells deactivated?

question: What co-receptor makes recognition more difficult?

question: What allows ions, water and toxins to exit the target cell's membrane?

text: pores


text: The Cestida ("belt animals") are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge, and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge, which stream back across most of the wing-like body surface. Cestids can swim by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows. There are two known species, with worldwide distribution in warm, and warm-temperate waters: Cestum veneris ("Venus' girdle") is among the largest ctenophores – up to 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) long, and can undulate slowly or quite rapidly. Velamen parallelum, which is typically less than 20 centimeters (0.66 ft) long, can move much faster in what has been described as a "darting motion".

title: Ctenophora

title: Ctenophora

text: The

text: Cestida

text: belt

text: animals

text: are

text: ribbon

text: shaped

text: planktonic

text: animals

text: with

text: the

text: mouth

text: and

text: aboral

text: organ

text: aligned

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: opposite

text: edges

text: of

text: the

text: ribbon

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: pair

text: of

text: comb

text: rows

text: along

text: each

text: aboral

text: edge

text: and

text: tentilla

text: emerging

text: from

text: a

text: groove

text: all

text: along

text: the

text: oral

text: edge

text: which

text: stream

text: back

text: across

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: wing

text: like

text: body

text: surface

text: Cestids

text: can

text: swim

text: by

text: undulating

text: their

text: bodies

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: by

text: the

text: beating

text: of

text: their

text: comb

text: rows

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: known

text: species

text: with

text: worldwide

text: distribution

text: in

text: warm

text: and

text: warm

text: temperate

text: waters

text: Cestum

text: veneris

text: Venus

text: girdle

text: is

text: among

text: the

text: largest

text: ctenophores

text: up

text: to

text: meters

text: ft

text: long

text: and

text: can

text: undulate

text: slowly

text: or

text: quite

text: rapidly

text: Velamen

text: parallelum

text: which

text: is

text: typically

text: less

text: than

text: centimeters

text: ft

text: long

text: can

text: move

text: much

text: faster

text: in

text: what

text: has

text: been

text: described

text: as

text: a

text: darting

text: motion

question: Which species are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals?

answer: The Cestida

text: The Cestida

answer: Cestida

text: Cestida

answer: Cestida

text: Cestida

question: What are cestida called?

answer: belt animals

text: belt animals

answer: belt animals

text: belt animals

answer: "belt animals"

text: "belt animals"

question: How do cestids swim?

answer: by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows.

text: by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows.

answer: undulating their bodies

text: undulating their bodies

answer: by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows

text: by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows

question: What is the largest ctenophore?

answer: Cestum veneris

text: Cestum veneris

answer: Cestum veneris

text: Cestum veneris

answer: up to 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) long

text: up to 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) long

question: Which species moves by a darting motion?

answer: Velamen parallelum

text: Velamen parallelum

answer: Velamen parallelum

text: Velamen parallelum

answer: Velamen parallelum

text: Velamen parallelum

question: How long is the Aboral?

text: up to 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) long

question: How does the Aboral move?

text: undulate slowly or quite rapidly

question: What is another name for the Aboral?

text: ("belt animals")

question: What shape does the Aboral usually have?

text: ribbon-shaped

question: Where is the mouth located on an Aboral?


text: In the China of the Yuan, or Mongol era, various important developments in the arts occurred or continued in their development, including the areas of painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater, with many great artists and writers being famous today. Due to the coming together of painting, poetry, and calligraphy at this time many of the artists practicing these different pursuits were the same individuals, though perhaps more famed for one area of their achievements than others. Often in terms of the further development of landscape painting as well as the classical joining together of the arts of painting, poetry, and calligraphy, the Song dynasty and the Yuan dynasty are linked together. In the area of Chinese painting during the Yuan dynasty there were many famous painters. In the area of calligraphy many of the great calligraphers were from the Yuan dynasty era. In Yuan poetry, the main development was the qu, which was used among other poetic forms by most of the famous Yuan poets. Many of the poets were also involved in the major developments in the theater during this time, and the other way around, with people important in the theater becoming famous through the development of the sanqu type of qu. One of the key factors in the mix of the zaju variety show was the incorporation of poetry both classical and of the newer qu form. One of the important cultural developments during the Yuan era was the consolidation of poetry, painting, and calligraphy into a unified piece of the type that tends to come to mind when people think of classical Chinese art. Another important aspect of Yuan times is the increasing incorporation of the then current, vernacular Chinese into both the qu form of poetry and the zaju variety show. Another important consideration regarding Yuan dynasty arts and culture is that so much of it has survived in China, relatively to works from the Tang dynasty and Song dynasty, which have often been better preserved in places such as the Shōsōin, in Japan.

title: Yuan_dynasty

title: Yuan_dynasty

text: In

text: the

text: China

text: of

text: the

text: Yuan

text: or

text: Mongol

text: era

text: various

text: important

text: developments

text: in

text: the

text: arts

text: occurred

text: or

text: continued

text: in

text: their

text: development

text: including

text: the

text: areas

text: of

text: painting

text: mathematics

text: calligraphy

text: poetry

text: and

text: theater

text: with

text: many

text: great

text: artists

text: and

text: writers

text: being

text: famous

text: today

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: coming

text: together

text: of

text: painting

text: poetry

text: and

text: calligraphy

text: at

text: this

text: time

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: artists

text: practicing

text: these

text: different

text: pursuits

text: were

text: the

text: same

text: individuals

text: though

text: perhaps

text: more

text: famed

text: for

text: one

text: area

text: of

text: their

text: achievements

text: than

text: others

text: Often

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: further

text: development

text: of

text: landscape

text: painting

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: classical

text: joining

text: together

text: of

text: the

text: arts

text: of

text: painting

text: poetry

text: and

text: calligraphy

text: the

text: Song

text: dynasty

text: and

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: are

text: linked

text: together

text: In

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: Chinese

text: painting

text: during

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: there

text: were

text: many

text: famous

text: painters

text: In

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: calligraphy

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: calligraphers

text: were

text: from

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: era

text: In

text: Yuan

text: poetry

text: the

text: main

text: development

text: was

text: the

text: qu

text: which

text: was

text: used

text: among

text: other

text: poetic

text: forms

text: by

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: famous

text: Yuan

text: poets

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: poets

text: were

text: also

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: major

text: developments

text: in

text: the

text: theater

text: during

text: this

text: time

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: way

text: around

text: with

text: people

text: important

text: in

text: the

text: theater

text: becoming

text: famous

text: through

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: sanqu

text: type

text: of

text: qu

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: key

text: factors

text: in

text: the

text: mix

text: of

text: the

text: zaju

text: variety

text: show

text: was

text: the

text: incorporation

text: of

text: poetry

text: both

text: classical

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: newer

text: qu

text: form

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: important

text: cultural

text: developments

text: during

text: the

text: Yuan

text: era

text: was

text: the

text: consolidation

text: of

text: poetry

text: painting

text: and

text: calligraphy

text: into

text: a

text: unified

text: piece

text: of

text: the

text: type

text: that

text: tends

text: to

text: come

text: to

text: mind

text: when

text: people

text: think

text: of

text: classical

text: Chinese

text: art

text: Another

text: important

text: aspect

text: of

text: Yuan

text: times

text: is

text: the

text: increasing

text: incorporation

text: of

text: the

text: then

text: current

text: vernacular

text: Chinese

text: into

text: both

text: the

text: qu

text: form

text: of

text: poetry

text: and

text: the

text: zaju

text: variety

text: show

text: Another

text: important

text: consideration

text: regarding

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: arts

text: and

text: culture

text: is

text: that

text: so

text: much

text: of

text: it

text: has

text: survived

text: in

text: China

text: relatively

text: to

text: works

text: from

text: the

text: Tang

text: dynasty

text: and

text: Song

text: dynasty

text: which

text: have

text: often

text: been

text: better

text: preserved

text: in

text: places

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Shōsōin

text: in

text: Japan

question: What type of arts flourished in the Yuan?

answer: painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater

text: painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater

answer: painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater

text: painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater

answer: painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater

text: painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater

question: Which arts were often practiced together by the same artists?

answer: painting, poetry, and calligraphy

text: painting, poetry, and calligraphy

answer: painting, poetry, and calligraphy

text: painting, poetry, and calligraphy

answer: painting, poetry, and calligraphy

text: painting, poetry, and calligraphy

question: What dynasty shared artistic inspiration with the Yuan?

answer: Song

text: Song

answer: Song

text: Song

answer: the Song dynasty

text: the Song dynasty

question: What form of poetry was developed in the Yuan?

answer: the qu

text: the qu

answer: the qu

text: the qu

answer: qu

text: qu

question: What was a popular type of variety show during the Yuan?

answer: zaju

text: zaju

answer: zaju

text: zaju

answer: zaju

text: zaju

question: What type of languages flourished in the Yuan?

question: Which sciences were often practiced together by the same artists?

text: calligraphy, poetry, and theater

question: What dynasty didn't share artistic inspiration with the Yuan?

text: Song dynasty

question: What form of songwriting was developed in the Yuan?

text: qu


text: In the first half of the 17th century, a plague claimed some 1.7 million victims in Italy, or about 14% of the population. In 1656, the plague killed about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants. More than 1.25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century Spain. The plague of 1649 probably reduced the population of Seville by half. In 1709–13, a plague epidemic that followed the Great Northern War (1700–21, Sweden v. Russia and allies) killed about 100,000 in Sweden, and 300,000 in Prussia. The plague killed two-thirds of the inhabitants of Helsinki, and claimed a third of Stockholm's population. Europe's last major epidemic occurred in 1720 in Marseille.

title: Black_Death

title: Black_Death

text: In

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: a

text: plague

text: claimed

text: some

text: million

text: victims

text: in

text: Italy

text: or

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: In

text: the

text: plague

text: killed

text: about

text: half

text: of

text: Naples

text: inhabitants

text: More

text: than

text: million

text: deaths

text: resulted

text: from

text: the

text: extreme

text: incidence

text: of

text: plague

text: in

text: century

text: Spain

text: The

text: plague

text: of

text: probably

text: reduced

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: Seville

text: by

text: half

text: In

text: a

text: plague

text: epidemic

text: that

text: followed

text: the

text: Great

text: Northern

text: War

text: Sweden

text: v.

text: Russia

text: and

text: allies

text: killed

text: about

text: in

text: Sweden

text: and

text: in

text: Prussia

text: The

text: plague

text: killed

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: the

text: inhabitants

text: of

text: Helsinki

text: and

text: claimed

text: a

text: third

text: of

text: Stockholm

text: 's

text: population

text: Europe

text: 's

text: last

text: major

text: epidemic

text: occurred

text: in

text: in

text: Marseille

question: How many were killed by plague in Italy in the 17th century?

answer: some 1.7 million victims

text: some 1.7 million victims

answer: 1.7 million

text: 1.7 million

answer: 1.7 million

text: 1.7 million

question: How many were killed by plague in Naples in 1656?

answer: about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants

text: about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants

answer: half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants

text: half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants

answer: half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants

text: half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants

question: How many residents of Seville died of plague in 1649?

answer: reduced the population of Seville by half

text: reduced the population of Seville by half

answer: half

text: half

answer: half

text: half

question: Who fought in the great Northern war?

answer: Sweden v. Russia and allies

text: Sweden v. Russia and allies

answer: Sweden v. Russia and allies

text: Sweden v. Russia and allies

answer: Sweden v. Russia and allies

text: Sweden v. Russia and allies

question: When was Europe's last major epidemic?

answer: 1720 in Marseille.

text: 1720 in Marseille.

answer: 1720

answer: 1720

question: In what country is Seville located?

text: Sweden

question: What was one of the allies of Russia in the Great Northern War?

text: Prussia

question: What percentage of the population of Spain died of the plague in the 17th century?

question: What was the population of Stockholm?

text: 300,000 inhabitants

question: In what country is Marseille?

text: Russia


text: Imperialism has played an important role in the histories of Japan, Korea, the Assyrian Empire, the Chinese Empire, the Roman Empire, Greece, the Byzantine Empire, the Persian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, Ancient Egypt, the British Empire, India, and many other empires. Imperialism was a basic component to the conquests of Genghis Khan during the Mongol Empire, and of other war-lords. Historically recognized Muslim empires number in the dozens. Sub-Saharan Africa has also featured dozens of empires that predate the European colonial era, for example the Ethiopian Empire, Oyo Empire, Asante Union, Luba Empire, Lunda Empire, and Mutapa Empire. The Americas during the pre-Columbian era also had large empires such as the Aztec Empire and the Incan Empire.

title: Imperialism

title: Imperialism

text: Imperialism

text: has

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: histories

text: of

text: Japan

text: Korea

text: the

text: Assyrian

text: Empire

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Empire

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Greece

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: the

text: Persian

text: Empire

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: Ancient

text: Egypt

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: India

text: and

text: many

text: other

text: empires

text: Imperialism

text: was

text: a

text: basic

text: component

text: to

text: the

text: conquests

text: of

text: Genghis

text: Khan

text: during

text: the

text: Mongol

text: Empire

text: and

text: of

text: other

text: war

text: lords

text: Historically

text: recognized

text: Muslim

text: empires

text: number

text: in

text: the

text: dozens

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: has

text: also

text: featured

text: dozens

text: of

text: empires

text: that

text: predate

text: the

text: European

text: colonial

text: era

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: Ethiopian

text: Empire

text: Oyo

text: Empire

text: Asante

text: Union

text: Luba

text: Empire

text: Lunda

text: Empire

text: and

text: Mutapa

text: Empire

text: The

text: Americas

text: during

text: the

text: pre

text: Columbian

text: era

text: also

text: had

text: large

text: empires

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Aztec

text: Empire

text: and

text: the

text: Incan

text: Empire

question: Who used imperialism during their rule of the Mongol Empire?

answer: Genghis Khan

text: Genghis Khan

answer: Genghis Khan

text: Genghis Khan

answer: Genghis Khan

text: Genghis Khan

answer: Genghis Khan

text: Genghis Khan

answer: Genghis Khan

text: Genghis Khan

question: During which era did the Aztec and Incan empires thrive?

answer: the pre-Columbian era

text: the pre-Columbian era

answer: pre-Columbian

text: pre-Columbian

answer: pre-Columbian era

text: pre-Columbian era

answer: pre-Columbian

text: pre-Columbian

answer: pre-Columbian

text: pre-Columbian

question: The Asante and Lunda Empires were in which region?

answer: Sub-Saharan Africa

text: Sub-Saharan Africa

answer: Sub-Saharan Africa

text: Sub-Saharan Africa

answer: Sub-Saharan Africa

text: Sub-Saharan Africa

answer: Sub-Saharan Africa

text: Sub-Saharan Africa

question: How many Muslim empires have used imperialism?

answer: dozens

text: dozens

answer: dozens

text: dozens

answer: dozens

text: dozens

answer: dozens

text: dozens

answer: dozens

text: dozens

question: Which is older the British Empire or the Ethiopian Empire?

answer: Ethiopian Empire

text: Ethiopian Empire

answer: the Ethiopian Empire

text: the Ethiopian Empire

answer: Ethiopian

text: Ethiopian

answer: Ethiopian

text: Ethiopian

question: Who didn't use imperialism during their rule of the Mongol Empire?

text: Genghis Khan

question: During which era did the Aztec and Incan empires not thrive?

text: pre-Columbian

question: The Asante and Lunda Empires were not in which region?

text: Sub-Saharan Africa

question: How many non-Muslim empires have used imperialism?

text: dozens

question: Which is younger the French Empire or the Ethiopian Empire?

text: Ethiopian Empire


text:
In the triplet form, O
2 molecules are paramagnetic. That is, they impart magnetic character to oxygen when it is in the presence of a magnetic field, because of the spin magnetic moments of the unpaired electrons in the molecule, and the negative exchange energy between neighboring O
2 molecules. Liquid oxygen is attracted to a magnet to a sufficient extent that, in laboratory demonstrations, a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet.[c]

title: Oxygen

title: Oxygen

text: In

text: the

text: triplet

text: form

text: O

text: molecules

text: are

text: paramagnetic

text: That

text: is

text: they

text: impart

text: magnetic

text: character

text: to

text: oxygen

text: when

text: it

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: a

text: magnetic

text: field

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: spin

text: magnetic

text: moments

text: of

text: the

text: unpaired

text: electrons

text: in

text: the

text: molecule

text: and

text: the

text: negative

text: exchange

text: energy

text: between

text: neighboring

text: O

text: molecules

text: Liquid

text: oxygen

text: is

text: attracted

text: to

text: a

text: magnet

text: to

text: a

text: sufficient

text: extent

text: that

text: in

text: laboratory

text: demonstrations

text: a

text: bridge

text: of

text: liquid

text: oxygen

text: may

text: be

text: supported

text: against

text: its

text: own

text: weight

text: between

text: the

text: poles

text: of

text: a

text: powerful

text: magnet.[c

question: What magnetic character do triplet O2 have?

answer: paramagnetic

text: paramagnetic

answer: paramagnetic

text: paramagnetic

answer: paramagnetic

text: paramagnetic

answer: paramagnetic

text: paramagnetic

answer: paramagnetic

text: paramagnetic

question: In experiments, a bridge of what element can be built between poles of a magnet?

answer: Liquid oxygen

text: Liquid oxygen

answer: liquid oxygen

text: liquid oxygen

answer: liquid oxygen

text: liquid oxygen

answer: oxygen

text: oxygen

answer: liquid oxygen

text: liquid oxygen

question: The spin of what can produce a magnetic effect to oxygen molecules?

answer: unpaired electrons

text: unpaired electrons

answer: unpaired electrons

text: unpaired electrons

answer: unpaired electrons

text: unpaired electrons

answer: unpaired electrons in the molecule

text: unpaired electrons in the molecule

answer: unpaired electrons

text: unpaired electrons

question: What kind of field is necessary to produce a magnet effect in oxygen molecules?

answer: magnetic field

text: magnetic field

answer: magnetic

text: magnetic

answer: magnetic

text: magnetic

answer: magnetic field

text: magnetic field

answer: magnetic

text: magnetic

question: What device is used to test the magnetic attractions involved in liquid oxygen?

answer: powerful magnet

text: powerful magnet

answer: a powerful magnet

text: a powerful magnet

answer: a powerful magnet

text: a powerful magnet

answer: a powerful magnet

text: a powerful magnet

answer: magnet

text: magnet

question: What are O molecules in triplet form?

text: paramagnetic

question: Why are O molecules paramagnetic?

question: What is attracted to the poles of a powerful magnet?

text: Liquid oxygen


text: Baran developed the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching during his research at the RAND Corporation for the US Air Force into survivable communications networks, first presented to the Air Force in the summer of 1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420 in 1964. Report P-2626 described a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network. The work focuses on three key ideas: use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets, and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching.

title: Packet_switching

title: Packet_switching

text: Baran

text: developed

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: distributed

text: adaptive

text: message

text: block

text: switching

text: during

text: his

text: research

text: at

text: the

text: RAND

text: Corporation

text: for

text: the

text: US

text: Air

text: Force

text: into

text: survivable

text: communications

text: networks

text: first

text: presented

text: to

text: the

text: Air

text: Force

text: in

text: the

text: summer

text: of

text: as

text: briefing

text: later

text: published

text: as

text: RAND

text: report

text: in

text: and

text: finally

text: in

text: report

text: RM

text: in

text: Report

text: described

text: a

text: general

text: architecture

text: for

text: a

text: large

text: scale

text: distributed

text: survivable

text: communications

text: network

text: The

text: work

text: focuses

text: on

text: three

text: key

text: ideas

text: use

text: of

text: a

text: decentralized

text: network

text: with

text: multiple

text: paths

text: between

text: any

text: two

text: points

text: dividing

text: user

text: messages

text: into

text: message

text: blocks

text: later

text: called

text: packets

text: and

text: delivery

text: of

text: these

text: messages

text: by

text: store

text: and

text: forward

text: switching

question: What did Baran develop during research at RAND

answer: the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching

text: the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching

answer: the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching

text: the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching

answer: concept of distributed adaptive message block switching

text: concept of distributed adaptive message block switching

question: What was developed for the Air Force

answer: survivable communications networks

text: survivable communications networks

answer: the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching

text: the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching

answer: survivable communications networks

text: survivable communications networks

question: What 3 things does the Air Force work key on

answer: use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks

text: use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks

answer: ideas

text: ideas

question: How are Air force messages delivered

answer: delivery of these messages by store and forward switching

text: delivery of these messages by store and forward switching

answer: decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points

text: decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points

answer: store and forward switching

text: store and forward switching

question: What concept was developed by Baran while researching at RAND

answer: distributed adaptive message block switching

text: distributed adaptive message block switching

answer: distributed adaptive message block switching

text: distributed adaptive message block switching

answer: distributed adaptive message block switching

text: distributed adaptive message block switching

question: What was report P-2626

answer: a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network

text: a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network

answer: a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network

text: a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network

answer: briefing B-265

text: briefing B-265

question: What  things did the network concentrate on

answer: use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets

text: use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets

answer: large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network

text: large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network

answer: multiple paths between any two points

text: multiple paths between any two points

question: What delivery message was used

answer: by store and forward switching

text: by store and forward switching

answer: packets

text: packets

answer: store and forward switching

text: store and forward switching

question: What was developed in the summer of 1961?

question: What ideas did the report in 1964 state?

text: survivable communications network

question: How many focuses where there in report P-2626?

text: three key ideas

question: Who owned RAND Company?

text: the US Air Force

question: How was forward switching achieved?

text: packets

question: Who presented briefing B-265 to the US Air Force?

text: Baran

question: What did RM 3420 report?

question: What was the US Air Force interested in?

text: survivable communications network

question: How were messages delivered before implementation?

text: use of a decentralized network

question: What was the Air Force not interested in for their message system?

text: multiple paths between any two points

question: Did Baran develop this "only" for use by the Air Force?

question: Did the RAND corporation retain any of the research?

question: If this was developed for the Air Force, then does the Air Force still technically own the Intellectual Property?

question: Assuming the Air Force paid for the development of the concept, then would the Air Force be entitled to a royalty fee for every packet sent?

question: Was the RAND corporation prohibited from disclosing the research to anyone else except for the Air Force?

question: What was developed for the RAND Corporation?

text: survivable communications networks

question: How does the corporation deliver these messages?

question: What was Report R-2626?

question: What concept did Baran research for the US Air Force?

question: How did RAND use this network?


text: One of the more notable applications of printing technology was the chao, the paper money of the Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees. The Yuan government used woodblocks to print paper money, but switched to bronze plates in 1275. The Mongols experimented with establishing the Chinese-style paper monetary system in Mongol-controlled territories outside of China. The Yuan minister Bolad was sent to Iran, where he explained Yuan paper money to the Il-khanate court of Gaykhatu. The Il-khanate government issued paper money in 1294, but public distrust of the exotic new currency doomed the experiment.

title: Yuan_dynasty

title: Yuan_dynasty

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: more

text: notable

text: applications

text: of

text: printing

text: technology

text: was

text: the

text: chao

text: the

text: paper

text: money

text: of

text: the

text: Yuan

text: Chao

text: were

text: made

text: from

text: the

text: bark

text: of

text: mulberry

text: trees

text: The

text: Yuan

text: government

text: used

text: woodblocks

text: to

text: print

text: paper

text: money

text: but

text: switched

text: to

text: bronze

text: plates

text: in

text: The

text: Mongols

text: experimented

text: with

text: establishing

text: the

text: Chinese

text: style

text: paper

text: monetary

text: system

text: in

text: Mongol

text: controlled

text: territories

text: outside

text: of

text: China

text: The

text: Yuan

text: minister

text: Bolad

text: was

text: sent

text: to

text: Iran

text: where

text: he

text: explained

text: Yuan

text: paper

text: money

text: to

text: the

text: Il

text: khanate

text: court

text: of

text: Gaykhatu

text: The

text: Il

text: khanate

text: government

text: issued

text: paper

text: money

text: in

text: but

text: public

text: distrust

text: of

text: the

text: exotic

text: new

text: currency

text: doomed

text: the

text: experiment

question: What was the Yuan's paper money called?

answer: chao

text: chao

answer: chao

text: chao

answer: the chao

text: the chao

question: What were chao made out of?

answer: bark of mulberry trees

text: bark of mulberry trees

answer: bark of mulberry trees

text: bark of mulberry trees

answer: bark of mulberry trees

text: bark of mulberry trees

question: When did the Yuan begin using bronze printing plates for its money?

answer: 1275

answer: 1275

answer: 1275

question: What had the Yuan used to print its money before bronze plates?

answer: woodblocks

text: woodblocks

answer: woodblocks

text: woodblocks

answer: woodblocks

text: woodblocks

question: When did the Il-khanate experiment with paper money?

answer: 1294

answer: 1294

answer: 1294

question: What was the Yuan's plastic money called?

text: Chao

question: What were show made out of?

text: mulberry trees

question: When did the Yuan begin using gold printing plates for its money?

question: What had the Yuan used to print its money before plastic plates?

text: woodblocks

question: When did the Il-khanate stop experimenting with paper money?