text: A controversial aspect of imperialism is the defense and justification of empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds. J. A. Hobson identifies this justification on general grounds as: "It is desirable that the earth should be peopled, governed, and developed, as far as possible, by the races which can do this work best, i.e. by the races of highest 'social efficiency'". Many others argued that imperialism is justified for several different reasons. Friedrich Ratzel believed that in order for a state to survive, imperialism was needed. Halford Mackinder felt that Great Britain needed to be one of the greatest imperialists and therefore justified imperialism. The purportedly scientific nature of "Social Darwinism" and a theory of races formed a supposedly rational justification for imperialism. The rhetoric of colonizers being racially superior appears to have achieved its purpose, for example throughout Latin America "whiteness" is still prized today and various forms of blanqueamiento (whitening) are common.

title: Imperialism

title: Imperialism

text: A

text: controversial

text: aspect

text: of

text: imperialism

text: is

text: the

text: defense

text: and

text: justification

text: of

text: empire

text: building

text: based

text: on

text: seemingly

text: rational

text: grounds

text: J.

text: A.

text: Hobson

text: identifies

text: this

text: justification

text: on

text: general

text: grounds

text: as

text: It

text: is

text: desirable

text: that

text: the

text: earth

text: should

text: be

text: peopled

text: governed

text: and

text: developed

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: possible

text: by

text: the

text: races

text: which

text: can

text: do

text: this

text: work

text: best

text: i.e.

text: by

text: the

text: races

text: of

text: highest

text: social

text: efficiency

text: Many

text: others

text: argued

text: that

text: imperialism

text: is

text: justified

text: for

text: several

text: different

text: reasons

text: Friedrich

text: Ratzel

text: believed

text: that

text: in

text: order

text: for

text: a

text: state

text: to

text: survive

text: imperialism

text: was

text: needed

text: Halford

text: Mackinder

text: felt

text: that

text: Great

text: Britain

text: needed

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: greatest

text: imperialists

text: and

text: therefore

text: justified

text: imperialism

text: The

text: purportedly

text: scientific

text: nature

text: of

text: Social

text: Darwinism

text: and

text: a

text: theory

text: of

text: races

text: formed

text: a

text: supposedly

text: rational

text: justification

text: for

text: imperialism

text: The

text: rhetoric

text: of

text: colonizers

text: being

text: racially

text: superior

text: appears

text: to

text: have

text: achieved

text: its

text: purpose

text: for

text: example

text: throughout

text: Latin

text: America

text: whiteness

text: is

text: still

text: prized

text: today

text: and

text: various

text: forms

text: of

text: blanqueamiento

text: whitening

text: are

text: common

question: what is the most controversial aspect of imperialism?

answer: empire-building

text: empire-building

answer: defense and justification of empire-building

text: defense and justification of empire-building

answer: is the defense and justification of empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds

text: is the defense and justification of empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds

answer: defense and justification of empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds

text: defense and justification of empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds

answer: defense and justification of empire-building

text: defense and justification of empire-building

question: J. A. Hobson wanted which races to develop the world?

answer: highest 'social efficiency'

text: highest 'social efficiency'

answer: highest 'social efficiency'

text: highest 'social efficiency'

answer: the races of highest 'social efficiency'"

text: the races of highest 'social efficiency'"

answer: of highest 'social efficiency

text: of highest 'social efficiency

answer: races of highest 'social efficiency'"

text: races of highest 'social efficiency'"

question: Friedrich Ratzel thought what was needed for a state to survive?

answer: imperialism

text: imperialism

answer: imperialism

text: imperialism

answer: imperialism

text: imperialism

answer: imperialism

text: imperialism

answer: imperialism

text: imperialism

question: Which theory justifies imperialism in part?

answer: theory of races

text: theory of races

answer: Social Darwinism

text: Social Darwinism

answer: Social Darwinism

text: Social Darwinism

answer: Social Darwinism

text: Social Darwinism

question: In Latin America what is the most revered skin color?

answer: whiteness

text: whiteness

answer: whiteness

text: whiteness

answer: whiteness

text: whiteness

answer: whiteness

text: whiteness

answer: whiteness

text: whiteness

question: what is the least controversial aspect of imperialism?

text: empire-building

question: J. A. Hobson didn't want which races to develop the world?

text: highest 'social efficiency'"

question: Friedrich Ratzel thought what was not needed for a state to survive?

text: imperialism

question: Which theory does not justify imperialism in part?

text: theory of races

question: In America what is the most revered skin color?

text: whiteness


text: Since all modern ctenophores except the beroids have cydippid-like larvae, it has widely been assumed that their last common ancestor also resembled cydippids, having an egg-shaped body and a pair of retractable tentacles. Richard Harbison's purely morphological analysis in 1985 concluded that the cydippids are not monophyletic, in other words do not contain all and only the descendants of a single common ancestor that was itself a cydippid. Instead he found that various cydippid families were more similar to members of other ctenophore orders than to other cydippids. He also suggested that the last common ancestor of modern ctenophores was either cydippid-like or beroid-like. A molecular phylogeny analysis in 2001, using 26 species, including 4 recently discovered ones, confirmed that the cydippids are not monophyletic and concluded that the last common ancestor of modern ctenophores was cydippid-like. It also found that the genetic differences between these species were very small – so small that the relationships between the Lobata, Cestida and Thalassocalycida remained uncertain. This suggests that the last common ancestor of modern ctenophores was relatively recent, and perhaps was lucky enough to survive the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 65.5 million years ago while other lineages perished. When the analysis was broadened to include representatives of other phyla, it concluded that cnidarians are probably more closely related to bilaterians than either group is to ctenophores but that this diagnosis is uncertain.

title: Ctenophora

title: Ctenophora

text: Since

text: all

text: modern

text: ctenophores

text: except

text: the

text: beroids

text: have

text: cydippid

text: like

text: larvae

text: it

text: has

text: widely

text: been

text: assumed

text: that

text: their

text: last

text: common

text: ancestor

text: also

text: resembled

text: cydippids

text: having

text: an

text: egg

text: shaped

text: body

text: and

text: a

text: pair

text: of

text: retractable

text: tentacles

text: Richard

text: Harbison

text: 's

text: purely

text: morphological

text: analysis

text: in

text: concluded

text: that

text: the

text: cydippids

text: are

text: not

text: monophyletic

text: in

text: other

text: words

text: do

text: not

text: contain

text: all

text: and

text: only

text: the

text: descendants

text: of

text: a

text: single

text: common

text: ancestor

text: that

text: was

text: itself

text: a

text: cydippid

text: Instead

text: he

text: found

text: that

text: various

text: cydippid

text: families

text: were

text: more

text: similar

text: to

text: members

text: of

text: other

text: ctenophore

text: orders

text: than

text: to

text: other

text: cydippids

text: He

text: also

text: suggested

text: that

text: the

text: last

text: common

text: ancestor

text: of

text: modern

text: ctenophores

text: was

text: either

text: cydippid

text: like

text: or

text: beroid

text: like

text: A

text: molecular

text: phylogeny

text: analysis

text: in

text: using

text: species

text: including

text: recently

text: discovered

text: ones

text: confirmed

text: that

text: the

text: cydippids

text: are

text: not

text: monophyletic

text: and

text: concluded

text: that

text: the

text: last

text: common

text: ancestor

text: of

text: modern

text: ctenophores

text: was

text: cydippid

text: like

text: It

text: also

text: found

text: that

text: the

text: genetic

text: differences

text: between

text: these

text: species

text: were

text: very

text: small

text: so

text: small

text: that

text: the

text: relationships

text: between

text: the

text: Lobata

text: Cestida

text: and

text: Thalassocalycida

text: remained

text: uncertain

text: This

text: suggests

text: that

text: the

text: last

text: common

text: ancestor

text: of

text: modern

text: ctenophores

text: was

text: relatively

text: recent

text: and

text: perhaps

text: was

text: lucky

text: enough

text: to

text: survive

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: Paleogene

text: extinction

text: event

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: while

text: other

text: lineages

text: perished

text: When

text: the

text: analysis

text: was

text: broadened

text: to

text: include

text: representatives

text: of

text: other

text: phyla

text: it

text: concluded

text: that

text: cnidarians

text: are

text: probably

text: more

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: bilaterians

text: than

text: either

text: group

text: is

text: to

text: ctenophores

text: but

text: that

text: this

text: diagnosis

text: is

text: uncertain

question: Which genus of ctenophores does not have cydipped-like larvae?

answer: beroids

text: beroids

answer: beroids

text: beroids

answer: beroids

text: beroids

question: A molecular phylogeny analysis confirmed that cydippid are not what?

answer: monophyletic

text: monophyletic

answer: monophyletic

text: monophyletic

answer: monophyletic

text: monophyletic

question: When was the Cretaceous-Paleogen extinction occur?

answer: 65.5 million years ago

text: 65.5 million years ago

answer: 65.5 million years ago

text: 65.5 million years ago

answer: 65.5 million years ago

text: 65.5 million years ago

question: Who did a morphologically analysis in 1985 that concluded cydippids are not monophyletic?

answer: Richard Harbison

text: Richard Harbison

answer: Richard Harbison

text: Richard Harbison

answer: Richard Harbison

text: Richard Harbison

question: What was concluded by Richard Harbison in 2001 about beroids?

text: are not monophyletic

question: What are beroids more similar to than other bilaterians?

text: members of other ctenophore orders

question: In what time period did the Lobata, Cestida and Thalassocalycida become extinct?

text: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

question: What kind of analysis did Harbison conclude in 2001 about the Lobata?

text: purely morphological

question: How many species of Cestida were found in 1985?


text: Often rules apply to all goods neutrally, but may have a greater practical effect on imports than domestic products. For such "indirect" discriminatory (or "indistinctly applicable") measures the Court of Justice has developed more justifications: either those in article 36, or additional "mandatory" or "overriding" requirements such as consumer protection, improving labour standards, protecting the environment, press diversity, fairness in commerce, and more: the categories are not closed. In the most famous case Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopol für Branntwein, the Court of Justice found that a German law requiring all spirits and liqueurs (not just imported ones) to have a minimum alcohol content of 25 per cent was contrary to TFEU article 34, because it had a greater negative effect on imports. German liqueurs were over 25 per cent alcohol, but Cassis de Dijon, which Rewe-Zentrale AG wished to import from France, only had 15 to 20 per cent alcohol. The Court of Justice rejected the German government's arguments that the measure proportionately protected public health under TFEU article 36, because stronger beverages were available and adequate labelling would be enough for consumers to understand what they bought. This rule primarily applies to requirements about a product's content or packaging. In Walter Rau Lebensmittelwerke v De Smedt PVBA the Court of Justice found that a Belgian law requiring all margarine to be in cube shaped packages infringed article 34, and was not justified by the pursuit of consumer protection. The argument that Belgians would believe it was butter if it was not cube shaped was disproportionate: it would "considerably exceed the requirements of the object in view" and labelling would protect consumers "just as effectively". In a 2003 case, Commission v Italy Italian law required that cocoa products that included other vegetable fats could not be labelled as "chocolate". It had to be "chocolate substitute". All Italian chocolate was made from cocoa butter alone, but British, Danish and Irish manufacturers used other vegetable fats. They claimed the law infringed article 34. The Court of Justice held that a low content of vegetable fat did not justify a "chocolate substitute" label. This was derogatory in the consumers' eyes. A ‘neutral and objective statement’ was enough to protect consumers. If member states place considerable obstacles on the use of a product, this can also infringe article 34. So, in a 2009 case, Commission v Italy, the Court of Justice held that an Italian law prohibiting motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers infringed article 34. Again, the law applied neutrally to everyone, but disproportionately affected importers, because Italian companies did not make trailers. This was not a product requirement, but the Court reasoned that the prohibition would deter people from buying it: it would have "a considerable influence on the behaviour of consumers" that "affects the access of that product to the market". It would require justification under article 36, or as a mandatory requirement.

title: European_Union_law

title: European_Union_law

text: Often

text: rules

text: apply

text: to

text: all

text: goods

text: neutrally

text: but

text: may

text: have

text: a

text: greater

text: practical

text: effect

text: on

text: imports

text: than

text: domestic

text: products

text: For

text: such

text: indirect

text: discriminatory

text: or

text: indistinctly

text: applicable

text: measures

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: has

text: developed

text: more

text: justifications

text: either

text: those

text: in

text: article

text: or

text: additional

text: mandatory

text: or

text: overriding

text: requirements

text: such

text: as

text: consumer

text: protection

text: improving

text: labour

text: standards

text: protecting

text: the

text: environment

text: press

text: diversity

text: fairness

text: in

text: commerce

text: and

text: more

text: the

text: categories

text: are

text: not

text: closed

text: In

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: case

text: Rewe

text: Zentral

text: AG

text: v

text: Bundesmonopol

text: für

text: Branntwein

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: found

text: that

text: a

text: German

text: law

text: requiring

text: all

text: spirits

text: and

text: liqueurs

text: not

text: just

text: imported

text: ones

text: to

text: have

text: a

text: minimum

text: alcohol

text: content

text: of

text: per

text: cent

text: was

text: contrary

text: to

text: TFEU

text: article

text: because

text: it

text: had

text: a

text: greater

text: negative

text: effect

text: on

text: imports

text: German

text: liqueurs

text: were

text: over

text: per

text: cent

text: alcohol

text: but

text: Cassis

text: de

text: Dijon

text: which

text: Rewe

text: Zentrale

text: AG

text: wished

text: to

text: import

text: from

text: France

text: only

text: had

text: to

text: per

text: cent

text: alcohol

text: The

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: rejected

text: the

text: German

text: government

text: 's

text: arguments

text: that

text: the

text: measure

text: proportionately

text: protected

text: public

text: health

text: under

text: TFEU

text: article

text: because

text: stronger

text: beverages

text: were

text: available

text: and

text: adequate

text: labelling

text: would

text: be

text: enough

text: for

text: consumers

text: to

text: understand

text: what

text: they

text: bought

text: This

text: rule

text: primarily

text: applies

text: to

text: requirements

text: about

text: a

text: product

text: 's

text: content

text: or

text: packaging

text: In

text: Walter

text: Rau

text: Lebensmittelwerke

text: v

text: De

text: Smedt

text: PVBA

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: found

text: that

text: a

text: Belgian

text: law

text: requiring

text: all

text: margarine

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: cube

text: shaped

text: packages

text: infringed

text: article

text: and

text: was

text: not

text: justified

text: by

text: the

text: pursuit

text: of

text: consumer

text: protection

text: The

text: argument

text: that

text: Belgians

text: would

text: believe

text: it

text: was

text: butter

text: if

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: cube

text: shaped

text: was

text: disproportionate

text: it

text: would

text: considerably

text: exceed

text: the

text: requirements

text: of

text: the

text: object

text: in

text: view

text: and

text: labelling

text: would

text: protect

text: consumers

text: just

text: as

text: effectively

text: In

text: a

text: case

text: Commission

text: v

text: Italy

text: Italian

text: law

text: required

text: that

text: cocoa

text: products

text: that

text: included

text: other

text: vegetable

text: fats

text: could

text: not

text: be

text: labelled

text: as

text: chocolate

text: It

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: chocolate

text: substitute

text: All

text: Italian

text: chocolate

text: was

text: made

text: from

text: cocoa

text: butter

text: alone

text: but

text: British

text: Danish

text: and

text: Irish

text: manufacturers

text: used

text: other

text: vegetable

text: fats

text: They

text: claimed

text: the

text: law

text: infringed

text: article

text: The

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: held

text: that

text: a

text: low

text: content

text: of

text: vegetable

text: fat

text: did

text: not

text: justify

text: a

text: chocolate

text: substitute

text: label

text: This

text: was

text: derogatory

text: in

text: the

text: consumers

text: eyes

text: A

text: neutral

text: and

text: objective

text: statement’

text: was

text: enough

text: to

text: protect

text: consumers

text: If

text: member

text: states

text: place

text: considerable

text: obstacles

text: on

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: a

text: product

text: this

text: can

text: also

text: infringe

text: article

text: So

text: in

text: a

text: case

text: Commission

text: v

text: Italy

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: held

text: that

text: an

text: Italian

text: law

text: prohibiting

text: motorcycles

text: or

text: mopeds

text: pulling

text: trailers

text: infringed

text: article

text: Again

text: the

text: law

text: applied

text: neutrally

text: to

text: everyone

text: but

text: disproportionately

text: affected

text: importers

text: because

text: Italian

text: companies

text: did

text: not

text: make

text: trailers

text: This

text: was

text: not

text: a

text: product

text: requirement

text: but

text: the

text: Court

text: reasoned

text: that

text: the

text: prohibition

text: would

text: deter

text: people

text: from

text: buying

text: it

text: it

text: would

text: have

text: a

text: considerable

text: influence

text: on

text: the

text: behaviour

text: of

text: consumers

text: that

text: affects

text: the

text: access

text: of

text: that

text: product

text: to

text: the

text: market

text: It

text: would

text: require

text: justification

text: under

text: article

text: or

text: as

text: a

text: mandatory

text: requirement

question: What is the minimum percent of alcohol content a German law requires all spirits and liqueurs to have?

answer: 25

answer: 25 per cent

text: 25 per cent

answer: 25 per cent

text: 25 per cent

question: Which country did Rewe-Zentrale AG wish to import from?

answer: France

text: France

answer: France

text: France

answer: France

text: France

question: Which year was the case Commission v Italy that dealt with cocoa products?

answer: 2003

answer: 2003

answer: 2003

question: All Italian chocolate is made from what alone?

answer: cocoa butter

text: cocoa butter

answer: cocoa butter

text: cocoa butter

answer: cocoa butter

text: cocoa butter

question: In the 2009 Commission v Italy, case, the Court of Justice held that an Italian low prohibiting what infringed article 34?

answer: motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers

text: motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers

answer: motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers

text: motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers

answer: motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers

text: motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers

question: What was maximum percent of alcohol content a German law requires all spirits and liqueurs to have?

text: 25 per cent

question: Which country dod Rewe-Zentrale AG not wish to import from?

text: France

question: Who accepted the German government's arguments that the measure proportional protected public health?

text: The Court of Justice

question: What did the Court of Justice justify about a low content of vegetable fat?


text: More than 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) of Victorian farmland are sown for grain, mostly in the state's west. More than 50% of this area is sown for wheat, 33% for barley and 7% for oats. A further 6,000 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi) is sown for hay. In 2003–04, Victorian farmers produced more than 3 million tonnes of wheat and 2 million tonnes of barley. Victorian farms produce nearly 90% of Australian pears and third of apples. It is also a leader in stone fruit production. The main vegetable crops include asparagus, broccoli, carrots, potatoes and tomatoes. Last year, 121,200 tonnes of pears and 270,000 tonnes of tomatoes were produced.

title: Victoria_(Australia)

title: Victoria_(Australia

text: More

text: than

text: square

text: kilometres

text: sq

text: mi

text: of

text: Victorian

text: farmland

text: are

text: sown

text: for

text: grain

text: mostly

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: west

text: More

text: than

text: of

text: this

text: area

text: is

text: sown

text: for

text: wheat

text: for

text: barley

text: and

text: for

text: oats

text: A

text: further

text: square

text: kilometres

text: sq

text: mi

text: is

text: sown

text: for

text: hay

text: In

text: Victorian

text: farmers

text: produced

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: tonnes

text: of

text: wheat

text: and

text: million

text: tonnes

text: of

text: barley

text: Victorian

text: farms

text: produce

text: nearly

text: of

text: Australian

text: pears

text: and

text: third

text: of

text: apples

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: a

text: leader

text: in

text: stone

text: fruit

text: production

text: The

text: main

text: vegetable

text: crops

text: include

text: asparagus

text: broccoli

text: carrots

text: potatoes

text: and

text: tomatoes

text: Last

text: year

text: tonnes

text: of

text: pears

text: and

text: tonnes

text: of

text: tomatoes

text: were

text: produced

question: How much Victorian farmland is farmed in grains?

answer: 26,000 square kilometres

text: 26,000 square kilometres

answer: 26,000 square kilometres

text: 26,000 square kilometres

answer: 26,000 square kilometres

text: 26,000 square kilometres

question: What percentage of farmland grows wheat?

answer: 50%

answer: 50%

answer: 50%

question: How much of Victoria's farmland grows hay?

answer: 6,000 square kilometres

text: 6,000 square kilometres

answer: 6,000 square kilometres

text: 6,000 square kilometres

answer: 6,000 square kilometres

text: 6,000 square kilometres

question: How much does Victoria produce in Australian pears?

answer: 90%

answer: 90%

answer: 90%

question: How many tonnes of tomatoes does Victoria produce?

answer: 270,000

answer: 270,000

answer: 121,200

question: How much Victorian farmland is farmed in rye grass?

text: 26,000 square kilometres

question: What percentage of farmland grows beans?

question: How much of Victoria's farmland is sold domestically?

text: 6,000 square kilometres

question: How much of Victoria produced Australian peaches?

question: How many tonnes of potatoes does Victoria produce?


text: During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Japan absorbed Taiwan. As a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia. Korea was annexed in 1910. During World War I, Japan took German-leased territories in China’s Shandong Province, as well as the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. In 1918, Japan occupied parts of far eastern Russia and parts of eastern Siberia as a participant in the Siberian Intervention. In 1931 Japan conquered Manchuria from China. During the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Japan's military invaded central China and by the end of the Pacific War, Japan had conquered much of the Far East, including Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia, part of New Guinea and some islands of the Pacific Ocean. Japan also invaded Thailand, pressuring the country into a Thai/Japanese alliance. Its colonial ambitions were ended by the victory of the United States in the Second World War and the following treaties which remanded those territories to American administration or their original owners.

title: Imperialism

title: Imperialism

text: During

text: the

text: First

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: in

text: Japan

text: absorbed

text: Taiwan

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: Russo

text: Japanese

text: War

text: in

text: Japan

text: took

text: part

text: of

text: Sakhalin

text: Island

text: from

text: Russia

text: Korea

text: was

text: annexed

text: in

text: During

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: Japan

text: took

text: German

text: leased

text: territories

text: in

text: China

text: ’s

text: Shandong

text: Province

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Mariana

text: Caroline

text: and

text: Marshall

text: Islands

text: In

text: Japan

text: occupied

text: parts

text: of

text: far

text: eastern

text: Russia

text: and

text: parts

text: of

text: eastern

text: Siberia

text: as

text: a

text: participant

text: in

text: the

text: Siberian

text: Intervention

text: In

text: Japan

text: conquered

text: Manchuria

text: from

text: China

text: During

text: the

text: Second

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: in

text: Japan

text: 's

text: military

text: invaded

text: central

text: China

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: War

text: Japan

text: had

text: conquered

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: Far

text: East

text: including

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: Vietnam

text: Cambodia

text: Myanmar

text: the

text: Philippines

text: Indonesia

text: part

text: of

text: New

text: Guinea

text: and

text: some

text: islands

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: Japan

text: also

text: invaded

text: Thailand

text: pressuring

text: the

text: country

text: into

text: a

text: Thai

text: Japanese

text: alliance

text: Its

text: colonial

text: ambitions

text: were

text: ended

text: by

text: the

text: victory

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: and

text: the

text: following

text: treaties

text: which

text: remanded

text: those

text: territories

text: to

text: American

text: administration

text: or

text: their

text: original

text: owners

question: When was the first Sino-Japanese War?

answer: 1894

answer: 1894

answer: 1894

answer: 1894

answer: 1894

question: What happened as a result of the Russo-Japanese War?

answer: Japan took part of Sakhalin Island

text: Japan took part of Sakhalin Island

answer: Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia

text: Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia

answer: Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia

text: Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia

answer: Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia

text: Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia

answer: Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia

text: Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia

question: Which area of China did Japan conquer in 1931?

answer: Manchuria

text: Manchuria

answer: Manchuria

text: Manchuria

answer: Manchuria

text: Manchuria

answer: Manchuria

text: Manchuria

answer: Manchuria

text: Manchuria

question: Which country did Japan force into an alliance?

answer: Thailand

text: Thailand

answer: Thailand

text: Thailand

answer: Thailand

text: Thailand

answer: Thailand

text: Thailand

answer: Thailand

text: Thailand

question: When was the last Sino-Japanese War?

question: What didn't happen as a result of the Russo-Japanese War?

text: Japan took part of Sakhalin Island

question: Which area of China did Japan conquer in 1935?

text: Manchuria

question: Which country did Japan not force into an alliance?

text: Thailand


text: One key figure in the plans for what would come to be known as American Empire, was a geographer named Isiah Bowman. Bowman was the director of the American Geographical Society in 1914. Three years later in 1917, he was appointed to then President Woodrow Wilson's inquiry in 1917. The inquiry was the idea of President Wilson and the American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference. The point of this inquiry was to build a premise that would allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world' which was to be characterized by geographical order. As a result of his role in the inquiry, Isiah Bowman would come to be known as Wilson's geographer.

title: Imperialism

title: Imperialism

text: One

text: key

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: plans

text: for

text: what

text: would

text: come

text: to

text: be

text: known

text: as

text: American

text: Empire

text: was

text: a

text: geographer

text: named

text: Isiah

text: Bowman

text: Bowman

text: was

text: the

text: director

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Geographical

text: Society

text: in

text: Three

text: years

text: later

text: in

text: he

text: was

text: appointed

text: to

text: then

text: President

text: Woodrow

text: Wilson

text: 's

text: inquiry

text: in

text: The

text: inquiry

text: was

text: the

text: idea

text: of

text: President

text: Wilson

text: and

text: the

text: American

text: delegation

text: from

text: the

text: Paris

text: Peace

text: Conference

text: The

text: point

text: of

text: this

text: inquiry

text: was

text: to

text: build

text: a

text: premise

text: that

text: would

text: allow

text: for

text: U.S

text: authorship

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: world

text: which

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: characterized

text: by

text: geographical

text: order

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: his

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: inquiry

text: Isiah

text: Bowman

text: would

text: come

text: to

text: be

text: known

text: as

text: Wilson

text: 's

text: geographer

question: Who was the director of the American Geographical Society in 1914?

answer: Isiah Bowman

text: Isiah Bowman

answer: Isiah Bowman

text: Isiah Bowman

answer: Isiah Bowman

text: Isiah Bowman

answer: Isiah Bowman

text: Isiah Bowman

answer: Isiah Bowman

text: Isiah Bowman

question: When was Isiah Bowman appointed to President Wilson's Inquiry?

answer: 1917

answer: 1917

answer: 1917

answer: 1917

answer: 1917

question: Who besides Woodrow Wilson himself had the idea for the inquiry?

answer: American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference

text: American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference

answer: American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference

text: American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference

answer: the American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference

text: the American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference

answer: American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference

text: American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference

answer: American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference

text: American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference

question: What was the premise of Woodrow Wilson's inquiry?

answer: U.S authorship of a 'new world'

text: U.S authorship of a 'new world'

answer: allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world' which was to be characterized by geographical order

text: allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world' which was to be characterized by geographical order

answer: allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world' which was to be characterized by geographical order

text: allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world' which was to be characterized by geographical order

answer: allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world'

text: allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world'

answer: U.S authorship of a 'new world'

text: U.S authorship of a 'new world'

question: What was Isiah Bowman nick name, as known by the public.

answer: Wilson's geographer

text: Wilson's geographer

answer: Wilson's geographer

text: Wilson's geographer

answer: Wilson's geographer

text: Wilson's geographer

answer: Wilson's geographer

text: Wilson's geographer

answer: Wilson's geographer.

text: Wilson's geographer.

question: Who was the director of the American Geographical Society in 1917?

text: Isiah Bowman

question: When was Isiah Bowman not appointed to President Wilson's Inquiry?

question: Who besides Woodrow Wilson himself did not have the idea for the inquiry?


text: The principle of faunal succession is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks. As organisms exist at the same time period throughout the world, their presence or (sometimes) absence may be used to provide a relative age of the formations in which they are found. Based on principles laid out by William Smith almost a hundred years before the publication of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, the principles of succession were developed independently of evolutionary thought. The principle becomes quite complex, however, given the uncertainties of fossilization, the localization of fossil types due to lateral changes in habitat (facies change in sedimentary strata), and that not all fossils may be found globally at the same time.

title: Geology

title: Geology

text: The

text: principle

text: of

text: faunal

text: succession

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: appearance

text: of

text: fossils

text: in

text: sedimentary

text: rocks

text: As

text: organisms

text: exist

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: period

text: throughout

text: the

text: world

text: their

text: presence

text: or

text: sometimes

text: absence

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: provide

text: a

text: relative

text: age

text: of

text: the

text: formations

text: in

text: which

text: they

text: are

text: found

text: Based

text: on

text: principles

text: laid

text: out

text: by

text: William

text: Smith

text: almost

text: a

text: hundred

text: years

text: before

text: the

text: publication

text: of

text: Charles

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: theory

text: of

text: evolution

text: the

text: principles

text: of

text: succession

text: were

text: developed

text: independently

text: of

text: evolutionary

text: thought

text: The

text: principle

text: becomes

text: quite

text: complex

text: however

text: given

text: the

text: uncertainties

text: of

text: fossilization

text: the

text: localization

text: of

text: fossil

text: types

text: due

text: to

text: lateral

text: changes

text: in

text: habitat

text: facies

text: change

text: in

text: sedimentary

text: strata

text: and

text: that

text: not

text: all

text: fossils

text: may

text: be

text: found

text: globally

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

question: Which principle is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks?

answer: The principle of faunal succession

text: The principle of faunal succession

answer: principle of faunal succession

text: principle of faunal succession

answer: The principle of faunal succession

text: The principle of faunal succession

answer: faunal succession

text: faunal succession

question: Whose principles were the principle of faunal succession built upon?

answer: William Smith

text: William Smith

answer: William Smith

text: William Smith

answer: William Smith

text: William Smith

answer: William Smith

text: William Smith

question: The fact that not all fossils may be found globally at the same time causes the principle to become what?

answer: complex

text: complex

answer: complex

text: complex

answer: complex

text: complex

answer: quite complex

text: quite complex

question: The presence or absence of what can be used to determine the relative age of the formations in which they are found?

answer: organisms

text: organisms

answer: organisms

text: organisms

answer: organisms

text: organisms

answer: organisms

text: organisms

question: The principle of faunal succession was developed 100 years before whose theory of evolution?

answer: Charles Darwin

text: Charles Darwin

answer: Charles Darwin

text: Charles Darwin

answer: Charles Darwin

text: Charles Darwin

answer: Charles Darwin

text: Charles Darwin

question: Where can sedimentary rock not be found at the same time?

text: globally

question: What is the theory of evolution based on?

question: What can changes in habitat be used to provide about formations?

question: How much time after Charles Darwin, did William Smith develop the principles of succession?

text: almost a hundred years

question: What is one uncertainty about the theory of evolution that makes it complex?

text: fossilization

question: When was Charles Darwin's theory of evolution published?

text: a hundred years before

question: Who wrote the principles of faunal succession?

text: William Smith

question: Why is the theory of evolution so complex?

text: the uncertainties of fossilization

question: Why is it easy to use an organism's absence to show the age of a formation?

question: The principles of succession are dependent on what thought?

text: evolutionary


text: Virgin Media (re-branded in 2007 from NTL:Telewest) started to offer a high-definition television (HDTV) capable set top box, although from 30 November 2006 until 30 July 2009 it only carried one linear HD channel, BBC HD, after the conclusion of the ITV HD trial. Virgin Media has claimed that other HD channels were "locked up" or otherwise withheld from their platform, although Virgin Media did in fact have an option to carry Channel 4 HD in the future. Nonetheless, the linear channels were not offered, Virgin Media instead concentrating on its Video On Demand service to carry a modest selection of HD content. Virgin Media has nevertheless made a number of statements over the years, suggesting that more linear HD channels are on the way.

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom)

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom

text: Virgin

text: Media

text: re

text: branded

text: in

text: from

text: NTL

text: Telewest

text: started

text: to

text: offer

text: a

text: high

text: definition

text: television

text: HDTV

text: capable

text: set

text: top

text: box

text: although

text: from

text: November

text: until

text: July

text: it

text: only

text: carried

text: one

text: linear

text: HD

text: channel

text: BBC

text: HD

text: after

text: the

text: conclusion

text: of

text: the

text: ITV

text: HD

text: trial

text: Virgin

text: Media

text: has

text: claimed

text: that

text: other

text: HD

text: channels

text: were

text: locked

text: up

text: or

text: otherwise

text: withheld

text: from

text: their

text: platform

text: although

text: Virgin

text: Media

text: did

text: in

text: fact

text: have

text: an

text: option

text: to

text: carry

text: Channel

text: HD

text: in

text: the

text: future

text: Nonetheless

text: the

text: linear

text: channels

text: were

text: not

text: offered

text: Virgin

text: Media

text: instead

text: concentrating

text: on

text: its

text: Video

text: On

text: Demand

text: service

text: to

text: carry

text: a

text: modest

text: selection

text: of

text: HD

text: content

text: Virgin

text: Media

text: has

text: nevertheless

text: made

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: statements

text: over

text: the

text: years

text: suggesting

text: that

text: more

text: linear

text: HD

text: channels

text: are

text: on

text: the

text: way

question: When was virgin media rebranded from NTL Telewest?

answer: 2007

answer: 2007

answer: 2007

question: what was NTL Telewest re-branded to in 2007?

answer: Virgin Media

text: Virgin Media

answer: Virgin Media

text: Virgin Media

answer: Virgin Media

text: Virgin Media

question: What did Virgin Media concentrate on instead of offering linear channels?

answer: Video On Demand

text: Video On Demand

answer: Video On Demand service

text: Video On Demand service

answer: (HDTV)

text: (HDTV)

question: What was the one linear HD channel Virgin Media carried from November 2006 to July 2009?

answer: BBC HD

text: BBC HD

answer: BBC HD

text: BBC HD

answer: BBC HD

text: BBC HD

question: what was the name of the other HD channel Virgin media could carry in the future?

answer: Channel 4 HD

text: Channel 4 HD

answer: Channel 4 HD

text: Channel 4 HD

answer: Channel 4 HD

text: Channel 4 HD

question: When was NTL Telewest rebranded from Virgin Media?

question: What did Virgin Media ignore while offering linear channels?

text: Video On Demand

question: What was the one linear SD channel Virgin Media carried from November 2006 to July 2009?

text: BBC

question: What channel never had an HD version?

text: Channel 4


text: As in the House of Commons, a number of qualifications apply to being an MSP. Such qualifications were introduced under the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 and the British Nationality Act 1981. Specifically, members must be over the age of 18 and must be a citizen of the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, one of the countries in the Commonwealth of Nations, a citizen of a British overseas territory, or a European Union citizen resident in the UK. Members of the police and the armed forces are disqualified from sitting in the Scottish Parliament as elected MSPs, and similarly, civil servants and members of foreign legislatures are disqualified. An individual may not sit in the Scottish Parliament if he or she is judged to be insane under the terms of the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003.

title: Scottish_Parliament

title: Scottish_Parliament

text: As

text: in

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: qualifications

text: apply

text: to

text: being

text: an

text: MSP

text: Such

text: qualifications

text: were

text: introduced

text: under

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: Disqualification

text: Act

text: and

text: the

text: British

text: Nationality

text: Act

text: Specifically

text: members

text: must

text: be

text: over

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: and

text: must

text: be

text: a

text: citizen

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: countries

text: in

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Nations

text: a

text: citizen

text: of

text: a

text: British

text: overseas

text: territory

text: or

text: a

text: European

text: Union

text: citizen

text: resident

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: Members

text: of

text: the

text: police

text: and

text: the

text: armed

text: forces

text: are

text: disqualified

text: from

text: sitting

text: in

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: as

text: elected

text: MSPs

text: and

text: similarly

text: civil

text: servants

text: and

text: members

text: of

text: foreign

text: legislatures

text: are

text: disqualified

text: An

text: individual

text: may

text: not

text: sit

text: in

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: if

text: he

text: or

text: she

text: is

text: judged

text: to

text: be

text: insane

text: under

text: the

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: Mental

text: Health

text: Care

text: and

text: Treatment

text: Scotland

text: Act

question: What does being an MSP share with the House of Commons?

answer: a number of qualifications

text: a number of qualifications

answer: a number of qualifications

text: a number of qualifications

answer: qualifications

text: qualifications

question: When was the British Nationality Act passed?

answer: 1981

answer: 1981

answer: 1981

question: How old most a person be to apply to be an MSP?

answer: over the age of 18

text: over the age of 18

answer: over the age of 18

text: over the age of 18

answer: 18

question: Members of which organizations are disqualified from sitting in the SP as elected MSPs?

answer: police and the armed forces

text: police and the armed forces

answer: police and the armed forces

text: police and the armed forces

answer: the police and the armed forces

text: the police and the armed forces

question: What act sets the term for judging the boundaries of sanity to which individuals wishing to sit on the SP must adhere?

answer: Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003

text: Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003

answer: Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003

text: Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003

answer: Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003

text: Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003

question: What job requires no qualifications?

text: MSP

question: The House of Lords introduced qualifications for which position?

text: MSP

question: Which job requires that member be under 18?

text: MSP

question: Which job does not require that the member be a citizen of the UK?

text: MSP


text: Leukocytes (white blood cells) act like independent, single-celled organisms and are the second arm of the innate immune system. The innate leukocytes include the phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells), mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and natural killer cells. These cells identify and eliminate pathogens, either by attacking larger pathogens through contact or by engulfing and then killing microorganisms. Innate cells are also important mediators in the activation of the adaptive immune system.

title: Immune_system

title: Immune_system

text: Leukocytes

text: white

text: blood

text: cells

text: act

text: like

text: independent

text: single

text: celled

text: organisms

text: and

text: are

text: the

text: second

text: arm

text: of

text: the

text: innate

text: immune

text: system

text: The

text: innate

text: leukocytes

text: include

text: the

text: phagocytes

text: macrophages

text: neutrophils

text: and

text: dendritic

text: cells

text: mast

text: cells

text: eosinophils

text: basophils

text: and

text: natural

text: killer

text: cells

text: These

text: cells

text: identify

text: and

text: eliminate

text: pathogens

text: either

text: by

text: attacking

text: larger

text: pathogens

text: through

text: contact

text: or

text: by

text: engulfing

text: and

text: then

text: killing

text: microorganisms

text: Innate

text: cells

text: are

text: also

text: important

text: mediators

text: in

text: the

text: activation

text: of

text: the

text: adaptive

text: immune

text: system

question: What are white blood cells known as?

answer: Leukocytes

text: Leukocytes

answer: Leukocytes

text: Leukocytes

answer: Leukocytes

text: Leukocytes

question: What cells are the second arm of the innate immune system?

answer: Leukocytes (white blood cells)

text: Leukocytes (white blood cells)

answer: white blood cells

text: white blood cells

answer: white blood cells

text: white blood cells

question: Innate cells can act as mediators in the activation of what branch of the immune system?

answer: adaptive immune system

text: adaptive immune system

answer: adaptive

text: adaptive

answer: adaptive immune system.

text: adaptive immune system.

question: What are three kinds of phagocytes?

answer: macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells

text: macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells

answer: macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells

text: macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells

answer: macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells

text: macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells

question: What cells can't act independently?

text: Leukocytes

question: What are leukocytes the first arm of?

text: innate immune system

question: What kind of cell is not an innate leukocyte?

text: mast cells

question: What cells attack smaller pathogens through contact?

text: innate leukocytes

question: What are the least important mediators in the activation of the adaptive immune system?

text: Innate cells


text: The smaller the economic inequality, the more waste and pollution is created, resulting in many cases, in more environmental degradation. This can be explained by the fact that as the poor people in the society become more wealthy, it increases their yearly carbon emissions. This relation is expressed by the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC).[not in citation given] It should be noted here however that in certain cases, with great economic inequality, there is nonetheless not more waste and pollution created as the waste/pollution is cleaned up better afterwards (water treatment, filtering, ...).... Also note that the whole of the increase in environmental degradation is the result of the increase of emissions per person being multiplied by a multiplier. If there were fewer people however, this multiplier would be lower, and thus the amount of environmental degradation would be lower as well. As such, the current high level of population has a large impact on this as well. If (as WWF argued), population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level (1/3 of current levels, so about 2 billion people), human inequality can be addressed/corrected, while still not resulting in an increase of environmental damage.

title: Economic_inequality

title: Economic_inequality

text: The

text: smaller

text: the

text: economic

text: inequality

text: the

text: more

text: waste

text: and

text: pollution

text: is

text: created

text: resulting

text: in

text: many

text: cases

text: in

text: more

text: environmental

text: degradation

text: This

text: can

text: be

text: explained

text: by

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: as

text: the

text: poor

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: society

text: become

text: more

text: wealthy

text: it

text: increases

text: their

text: yearly

text: carbon

text: emissions

text: This

text: relation

text: is

text: expressed

text: by

text: the

text: Environmental

text: Kuznets

text: Curve

text: EKC).[not

text: in

text: citation

text: given

text: It

text: should

text: be

text: noted

text: here

text: however

text: that

text: in

text: certain

text: cases

text: with

text: great

text: economic

text: inequality

text: there

text: is

text: nonetheless

text: not

text: more

text: waste

text: and

text: pollution

text: created

text: as

text: the

text: waste

text: pollution

text: is

text: cleaned

text: up

text: better

text: afterwards

text: water

text: treatment

text: filtering

text: Also

text: note

text: that

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: the

text: increase

text: in

text: environmental

text: degradation

text: is

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: increase

text: of

text: emissions

text: per

text: person

text: being

text: multiplied

text: by

text: a

text: multiplier

text: If

text: there

text: were

text: fewer

text: people

text: however

text: this

text: multiplier

text: would

text: be

text: lower

text: and

text: thus

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: environmental

text: degradation

text: would

text: be

text: lower

text: as

text: well

text: As

text: such

text: the

text: current

text: high

text: level

text: of

text: population

text: has

text: a

text: large

text: impact

text: on

text: this

text: as

text: well

text: If

text: as

text: WWF

text: argued

text: population

text: levels

text: would

text: start

text: to

text: drop

text: to

text: a

text: sustainable

text: level

text: of

text: current

text: levels

text: so

text: about

text: billion

text: people

text: human

text: inequality

text: can

text: be

text: addressed

text: corrected

text: while

text: still

text: not

text: resulting

text: in

text: an

text: increase

text: of

text: environmental

text: damage

question: When economic inequality is smaller, more waste and pollution is?

answer: created

text: created

answer: created

text: created

answer: created

text: created

answer: created

text: created

question: What would be lower if there were fewer people?

answer: emissions per person

text: emissions per person

answer: this multiplier

text: this multiplier

answer: environmental degradation

text: environmental degradation

answer: environmental degradation

text: environmental degradation

question: What does the current high level of population have a large impact on?

answer: environmental degradation

text: environmental degradation

answer: this as well

text: this as well

answer: environmental degradation

text: environmental degradation

answer: environmental degradation

text: environmental degradation

question: How could human inequality be addressed without resulting in an increase of environmental damage?

answer: If (as WWF argued), population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level

text: If (as WWF argued), population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level

answer: If (as WWF argued), population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level

text: If (as WWF argued), population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level

answer: population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level

text: population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level

answer: population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level

text: population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level

question: When political inequality is smaller, more waste and pollution is?

text: created

question: What would be higher if there were fewer people?

text: emissions per person

question: What does the current low level of population have a large impact on?

text: environmental degradation

question: When economic inequality is larger, more waste and pollution is?

text: created

question: How could human inequality be addressed without resulting in an decrease of environmental damage?


text: For a precise definition of what it means to solve a problem using a given amount of time and space, a computational model such as the deterministic Turing machine is used. The time required by a deterministic Turing machine M on input x is the total number of state transitions, or steps, the machine makes before it halts and outputs the answer ("yes" or "no"). A Turing machine M is said to operate within time f(n), if the time required by M on each input of length n is at most f(n). A decision problem A can be solved in time f(n) if there exists a Turing machine operating in time f(n) that solves the problem. Since complexity theory is interested in classifying problems based on their difficulty, one defines sets of problems based on some criteria. For instance, the set of problems solvable within time f(n) on a deterministic Turing machine is then denoted by DTIME(f(n)).

title: Computational_complexity_theory

title: Computational_complexity_theory

text: For

text: a

text: precise

text: definition

text: of

text: what

text: it

text: means

text: to

text: solve

text: a

text: problem

text: using

text: a

text: given

text: amount

text: of

text: time

text: and

text: space

text: a

text: computational

text: model

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: deterministic

text: Turing

text: machine

text: is

text: used

text: The

text: time

text: required

text: by

text: a

text: deterministic

text: Turing

text: machine

text: M

text: on

text: input

text: x

text: is

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: state

text: transitions

text: or

text: steps

text: the

text: machine

text: makes

text: before

text: it

text: halts

text: and

text: outputs

text: the

text: answer

text: yes

text: or

text: no

text: A

text: Turing

text: machine

text: M

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: operate

text: within

text: time

text: f(n

text: if

text: the

text: time

text: required

text: by

text: M

text: on

text: each

text: input

text: of

text: length

text: n

text: is

text: at

text: most

text: f(n

text: A

text: decision

text: problem

text: A

text: can

text: be

text: solved

text: in

text: time

text: f(n

text: if

text: there

text: exists

text: a

text: Turing

text: machine

text: operating

text: in

text: time

text: f(n

text: that

text: solves

text: the

text: problem

text: Since

text: complexity

text: theory

text: is

text: interested

text: in

text: classifying

text: problems

text: based

text: on

text: their

text: difficulty

text: one

text: defines

text: sets

text: of

text: problems

text: based

text: on

text: some

text: criteria

text: For

text: instance

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: problems

text: solvable

text: within

text: time

text: f(n

text: on

text: a

text: deterministic

text: Turing

text: machine

text: is

text: then

text: denoted

text: by

text: DTIME(f(n

question: The time required to output an answer on a deterministic Turing machine is expressed as what?

answer: state transitions

text: state transitions

answer: the total number of state transitions, or steps

text: the total number of state transitions, or steps

answer: total number of state transitions, or steps, the machine makes before it halts and outputs the answer

text: total number of state transitions, or steps, the machine makes before it halts and outputs the answer

question: Complexity theory classifies problems based on what primary attribute?

answer: difficulty

text: difficulty

answer: difficulty

text: difficulty

answer: difficulty

text: difficulty

question: What is the expression used to identify any given series of problems capable of being solved within time on a deterministic Turing machine?

answer: DTIME(f(n))

text: DTIME(f(n))

answer: DTIME(f(n)).

text: DTIME(f(n)).

answer: DTIME(f(n))

text: DTIME(f(n))

question: What is the most critical resource measured to in assessing the determination of a Turing machine's ability to solve any given set of problems?

answer: time

text: time

answer: time

text: time

answer: time

text: time

question: What is not used for a precise definition of what it means to solve a problem using a given amount of time and space?

text: deterministic Turing machine

question: How is Turing machine M said not to operate?

question: What is the expression used to identify any given series of solutions capable of being solved within time on a deterministic Turing machine?

text: DTIME(f(n)).

question: What is the least critical resource measured in assessing the determination of a Turing machine's ability to solve any given set of problems?

text: time

question: How can decision problem B be solved in time x(f)?


text: The interpretation of Islam promoted by this funding was the strict, conservative Saudi-based Wahhabism or Salafism. In its harshest form it preached that Muslims should not only "always oppose" infidels "in every way," but "hate them for their religion ... for Allah's sake," that democracy "is responsible for all the horrible wars of the 20th century," that Shia and other non-Wahhabi Muslims were infidels, etc. While this effort has by no means converted all, or even most Muslims to the Wahhabist interpretation of Islam, it has done much to overwhelm more moderate local interpretations, and has set the Saudi-interpretation of Islam as the "gold standard" of religion in minds of some or many Muslims.

title: Islamism

title: Islamism

text: The

text: interpretation

text: of

text: Islam

text: promoted

text: by

text: this

text: funding

text: was

text: the

text: strict

text: conservative

text: Saudi

text: based

text: Wahhabism

text: or

text: Salafism

text: In

text: its

text: harshest

text: form

text: it

text: preached

text: that

text: Muslims

text: should

text: not

text: only

text: always

text: oppose

text: infidels

text: in

text: every

text: way

text: but

text: hate

text: them

text: for

text: their

text: religion

text: for

text: Allah

text: 's

text: sake

text: that

text: democracy

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: all

text: the

text: horrible

text: wars

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: that

text: Shia

text: and

text: other

text: non

text: Wahhabi

text: Muslims

text: were

text: infidels

text: etc

text: While

text: this

text: effort

text: has

text: by

text: no

text: means

text: converted

text: all

text: or

text: even

text: most

text: Muslims

text: to

text: the

text: Wahhabist

text: interpretation

text: of

text: Islam

text: it

text: has

text: done

text: much

text: to

text: overwhelm

text: more

text: moderate

text: local

text: interpretations

text: and

text: has

text: set

text: the

text: Saudi

text: interpretation

text: of

text: Islam

text: as

text: the

text: gold

text: standard

text: of

text: religion

text: in

text: minds

text: of

text: some

text: or

text: many

text: Muslims

question: What type of interpretation of Islam does Salafism promote?

answer: conservative

text: conservative

answer: strict, conservative

text: strict, conservative

answer: strict, conservative

text: strict, conservative

question: What does Salafism in its harshest form encourage its followers to view the religion of others with?

answer: hate

text: hate

answer: hate them for their religion

text: hate them for their religion

answer: hate them for their religion

text: hate them for their religion

question: Salafism posits that democracy is responsible for what type of horrible events of the 20th century?

answer: wars

text: wars

answer: horrible wars

text: horrible wars

answer: all the horrible wars

text: all the horrible wars

question: Conservative Islam classifies Muslims who follow Shia interpretation as what?

answer: infidels

text: infidels

answer: infidels

text: infidels

answer: infidels

text: infidels

question: What interpretation of Islam is, for many of the adherents, the "gold standard" of their religion?

answer: Saudi

text: Saudi

answer: the Saudi-interpretation

text: the Saudi-interpretation

answer: Saudi

text: Saudi

question: What type of interpretation of Islam does Salafism discourage?

text: conservative

question: What does Salafism in its harshest form discourage its followers to view the religion of others with?

text: hate

question: Salafism posits that democracy is responsible for what type of horrible events of the 21st century?

text: wars

question: Conservative Islam classifies non-Muslims who follow Shia interpretation as what?

text: infidels

question: What interpretation of Islam is, for many of the adherents, not the "gold standard" of their religion?

text: Saudi


text:
The other major method of producing O
2 gas involves passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93% O
2. Simultaneously, nitrogen gas is released from the other nitrogen-saturated zeolite bed, by reducing the chamber operating pressure and diverting part of the oxygen gas from the producer bed through it, in the reverse direction of flow. After a set cycle time the operation of the two beds is interchanged, thereby allowing for a continuous supply of gaseous oxygen to be pumped through a pipeline. This is known as pressure swing adsorption. Oxygen gas is increasingly obtained by these non-cryogenic technologies (see also the related vacuum swing adsorption).

title: Oxygen

title: Oxygen

text: The

text: other

text: major

text: method

text: of

text: producing

text: O

text: gas

text: involves

text: passing

text: a

text: stream

text: of

text: clean

text: dry

text: air

text: through

text: one

text: bed

text: of

text: a

text: pair

text: of

text: identical

text: zeolite

text: molecular

text: sieves

text: which

text: absorbs

text: the

text: nitrogen

text: and

text: delivers

text: a

text: gas

text: stream

text: that

text: is

text: to

text: O

text: Simultaneously

text: nitrogen

text: gas

text: is

text: released

text: from

text: the

text: other

text: nitrogen

text: saturated

text: zeolite

text: bed

text: by

text: reducing

text: the

text: chamber

text: operating

text: pressure

text: and

text: diverting

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: oxygen

text: gas

text: from

text: the

text: producer

text: bed

text: through

text: it

text: in

text: the

text: reverse

text: direction

text: of

text: flow

text: After

text: a

text: set

text: cycle

text: time

text: the

text: operation

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: beds

text: is

text: interchanged

text: thereby

text: allowing

text: for

text: a

text: continuous

text: supply

text: of

text: gaseous

text: oxygen

text: to

text: be

text: pumped

text: through

text: a

text: pipeline

text: This

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: pressure

text: swing

text: adsorption

text: Oxygen

text: gas

text: is

text: increasingly

text: obtained

text: by

text: these

text: non

text: cryogenic

text: technologies

text: see

text: also

text: the

text: related

text: vacuum

text: swing

text: adsorption

question: What mechanism can be used to make oxygen?

answer: zeolite molecular sieves

text: zeolite molecular sieves

answer: zeolite molecular sieves

text: zeolite molecular sieves

answer: passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves

text: passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves

answer: passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen

text: passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen

answer: passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves

text: passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves

question: What percentage of oxygen will a zeolite sieve produce?

answer: 90% to 93%

text: 90% to 93%

answer: 90% to 93%

text: 90% to 93%

answer: 90% to 93%

text: 90% to 93%

answer: 90% to 93%

text: 90% to 93%

answer: 90% to 93%

text: 90% to 93%

question: While producing oxygen, what gas does a zeolite sieve absorb?

answer: nitrogen

text: nitrogen

answer: nitrogen

text: nitrogen

answer: nitrogen

text: nitrogen

answer: nitrogen

text: nitrogen

answer: nitrogen

text: nitrogen

question: What type of technology is the non organic separating of gases?

answer: non-cryogenic

text: non-cryogenic

answer: non-cryogenic

text: non-cryogenic

answer: non-cryogenic

text: non-cryogenic

answer: non-cryogenic

text: non-cryogenic

answer: non-cryogenic

text: non-cryogenic

question: How much is the sieve method of gas production used?

answer: major method

text: major method

answer: increasingly

text: increasingly

answer: major method

text: major method

answer: increasingly

text: increasingly

question: What beds are nitrogen-saturated?

text: zeolite

question: What is known as swing pressure adsorption?

question: What involves delivering a gas stream that is 9% to 93% O2?


text: Around 1800 Richard Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans in 1801 introduced engines using high-pressure steam; Trevithick obtained his high-pressure engine patent in 1802. These were much more powerful for a given cylinder size than previous engines and could be made small enough for transport applications. Thereafter, technological developments and improvements in manufacturing techniques (partly brought about by the adoption of the steam engine as a power source) resulted in the design of more efficient engines that could be smaller, faster, or more powerful, depending on the intended application.

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: Around

text: Richard

text: Trevithick

text: and

text: separately

text: Oliver

text: Evans

text: in

text: introduced

text: engines

text: using

text: high

text: pressure

text: steam

text: Trevithick

text: obtained

text: his

text: high

text: pressure

text: engine

text: patent

text: in

text: These

text: were

text: much

text: more

text: powerful

text: for

text: a

text: given

text: cylinder

text: size

text: than

text: previous

text: engines

text: and

text: could

text: be

text: made

text: small

text: enough

text: for

text: transport

text: applications

text: Thereafter

text: technological

text: developments

text: and

text: improvements

text: in

text: manufacturing

text: techniques

text: partly

text: brought

text: about

text: by

text: the

text: adoption

text: of

text: the

text: steam

text: engine

text: as

text: a

text: power

text: source

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: design

text: of

text: more

text: efficient

text: engines

text: that

text: could

text: be

text: smaller

text: faster

text: or

text: more

text: powerful

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: intended

text: application

question: Who invented a high-pressure steam engine around 1800?

answer: Richard Trevithick

text: Richard Trevithick

answer: Richard Trevithick

text: Richard Trevithick

answer: Richard Trevithick

text: Richard Trevithick

answer: Richard Trevithick

text: Richard Trevithick

question: Who created an engine using high pressure steam in 1801?

answer: Oliver Evans

text: Oliver Evans

answer: Oliver Evans

text: Oliver Evans

answer: Oliver Evans

text: Oliver Evans

answer: Oliver Evans

text: Oliver Evans

question: In what year did Richard Trevithick patent his device?

answer: 1802

answer: 1802

answer: 1802

answer: 1802

question: High pressure steam engines were small enough that they could be used in what application?

answer: transport

text: transport

answer: transport

text: transport

answer: transport applications

text: transport applications

answer: transport

text: transport

question: What were steam engines used as a source of?

answer: power

text: power

answer: power

text: power

answer: power source

text: power source

question: Who invented a high-pressure power source around 1800?

text: Richard Trevithick

question: Who created an engine using transport applications in 1801?

text: Oliver Evans

question: In what year did Oliver Evans patent his device?

question: High pressure power sources were small enough that they could be used in what application?

text: transport

question: What were manufacturing techniques used as a source of?

text: power


text: BSkyB utilises the VideoGuard pay-TV scrambling system owned by NDS, a Cisco Systems company. There are tight controls over use of VideoGuard decoders; they are not available as stand-alone DVB CAMs (conditional-access modules). BSkyB has design authority over all digital satellite receivers capable of receiving their service. The receivers, though designed and built by different manufacturers, must conform to the same user interface look-and-feel as all the others. This extends to the Personal video recorder (PVR) offering (branded Sky+).

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom)

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom

text: BSkyB

text: utilises

text: the

text: VideoGuard

text: pay

text: TV

text: scrambling

text: system

text: owned

text: by

text: NDS

text: a

text: Cisco

text: Systems

text: company

text: There

text: are

text: tight

text: controls

text: over

text: use

text: of

text: VideoGuard

text: decoders

text: they

text: are

text: not

text: available

text: as

text: stand

text: alone

text: DVB

text: CAMs

text: conditional

text: access

text: modules

text: BSkyB

text: has

text: design

text: authority

text: over

text: all

text: digital

text: satellite

text: receivers

text: capable

text: of

text: receiving

text: their

text: service

text: The

text: receivers

text: though

text: designed

text: and

text: built

text: by

text: different

text: manufacturers

text: must

text: conform

text: to

text: the

text: same

text: user

text: interface

text: look

text: and

text: feel

text: as

text: all

text: the

text: others

text: This

text: extends

text: to

text: the

text: Personal

text: video

text: recorder

text: PVR

text: offering

text: branded

text: Sky+

question: What is the name of the TV scrambling system BSkyB uses?

answer: VideoGuard

text: VideoGuard

answer: VideoGuard pay-TV

text: VideoGuard pay-TV

answer: VideoGuard

text: VideoGuard

question: Who is VideoGuard owned by?

answer: NDS

text: NDS

answer: NDS

text: NDS

answer: NDS

text: NDS

question: Who is the parent company of NDS?

answer: Cisco Systems

text: Cisco Systems

answer: Cisco Systems

text: Cisco Systems

answer: Cisco Systems company

text: Cisco Systems company

question: Who has design authority over all of the digital satellite receivers that are capable of using their service?

answer: BSkyB

text: BSkyB

answer: BSkyB

text: BSkyB

answer: BSkyB

text: BSkyB

question: What is the name brand of the personal video recorder that BSkyB offers?

answer: Sky+

text: Sky+

answer: Sky+

text: Sky+

answer: PVR

text: PVR

question: What is the name of the TV scrambling system BSkyB couldn't use?

text: VideoGuard

question: Whose digital receivers are only built by one manufacturer?

text: BSkyB

question: What is available as stand-alone DVB CAMs?

text: VideoGuard decoders

question: What company was never involved with NDS?

text: Cisco Systems

question: What is the name brand of the video recorder that BSkyB never sold?

text: Sky+


text: The principles of imperialism are often generalizable to the policies and practices of the British Empire "during the last generation, and proceeds rather by diagnosis than by historical description". British imperialism often used the concept of Terra nullius (Latin expression which stems from Roman law meaning 'empty land'). The country of Australia serves as a case study in relation to British settlement and colonial rule of the continent in the eighteenth century, as it was premised on terra nullius, and its settlers considered it unused by its sparse Aboriginal inhabitants.

title: Imperialism

title: Imperialism

text: The

text: principles

text: of

text: imperialism

text: are

text: often

text: generalizable

text: to

text: the

text: policies

text: and

text: practices

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: during

text: the

text: last

text: generation

text: and

text: proceeds

text: rather

text: by

text: diagnosis

text: than

text: by

text: historical

text: description

text: British

text: imperialism

text: often

text: used

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: Terra

text: nullius

text: Latin

text: expression

text: which

text: stems

text: from

text: Roman

text: law

text: meaning

text: empty

text: land

text: The

text: country

text: of

text: Australia

text: serves

text: as

text: a

text: case

text: study

text: in

text: relation

text: to

text: British

text: settlement

text: and

text: colonial

text: rule

text: of

text: the

text: continent

text: in

text: the

text: eighteenth

text: century

text: as

text: it

text: was

text: premised

text: on

text: terra

text: nullius

text: and

text: its

text: settlers

text: considered

text: it

text: unused

text: by

text: its

text: sparse

text: Aboriginal

text: inhabitants

question: Imperialism is most often associated with which sovereignty?

answer: the British Empire

text: the British Empire

answer: Terra nullius

text: Terra nullius

answer: the British Empire

text: the British Empire

answer: British Empire

text: British Empire

answer: British

text: British

question: What law justified British imperialism?

answer: Terra nullius

text: Terra nullius

answer: Terra nullius

text: Terra nullius

answer: Terra nullius

text: Terra nullius

answer: Terra nullius

text: Terra nullius

question: What were the native inhabitants of Australia called?

answer: Aboriginal

text: Aboriginal

answer: Aboriginal

text: Aboriginal

answer: Aboriginal inhabitants

text: Aboriginal inhabitants

answer: Aboriginal

text: Aboriginal

question: When did Great Britain colonize Australia?

answer: the eighteenth century

text: the eighteenth century

answer: eighteenth century

text: eighteenth century

answer: eighteenth century

text: eighteenth century

answer: eighteenth century

text: eighteenth century

answer: eighteenth century,

text: eighteenth century,

question: Terra Nullius is a Latin expression meaning what in English?

answer: empty land

text: empty land

answer: empty land

text: empty land

answer: empty land

text: empty land

answer: empty land

text: empty land

answer: 'empty land'

text: 'empty land'

question: Imperialism is less often associated with which sovereignty?

text: the British Empire

question: What law did not justify British imperialism?

text: terra nullius

question: What were the non-native inhabitants of Australia called?

text: Aboriginal

question: When did Great Britain colonize outside of Australia?

text: eighteenth century

question: Terra Nullius is a French expression meaning what in English?

text: empty land


text: But bounding the computation time above by some concrete function f(n) often yields complexity classes that depend on the chosen machine model. For instance, the language {xx | x is any binary string} can be solved in linear time on a multi-tape Turing machine, but necessarily requires quadratic time in the model of single-tape Turing machines. If we allow polynomial variations in running time, Cobham-Edmonds thesis states that "the time complexities in any two reasonable and general models of computation are polynomially related" (Goldreich 2008, Chapter 1.2). This forms the basis for the complexity class P, which is the set of decision problems solvable by a deterministic Turing machine within polynomial time. The corresponding set of function problems is FP.

title: Computational_complexity_theory

title: Computational_complexity_theory

text: But

text: bounding

text: the

text: computation

text: time

text: above

text: by

text: some

text: concrete

text: function

text: f(n

text: often

text: yields

text: complexity

text: classes

text: that

text: depend

text: on

text: the

text: chosen

text: machine

text: model

text: For

text: instance

text: the

text: language

text: xx

text: x

text: is

text: any

text: binary

text: string

text: can

text: be

text: solved

text: in

text: linear

text: time

text: on

text: a

text: multi

text: tape

text: Turing

text: machine

text: but

text: necessarily

text: requires

text: quadratic

text: time

text: in

text: the

text: model

text: of

text: single

text: tape

text: Turing

text: machines

text: If

text: we

text: allow

text: polynomial

text: variations

text: in

text: running

text: time

text: Cobham

text: Edmonds

text: thesis

text: states

text: that

text: the

text: time

text: complexities

text: in

text: any

text: two

text: reasonable

text: and

text: general

text: models

text: of

text: computation

text: are

text: polynomially

text: related

text: Goldreich

text: Chapter

text: This

text: forms

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: the

text: complexity

text: class

text: P

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: decision

text: problems

text: solvable

text: by

text: a

text: deterministic

text: Turing

text: machine

text: within

text: polynomial

text: time

text: The

text: corresponding

text: set

text: of

text: function

text: problems

text: is

text: FP

question: Concrete bounding of computation time frequently produces complexity classes contingent upon what?

answer: chosen machine model

text: chosen machine model

answer: the chosen machine model

text: the chosen machine model

answer: the chosen machine model

text: the chosen machine model

question: A multi-tape Turing machine requires what type of time for a solution?

answer: linear time

text: linear time

answer: linear

text: linear

answer: linear

text: linear

question: A language solved in quadratic time implies the use of what type of Turing machine?

answer: single-tape Turing machines

text: single-tape Turing machines

answer: single-tape

text: single-tape

answer: single-tape

text: single-tape

question: What thesis specifies that a polynomial relationship exists within time complexities in a computational model?

answer: Cobham-Edmonds thesis

text: Cobham-Edmonds thesis

answer: Cobham-Edmonds

text: Cobham-Edmonds

answer: Cobham-Edmonds thesis

text: Cobham-Edmonds thesis

question: Decision problems capable of being solved by a deterministic Turing machine while maintaining adherence to polynomial time belong to what class?

answer: complexity class P

text: complexity class P

answer: P

text: P

answer: complexity class P

text: complexity class P

question: What does not often yield complexity classes that depend on the chosen machine model?

text: bounding the computation time

question: What does not frequently produce complexity classes that have concrete bounding of computation time?

text: the chosen machine model

question: What can not be solved in linear time on multi-tape Turing machine?

text: the language {xx | x

question: What is not a binary string?

text: the language {xx

question: What thesis specifies that a trinomial relationship exists within time complexities in a computational model?

text: Cobham-Edmonds thesis


text: Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own weight in a day. Only 100–150 species have been validated, and possibly another 25 have not been fully described and named. The textbook examples are cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles") that are covered with colloblasts, sticky cells that capture prey. The phylum has a wide range of body forms, including the flattened, deep-sea platyctenids, in which the adults of most species lack combs, and the coastal beroids, which lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia that act as teeth. These variations enable different species to build huge populations in the same area, because they specialize in different types of prey, which they capture by as wide a range of methods as spiders use.

title: Ctenophora

title: Ctenophora

text: Almost

text: all

text: ctenophores

text: are

text: predators

text: taking

text: prey

text: ranging

text: from

text: microscopic

text: larvae

text: and

text: rotifers

text: to

text: the

text: adults

text: of

text: small

text: crustaceans

text: the

text: exceptions

text: are

text: juveniles

text: of

text: two

text: species

text: which

text: live

text: as

text: parasites

text: on

text: the

text: salps

text: on

text: which

text: adults

text: of

text: their

text: species

text: feed

text: In

text: favorable

text: circumstances

text: ctenophores

text: can

text: eat

text: ten

text: times

text: their

text: own

text: weight

text: in

text: a

text: day

text: Only

text: species

text: have

text: been

text: validated

text: and

text: possibly

text: another

text: have

text: not

text: been

text: fully

text: described

text: and

text: named

text: The

text: textbook

text: examples

text: are

text: cydippids

text: with

text: egg

text: shaped

text: bodies

text: and

text: a

text: pair

text: of

text: retractable

text: tentacles

text: fringed

text: with

text: tentilla

text: little

text: tentacles

text: that

text: are

text: covered

text: with

text: colloblasts

text: sticky

text: cells

text: that

text: capture

text: prey

text: The

text: phylum

text: has

text: a

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: body

text: forms

text: including

text: the

text: flattened

text: deep

text: sea

text: platyctenids

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: adults

text: of

text: most

text: species

text: lack

text: combs

text: and

text: the

text: coastal

text: beroids

text: which

text: lack

text: tentacles

text: and

text: prey

text: on

text: other

text: ctenophores

text: by

text: using

text: huge

text: mouths

text: armed

text: with

text: groups

text: of

text: large

text: stiffened

text: cilia

text: that

text: act

text: as

text: teeth

text: These

text: variations

text: enable

text: different

text: species

text: to

text: build

text: huge

text: populations

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: area

text: because

text: they

text: specialize

text: in

text: different

text: types

text: of

text: prey

text: which

text: they

text: capture

text: by

text: as

text: wide

text: a

text: range

text: of

text: methods

text: as

text: spiders

text: use

question: How many species of Ctenophora have been validated?

answer: 100–150 species

text: 100–150 species

answer: 100–150

answer: 100–150

question: What are the little tentacles that cydippids have called?

answer: tentilla

text: tentilla

answer: tentilla

text: tentilla

answer: tentilla

text: tentilla

question: How much food does a ctenophora eat in a day?

answer: ten times their own weight

text: ten times their own weight

answer: ten times their own weight

text: ten times their own weight

answer: ten times their own weight

text: ten times their own weight

question: What do coastal beroids not have that other ctenophora have?

answer: tentacles

text: tentacles

answer: tentacles

text: tentacles

answer: tentacles

text: tentacles

question: What does coastal beriods use as teeth?

answer: groups of large, stiffened cilia

text: groups of large, stiffened cilia

answer: stiffened cilia

text: stiffened cilia

answer: stiffened cilia

text: stiffened cilia

question: How much do ctenophore eat in a day?

answer: ten times their own weight

text: ten times their own weight

answer: ten times their own weight

text: ten times their own weight

answer: ten times their own weight

text: ten times their own weight

question: What are the small tentacles on Cydippids called?

answer: tentilla

text: tentilla

answer: tentilla

text: tentilla

answer: tentilla

text: tentilla

question: What do Beriods use as teeth?

answer: groups of large, stiffened cilia

text: groups of large, stiffened cilia

answer: stiffened cilia

text: stiffened cilia

answer: stiffened cilia

text: stiffened cilia

question: What do Cydippids use to capture their prey?

answer: colloblasts

text: colloblasts

answer: retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla

text: retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla

answer: colloblasts

text: colloblasts

question: How many different species of ctenohore are there?

answer: 100–150 species

text: 100–150 species

answer: 100–150

answer: 100–150 species have been validated

text: 100–150 species have been validated

question: How do rotifers act as when looking for a meal?

text: predators

question: How much is a rotifer able to eat in one day?

text: ten times their own weight

question: How many species of rotifers have been discovered?

question: How many species of rotifers are yet to be named?

question: What do some species of rotifers do instead of being predators?


text: Most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times. Fertilization is generally external, although platyctenids' eggs are fertilized inside their parents' bodies and kept there until they hatch. The young are generally planktonic and in most species look like miniature cydippids, gradually changing into their adult shapes as they grow. The exceptions are the beroids, whose young are miniature beroids with large mouths and no tentacles, and the platyctenids, whose young live as cydippid-like plankton until they reach near-adult size, but then sink to the bottom and rapidly metamorphose into the adult form. In at least some species, juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape. The combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction enables small populations to grow at an explosive rate.

title: Ctenophora

title: Ctenophora

text: Most

text: species

text: are

text: hermaphrodites

text: a

text: single

text: animal

text: can

text: produce

text: both

text: eggs

text: and

text: sperm

text: meaning

text: it

text: can

text: fertilize

text: its

text: own

text: egg

text: not

text: needing

text: a

text: mate

text: Some

text: are

text: simultaneous

text: hermaphrodites

text: which

text: can

text: produce

text: both

text: eggs

text: and

text: sperm

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: Others

text: are

text: sequential

text: hermaphrodites

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: eggs

text: and

text: sperm

text: mature

text: at

text: different

text: times

text: Fertilization

text: is

text: generally

text: external

text: although

text: platyctenids

text: eggs

text: are

text: fertilized

text: inside

text: their

text: parents

text: bodies

text: and

text: kept

text: there

text: until

text: they

text: hatch

text: The

text: young

text: are

text: generally

text: planktonic

text: and

text: in

text: most

text: species

text: look

text: like

text: miniature

text: cydippids

text: gradually

text: changing

text: into

text: their

text: adult

text: shapes

text: as

text: they

text: grow

text: The

text: exceptions

text: are

text: the

text: beroids

text: whose

text: young

text: are

text: miniature

text: beroids

text: with

text: large

text: mouths

text: and

text: no

text: tentacles

text: and

text: the

text: platyctenids

text: whose

text: young

text: live

text: as

text: cydippid

text: like

text: plankton

text: until

text: they

text: reach

text: near

text: adult

text: size

text: but

text: then

text: sink

text: to

text: the

text: bottom

text: and

text: rapidly

text: metamorphose

text: into

text: the

text: adult

text: form

text: In

text: at

text: least

text: some

text: species

text: juveniles

text: are

text: capable

text: of

text: reproduction

text: before

text: reaching

text: the

text: adult

text: size

text: and

text: shape

text: The

text: combination

text: of

text: hermaphroditism

text: and

text: early

text: reproduction

text: enables

text: small

text: populations

text: to

text: grow

text: at

text: an

text: explosive

text: rate

question: What is unique about  a hermaphrodite?

answer: can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg

text: can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg

answer: it can fertilize its own egg

text: it can fertilize its own egg

answer: a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm

text: a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm

question: What can a simultaneous hermaphrodite do?

answer: can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time

text: can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time

answer: produce both eggs and sperm at the same time

text: produce both eggs and sperm at the same time

answer: produce both eggs and sperm at the same time

text: produce both eggs and sperm at the same time

question: What type of hermaphrodite produces egg and sperm at different times?

answer: sequential

text: sequential

answer: sequential hermaphrodites

text: sequential hermaphrodites

answer: simultaneous

text: simultaneous

question: Which species eggs are fertilized and kept inside the parents body until hatched?

answer: platyctenids

text: platyctenids

answer: platyctenids

text: platyctenids

answer: platyctenids

text: platyctenids

question: What causes the population of ctenophora to grow at an explosive rate?

answer: hermaphroditism and early reproduction

text: hermaphroditism and early reproduction

answer: hermaphroditism and early reproduction

text: hermaphroditism and early reproduction

answer: combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction

text: combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction

question: What is a hermaphrodite?

answer: a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm

text: a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm

answer: a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm

text: a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm

answer: a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm

text: a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm

question: What is unique about  simultaneous hermaphrodites?

answer: can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time.

text: can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time.

answer: can produce both eggs and sperm

text: can produce both eggs and sperm

answer: produce both eggs and sperm at the same time

text: produce both eggs and sperm at the same time

question: What is a trait of sequential hermaphrodites?

answer: the eggs and sperm mature at different times

text: the eggs and sperm mature at different times

answer: eggs and sperm mature at different times

text: eggs and sperm mature at different times

answer: eggs and sperm mature at different times

text: eggs and sperm mature at different times

question: Which group keep the eggs are fertilized and kept inside the parent's body until they hatch?

answer: platyctenids

text: platyctenids

answer: platyctenids

text: platyctenids

answer: platyctenids

text: platyctenids

question: Which group has young that are born with no tentacles and a large mouth?

answer: beroids

text: beroids

answer: beroids

text: beroids

answer: beroids

text: beroids

question: How do plankton reproduce?

question: How do plankton fertilize their eggs?

text: external

question: What happens to plankton when they mature?

question: When are some juvenile plankton able to do before becoming an adult?

text: are capable of reproduction

question: How quickly do plankton populations grow due to hermaphrodism and early reproduction?

text: at an explosive rate