text: The other third of the water flows through the Pannerdens Kanaal and redistributes in the IJssel and Nederrijn. The IJssel branch carries one ninth of the water flow of the Rhine north into the IJsselmeer (a former bay), while the Nederrijn carries approximately two ninths of the flow west along a route parallel to the Waal. However, at Wijk bij Duurstede, the Nederrijn changes its name and becomes the Lek. It flows farther west, to rejoin the Noord River into the Nieuwe Maas and to the North Sea.

title: Rhine

title: Rhine

text: The

text: other

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: water

text: flows

text: through

text: the

text: Pannerdens

text: Kanaal

text: and

text: redistributes

text: in

text: the

text: IJssel

text: and

text: Nederrijn

text: The

text: IJssel

text: branch

text: carries

text: one

text: ninth

text: of

text: the

text: water

text: flow

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: north

text: into

text: the

text: IJsselmeer

text: a

text: former

text: bay

text: while

text: the

text: Nederrijn

text: carries

text: approximately

text: two

text: ninths

text: of

text: the

text: flow

text: west

text: along

text: a

text: route

text: parallel

text: to

text: the

text: Waal

text: However

text: at

text: Wijk

text: bij

text: Duurstede

text: the

text: Nederrijn

text: changes

text: its

text: name

text: and

text: becomes

text: the

text: Lek

text: It

text: flows

text: farther

text: west

text: to

text: rejoin

text: the

text: Noord

text: River

text: into

text: the

text: Nieuwe

text: Maas

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

question: If two thirds of the Rhine flows through the Maas, where doe the other one third flow through?

answer: Pannerdens Kanaal

text: Pannerdens Kanaal

answer: Pannerdens Kanaal

text: Pannerdens Kanaal

answer: the Pannerdens Kanaal

text: the Pannerdens Kanaal

question: The Rhine redistributes into the Ijssel and what other body?

answer: Nederrijn

text: Nederrijn

answer: Nederrijn

text: Nederrijn

answer: Nederrijn

text: Nederrijn

question: What does the Nederrikn's name change into?

answer: Lek

text: Lek

answer: Lek

text: Lek

answer: the Lek

text: the Lek

question: Where does the Lek join?

answer: Noord River

text: Noord River

answer: Nieuwe Maas

text: Nieuwe Maas

answer: Noord River

text: Noord River

question: If two thirds of the Rhine flows through Waal, where does the other third flow through?

answer: Pannerdens Kanaal

text: Pannerdens Kanaal

answer: Pannerdens Kanaal

text: Pannerdens Kanaal

answer: the Pannerdens Kanaal

text: the Pannerdens Kanaal

question: Other than the Ijssel, where does the water from the Pannerdens Kanaal redsitrubute?

answer: Nederrijn

text: Nederrijn

answer: Nederrijn

text: Nederrijn

answer: Nederrijn

text: Nederrijn

question: How much of the Rhine flow does Ijssel carry?

answer: one ninth

text: one ninth

answer: one ninth

text: one ninth

answer: one ninth

text: one ninth

question: What does the Nederrijn change it's name to?

answer: Lek

text: Lek

answer: Lek

text: Lek

answer: the Lek

text: the Lek

question: Where does the Nederrijn change it's name?

answer: Wijk bij Duurstede

text: Wijk bij Duurstede

answer: at Wijk bij Duurstede

text: at Wijk bij Duurstede

answer: Wijk bij Duurstede

text: Wijk bij Duurstede

question: How much water flows out of the Pannerdens Kanaal?

text: third

question: Where does the IJssel and Nederrijn redistribute into?

text: Pannerdens Kanaal

question: Where does the Lek separate?

text: Noord River

question: How much of the Noord River flows into the North Sea?

text: two ninths

question: What does the Lek change its name to?

text: Nederrijn


text: One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the 1060s, Robert Crispin led the Normans of Edessa against the Turks. Roussel de Bailleul even tried to carve out an independent state in Asia Minor with support from the local population, but he was stopped by the Byzantine general Alexius Komnenos.

title: Normans

title: Normans

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: Norman

text: mercenaries

text: to

text: serve

text: as

text: a

text: Byzantine

text: general

text: was

text: Hervé

text: in

text: the

text: By

text: then

text: however

text: there

text: were

text: already

text: Norman

text: mercenaries

text: serving

text: as

text: far

text: away

text: as

text: Trebizond

text: and

text: Georgia

text: They

text: were

text: based

text: at

text: Malatya

text: and

text: Edessa

text: under

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: duke

text: of

text: Antioch

text: Isaac

text: Komnenos

text: In

text: the

text: Robert

text: Crispin

text: led

text: the

text: Normans

text: of

text: Edessa

text: against

text: the

text: Turks

text: Roussel

text: de

text: Bailleul

text: even

text: tried

text: to

text: carve

text: out

text: an

text: independent

text: state

text: in

text: Asia

text: Minor

text: with

text: support

text: from

text: the

text: local

text: population

text: but

text: he

text: was

text: stopped

text: by

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: general

text: Alexius

text: Komnenos

question: When did Herve serve as a Byzantine general?

answer: 1050s

answer: in the 1050s

text: in the 1050s

answer: in the 1050s

text: in the 1050s

question: When did Robert Crispin go up against the Turks?

answer: 1060s

answer: In the 1060s

text: In the 1060s

answer: In the 1060s

text: In the 1060s

question: Who ruined Roussel de Bailleul's plans for an independent state?

answer: Alexius Komnenos

text: Alexius Komnenos

answer: Alexius Komnenos

text: Alexius Komnenos

answer: Alexius Komnenos

text: Alexius Komnenos

question: Who was the first Byzantine mercenary to serve with the Normans?

text: Hervé

question: When did Herve serve as a Norman general?

question: Who ruined Alexius Komnenos plans for an independent state?

text: Roussel de Bailleul

question: When did Herve go up against the Turks?


text: Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores.

title: Ctenophora

title: Ctenophora

text: Ctenophores

text: may

text: be

text: abundant

text: during

text: the

text: summer

text: months

text: in

text: some

text: coastal

text: locations

text: but

text: in

text: other

text: places

text: they

text: are

text: uncommon

text: and

text: difficult

text: to

text: find

text: In

text: bays

text: where

text: they

text: occur

text: in

text: very

text: high

text: numbers

text: predation

text: by

text: ctenophores

text: may

text: control

text: the

text: populations

text: of

text: small

text: zooplanktonic

text: organisms

text: such

text: as

text: copepods

text: which

text: might

text: otherwise

text: wipe

text: out

text: the

text: phytoplankton

text: planktonic

text: plants

text: which

text: are

text: a

text: vital

text: part

text: of

text: marine

text: food

text: chains

text: One

text: ctenophore

text: Mnemiopsis

text: has

text: accidentally

text: been

text: introduced

text: into

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: blamed

text: for

text: causing

text: fish

text: stocks

text: to

text: collapse

text: by

text: eating

text: both

text: fish

text: larvae

text: and

text: organisms

text: that

text: would

text: otherwise

text: have

text: fed

text: the

text: fish

text: The

text: situation

text: was

text: aggravated

text: by

text: other

text: factors

text: such

text: as

text: over

text: fishing

text: and

text: long

text: term

text: environmental

text: changes

text: that

text: promoted

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: the

text: Mnemiopsis

text: population

text: The

text: later

text: accidental

text: introduction

text: of

text: Beroe

text: helped

text: to

text: mitigate

text: the

text: problem

text: as

text: Beroe

text: preys

text: on

text: other

text: ctenophores

question: What does the Beroe eat?

answer: other ctenophores

text: other ctenophores

answer: ctenophores

text: ctenophores

answer: other ctenophores

text: other ctenophores

question: What was introduces into the Black Sea?

answer: Mnemiopsis

text: Mnemiopsis

answer: Mnemiopsis

text: Mnemiopsis

answer: Mnemiopsis

text: Mnemiopsis

question: What does  mnemiopsis eat?

answer: fish larvae and organisms

text: fish larvae and organisms

answer: fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish

text: fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish

answer: fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish

text: fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish

question: Where do ctenophores be found in large numbers?

answer: In bays

text: In bays

answer: bays

text: bays

answer: bays

text: bays

question: Where can ctenophores be found in large amounts?

answer: In bays

text: In bays

answer: bays

text: bays

answer: bays

text: bays

question: What are phytoplankton?

answer: planktonic plants

text: planktonic plants

answer: planktonic plants

text: planktonic plants

answer: a vital part of marine food chains

text: a vital part of marine food chains

question: What ctenophore was accidentally introduced into The Black Sea?

answer: Mnemiopsis

text: Mnemiopsis

answer: Mnemiopsis

text: Mnemiopsis

answer: Mnemiopsis

text: Mnemiopsis

question: What event was blamed on the introduction of mnemiopsis into The Black Sea?

answer: causing fish stocks to collapse

text: causing fish stocks to collapse

answer: causing fish stocks to collapse

text: causing fish stocks to collapse

answer: causing fish stocks to collapse

text: causing fish stocks to collapse

question: What was done to counteract the overpopulation of mnemiopsis in The Black Sea?

answer: introduction of Beroe

text: introduction of Beroe

answer: accidental introduction of Beroe

text: accidental introduction of Beroe

question: When are copepod populations abundant?

text: during the summer months

question: What areas do copepods like to live?

text: in some coastal locations

question: How common are copepods in other places?

text: uncommon

question: What sea have copepods accidentially been released into?

text: Black Sea

question: What is one thing that copepods like to eat?

text: fish larvae


text: Of course, some complexity classes have complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework. Thus, a typical complexity class has a definition like the following:

title: Computational_complexity_theory

title: Computational_complexity_theory

text: Of

text: course

text: some

text: complexity

text: classes

text: have

text: complicated

text: definitions

text: that

text: do

text: not

text: fit

text: into

text: this

text: framework

text: Thus

text: a

text: typical

text: complexity

text: class

text: has

text: a

text: definition

text: like

text: the

text: following

question: What has complicated definitions that prevent classification into a framework?

answer: complexity classes

text: complexity classes

answer: complexity classes

text: complexity classes

answer: some complexity classes

text: some complexity classes

question: Complexity classes are generally classified into what?

answer: framework

text: framework

answer: framework

text: framework

answer: framework

text: framework

question: Difficulty in establishing a framework for complexity classes can be caused by what variable?

answer: complicated definitions

text: complicated definitions

answer: complicated definitions

text: complicated definitions

answer: definitions

text: definitions

question: What fits the framework of complexity classes?

text: complicated definitions

question: What has uncomplicated definitions that prevent classification into a framework?

text: complexity classes

question: What are complexity classes generally not classified into?

text: framework

question: What variable is easy to establish in a framework for complexity classes?

text: complicated definitions


text: Near the end of the 19th century compound engines came into widespread use. Compound engines exhausted steam in to successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures, giving improved efficiency. These stages were called expansions, with double and triple expansion engines being common, especially in shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the weight of coal carried. Steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines, with shipping in the 20th-century relying upon the steam turbine.

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: Near

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: compound

text: engines

text: came

text: into

text: widespread

text: use

text: Compound

text: engines

text: exhausted

text: steam

text: in

text: to

text: successively

text: larger

text: cylinders

text: to

text: accommodate

text: the

text: higher

text: volumes

text: at

text: reduced

text: pressures

text: giving

text: improved

text: efficiency

text: These

text: stages

text: were

text: called

text: expansions

text: with

text: double

text: and

text: triple

text: expansion

text: engines

text: being

text: common

text: especially

text: in

text: shipping

text: where

text: efficiency

text: was

text: important

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: weight

text: of

text: coal

text: carried

text: Steam

text: engines

text: remained

text: the

text: dominant

text: source

text: of

text: power

text: until

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: when

text: advances

text: in

text: the

text: design

text: of

text: electric

text: motors

text: and

text: internal

text: combustion

text: engines

text: gradually

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: replacement

text: of

text: reciprocating

text: piston

text: steam

text: engines

text: with

text: shipping

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: relying

text: upon

text: the

text: steam

text: turbine

question: What type of engines became widespread around the end of the 19th century?

answer: compound

text: compound

answer: compound

text: compound

answer: compound engines

text: compound engines

question: What are the stages in a compound engine called?

answer: expansions

text: expansions

answer: expansions

text: expansions

answer: expansions

text: expansions

question: In what field were double and triple expansion engines common?

answer: shipping

text: shipping

answer: shipping

text: shipping

answer: shipping

text: shipping

question: What product was notably shipped in vessels equipped with double and triple expansion engines?

answer: coal

text: coal

answer: coal

text: coal

question: Along with electric motors, what power sources overtook steam engines in the 20th century?

answer: internal combustion engines

text: internal combustion engines

answer: internal combustion engines

text: internal combustion engines

answer: internal combustion engines

text: internal combustion engines

question: What type of engines became widespread around the end of the 20th century?

text: compound

question: What are the stages in an efficiency engine called?

text: expansions

question: In what field were double and triple expansion replacements common?

text: shipping

question: What product was notably shipped in vessels equipped with double and triple replacement engines?

text: coal

question: Along with electric motors, what power sources overtook expansion engines in the 20th century?

text: internal combustion engines


text: In 1939, c. 1,300,000 people lived in Warsaw, but in 1945 – only 420,000. During the first years after the war, the population growth was c. 6%, so shortly the city started to suffer from the lack of flats and of areas for new houses. The first remedial measure was the Warsaw area enlargement (1951) – but the city authorities were still forced to introduce residency registration limitations: only the spouses and children of the permanent residents as well as some persons of public importance (like renowned specialists) were allowed to get the registration, hence halving the population growth in the following years. It also bolstered some kind of conviction among Poles that Varsovians thought of themselves as better only because they lived in the capital. Unfortunately this belief still lives on in Poland (although not as much as it used to be) – even though since 1990 there are no limitations to residency registration anymore.

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: In

text: c.

text: people

text: lived

text: in

text: Warsaw

text: but

text: in

text: only

text: During

text: the

text: first

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: war

text: the

text: population

text: growth

text: was

text: c.

text: so

text: shortly

text: the

text: city

text: started

text: to

text: suffer

text: from

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: flats

text: and

text: of

text: areas

text: for

text: new

text: houses

text: The

text: first

text: remedial

text: measure

text: was

text: the

text: Warsaw

text: area

text: enlargement

text: but

text: the

text: city

text: authorities

text: were

text: still

text: forced

text: to

text: introduce

text: residency

text: registration

text: limitations

text: only

text: the

text: spouses

text: and

text: children

text: of

text: the

text: permanent

text: residents

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: some

text: persons

text: of

text: public

text: importance

text: like

text: renowned

text: specialists

text: were

text: allowed

text: to

text: get

text: the

text: registration

text: hence

text: halving

text: the

text: population

text: growth

text: in

text: the

text: following

text: years

text: It

text: also

text: bolstered

text: some

text: kind

text: of

text: conviction

text: among

text: Poles

text: that

text: Varsovians

text: thought

text: of

text: themselves

text: as

text: better

text: only

text: because

text: they

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: capital

text: Unfortunately

text: this

text: belief

text: still

text: lives

text: on

text: in

text: Poland

text: although

text: not

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: it

text: used

text: to

text: be

text: even

text: though

text: since

text: there

text: are

text: no

text: limitations

text: to

text: residency

text: registration

text: anymore

question: How many people lived in Warsaw in 1939?

answer: 1,300,000

answer: 1,300,000

answer: 1,300,000

question: What had the number of people living in Warsaw declined to by 1945?

answer: 420,000

answer: 420,000

answer: 420,000

question: When did the Warsaw area enlargement take place?

answer: 1951

answer: 1951

answer: 1951

question: What conviction did many Poles have regarding how the Varsovians thought of themselves?

answer: as better

text: as better

answer: thought of themselves as better

text: thought of themselves as better

answer: better

text: better

question: What are there no longer limitations on since 1990?

answer: residency registration

text: residency registration

answer: residency registration

text: residency registration

answer: residency registration

text: residency registration

question: How many people lived in Poland in 1939?

question: What had the number of people living in Poland declined to by 1945?

question: When did the Poland area enlargement take place?

question: What conviction did many Poles have regarding how the Germans thought of themselves?

text: as better

question: What are there no longer limitations on since 1945?

text: residency registration


text: What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determining that the acceleration of every object in free-fall was constant and independent of the mass of the object. Today, this acceleration due to gravity towards the surface of the Earth is usually designated as  and has a magnitude of about 9.81 meters per second squared (this measurement is taken from sea level and may vary depending on location), and points toward the center of the Earth. This observation means that the force of gravity on an object at the Earth's surface is directly proportional to the object's mass. Thus an object that has a mass of  will experience a force:

title: Force

title: Force

text: What

text: we

text: now

text: call

text: gravity

text: was

text: not

text: identified

text: as

text: a

text: universal

text: force

text: until

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: Isaac

text: Newton

text: Before

text: Newton

text: the

text: tendency

text: for

text: objects

text: to

text: fall

text: towards

text: the

text: Earth

text: was

text: not

text: understood

text: to

text: be

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: motions

text: of

text: celestial

text: objects

text: Galileo

text: was

text: instrumental

text: in

text: describing

text: the

text: characteristics

text: of

text: falling

text: objects

text: by

text: determining

text: that

text: the

text: acceleration

text: of

text: every

text: object

text: in

text: free

text: fall

text: was

text: constant

text: and

text: independent

text: of

text: the

text: mass

text: of

text: the

text: object

text: Today

text: this

text: acceleration

text: due

text: to

text: gravity

text: towards

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: is

text: usually

text: designated

text: as

text: and

text: has

text: a

text: magnitude

text: of

text: about

text: meters

text: per

text: second

text: squared

text: this

text: measurement

text: is

text: taken

text: from

text: sea

text: level

text: and

text: may

text: vary

text: depending

text: on

text: location

text: and

text: points

text: toward

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: This

text: observation

text: means

text: that

text: the

text: force

text: of

text: gravity

text: on

text: an

text: object

text: at

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: is

text: directly

text: proportional

text: to

text: the

text: object

text: 's

text: mass

text: Thus

text: an

text: object

text: that

text: has

text: a

text: mass

text: of

text: will

text: experience

text: a

text: force

question: Who identified gravity as a force?

answer: Isaac Newton

text: Isaac Newton

answer: Isaac Newton

text: Isaac Newton

answer: Isaac Newton

text: Isaac Newton

answer: Isaac Newton

text: Isaac Newton

question: Who came up with the concept that falling objects fell at the same speed regardless of weight?

answer: Galileo

text: Galileo

answer: Galileo

text: Galileo

answer: Galileo

text: Galileo

answer: Galileo

text: Galileo

question: How fast do objects fall on Earth?

answer: about 9.81 meters per second squared

text: about 9.81 meters per second squared

answer: about 9.81 meters per second squared

text: about 9.81 meters per second squared

answer: about 9.81 meters per second

text: about 9.81 meters per second

answer: 9.81 meters per second

text: 9.81 meters per second

question: Where was the measurment for the standard gravity on Earth taken?

answer: sea level

text: sea level

answer: sea level

text: sea level

answer: sea level

text: sea level

answer: from sea level

text: from sea level

question: What is an object's mass proportional to at the surface of the Earth?

answer: force of gravity

text: force of gravity

answer: the force of gravity on an object

text: the force of gravity on an object

answer: force of gravity

text: force of gravity

answer: force of gravity

text: force of gravity

question: Until the work of Galileo, what was not identified as a universal force?

text: gravity

question: Newton was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling what?

text: objects

question: What has a magnitude of about 8.81 meters per second squared?

question: What was identified as a universal force after the work of Galileo?

text: gravity


text: In 1967, Manuel Blum developed an axiomatic complexity theory based on his axioms and proved an important result, the so-called, speed-up theorem. The field really began to flourish in 1971 when the US researcher Stephen Cook and, working independently, Leonid Levin in the USSR, proved that there exist practically relevant problems that are NP-complete. In 1972, Richard Karp took this idea a leap forward with his landmark paper, "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems", in which he showed that 21 diverse combinatorial and graph theoretical problems, each infamous for its computational intractability, are NP-complete.

title: Computational_complexity_theory

title: Computational_complexity_theory

text: In

text: Manuel

text: Blum

text: developed

text: an

text: axiomatic

text: complexity

text: theory

text: based

text: on

text: his

text: axioms

text: and

text: proved

text: an

text: important

text: result

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: speed

text: up

text: theorem

text: The

text: field

text: really

text: began

text: to

text: flourish

text: in

text: when

text: the

text: US

text: researcher

text: Stephen

text: Cook

text: and

text: working

text: independently

text: Leonid

text: Levin

text: in

text: the

text: USSR

text: proved

text: that

text: there

text: exist

text: practically

text: relevant

text: problems

text: that

text: are

text: NP

text: complete

text: In

text: Richard

text: Karp

text: took

text: this

text: idea

text: a

text: leap

text: forward

text: with

text: his

text: landmark

text: paper

text: Reducibility

text: Among

text: Combinatorial

text: Problems

text: in

text: which

text: he

text: showed

text: that

text: diverse

text: combinatorial

text: and

text: graph

text: theoretical

text: problems

text: each

text: infamous

text: for

text: its

text: computational

text: intractability

text: are

text: NP

text: complete

question: Who is responsible for axiomatic complexity theory?

answer: Manuel Blum

text: Manuel Blum

answer: Manuel Blum

text: Manuel Blum

answer: Manuel Blum

text: Manuel Blum

question: What theorem was implicated by Manuel Blum's axioms?

answer: speed-up theorem

text: speed-up theorem

answer: speed-up theorem

text: speed-up theorem

answer: speed-up theorem

text: speed-up theorem

question: What is the paper written by Richard Karp in 1972 that ushered in a new era of understanding between intractability and NP-complete problems?

answer: "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems"

text: "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems"

answer: Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems

text: Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems

answer: "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems"

text: "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems"

question: How many combinatory and graph theoretical problems, formerly believed to be plagued by intractability, did Karp's paper address?

answer: 21

answer: 21

answer: 21

question: Who developed an axiomatic complexity theory based on his axioms in 1974?

text: Manuel Blum

question: Who is responsible for the so-called, speed-up theorem n 1974?

text: Manuel Blum

question: Who proved that these exist practical relevant problems that are NP-complete in 1961?

question: Who wrote the paper "Reductibility Among Combinatorial Problems" in 1974?

text: Richard Karp

question: What book featured 25 diverse comninatorial and graph theoretical problems each famous for its computational intractability?


text: Céloron's expedition force consisted of about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians. The expedition covered about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June and November 1749. It went up the St. Lawrence, continued along the northern shore of Lake Ontario, crossed the portage at Niagara, and followed the southern shore of Lake Erie. At the Chautauqua Portage (near present-day Barcelona, New York), the expedition moved inland to the Allegheny River, which it followed to the site of present-day Pittsburgh. There Céloron buried lead plates engraved with the French claim to the Ohio Country. Whenever he encountered British merchants or fur-traders, Céloron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave.

title: French_and_Indian_War

title: French_and_Indian_War

text: Céloron

text: 's

text: expedition

text: force

text: consisted

text: of

text: about

text: Troupes

text: de

text: la

text: marine

text: and

text: Indians

text: The

text: expedition

text: covered

text: about

text: miles

text: km

text: between

text: June

text: and

text: November

text: It

text: went

text: up

text: the

text: St.

text: Lawrence

text: continued

text: along

text: the

text: northern

text: shore

text: of

text: Lake

text: Ontario

text: crossed

text: the

text: portage

text: at

text: Niagara

text: and

text: followed

text: the

text: southern

text: shore

text: of

text: Lake

text: Erie

text: At

text: the

text: Chautauqua

text: Portage

text: near

text: present

text: day

text: Barcelona

text: New

text: York

text: the

text: expedition

text: moved

text: inland

text: to

text: the

text: Allegheny

text: River

text: which

text: it

text: followed

text: to

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: present

text: day

text: Pittsburgh

text: There

text: Céloron

text: buried

text: lead

text: plates

text: engraved

text: with

text: the

text: French

text: claim

text: to

text: the

text: Ohio

text: Country

text: Whenever

text: he

text: encountered

text: British

text: merchants

text: or

text: fur

text: traders

text: Céloron

text: informed

text: them

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: claims

text: on

text: the

text: territory

text: and

text: told

text: them

text: to

text: leave

question: What was extent of Celeron's expedition?

answer: about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June and November 1749.

text: about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June and November 1749.

answer: about 3,000 miles

text: about 3,000 miles

answer: 3,000 miles

text: 3,000 miles

answer: 3,000 miles

text: 3,000 miles

answer: 3,000 miles

text: 3,000 miles

question: Who was on Celeron's expedition?

answer: 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians

text: 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians

answer: Céloron

text: Céloron

answer: 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians

text: 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians

answer: 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians

text: 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians

answer: 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians

text: 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians

question: How did Celeron handle business on trip?

answer: British merchants or fur-traders, Céloron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave.

text: British merchants or fur-traders, Céloron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave.

answer: told them to leave

text: told them to leave

answer: Whenever he encountered British merchants or fur-traders, Céloron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave.

text: Whenever he encountered British merchants or fur-traders, Céloron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave.

answer: buried lead plates

text: buried lead plates

answer: Whenever he encountered British merchants or fur-traders, Céloron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave

text: Whenever he encountered British merchants or fur-traders, Céloron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave

question: What was intent of Celeron's expedition?

question: What wasn't extent of Celeron's expedition?

question: Who wasn't on Celeron's expedition?

text: 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians

question: Who was on Celery's expedition?

text: 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians

question: How didn't Celeron handle business on trip?


text: Southern California includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the Pacific coast from Ventura, through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, and down to Greater San Diego. Southern California's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas, or MSAs: the Los Angeles metropolitan area, consisting of Los Angeles and Orange counties; the Inland Empire, consisting of Riverside and San Bernardino counties; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Oxnard–Thousand Oaks–Ventura metropolitan area; the Santa Barbara metro area; the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas: the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over four million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Greater Los Angeles Area with over 17.5 million people. With over 22 million people, southern California contains roughly 60 percent of California's population.

title: Southern_California

title: Southern_California

text: Southern

text: California

text: includes

text: the

text: heavily

text: built

text: up

text: urban

text: area

text: stretching

text: along

text: the

text: Pacific

text: coast

text: from

text: Ventura

text: through

text: the

text: Greater

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Area

text: and

text: the

text: Inland

text: Empire

text: and

text: down

text: to

text: Greater

text: San

text: Diego

text: Southern

text: California

text: 's

text: population

text: encompasses

text: seven

text: metropolitan

text: areas

text: or

text: MSAs

text: the

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: consisting

text: of

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: and

text: Orange

text: counties

text: the

text: Inland

text: Empire

text: consisting

text: of

text: Riverside

text: and

text: San

text: Bernardino

text: counties

text: the

text: San

text: Diego

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: the

text: Oxnard

text: Thousand

text: Oaks

text: Ventura

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: the

text: Santa

text: Barbara

text: metro

text: area

text: the

text: San

text: Luis

text: Obispo

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: El

text: Centro

text: area

text: Out

text: of

text: these

text: three

text: are

text: heavy

text: populated

text: areas

text: the

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: area

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: the

text: Riverside

text: San

text: Bernardino

text: area

text: with

text: over

text: four

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: and

text: the

text: San

text: Diego

text: area

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: For

text: CSA

text: metropolitan

text: purposes

text: the

text: five

text: counties

text: of

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Orange

text: Riverside

text: San

text: Bernardino

text: and

text: Ventura

text: are

text: all

text: combined

text: to

text: make

text: up

text: the

text: Greater

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Area

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: With

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: southern

text: California

text: contains

text: roughly

text: percent

text: of

text: California

text: 's

text: population

question: Which coastline does Southern California touch?

answer: Pacific

text: Pacific

answer: Pacific

text: Pacific

answer: Pacific

text: Pacific

question: How many metropolitan areas does Southern California's population encompass?

answer: seven

text: seven

answer: seven

text: seven

answer: seven

text: seven

question: How many inhabitants does the Los Angeles area contain?

answer: 12 million

text: 12 million

answer: over 12 million inhabitants

text: over 12 million inhabitants

answer: 12 million

text: 12 million

question: Which of the three heavily populated areas has the least number of inhabitants?

answer: San Diego

text: San Diego

answer: the San Diego area

text: the San Diego area

answer: San Diego

text: San Diego

question: How many people does the Greater Los Angeles Area have?

answer: 17.5 million

text: 17.5 million

answer: over 17.5 million

text: over 17.5 million

answer: 17.5 million

text: 17.5 million

question: What percent of California's 22 million people live in southern California?

text: 60 percent

question: What does MAS stand for?

text: metropolitan areas

question: How many people live in Riverside?

text: over four million

question: What does CSA stand for?

text: southern California


text: The area of the modern city of Jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years. On Black Hammock Island in the national Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, a University of North Florida team discovered some of the oldest remnants of pottery in the United States, dating to 2500 BC. In the 16th century, the beginning of the historical era, the region was inhabited by the Mocama, a coastal subgroup of the Timucua people. At the time of contact with Europeans, all Mocama villages in present-day Jacksonville were part of the powerful chiefdom known as the Saturiwa, centered around the mouth of the St. Johns River. One early map shows a village called Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville; this may be the earliest recorded name for that area.

title: Jacksonville,_Florida

title: Jacksonville,_Florida

text: The

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: city

text: of

text: Jacksonville

text: has

text: been

text: inhabited

text: for

text: thousands

text: of

text: years

text: On

text: Black

text: Hammock

text: Island

text: in

text: the

text: national

text: Timucuan

text: Ecological

text: and

text: Historic

text: Preserve

text: a

text: University

text: of

text: North

text: Florida

text: team

text: discovered

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: remnants

text: of

text: pottery

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: dating

text: to

text: BC

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: historical

text: era

text: the

text: region

text: was

text: inhabited

text: by

text: the

text: Mocama

text: a

text: coastal

text: subgroup

text: of

text: the

text: Timucua

text: people

text: At

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: contact

text: with

text: Europeans

text: all

text: Mocama

text: villages

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: Jacksonville

text: were

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: powerful

text: chiefdom

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Saturiwa

text: centered

text: around

text: the

text: mouth

text: of

text: the

text: St.

text: Johns

text: River

text: One

text: early

text: map

text: shows

text: a

text: village

text: called

text: Ossachite

text: at

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: downtown

text: Jacksonville

text: this

text: may

text: be

text: the

text: earliest

text: recorded

text: name

text: for

text: that

text: area

question: The area where Jacksonville currently sits has been inhabited for how many years?

answer: thousands

text: thousands

answer: thousands of years

text: thousands of years

answer: thousands of years

text: thousands of years

question: Who discovered pottery found on Black Hammock Island?

answer: a University of North Florida team

text: a University of North Florida team

answer: University of North Florida

text: University of North Florida

answer: University of North Florida

text: University of North Florida

question: What civilization did the pottery belong to?

answer: Timucua

text: Timucua

answer: Timucua people

text: Timucua people

answer: Mocama

text: Mocama

question: What is the 16th century known as the start of?

answer: the historical era

text: the historical era

answer: historical era

text: historical era

answer: beginning of the historical era

text: beginning of the historical era

question: What is the name of the village that once existed in what is now downtown Jacksonville?

answer: Ossachite

text: Ossachite

answer: Ossachite

text: Ossachite

answer: Ossachite

text: Ossachite

question: What area remained uninhabited for thousands of years?

text: Jacksonville

question: What I lent to the team of northern University students discover pottery?

text: On Black Hammock Island

question: What to do university students find the dated sixteenth century?

text: pottery

question: What area did the Mocama inhabit in 2500 BC?

text: Jacksonville

question: Sauriwa is the earliest known name for what area?

text: downtown Jacksonville


text: The mermaid (syrenka) is Warsaw's symbol and can be found on statues throughout the city and on the city's coat of arms. This imagery has been in use since at least the mid-14th century. The oldest existing armed seal of Warsaw is from the year 1390, consisting of a round seal bordered with the Latin inscription Sigilium Civitatis Varsoviensis (Seal of the city of Warsaw). City records as far back as 1609 document the use of a crude form of a sea monster with a female upper body and holding a sword in its claws. In 1653 the poet Zygmunt Laukowski asks the question:

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: The

text: mermaid

text: syrenka

text: is

text: Warsaw

text: 's

text: symbol

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: on

text: statues

text: throughout

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: coat

text: of

text: arms

text: This

text: imagery

text: has

text: been

text: in

text: use

text: since

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: oldest

text: existing

text: armed

text: seal

text: of

text: Warsaw

text: is

text: from

text: the

text: year

text: consisting

text: of

text: a

text: round

text: seal

text: bordered

text: with

text: the

text: Latin

text: inscription

text: Sigilium

text: Civitatis

text: Varsoviensis

text: Seal

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Warsaw

text: City

text: records

text: as

text: far

text: back

text: as

text: document

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: a

text: crude

text: form

text: of

text: a

text: sea

text: monster

text: with

text: a

text: female

text: upper

text: body

text: and

text: holding

text: a

text: sword

text: in

text: its

text: claws

text: In

text: the

text: poet

text: Zygmunt

text: Laukowski

text: asks

text: the

text: question

question: What is polish for "mermaid"?

answer: syrenka

text: syrenka

answer: syrenka

text: syrenka

answer: syrenka

text: syrenka

question: What is Warsaw's symbol?

answer: The mermaid

text: The mermaid

answer: mermaid

text: mermaid

answer: The mermaid

text: The mermaid

question: How long has the imagery of the mermaid been used by Warsaw?

answer: since at least the mid-14th century

text: since at least the mid-14th century

answer: mid-14th century

text: mid-14th century

answer: at least the mid-14th century

text: at least the mid-14th century

question: When is the oldest armed seal of Warsaw from?

answer: 1390

answer: 1390

answer: 1390

question: What does the sea monster with a female upper body hold in its claws?

answer: a sword

text: a sword

answer: sword

text: sword

answer: sword

text: sword

question: What is Polish for "female"?

text: syrenka

question: What is Sigilium's symbol?

text: The mermaid

question: How long has the imagery of the mermaid been used by Sigilium?

text: since at least the mid-14th century

question: When is the oldest armed seal of Sigilium from?

question: What does the sea monster with an inscription on its claws?

text: a sword


text: Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings. The majority of building construction jobs are small renovations, such as addition of a room, or renovation of a bathroom. Often, the owner of the property acts as laborer, paymaster, and design team for the entire project. Although building construction projects typically include various common elements, such as design, financial, estimating and legal considerations, many projects of varying sizes reach undesirable end results, such as structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation. For this reason, those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome.

title: Construction

title: Construction

text: Building

text: construction

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: adding

text: structure

text: to

text: real

text: property

text: or

text: construction

text: of

text: buildings

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: building

text: construction

text: jobs

text: are

text: small

text: renovations

text: such

text: as

text: addition

text: of

text: a

text: room

text: or

text: renovation

text: of

text: a

text: bathroom

text: Often

text: the

text: owner

text: of

text: the

text: property

text: acts

text: as

text: laborer

text: paymaster

text: and

text: design

text: team

text: for

text: the

text: entire

text: project

text: Although

text: building

text: construction

text: projects

text: typically

text: include

text: various

text: common

text: elements

text: such

text: as

text: design

text: financial

text: estimating

text: and

text: legal

text: considerations

text: many

text: projects

text: of

text: varying

text: sizes

text: reach

text: undesirable

text: end

text: results

text: such

text: as

text: structural

text: collapse

text: cost

text: overruns

text: and/or

text: litigation

text: For

text: this

text: reason

text: those

text: with

text: experience

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: make

text: detailed

text: plans

text: and

text: maintain

text: careful

text: oversight

text: during

text: the

text: project

text: to

text: ensure

text: a

text: positive

text: outcome

question: What is the process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings?

answer: Building construction

text: Building construction

answer: Building construction

text: Building construction

answer: Building construction

text: Building construction

question: The majority of building construction jobs are what?

answer: small renovations

text: small renovations

answer: small renovations

text: small renovations

answer: small renovations

text: small renovations

question: Who acts as laborer, paymaster, and design team for a renovation project?

answer: the owner of the property

text: the owner of the property

answer: the owner

text: the owner

answer: owner of the property

text: owner of the property

question: What are some examples of undesirable end results of a project?

answer: structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation

text: structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation

answer: structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation

text: structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation

answer: structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation

text: structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation

question: What do those in the field do to ensure a positive outcome?

answer: make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight

text: make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight

answer: make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight

text: make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight

answer: make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project

text: make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project

question: What do new homes comprise the majority of?

text: Building construction

question: What are common outcomes of a project?

question: What do people with experience not need to do?

question: What does the forman act as besides paymaster?

text: laborer, paymaster, and design team

question: What do common elements often act as?

question: What is the process of adding detailed plans and careful oversight?

text: Building construction

question: What are most detailed plans in construction?

text: small renovations

question: What elements make up a room edition?

question: What are some examples of legal considerations for an addition?


text: The Harvard University Library System is centered in Widener Library in Harvard Yard and comprises nearly 80 individual libraries holding over 18 million volumes. According to the American Library Association, this makes it the largest academic library in the United States, and one of the largest in the world. Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library are three of the most popular libraries for undergraduates to use, with easy access and central locations. There are rare books, manuscripts and other special collections throughout Harvard's libraries; Houghton Library, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, and the Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials. America's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases both old and new is stored in Pusey Library and open to the public. The largest collection of East-Asian language material outside of East Asia is held in the Harvard-Yenching Library.

title: Harvard_University

title: Harvard_University

text: The

text: Harvard

text: University

text: Library

text: System

text: is

text: centered

text: in

text: Widener

text: Library

text: in

text: Harvard

text: Yard

text: and

text: comprises

text: nearly

text: individual

text: libraries

text: holding

text: over

text: million

text: volumes

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: American

text: Library

text: Association

text: this

text: makes

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: academic

text: library

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Cabot

text: Science

text: Library

text: Lamont

text: Library

text: and

text: Widener

text: Library

text: are

text: three

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: popular

text: libraries

text: for

text: undergraduates

text: to

text: use

text: with

text: easy

text: access

text: and

text: central

text: locations

text: There

text: are

text: rare

text: books

text: manuscripts

text: and

text: other

text: special

text: collections

text: throughout

text: Harvard

text: 's

text: libraries

text: Houghton

text: Library

text: the

text: Arthur

text: and

text: Elizabeth

text: Schlesinger

text: Library

text: on

text: the

text: History

text: of

text: Women

text: in

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: Harvard

text: University

text: Archives

text: consist

text: principally

text: of

text: rare

text: and

text: unique

text: materials

text: America

text: 's

text: oldest

text: collection

text: of

text: maps

text: gazetteers

text: and

text: atlases

text: both

text: old

text: and

text: new

text: is

text: stored

text: in

text: Pusey

text: Library

text: and

text: open

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: The

text: largest

text: collection

text: of

text: East

text: Asian

text: language

text: material

text: outside

text: of

text: East

text: Asia

text: is

text: held

text: in

text: the

text: Harvard

text: Yenching

text: Library

question: What is the center library in the Harvard library system?

answer: Widener Library

text: Widener Library

answer: Widener

text: Widener

answer: Widener Library

text: Widener Library

question: How many total volumes are in the Harvard library system?

answer: 18 million volumes

text: 18 million volumes

answer: 18 million

text: 18 million

answer: over 18 million

text: over 18 million

question: What are the 3 post popular libraries for undergraduates in the Harvard system?

answer: Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library

text: Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library

answer: Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library

text: Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library

answer: Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library

text: Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library

question: Where are America's oldest collection of maps, gazettes, and atlases housed?

answer: Pusey Library

text: Pusey Library

answer: Pusey Library

text: Pusey Library

answer: Pusey Library

text: Pusey Library

question: Where is the American Library Association located?

text: in Harvard Yard

question: How many books are endorsed by the American Library Association?

text: 18 million

question: What is the size of the Lamont Library that gives it a unique distinction?

text: one of the largest in the world

question: What is the status of the Harvard University Archives with undergraduates?

text: the most popular

question: What kind of access for undergraduates do the Harvard University Archives have?

text: easy


text: The Premier of Victoria is the leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the Legislative Assembly. The Premier is the public face of government and, with cabinet, sets the legislative and political agenda. Cabinet consists of representatives elected to either house of parliament. It is responsible for managing areas of government that are not exclusively the Commonwealth's, by the Australian Constitution, such as education, health and law enforcement. The current Premier of Victoria is Daniel Andrews.

title: Victoria_(Australia)

title: Victoria_(Australia

text: The

text: Premier

text: of

text: Victoria

text: is

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: political

text: party

text: or

text: coalition

text: with

text: the

text: most

text: seats

text: in

text: the

text: Legislative

text: Assembly

text: The

text: Premier

text: is

text: the

text: public

text: face

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: with

text: cabinet

text: sets

text: the

text: legislative

text: and

text: political

text: agenda

text: Cabinet

text: consists

text: of

text: representatives

text: elected

text: to

text: either

text: house

text: of

text: parliament

text: It

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: managing

text: areas

text: of

text: government

text: that

text: are

text: not

text: exclusively

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: 's

text: by

text: the

text: Australian

text: Constitution

text: such

text: as

text: education

text: health

text: and

text: law

text: enforcement

text: The

text: current

text: Premier

text: of

text: Victoria

text: is

text: Daniel

text: Andrews

question: What does the Premier of Victoria need to lead in the Legislative Assembly?

answer: most seats

text: most seats

answer: the most seats in the Legislative Assembly

text: the most seats in the Legislative Assembly

answer: most seats in the Legislative Assembly

text: most seats in the Legislative Assembly

question: Who sets the legislative agenda in Victoria?

answer: Premier

text: Premier

answer: The Premier is the public face of government and, with cabinet

text: The Premier is the public face of government and, with cabinet

answer: Premier of Victoria

text: Premier of Victoria

question: Who can be in the Victorian cabinet?

answer: representatives

text: representatives

answer: representatives elected to either house of parliament

text: representatives elected to either house of parliament

answer: representatives elected to either house of parliament

text: representatives elected to either house of parliament

question: Who is the current Premier of Victoria?

answer: Daniel Andrews

text: Daniel Andrews

answer: Daniel Andrews

text: Daniel Andrews

answer: Daniel Andrews

text: Daniel Andrews

question: How are Victorian cabinet members chosen?

answer: elected

text: elected

answer: elected

text: elected

answer: elected

text: elected

question: What does the secretary need to lead in the Legislative Assembly?

text: most seats

question: Who sets the judicial agenda in Victoria?

text: Premier

question: Who can be in the Victorian law enforcement?

text: representatives

question: Who is the first Premier of Victoria?

text: Daniel Andrews

question: How are Victorian education members chosen?

text: elected


text: Historically, Victoria has been the base for the manufacturing plants of the major car brands Ford, Toyota and Holden; however, closure announcements by all three companies in the 21st century will mean that Australia will no longer be a base for the global car industry, with Toyota's statement in February 2014 outlining a closure year of 2017. Holden's announcement occurred in May 2013, followed by Ford's decision in December of the same year (Ford's Victorian plants—in Broadmeadows and Geelong—will close in October 2016).

title: Victoria_(Australia)

title: Victoria_(Australia

text: Historically

text: Victoria

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: base

text: for

text: the

text: manufacturing

text: plants

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: car

text: brands

text: Ford

text: Toyota

text: and

text: Holden

text: however

text: closure

text: announcements

text: by

text: all

text: three

text: companies

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: will

text: mean

text: that

text: Australia

text: will

text: no

text: longer

text: be

text: a

text: base

text: for

text: the

text: global

text: car

text: industry

text: with

text: Toyota

text: 's

text: statement

text: in

text: February

text: outlining

text: a

text: closure

text: year

text: of

text: Holden

text: 's

text: announcement

text: occurred

text: in

text: May

text: followed

text: by

text: Ford

text: 's

text: decision

text: in

text: December

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: Ford

text: 's

text: Victorian

text: plants

text: in

text: Broadmeadows

text: and

text: Geelong

text: will

text: close

text: in

text: October

question: What type of manufacturing plant is Victoria soon losing?

answer: major car brands

text: major car brands

answer: major car brands

text: major car brands

answer: car

text: car

question: When has Toyota said it will close its Victoria plant?

answer: 2017

answer: 2017

answer: 2017

question: When did Holden announce that it will close its Victoria plant?

answer: May 2013

text: May 2013

answer: in May 2013

text: in May 2013

answer: 2013

question: When will Ford's manufacturing plants close?

answer: October 2016

text: October 2016

answer: in October 2016

text: in October 2016

answer: 2013

question: What brand of car is manufactured in Broadmeadows?

answer: Ford

text: Ford

answer: Ford

text: Ford

question: What type of manufacturing plant is Victoria getting soon?

text: major car brands

question: When has Toyota said it will change its Victoria plant into a plane factory?

question: When did Holden announce that it will open its Victoria plant?

text: May 2013

question: When will Ford start building electric cars?

text: October 2016

question: What brand of tractor is manufactured in Broadmeadows?

text: Ford


text: In 1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development. A 1996 study by Perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth. He showed that, in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach, inequality is associated with lower level of human capital formation (education, experience, and apprenticeship) and higher level of fertility, and thereby lower levels of growth. He found that inequality is associated with higher levels of redistributive taxation, which is associated with lower levels of growth from reductions in private savings and investment. Perotti concluded that, "more equal societies have lower fertility rates and higher rates of investment in education. Both are reflected in higher rates of growth. Also, very unequal societies tend to be politically and socially unstable, which is reflected in lower rates of investment and therefore growth."

title: Economic_inequality

title: Economic_inequality

text: In

text: Galor

text: and

text: Zeira

text: showed

text: that

text: inequality

text: in

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: credit

text: market

text: imperfections

text: has

text: a

text: long

text: lasting

text: detrimental

text: effect

text: on

text: human

text: capital

text: formation

text: and

text: economic

text: development

text: A

text: study

text: by

text: Perotti

text: examined

text: the

text: channels

text: through

text: which

text: inequality

text: may

text: affect

text: economic

text: growth

text: He

text: showed

text: that

text: in

text: accordance

text: with

text: the

text: credit

text: market

text: imperfection

text: approach

text: inequality

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: lower

text: level

text: of

text: human

text: capital

text: formation

text: education

text: experience

text: and

text: apprenticeship

text: and

text: higher

text: level

text: of

text: fertility

text: and

text: thereby

text: lower

text: levels

text: of

text: growth

text: He

text: found

text: that

text: inequality

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: higher

text: levels

text: of

text: redistributive

text: taxation

text: which

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: lower

text: levels

text: of

text: growth

text: from

text: reductions

text: in

text: private

text: savings

text: and

text: investment

text: Perotti

text: concluded

text: that

text: more

text: equal

text: societies

text: have

text: lower

text: fertility

text: rates

text: and

text: higher

text: rates

text: of

text: investment

text: in

text: education

text: Both

text: are

text: reflected

text: in

text: higher

text: rates

text: of

text: growth

text: Also

text: very

text: unequal

text: societies

text: tend

text: to

text: be

text: politically

text: and

text: socially

text: unstable

text: which

text: is

text: reflected

text: in

text: lower

text: rates

text: of

text: investment

text: and

text: therefore

text: growth

question: When did Galor and Zeria show new information about inequality?

answer: 1993

answer: 1993

answer: 1993

question: Inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has what kind of effect on human capital formation?

answer: detrimental

text: detrimental

answer: long lasting detrimental effect

text: long lasting detrimental effect

answer: long lasting detrimental

text: long lasting detrimental

question: What did a 1996 study by Perotti examine?

answer: channels through which inequality may affect economic growth

text: channels through which inequality may affect economic growth

answer: channels through which inequality may affect economic growth

text: channels through which inequality may affect economic growth

answer: channels through which inequality may affect economic growth

text: channels through which inequality may affect economic growth

question: What is inequality associated with higher levels of?

answer: redistributive taxation

text: redistributive taxation

answer: fertility

text: fertility

answer: fertility

text: fertility

question: What do extremely unequal societies tend to be?

answer: politically and socially unstable

text: politically and socially unstable

answer: politically and socially unstable

text: politically and socially unstable

answer: politically and socially unstable

text: politically and socially unstable

question: When did Galor and Zeria show old information about inequality?

question: nequality in the presence of credit market perfections has what kind of effect on human capital formation?

text: detrimental

question: What did a 1969 study by Perotti examine?

question: What is inequality associated with lower levels of?

text: redistributive taxation

question: What do extremely equal societies tend to be?

text: politically and socially unstable


text: Current faculty include the anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, historian Dipesh Chakrabarty, paleontologists Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno, evolutionary biologist Jerry Coyne, Nobel prize winning physicist Yoichiro Nambu, Nobel prize winning physicist James Cronin, Nobel Prize winning economists Eugene Fama, James Heckman, Lars Peter Hansen, Roger Myerson and Robert Lucas, Jr., Freakonomics author and noted economist Steven Levitt, current governor of India's central bank Raghuram Rajan, the 74th United States Secretary of the Treasury and former Goldman Sachs Chairman and CEO Hank Paulson, former Chairman of President Barack Obama's Council of Economic Advisors Austan Goolsbee, Shakespeare scholar David Bevington, and renowned political scientists John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape.

title: University_of_Chicago

title: University_of_Chicago

text: Current

text: faculty

text: include

text: the

text: anthropologist

text: Marshall

text: Sahlins

text: historian

text: Dipesh

text: Chakrabarty

text: paleontologists

text: Neil

text: Shubin

text: and

text: Paul

text: Sereno

text: evolutionary

text: biologist

text: Jerry

text: Coyne

text: Nobel

text: prize

text: winning

text: physicist

text: Yoichiro

text: Nambu

text: Nobel

text: prize

text: winning

text: physicist

text: James

text: Cronin

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: winning

text: economists

text: Eugene

text: Fama

text: James

text: Heckman

text: Lars

text: Peter

text: Hansen

text: Roger

text: Myerson

text: and

text: Robert

text: Lucas

text: Jr.

text: Freakonomics

text: author

text: and

text: noted

text: economist

text: Steven

text: Levitt

text: current

text: governor

text: of

text: India

text: 's

text: central

text: bank

text: Raghuram

text: Rajan

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Secretary

text: of

text: the

text: Treasury

text: and

text: former

text: Goldman

text: Sachs

text: Chairman

text: and

text: CEO

text: Hank

text: Paulson

text: former

text: Chairman

text: of

text: President

text: Barack

text: Obama

text: 's

text: Council

text: of

text: Economic

text: Advisors

text: Austan

text: Goolsbee

text: Shakespeare

text: scholar

text: David

text: Bevington

text: and

text: renowned

text: political

text: scientists

text: John

text: Mearsheimer

text: and

text: Robert

text: Pape

question: Hank Paulson is the former Chairman and CEO of what banking firm?

answer: Goldman Sachs

text: Goldman Sachs

answer: Goldman Sachs

text: Goldman Sachs

answer: Goldman Sachs

text: Goldman Sachs

question: Who is the governor of India's central bank?

answer: Raghuram Rajan

text: Raghuram Rajan

answer: Raghuram Rajan

text: Raghuram Rajan

answer: Raghuram Rajan

text: Raghuram Rajan

question: What Shakespeare scholar is currently on the university's faculty?

answer: David Bevington

text: David Bevington

answer: David Bevington

text: David Bevington

answer: John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape

text: John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape

question: What well known political scientists are currently on the university's faculty?

answer: John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape

text: John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape

answer: John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape

text: John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape

question: What paleontologists are currently on the university's faculty?

answer: Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno

text: Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno

answer: Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno

text: Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno

answer: Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno

text: Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno

question: Who is the current CEO and chairmen of Goldman Sachs?

text: Hank Paulson

question: Who is the current Chairman of President Barack Obama's Council of Economic Advisors?

text: Austan Goolsbee

question: Who governs Nobel Prize central bank?

text: Raghuram Rajan

question: Who wrote Freakonomics and is also an anthropologist?

text: Steven Levitt

question: Who is the 75th United States Secretary of the Treasury?

text: Hank Paulson


text: While constitutional law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative law binds EU institutions and member states to follow the law. Both member states and the Commission have a general legal right or "standing" (locus standi) to bring claims against EU institutions and other member states for breach of the treaties. From the EU's foundation, the Court of Justice also held that the Treaties allowed citizens or corporations to bring claims against EU and member state institutions for violation of the Treaties and Regulations, if they were properly interpreted as creating rights and obligations. However, under Directives, citizens or corporations were said in 1986 to not be allowed to bring claims against other non-state parties. This meant courts of member states were not bound to apply an EU law where a national rule conflicted, even though the member state government could be sued, if it would impose an obligation on another citizen or corporation. These rules on "direct effect" limit the extent to which member state courts are bound to administer EU law. All actions by EU institutions can be subject to judicial review, and judged by standards of proportionality, particularly where general principles of law, or fundamental rights are engaged. The remedy for a claimant where there has been a breach of the law is often monetary damages, but courts can also require specific performance or will grant an injunction, in order to ensure the law is effective as possible.

title: European_Union_law

title: European_Union_law

text: While

text: constitutional

text: law

text: concerns

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: 's

text: governance

text: structure

text: administrative

text: law

text: binds

text: EU

text: institutions

text: and

text: member

text: states

text: to

text: follow

text: the

text: law

text: Both

text: member

text: states

text: and

text: the

text: Commission

text: have

text: a

text: general

text: legal

text: right

text: or

text: standing

text: locus

text: standi

text: to

text: bring

text: claims

text: against

text: EU

text: institutions

text: and

text: other

text: member

text: states

text: for

text: breach

text: of

text: the

text: treaties

text: From

text: the

text: EU

text: 's

text: foundation

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: also

text: held

text: that

text: the

text: Treaties

text: allowed

text: citizens

text: or

text: corporations

text: to

text: bring

text: claims

text: against

text: EU

text: and

text: member

text: state

text: institutions

text: for

text: violation

text: of

text: the

text: Treaties

text: and

text: Regulations

text: if

text: they

text: were

text: properly

text: interpreted

text: as

text: creating

text: rights

text: and

text: obligations

text: However

text: under

text: Directives

text: citizens

text: or

text: corporations

text: were

text: said

text: in

text: to

text: not

text: be

text: allowed

text: to

text: bring

text: claims

text: against

text: other

text: non

text: state

text: parties

text: This

text: meant

text: courts

text: of

text: member

text: states

text: were

text: not

text: bound

text: to

text: apply

text: an

text: EU

text: law

text: where

text: a

text: national

text: rule

text: conflicted

text: even

text: though

text: the

text: member

text: state

text: government

text: could

text: be

text: sued

text: if

text: it

text: would

text: impose

text: an

text: obligation

text: on

text: another

text: citizen

text: or

text: corporation

text: These

text: rules

text: on

text: direct

text: effect

text: limit

text: the

text: extent

text: to

text: which

text: member

text: state

text: courts

text: are

text: bound

text: to

text: administer

text: EU

text: law

text: All

text: actions

text: by

text: EU

text: institutions

text: can

text: be

text: subject

text: to

text: judicial

text: review

text: and

text: judged

text: by

text: standards

text: of

text: proportionality

text: particularly

text: where

text: general

text: principles

text: of

text: law

text: or

text: fundamental

text: rights

text: are

text: engaged

text: The

text: remedy

text: for

text: a

text: claimant

text: where

text: there

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: breach

text: of

text: the

text: law

text: is

text: often

text: monetary

text: damages

text: but

text: courts

text: can

text: also

text: require

text: specific

text: performance

text: or

text: will

text: grant

text: an

text: injunction

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: ensure

text: the

text: law

text: is

text: effective

text: as

text: possible

question: Which type of law makes EU institutions and its member states follow the law?

answer: administrative law

text: administrative law

answer: administrative law

text: administrative law

answer: administrative law

text: administrative law

question: During what year were citizens or corporations said to not be able to bring claims against other non state parties?

answer: 1986

answer: 1986

answer: 1986

question: Which actions by EU institutions can be subject to judicial review?

answer: All actions

text: All actions

answer: All actions by EU institutions can be subject to judicial review

text: All actions by EU institutions can be subject to judicial review

answer: All actions

text: All actions

question: Which type of law concerns the EU's governance structure?

answer: constitutional law

text: constitutional law

answer: constitutional law

text: constitutional law

answer: constitutional law

text: constitutional law

question: What type of law does not make Eu institutions and member states follow the law?

text: administrative law

question: What year were citizens or corporations said to have been able to bring claims against other non state parties?

question: Who was bound to apply an EU law where a national rule conflicted?

text: courts of member states

question: Which actions by EU institutions were not subject to judicial review?

text: All actions

question: Which type of law did not concern the Eu's governance structure?

text: constitutional law


text: A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antigen attracts a matching helper T cell, which releases lymphokines and activates the B cell. As the activated B cell then begins to divide, its offspring (plasma cells) secrete millions of copies of the antibody that recognizes this antigen. These antibodies circulate in blood plasma and lymph, bind to pathogens expressing the antigen and mark them for destruction by complement activation or for uptake and destruction by phagocytes. Antibodies can also neutralize challenges directly, by binding to bacterial toxins or by interfering with the receptors that viruses and bacteria use to infect cells.

title: Immune_system

title: Immune_system

text: A

text: B

text: cell

text: identifies

text: pathogens

text: when

text: antibodies

text: on

text: its

text: surface

text: bind

text: to

text: a

text: specific

text: foreign

text: antigen

text: This

text: antigen

text: antibody

text: complex

text: is

text: taken

text: up

text: by

text: the

text: B

text: cell

text: and

text: processed

text: by

text: proteolysis

text: into

text: peptides

text: The

text: B

text: cell

text: then

text: displays

text: these

text: antigenic

text: peptides

text: on

text: its

text: surface

text: MHC

text: class

text: II

text: molecules

text: This

text: combination

text: of

text: MHC

text: and

text: antigen

text: attracts

text: a

text: matching

text: helper

text: T

text: cell

text: which

text: releases

text: lymphokines

text: and

text: activates

text: the

text: B

text: cell

text: As

text: the

text: activated

text: B

text: cell

text: then

text: begins

text: to

text: divide

text: its

text: offspring

text: plasma

text: cells

text: secrete

text: millions

text: of

text: copies

text: of

text: the

text: antibody

text: that

text: recognizes

text: this

text: antigen

text: These

text: antibodies

text: circulate

text: in

text: blood

text: plasma

text: and

text: lymph

text: bind

text: to

text: pathogens

text: expressing

text: the

text: antigen

text: and

text: mark

text: them

text: for

text: destruction

text: by

text: complement

text: activation

text: or

text: for

text: uptake

text: and

text: destruction

text: by

text: phagocytes

text: Antibodies

text: can

text: also

text: neutralize

text: challenges

text: directly

text: by

text: binding

text: to

text: bacterial

text: toxins

text: or

text: by

text: interfering

text: with

text: the

text: receptors

text: that

text: viruses

text: and

text: bacteria

text: use

text: to

text: infect

text: cells

question: What kind of cell identifies pathogens when the antibodies on its surface complex with a specific foreign antigen?

answer: B cell

text: B cell

answer: B

text: B

answer: A B cell

text: A B cell

question: What is the process by which the antigen/antibody complex is processed in to peptides?

answer: proteolysis

text: proteolysis

answer: proteolysis

text: proteolysis

answer: proteolysis

text: proteolysis

question: What does the matching helper T cell release when it binds with the MHC:antigen complex of the B cell?

answer: lymphokines

text: lymphokines

answer: lymphokines

text: lymphokines

answer: lymphokines

text: lymphokines

question: When does a T cell identify pathogens?

question: What are peptides processed into?

text: antigen/antibody complex

question: What attracts a matching helper B cell?

text: combination of MHC and antigen

question: When do antibodies not circulate in?

text: blood plasma

question: What can antibodies not neutralize?

text: challenges


text: At Saint Evroul, a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in Normandy. Under the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil, several monks of Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy, where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia. There they continued the tradition of singing.

title: Normans

title: Normans

text: At

text: Saint

text: Evroul

text: a

text: tradition

text: of

text: singing

text: had

text: developed

text: and

text: the

text: choir

text: achieved

text: fame

text: in

text: Normandy

text: Under

text: the

text: Norman

text: abbot

text: Robert

text: de

text: Grantmesnil

text: several

text: monks

text: of

text: Saint

text: Evroul

text: fled

text: to

text: southern

text: Italy

text: where

text: they

text: were

text: patronised

text: by

text: Robert

text: Guiscard

text: and

text: established

text: a

text: Latin

text: monastery

text: at

text: Sant'Eufemia

text: There

text: they

text: continued

text: the

text: tradition

text: of

text: singing

question: Where did the monks flee to?

answer: southern Italy

text: southern Italy

answer: southern Italy

text: southern Italy

answer: southern Italy

text: southern Italy

question: What monastery did the Saint-Evroul monks establish in Italy?

answer: Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia.

text: Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia.

answer: a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia

text: a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia

answer: Sant'Eufemia

text: Sant'Eufemia

question: Who patronized the monks in Italy?

answer: Robert Guiscard

text: Robert Guiscard

answer: Robert Guiscard

text: Robert Guiscard

answer: Robert Guiscard

text: Robert Guiscard

question: What tradition were the Saint-Evroul monks known for?

answer: singing

text: singing

answer: singing

text: singing

answer: singing

text: singing

question: Who fled from southern Italy?

text: monks


text: The "West Side" of Fresno, also often called "Southwest Fresno", is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city. The neighborhood lies southwest of the 99 freeway (which divides it from Downtown Fresno), west of the 41 freeway and south of Nielsen Ave (or the newly constructed 180 Freeway), and extends to the city limits to the west and south. The neighborhood is traditionally considered to be the center of Fresno's African-American community. It is culturally diverse and also includes significant Mexican-American and Asian-American (principally Hmong or Laotian) populations.

title: Fresno,_California

title: Fresno,_California

text: The

text: West

text: Side

text: of

text: Fresno

text: also

text: often

text: called

text: Southwest

text: Fresno

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: neighborhoods

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: neighborhood

text: lies

text: southwest

text: of

text: the

text: freeway

text: which

text: divides

text: it

text: from

text: Downtown

text: Fresno

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: freeway

text: and

text: south

text: of

text: Nielsen

text: Ave

text: or

text: the

text: newly

text: constructed

text: Freeway

text: and

text: extends

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: limits

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: The

text: neighborhood

text: is

text: traditionally

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: Fresno

text: 's

text: African

text: American

text: community

text: It

text: is

text: culturally

text: diverse

text: and

text: also

text: includes

text: significant

text: Mexican

text: American

text: and

text: Asian

text: American

text: principally

text: Hmong

text: or

text: Laotian

text: populations

question: What is another name for the west side of Fresno?

answer: "Southwest Fresno"

text: "Southwest Fresno"

answer: Southwest Fresno

text: Southwest Fresno

answer: Southwest Fresno

text: Southwest Fresno

question: In which direction does the west side of Fresno neighborhood lie to the 99 freeway?

answer: southwest

text: southwest

answer: southwest

text: southwest

answer: southwest

text: southwest

question: The west side of Fresno is the center of which ethnic community?

answer: African-American

text: African-American

answer: African-American

text: African-American

answer: African-American

text: African-American

question: What are the two principal Asian-American groups living in the west side neighborhood of Fresno?

answer: Hmong or Laotian

text: Hmong or Laotian

answer: Hmong or Laotian

text: Hmong or Laotian

answer: Hmong or Laotian

text: Hmong or Laotian

question: Which neighborhood lies west of the 41 freeway?

answer: "West Side"

text: "West Side"

answer: West Side

text: West Side

answer: West Side

text: West Side

question: What is west of the West Side?

text: 41 freeway

question: What divides Downtown Fresno?

text: 99 freeway

question: What is ethnic community is traditionally found Downtown?

text: African-American

question: What specific groups are found within the Mexican-American population?

text: Hmong or Laotian

question: What is significant about the age of Downtown Fresno?


text: All of these processes do not necessarily occur in a single environment, and do not necessarily occur in a single order. The Hawaiian Islands, for example, consist almost entirely of layered basaltic lava flows. The sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental United States and the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States contain almost-undeformed stacks of sedimentary rocks that have remained in place since Cambrian time. Other areas are much more geologically complex. In the southwestern United States, sedimentary, volcanic, and intrusive rocks have been metamorphosed, faulted, foliated, and folded. Even older rocks, such as the Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada, the oldest known rock in the world have been metamorphosed to the point where their origin is undiscernable without laboratory analysis. In addition, these processes can occur in stages. In many places, the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States being a very visible example, the lower rock units were metamorphosed and deformed, and then deformation ended and the upper, undeformed units were deposited. Although any amount of rock emplacement and rock deformation can occur, and they can occur any number of times, these concepts provide a guide to understanding the geological history of an area.

title: Geology

title: Geology

text: All

text: of

text: these

text: processes

text: do

text: not

text: necessarily

text: occur

text: in

text: a

text: single

text: environment

text: and

text: do

text: not

text: necessarily

text: occur

text: in

text: a

text: single

text: order

text: The

text: Hawaiian

text: Islands

text: for

text: example

text: consist

text: almost

text: entirely

text: of

text: layered

text: basaltic

text: lava

text: flows

text: The

text: sedimentary

text: sequences

text: of

text: the

text: mid

text: continental

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: Grand

text: Canyon

text: in

text: the

text: southwestern

text: United

text: States

text: contain

text: almost

text: undeformed

text: stacks

text: of

text: sedimentary

text: rocks

text: that

text: have

text: remained

text: in

text: place

text: since

text: Cambrian

text: time

text: Other

text: areas

text: are

text: much

text: more

text: geologically

text: complex

text: In

text: the

text: southwestern

text: United

text: States

text: sedimentary

text: volcanic

text: and

text: intrusive

text: rocks

text: have

text: been

text: metamorphosed

text: faulted

text: foliated

text: and

text: folded

text: Even

text: older

text: rocks

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Acasta

text: gneiss

text: of

text: the

text: Slave

text: craton

text: in

text: northwestern

text: Canada

text: the

text: oldest

text: known

text: rock

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: have

text: been

text: metamorphosed

text: to

text: the

text: point

text: where

text: their

text: origin

text: is

text: undiscernable

text: without

text: laboratory

text: analysis

text: In

text: addition

text: these

text: processes

text: can

text: occur

text: in

text: stages

text: In

text: many

text: places

text: the

text: Grand

text: Canyon

text: in

text: the

text: southwestern

text: United

text: States

text: being

text: a

text: very

text: visible

text: example

text: the

text: lower

text: rock

text: units

text: were

text: metamorphosed

text: and

text: deformed

text: and

text: then

text: deformation

text: ended

text: and

text: the

text: upper

text: undeformed

text: units

text: were

text: deposited

text: Although

text: any

text: amount

text: of

text: rock

text: emplacement

text: and

text: rock

text: deformation

text: can

text: occur

text: and

text: they

text: can

text: occur

text: any

text: number

text: of

text: times

text: these

text: concepts

text: provide

text: a

text: guide

text: to

text: understanding

text: the

text: geological

text: history

text: of

text: an

text: area

question: The Hawaiian Islands are made up almost entirely of what?

answer: layered basaltic lava flows

text: layered basaltic lava flows

answer: layered basaltic lava flows

text: layered basaltic lava flows

answer: layered basaltic lava flows

text: layered basaltic lava flows

question: What is the oldest known rock in the world?

answer: Acasta gneiss

text: Acasta gneiss

answer: Acasta gneiss

text: Acasta gneiss

answer: Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada

text: Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada

question: What type of rock is found at the Grand Canyon?

answer: sedimentary rocks

text: sedimentary rocks

answer: sedimentary

text: sedimentary

answer: sedimentary

text: sedimentary

question: The rocks at the Grand Canyon have been in place since when?

answer: Cambrian time

text: Cambrian time

answer: Cambrian time

text: Cambrian time

answer: Cambrian time

text: Cambrian time

question: Where is the oldest known rock in the world located?

answer: Slave craton in northwestern Canada

text: Slave craton in northwestern Canada

answer: Canada

text: Canada

answer: northwestern Canada

text: northwestern Canada

question: What is Hawaii made of that has existed since Cambrian time?

question: What has happened to sedimentary, volcanic and intrusive rock in the Grand Canyon?

question: What has happened to the the rock in the Grand Canyon that is the oldest rock in the world?

text: have been metamorphosed

question: What is hard to find about the origin of Grand Canyon rock unless analyzed in a lab?

text: their origin

question: What area in northwestern Canada has almost-undeformed stacks of sedimentary rock?

text: the Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton

question: What is the youngest rock to metamorphosize?

text: Acasta gneiss

question: How long have the intrusive rocks in the southwestern US been around?

text: since Cambrian time

question: What is the Grand Canyon not an example of?

text: undeformed stacks of sedimentary rocks

question: What is complex about the layering of the Hawaiian islands?

text: basaltic lava flows

question: What was formed after the undeformed units were deposited?


text: The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, or U of C) is a private research university in Chicago. The university, established in 1890, consists of The College, various graduate programs, interdisciplinary committees organized into four academic research divisions and seven professional schools. Beyond the arts and sciences, Chicago is also well known for its professional schools, which include the Pritzker School of Medicine, the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, the Law School, the School of Social Service Administration, the Harris School of Public Policy Studies, the Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies and the Divinity School. The university currently enrolls approximately 5,000 students in the College and around 15,000 students overall.

title: University_of_Chicago

title: University_of_Chicago

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: UChicago

text: Chicago

text: or

text: U

text: of

text: C

text: is

text: a

text: private

text: research

text: university

text: in

text: Chicago

text: The

text: university

text: established

text: in

text: consists

text: of

text: The

text: College

text: various

text: graduate

text: programs

text: interdisciplinary

text: committees

text: organized

text: into

text: four

text: academic

text: research

text: divisions

text: and

text: seven

text: professional

text: schools

text: Beyond

text: the

text: arts

text: and

text: sciences

text: Chicago

text: is

text: also

text: well

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: professional

text: schools

text: which

text: include

text: the

text: Pritzker

text: School

text: of

text: Medicine

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: Booth

text: School

text: of

text: Business

text: the

text: Law

text: School

text: the

text: School

text: of

text: Social

text: Service

text: Administration

text: the

text: Harris

text: School

text: of

text: Public

text: Policy

text: Studies

text: the

text: Graham

text: School

text: of

text: Continuing

text: Liberal

text: and

text: Professional

text: Studies

text: and

text: the

text: Divinity

text: School

text: The

text: university

text: currently

text: enrolls

text: approximately

text: students

text: in

text: the

text: College

text: and

text: around

text: students

text: overall

question: What kind of university is the University of Chicago?

answer: a private research university

text: a private research university

answer: private research

text: private research

answer: private research university

text: private research university

answer: private research university

text: private research university

question: When was the University of Chicago established?

answer: 1890

answer: 1890

answer: 1890

answer: 1890

question: How many professional schools does the University of Chicago have?

answer: seven

text: seven

answer: seven

text: seven

answer: seven

text: seven

answer: seven

text: seven

question: How many academic research divisions does the University of Chicago have?

answer: four

text: four

answer: four

text: four

answer: four

text: four

answer: four

text: four

question: How many students does the University of Chicago have enlisted?

answer: 5,000

answer: around 15,000

text: around 15,000

answer: 15,000

answer: 15,000

question: The city of Pritzker is home to which University?

text: University of Chicago

question: Nearly 7,000 students are enrolled where?

text: the College

question: What was established in 1809?

text: University of Chicago

question: Other than UChicago or simply Chicago, what is another term for the University of Graham Business?

text: U of C

question: What types of other schools is the city of Harris well known for?

text: professional schools


text: The fundamental theorem of arithmetic continues to hold in unique factorization domains. An example of such a domain is the Gaussian integers Z[i], that is, the set of complex numbers of the form a + bi where i denotes the imaginary unit and a and b are arbitrary integers. Its prime elements are known as Gaussian primes. Not every prime (in Z) is a Gaussian prime: in the bigger ring Z[i], 2 factors into the product of the two Gaussian primes (1 + i) and (1 − i). Rational primes (i.e. prime elements in Z) of the form 4k + 3 are Gaussian primes, whereas rational primes of the form 4k + 1 are not.

title: Prime_number

title: Prime_number

text: The

text: fundamental

text: theorem

text: of

text: arithmetic

text: continues

text: to

text: hold

text: in

text: unique

text: factorization

text: domains

text: An

text: example

text: of

text: such

text: a

text: domain

text: is

text: the

text: Gaussian

text: integers

text: Z[i

text: that

text: is

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: complex

text: numbers

text: of

text: the

text: form

text: a

text: bi

text: where

text: i

text: denotes

text: the

text: imaginary

text: unit

text: and

text: a

text: and

text: b

text: are

text: arbitrary

text: integers

text: Its

text: prime

text: elements

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: Gaussian

text: primes

text: Not

text: every

text: prime

text: in

text: Z

text: is

text: a

text: Gaussian

text: prime

text: in

text: the

text: bigger

text: ring

text: Z[i

text: factors

text: into

text: the

text: product

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: Gaussian

text: primes

text: i

text: and

text: i

text: Rational

text: primes

text: i.e.

text: prime

text: elements

text: in

text: Z

text: of

text: the

text: form

text: are

text: Gaussian

text: primes

text: whereas

text: rational

text: primes

text: of

text: the

text: form

text: are

text: not

question: What theorem remains valid in unique factorization domains?

answer: The fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: The fundamental theorem of arithmetic

answer: theorem of arithmetic

text: theorem of arithmetic

answer: fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: fundamental theorem of arithmetic

answer: The fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: The fundamental theorem of arithmetic

question: What is one example of a unique factorization domain?

answer: the Gaussian integers Z[i]

text: the Gaussian integers Z[i]

answer: Gaussian integers

text: Gaussian integers

answer: Gaussian integers Z[i],

text: Gaussian integers Z[i],

answer: Gaussian integers Z[i]

text: Gaussian integers Z[i]

question: What form do complex Gaussian integers have?

answer: a + bi

text: a + bi

answer: a + bi

text: a + bi

answer: a + bi

text: a + bi

answer: a + bi

text: a + bi

question: What do a and b represent in a Gaussian integer expression?

answer: arbitrary integers

text: arbitrary integers

answer: arbitrary integers

text: arbitrary integers

answer: arbitrary integers

text: arbitrary integers

answer: arbitrary integers

text: arbitrary integers

question: Of what form are rational primes?

answer: 4k + 3

text: 4k + 3

answer: 4k + 3

text: 4k + 3

answer: Z

text: Z

question: What theorem remains valid in unique Gaussian primes?

text: The fundamental theorem of arithmetic

question: What is one example of unique rational primes?

text: the Gaussian integers Z[i]

question: What form do complex rational primes have?

text: a + bi

question: What do a and b represent in a rational prime expression?

text: arbitrary integers

question: Of what form are rational Gaussians?

text: 4k + 3