text: Approximately one million Protestants in modern France represent some 2% of its population. Most are concentrated in Alsace in northeast France and the Cévennes mountain region in the south, who still regard themselves as Huguenots to this day.[citation needed] A diaspora of French Australians still considers itself Huguenot, even after centuries of exile. Long integrated into Australian society, it is encouraged by the Huguenot Society of Australia to embrace and conserve its cultural heritage, aided by the Society's genealogical research services.

title: Huguenot

title: Huguenot

text: Approximately

text: one

text: million

text: Protestants

text: in

text: modern

text: France

text: represent

text: some

text: of

text: its

text: population

text: Most

text: are

text: concentrated

text: in

text: Alsace

text: in

text: northeast

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: Cévennes

text: mountain

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: who

text: still

text: regard

text: themselves

text: as

text: Huguenots

text: to

text: this

text: day.[citation

text: needed

text: A

text: diaspora

text: of

text: French

text: Australians

text: still

text: considers

text: itself

text: Huguenot

text: even

text: after

text: centuries

text: of

text: exile

text: Long

text: integrated

text: into

text: Australian

text: society

text: it

text: is

text: encouraged

text: by

text: the

text: Huguenot

text: Society

text: of

text: Australia

text: to

text: embrace

text: and

text: conserve

text: its

text: cultural

text: heritage

text: aided

text: by

text: the

text: Society

text: 's

text: genealogical

text: research

text: services

question: How many protestants live in France today?

answer: one million

text: one million

answer: Approximately one million

text: Approximately one million

answer: Approximately one million

text: Approximately one million

question: What percentage of France's population is protestant today?

answer: 2%

answer: 2%

answer: 2%

question: What northern province in France has a large protestant population?

answer: Alsace

text: Alsace

answer: Alsace

text: Alsace

answer: Alsace

text: Alsace

question: What is the southern region where protestants are concentrated?

answer: Cévennes

text: Cévennes

answer: Cévennes

text: Cévennes

answer: Cévennes mountain region

text: Cévennes mountain region

question: What country currently has a group who call themselves Huguenots?

answer: Australia

text: Australia

answer: Australia

text: Australia

answer: Australia

text: Australia

question: How many regard themselves as Huguenots today outside of France?

text: one million

question: How many people live in the Alsace region of France?

text: one million

question: Where are there the fewest Protestants in France?

text: Alsace

question: What percentage of people in Australia regard themselves as Huguenots?

text: some 2%

question: How many Protestants are there in the Cevennes mountain region?

text: one million


text: Pushing against an object on a frictional surface can result in a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction, generated between the object and the table surface. For a situation with no movement, the static friction force exactly balances the applied force resulting in no acceleration. The static friction increases or decreases in response to the applied force up to an upper limit determined by the characteristics of the contact between the surface and the object.

title: Force

title: Force

text: Pushing

text: against

text: an

text: object

text: on

text: a

text: frictional

text: surface

text: can

text: result

text: in

text: a

text: situation

text: where

text: the

text: object

text: does

text: not

text: move

text: because

text: the

text: applied

text: force

text: is

text: opposed

text: by

text: static

text: friction

text: generated

text: between

text: the

text: object

text: and

text: the

text: table

text: surface

text: For

text: a

text: situation

text: with

text: no

text: movement

text: the

text: static

text: friction

text: force

text: exactly

text: balances

text: the

text: applied

text: force

text: resulting

text: in

text: no

text: acceleration

text: The

text: static

text: friction

text: increases

text: or

text: decreases

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: applied

text: force

text: up

text: to

text: an

text: upper

text: limit

text: determined

text: by

text: the

text: characteristics

text: of

text: the

text: contact

text: between

text: the

text: surface

text: and

text: the

text: object

question: What can keep an object from moving when it is being pushed on a surface?

answer: static friction

text: static friction

answer: static friction

text: static friction

answer: friction

text: friction

answer: static friction

text: static friction

answer: applied force

text: applied force

question: What is generated between a surface and an object that is being pushed?

answer: static friction

text: static friction

answer: static friction

text: static friction

answer: static friction

text: static friction

answer: static friction

text: static friction

answer: static friction

text: static friction

question: Static friction balances what force when there is no movement of an object on a surface?

answer: applied

text: applied

answer: applied force

text: applied force

answer: applied force

text: applied force

answer: applied force

text: applied force

answer: applied

text: applied

question: What makes static friction go up or down in responce to contact characteristics between an object and the surface it is on?

answer: applied force

text: applied force

answer: applied force

text: applied force

answer: applied force

text: applied force

answer: applied force

text: applied force

answer: applied force

text: applied force

question: Pulling on an object on a frictional surface can result in what?

question: When will an object move because the applied force is opposed by static friction?

question: What increases or decreases in response to applied friction?

text: static friction

question: What increases or decreases in response to static friction?

text: static friction


text: The needs of soy farmers have been used to justify many of the controversial transportation projects that are currently developing in the Amazon. The first two highways successfully opened up the rainforest and led to increased settlement and deforestation. The mean annual deforestation rate from 2000 to 2005 (22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi per year) was 18% higher than in the previous five years (19,018 km2 or 7,343 sq mi per year). Although deforestation has declined significantly in the Brazilian Amazon between 2004 and 2014, there has been an increase to the present day.

title: Amazon_rainforest

title: Amazon_rainforest

text: The

text: needs

text: of

text: soy

text: farmers

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: to

text: justify

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: controversial

text: transportation

text: projects

text: that

text: are

text: currently

text: developing

text: in

text: the

text: Amazon

text: The

text: first

text: two

text: highways

text: successfully

text: opened

text: up

text: the

text: rainforest

text: and

text: led

text: to

text: increased

text: settlement

text: and

text: deforestation

text: The

text: mean

text: annual

text: deforestation

text: rate

text: from

text: to

text: or

text: sq

text: mi

text: per

text: year

text: was

text: higher

text: than

text: in

text: the

text: previous

text: five

text: years

text: or

text: sq

text: mi

text: per

text: year

text: Although

text: deforestation

text: has

text: declined

text: significantly

text: in

text: the

text: Brazilian

text: Amazon

text: between

text: and

text: there

text: has

text: been

text: an

text: increase

text: to

text: the

text: present

text: day

question: Highways built in the Amazon rainforest were built primarily for what kind of farmers?

answer: soy farmers

text: soy farmers

answer: soy

text: soy

answer: soy

text: soy

question: What did creating highways in the Amazon rainforest lead to?

answer: increased settlement and deforestation

text: increased settlement and deforestation

answer: increased settlement and deforestation

text: increased settlement and deforestation

answer: increased settlement and deforestation

text: increased settlement and deforestation

question: The rate of clearing of forest from 2000 to 2005 was how many square miles per year?

answer: 8,646 sq mi

text: 8,646 sq mi

answer: 22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi

text: 22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi

answer: 8,646

question: How much higher was the rate of deforestation in 2000, to 2005 compared to 1995 to 2000?

answer: 18% higher

text: 18% higher

answer: 18%

answer: 18%

question: What happened to the rate of deforestation in the Amazon region of Brazil between 2004 and 2014?

answer: deforestation has declined

text: deforestation has declined

answer: declined significantly

text: declined significantly

answer: declined significantly

text: declined significantly

question: What type of farmers have opposed many of the transportation projects in the Amazon?

text: soy farmers

question: What was unsuccessful in opening the rain forced Emily to decrease settlement?

text: The first two highways

question: The deforestation decreased by 18% during what years?

text: 2000 to 2005

question: deforestation increased in Brazil during what years?

text: 2004 and 2014

question: What type of projects are widely supported?

text: transportation projects


text: As northwest Europe slowly began to warm up from 22,000 years ago onward, frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers began to thaw and fall-winter snow covers melted in spring. Much of the discharge was routed to the Rhine and its downstream extension. Rapid warming and changes of vegetation, to open forest, began about 13,000 BP. By 9000 BP, Europe was fully forested. With globally shrinking ice-cover, ocean water levels rose and the English Channel and North Sea re-inundated. Meltwater, adding to the ocean and land subsidence, drowned the former coasts of Europe transgressionally.

title: Rhine

title: Rhine

text: As

text: northwest

text: Europe

text: slowly

text: began

text: to

text: warm

text: up

text: from

text: years

text: ago

text: onward

text: frozen

text: subsoil

text: and

text: expanded

text: alpine

text: glaciers

text: began

text: to

text: thaw

text: and

text: fall

text: winter

text: snow

text: covers

text: melted

text: in

text: spring

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: discharge

text: was

text: routed

text: to

text: the

text: Rhine

text: and

text: its

text: downstream

text: extension

text: Rapid

text: warming

text: and

text: changes

text: of

text: vegetation

text: to

text: open

text: forest

text: began

text: about

text: BP

text: By

text: BP

text: Europe

text: was

text: fully

text: forested

text: With

text: globally

text: shrinking

text: ice

text: cover

text: ocean

text: water

text: levels

text: rose

text: and

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: North

text: Sea

text: re

text: inundated

text: Meltwater

text: adding

text: to

text: the

text: ocean

text: and

text: land

text: subsidence

text: drowned

text: the

text: former

text: coasts

text: of

text: Europe

text: transgressionally

question: When did Europe slowly begin to warm up from the last Ice Age?

answer: 22,000 years ago

text: 22,000 years ago

answer: 22,000 years ago

text: 22,000 years ago

answer: 22,000 years ago

text: 22,000 years ago

question: What did frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers begin to do?

answer: thaw

text: thaw

answer: thaw and fall-winter snow covers

text: thaw and fall-winter snow covers

answer: thaw

text: thaw

question: Where did the discharge from glaciers go in Europe in the last Ice Age?

answer: Rhine

text: Rhine

answer: Rhine

text: Rhine

answer: the Rhine

text: the Rhine

question: When did rapid warming begin and help vegetation?

answer: 13,000 BP

text: 13,000 BP

answer: 13,000 BP

text: 13,000 BP

answer: 13,000 BP

text: 13,000 BP

question: When was Europe fully forested and recovered from the last Ice Age?

answer: 9000 BP

text: 9000 BP

answer: 9000 BP

text: 9000 BP

answer: 9000 BP

text: 9000 BP

question: How many years did it take for the frozen subsoil to warm up?

text: 22,000 years

question: How many years did it take for the Spring snow covers to melt?

text: 22,000 years

question: What did the Rhine help to expand?

text: alpine glaciers

question: What exposed the former coasts of Europe?

text: Meltwater


text: Near Tamins-Reichenau the Anterior Rhine and the Posterior Rhine join and form the Rhine. The river makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur. This section is nearly 86 km long, and descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m. It flows through a wide glacial alpine valley known as the Rhine Valley (German: Rheintal). Near Sargans a natural dam, only a few metres high, prevents it from flowing into the open Seeztal valley and then through Lake Walen and Lake Zurich into the river Aare. The Alpine Rhine begins in the most western part of the Swiss canton of Graubünden, and later forms the border between Switzerland to the West and Liechtenstein and later Austria to the East.

title: Rhine

title: Rhine

text: Near

text: Tamins

text: Reichenau

text: the

text: Anterior

text: Rhine

text: and

text: the

text: Posterior

text: Rhine

text: join

text: and

text: form

text: the

text: Rhine

text: The

text: river

text: makes

text: a

text: distinctive

text: turn

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: near

text: Chur

text: This

text: section

text: is

text: nearly

text: km

text: long

text: and

text: descends

text: from

text: a

text: height

text: of

text: m

text: to

text: m.

text: It

text: flows

text: through

text: a

text: wide

text: glacial

text: alpine

text: valley

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Rhine

text: Valley

text: German

text: Rheintal

text: Near

text: Sargans

text: a

text: natural

text: dam

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: metres

text: high

text: prevents

text: it

text: from

text: flowing

text: into

text: the

text: open

text: Seeztal

text: valley

text: and

text: then

text: through

text: Lake

text: Walen

text: and

text: Lake

text: Zurich

text: into

text: the

text: river

text: Aare

text: The

text: Alpine

text: Rhine

text: begins

text: in

text: the

text: most

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Swiss

text: canton

text: of

text: Graubünden

text: and

text: later

text: forms

text: the

text: border

text: between

text: Switzerland

text: to

text: the

text: West

text: and

text: Liechtenstein

text: and

text: later

text: Austria

text: to

text: the

text: East

question: Near Chur, which direction does the Rhine turn?

answer: north

text: north

answer: north

text: north

answer: north

text: north

answer: north

text: north

answer: north

text: north

question: How long is the section of the Rhine near Chur?

answer: 86 km long,

text: 86 km long,

answer: 86 km

text: 86 km

answer: 86 km long

text: 86 km long

answer: 86 km

text: 86 km

answer: 86 km

text: 86 km

question: What is the alpine valley that the Rhine flows through?

answer: Rhine Valley

text: Rhine Valley

answer: Rhine Valley

text: Rhine Valley

answer: Rhine Valley

text: Rhine Valley

answer: Rhine Valley

text: Rhine Valley

answer: Rhine Valley

text: Rhine Valley

question: What is the natural dam that the Rhine flows through?

answer: Sargans

text: Sargans

answer: Near Sargans

text: Near Sargans

answer: Sargans

text: Sargans

answer: Sargans

text: Sargans

answer: Sargans

text: Sargans

question: What is the other country the Rhine separates Switzerland to?

answer: Austria

text: Austria

answer: Liechtenstein

text: Liechtenstein

answer: Austria to the East.

text: Austria to the East.

answer: Austria

text: Austria

answer: Austria

text: Austria

question: Where does the Rhine make a distinctive turn to the north?

answer: Chur

text: Chur

answer: Chur

text: Chur

answer: Chur

text: Chur

answer: Chur

text: Chur

question: How long is the section that turns north?

answer: 86 km

text: 86 km

answer: 86 km

text: 86 km

answer: 86 km long

text: 86 km long

answer: 86 km

text: 86 km

answer: 86 km

text: 86 km

question: What is the height of the section that turns north?

answer: 599 m

text: 599 m

answer: 599 m to 396 m

text: 599 m to 396 m

answer: 599 m to 396 m

text: 599 m to 396 m

answer: 599 m

text: 599 m

answer: 599 m

text: 599 m

question: What is the glacial alpine valley known as?

answer: Rhine Valley

text: Rhine Valley

answer: Rhine Valley

text: Rhine Valley

answer: Rhine Valley

text: Rhine Valley

answer: Rhine Valley

text: Rhine Valley

answer: Rhine Valley

text: Rhine Valley

question: The Rhine forms the border between Austria and what other country?

answer: Switzerland

text: Switzerland

answer: Switzerland

text: Switzerland

answer: Liechtenstein

text: Liechtenstein

answer: Switzerland

text: Switzerland

answer: Switzerland

text: Switzerland

question: Where does the Rhine make a distinctive turn to the south?

text: Chur

question: How wide is the glacial alpine valley known as the Rhine Valley?

text: 86 km

question: What is the name of natural dam that connects the Rhine Valley?

text: Sargans

question: How long is Austria?

text: 86 km

question: What is the height of the Swiss canton?

text: 599 m


text: In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, "Walking Into Fresno", written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous "WWVA Jamboree" radio and television show in Wheeling, West Virginia. Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga, grew up in the neighboring town of Madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child. Aken also made his first TV appearance playing guitar on the old country-western show at The Fresno Barn.

title: Fresno,_California

title: Fresno,_California

text: In

text: the

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: a

text: song

text: Walking

text: Into

text: Fresno

text: written

text: by

text: Hall

text: Of

text: Fame

text: guitarist

text: Bill

text: Aken

text: and

text: recorded

text: by

text: Bob

text: Gallion

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: famous

text: WWVA

text: Jamboree

text: radio

text: and

text: television

text: show

text: in

text: Wheeling

text: West

text: Virginia

text: Aken

text: adopted

text: by

text: Mexican

text: movie

text: actress

text: Lupe

text: Mayorga

text: grew

text: up

text: in

text: the

text: neighboring

text: town

text: of

text: Madera

text: and

text: his

text: song

text: chronicled

text: the

text: hardships

text: faced

text: by

text: the

text: migrant

text: farm

text: workers

text: he

text: saw

text: as

text: a

text: child

text: Aken

text: also

text: made

text: his

text: first

text: TV

text: appearance

text: playing

text: guitar

text: on

text: the

text: old

text: country

text: western

text: show

text: at

text: The

text: Fresno

text: Barn

question: Who wrote "Walking in Fresno?"

answer: Bill Aken

text: Bill Aken

answer: Bill Aken

text: Bill Aken

answer: Bill Aken

text: Bill Aken

question: Who recorded "Walking in Fresno?"

answer: Bob Gallion

text: Bob Gallion

answer: Bob Gallion

text: Bob Gallion

answer: Bob Gallion

text: Bob Gallion

question: In what town did Bill Aiken grow up?

answer: Madera

text: Madera

answer: Madera

text: Madera

answer: Madera

text: Madera

question: On what show did Bill Aiken make is television debut?

answer: The Fresno Barn

text: The Fresno Barn

answer: The Fresno Barn

text: The Fresno Barn

answer: the old country-western show at The Fresno Barn

text: the old country-western show at The Fresno Barn

question: Who was Bill Aiken's adopted mother?

answer: Lupe Mayorga

text: Lupe Mayorga

answer: Lupe Mayorga

text: Lupe Mayorga

answer: Lupe Mayorga

text: Lupe Mayorga

question: What song did Bob Gallion write?

text: Walking Into Fresno

question: What was Bill Aken's ethnicity?

text: Mexican

question: Who owned the WWVA Jamboree?

text: Lupe Mayorga

question: What show did Lupe Mayorga star in?

text: The Fresno Barn

question: What singer was in the Hall of Fame?

text: Bob Gallion


text: The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique "Norman" culture in the north of France. The Norman language was forged by the adoption of the indigenous langue d'oïl branch of Romance by a Norse-speaking ruling class, and it developed into the regional language that survives today.

title: Normans

title: Normans

text: The

text: descendants

text: of

text: Rollo

text: 's

text: Vikings

text: and

text: their

text: Frankish

text: wives

text: would

text: replace

text: the

text: Norse

text: religion

text: and

text: Old

text: Norse

text: language

text: with

text: Catholicism

text: Christianity

text: and

text: the

text: Gallo

text: Romance

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: local

text: people

text: blending

text: their

text: maternal

text: Frankish

text: heritage

text: with

text: Old

text: Norse

text: traditions

text: and

text: customs

text: to

text: synthesize

text: a

text: unique

text: Norman

text: culture

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: France

text: The

text: Norman

text: language

text: was

text: forged

text: by

text: the

text: adoption

text: of

text: the

text: indigenous

text: langue

text: d'oïl

text: branch

text: of

text: Romance

text: by

text: a

text: Norse

text: speaking

text: ruling

text: class

text: and

text: it

text: developed

text: into

text: the

text: regional

text: language

text: that

text: survives

text: today

question: What was the Norman religion?

answer: Catholicism

text: Catholicism

answer: Catholicism

text: Catholicism

answer: Catholicism

text: Catholicism

question: What part of France were the Normans located?

answer: north

text: north

answer: the north

text: the north

answer: north

text: north

question: What was replace with the Norse religion?

text: Catholicism

question: What did maternal Old Norse traditions merge with?

text: Frankish heritage

question: What language replaced the Gallo-Romance language?

text: Old Norse


text: French Huguenots made two attempts to establish a haven in North America. In 1562, naval officer Jean Ribault led an expedition that explored Florida and the present-day Southeastern U.S., and founded the outpost of Charlesfort on Parris Island, South Carolina. The Wars of Religion precluded a return voyage, and the outpost was abandoned. In 1564, Ribault's former lieutenant René Goulaine de Laudonnière launched a second voyage to build a colony; he established Fort Caroline in what is now Jacksonville, Florida. War at home again precluded a resupply mission, and the colony struggled. In 1565 the Spanish decided to enforce their claim to La Florida, and sent Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, who established the settlement of St. Augustine near Fort Caroline. Menéndez' forces routed the French and executed most of the Protestant captives.

title: Huguenot

title: Huguenot

text: French

text: Huguenots

text: made

text: two

text: attempts

text: to

text: establish

text: a

text: haven

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: In

text: naval

text: officer

text: Jean

text: Ribault

text: led

text: an

text: expedition

text: that

text: explored

text: Florida

text: and

text: the

text: present

text: day

text: Southeastern

text: U.S.

text: and

text: founded

text: the

text: outpost

text: of

text: Charlesfort

text: on

text: Parris

text: Island

text: South

text: Carolina

text: The

text: Wars

text: of

text: Religion

text: precluded

text: a

text: return

text: voyage

text: and

text: the

text: outpost

text: was

text: abandoned

text: In

text: Ribault

text: 's

text: former

text: lieutenant

text: René

text: Goulaine

text: de

text: Laudonnière

text: launched

text: a

text: second

text: voyage

text: to

text: build

text: a

text: colony

text: he

text: established

text: Fort

text: Caroline

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Jacksonville

text: Florida

text: War

text: at

text: home

text: again

text: precluded

text: a

text: resupply

text: mission

text: and

text: the

text: colony

text: struggled

text: In

text: the

text: Spanish

text: decided

text: to

text: enforce

text: their

text: claim

text: to

text: La

text: Florida

text: and

text: sent

text: Pedro

text: Menéndez

text: de

text: Avilés

text: who

text: established

text: the

text: settlement

text: of

text: St.

text: Augustine

text: near

text: Fort

text: Caroline

text: Menéndez

text: forces

text: routed

text: the

text: French

text: and

text: executed

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Protestant

text: captives

question: What was the name of the first Huguenot outpost in South Carolina?

answer: Charlesfort

text: Charlesfort

answer: Charlesfort

text: Charlesfort

answer: Charlesfort

text: Charlesfort

question: What present-day area was this settlement near?

answer: Parris Island

text: Parris Island

answer: Southeastern U.S.

text: Southeastern U.S.

answer: Parris Island

text: Parris Island

question: Which Spanish officer established the settlement at St. Augustine?

answer: Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

text: Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

answer: Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

text: Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

answer: Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

text: Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

question: When did Ribault first establish a settlement in South Carolina?

answer: 1562

answer: 1562

answer: 1564

question: What European event caused the Huguenots to abandon Charlesfort?

answer: The Wars of Religion

text: The Wars of Religion

answer: The Wars of Religion

text: The Wars of Religion

answer: The Wars of Religion

text: The Wars of Religion

question: In what year did the Wars of Religion start?

question: In what year was Rene Goulaine de Laudonniere born?

question: In what year was Pedro Menendez de Aviles born?

question: In what year did Rene Goulaine de Laudonniere leave his position as a lieutenant for Jean Ribault?

question: In what year did the French Huguenots abandon their first North American outpost?


text: The tentacles of cydippid ctenophores are typically fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles"), although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches. The tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it. Colloblasts are specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis, and have three main components: a domed head with vesicles (chambers) that contain adhesive; a stalk that anchors the cell in the lower layer of the epidermis or in the mesoglea; and a spiral thread that coils round the stalk and is attached to the head and to the root of the stalk. The function of the spiral thread is uncertain, but it may absorb stress when prey tries to escape, and thus prevent the collobast from being torn apart. In addition to colloblasts, members of the genus Haeckelia, which feed mainly on jellyfish, incorporate their victims' stinging nematocytes into their own tentacles – some cnidaria-eating nudibranchs similarly incorporate nematocytes into their bodies for defense. The tentilla of Euplokamis differ significantly from those of other cydippids: they contain striated muscle, a cell type otherwise unknown in the phylum Ctenophora; and they are coiled when relaxed, while the tentilla of all other known ctenophores elongate when relaxed. Euplokamis' tentilla have three types of movement that are used in capturing prey: they may flick out very quickly (in 40 to 60 milliseconds); they can wriggle, which may lure prey by behaving like small planktonic worms; and they coil round prey. The unique flicking is an uncoiling movement powered by contraction of the striated muscle. The wriggling motion is produced by smooth muscles, but of a highly specialized type. Coiling around prey is accomplished largely by the return of the tentilla to their inactive state, but the coils may be tightened by smooth muscle.

title: Ctenophora

title: Ctenophora

text: The

text: tentacles

text: of

text: cydippid

text: ctenophores

text: are

text: typically

text: fringed

text: with

text: tentilla

text: little

text: tentacles

text: although

text: a

text: few

text: genera

text: have

text: simple

text: tentacles

text: without

text: these

text: sidebranches

text: The

text: tentacles

text: and

text: tentilla

text: are

text: densely

text: covered

text: with

text: microscopic

text: colloblasts

text: that

text: capture

text: prey

text: by

text: sticking

text: to

text: it

text: Colloblasts

text: are

text: specialized

text: mushroom

text: shaped

text: cells

text: in

text: the

text: outer

text: layer

text: of

text: the

text: epidermis

text: and

text: have

text: three

text: main

text: components

text: a

text: domed

text: head

text: with

text: vesicles

text: chambers

text: that

text: contain

text: adhesive

text: a

text: stalk

text: that

text: anchors

text: the

text: cell

text: in

text: the

text: lower

text: layer

text: of

text: the

text: epidermis

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: mesoglea

text: and

text: a

text: spiral

text: thread

text: that

text: coils

text: round

text: the

text: stalk

text: and

text: is

text: attached

text: to

text: the

text: head

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: root

text: of

text: the

text: stalk

text: The

text: function

text: of

text: the

text: spiral

text: thread

text: is

text: uncertain

text: but

text: it

text: may

text: absorb

text: stress

text: when

text: prey

text: tries

text: to

text: escape

text: and

text: thus

text: prevent

text: the

text: collobast

text: from

text: being

text: torn

text: apart

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: colloblasts

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Haeckelia

text: which

text: feed

text: mainly

text: on

text: jellyfish

text: incorporate

text: their

text: victims

text: stinging

text: nematocytes

text: into

text: their

text: own

text: tentacles

text: some

text: cnidaria

text: eating

text: nudibranchs

text: similarly

text: incorporate

text: nematocytes

text: into

text: their

text: bodies

text: for

text: defense

text: The

text: tentilla

text: of

text: Euplokamis

text: differ

text: significantly

text: from

text: those

text: of

text: other

text: cydippids

text: they

text: contain

text: striated

text: muscle

text: a

text: cell

text: type

text: otherwise

text: unknown

text: in

text: the

text: phylum

text: Ctenophora

text: and

text: they

text: are

text: coiled

text: when

text: relaxed

text: while

text: the

text: tentilla

text: of

text: all

text: other

text: known

text: ctenophores

text: elongate

text: when

text: relaxed

text: Euplokamis

text: tentilla

text: have

text: three

text: types

text: of

text: movement

text: that

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: capturing

text: prey

text: they

text: may

text: flick

text: out

text: very

text: quickly

text: in

text: to

text: milliseconds

text: they

text: can

text: wriggle

text: which

text: may

text: lure

text: prey

text: by

text: behaving

text: like

text: small

text: planktonic

text: worms

text: and

text: they

text: coil

text: round

text: prey

text: The

text: unique

text: flicking

text: is

text: an

text: uncoiling

text: movement

text: powered

text: by

text: contraction

text: of

text: the

text: striated

text: muscle

text: The

text: wriggling

text: motion

text: is

text: produced

text: by

text: smooth

text: muscles

text: but

text: of

text: a

text: highly

text: specialized

text: type

text: Coiling

text: around

text: prey

text: is

text: accomplished

text: largely

text: by

text: the

text: return

text: of

text: the

text: tentilla

text: to

text: their

text: inactive

text: state

text: but

text: the

text: coils

text: may

text: be

text: tightened

text: by

text: smooth

text: muscle

question: What are the tentacles of cydipped ctenophores are usually fringed with?

answer: tentilla

text: tentilla

answer: tentilla

text: tentilla

answer: tentilla

text: tentilla

question: What are colloblasts?

answer: specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis

text: specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis

answer: specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis

text: specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis

answer: specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis

text: specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis

question: What makes the tentilla of euplokamis different from other cysippids?

answer: they contain striated muscle,

text: they contain striated muscle,

answer: they contain striated muscle

text: they contain striated muscle

answer: they contain striated muscle

text: they contain striated muscle

question: How many types of movements do euplokamis tentilla have?

answer: three types of movement

text: three types of movement

answer: three

text: three

answer: three

text: three

question: What does the euplokamis use the three types of movement for?

answer: capturing prey

text: capturing prey

answer: capturing prey

text: capturing prey

answer: capturing prey

text: capturing prey

question: What is the epidermis fringed with?

text: tentilla

question: What shape are tentilla typically?

text: mushroom-shaped

question: How many components do tentilla have?

text: three

question: What does the domed head of the tentilla have?

text: vesicles

question: What do the vesticles on tentilla contain?

text: adhesive


text: A simple case of dynamic equilibrium occurs in constant velocity motion across a surface with kinetic friction. In such a situation, a force is applied in the direction of motion while the kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force. This results in zero net force, but since the object started with a non-zero velocity, it continues to move with a non-zero velocity. Aristotle misinterpreted this motion as being caused by the applied force. However, when kinetic friction is taken into consideration it is clear that there is no net force causing constant velocity motion.

title: Force

title: Force

text: A

text: simple

text: case

text: of

text: dynamic

text: equilibrium

text: occurs

text: in

text: constant

text: velocity

text: motion

text: across

text: a

text: surface

text: with

text: kinetic

text: friction

text: In

text: such

text: a

text: situation

text: a

text: force

text: is

text: applied

text: in

text: the

text: direction

text: of

text: motion

text: while

text: the

text: kinetic

text: friction

text: force

text: exactly

text: opposes

text: the

text: applied

text: force

text: This

text: results

text: in

text: zero

text: net

text: force

text: but

text: since

text: the

text: object

text: started

text: with

text: a

text: non

text: zero

text: velocity

text: it

text: continues

text: to

text: move

text: with

text: a

text: non

text: zero

text: velocity

text: Aristotle

text: misinterpreted

text: this

text: motion

text: as

text: being

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: applied

text: force

text: However

text: when

text: kinetic

text: friction

text: is

text: taken

text: into

text: consideration

text: it

text: is

text: clear

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: net

text: force

text: causing

text: constant

text: velocity

text: motion

question: What occurs when traveling across a surface at a constant velocity with regard to friction?

answer: dynamic equilibrium

text: dynamic equilibrium

answer: dynamic equilibrium

text: dynamic equilibrium

answer: dynamic equilibrium

text: dynamic equilibrium

answer: dynamic equilibrium

text: dynamic equilibrium

answer: dynamic equilibrium

text: dynamic equilibrium

question: What directly opposes the force applied to move an object across a surface?

answer: kinetic friction force

text: kinetic friction force

answer: kinetic friction force

text: kinetic friction force

answer: kinetic friction force

text: kinetic friction force

answer: kinetic friction

text: kinetic friction

answer: kinetic friction force

text: kinetic friction force

question: What has to accounted for that causes no net force being the cause of constant velocity motion?

answer: kinetic friction

text: kinetic friction

answer: object started with a non-zero velocity

text: object started with a non-zero velocity

answer: kinetic friction

text: kinetic friction

answer: kinetic friction

text: kinetic friction

question: Who thought that applied force caused movement of an object regardless of non-zero velocity?

answer: Aristotle

text: Aristotle

answer: Aristotle

text: Aristotle

answer: Aristotle

text: Aristotle

answer: Aristotle

text: Aristotle

answer: Aristotle

text: Aristotle

question: What equilibrium occurs in fluctuating velocity motion?

text: dynamic

question: What continues to move with a zero velocity?

text: object

question: What started with a zero velocity?

text: object

question: There is much net force when what is taken into consideration?

text: kinetic friction


text: The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic—fell again to Byzantine hands.

title: Normans

title: Normans

text: The

text: further

text: decline

text: of

text: Byzantine

text: state

text: of

text: affairs

text: paved

text: the

text: road

text: to

text: a

text: third

text: attack

text: in

text: when

text: a

text: large

text: Norman

text: army

text: invaded

text: Dyrrachium

text: owing

text: to

text: the

text: betrayal

text: of

text: high

text: Byzantine

text: officials

text: Some

text: time

text: later

text: Dyrrachium

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: naval

text: bases

text: of

text: the

text: Adriatic

text: fell

text: again

text: to

text: Byzantine

text: hands

question: When did the Normans attack Dyrrachium?

answer: 1185

answer: in 1185

text: in 1185

answer: 1185

question: What was the naval base called?

answer: Dyrrachium

text: Dyrrachium

answer: Dyrrachium

text: Dyrrachium

answer: Dyrrachium

text: Dyrrachium

question: Where was Dyrrachium located?

answer: the Adriatic

text: the Adriatic

answer: the Adriatic

text: the Adriatic

answer: Adriatic

text: Adriatic

question: Who attacked Dyrrachium in the 11th century?

text: Norman army

question: Who betrayed the Normans?

text: high Byzantine officials

question: What naval base fell to the Normans?

text: Dyrrachium


text: Los Angeles (at 3.7 million people) and San Diego (at 1.3 million people), both in southern California, are the two largest cities in all of California (and two of the eight largest cities in the United States). In southern California there are also twelve cities with more than 200,000 residents and 34 cities over 100,000 in population. Many of southern California's most developed cities lie along or in close proximity to the coast, with the exception of San Bernardino and Riverside.

title: Southern_California

title: Southern_California

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: at

text: million

text: people

text: and

text: San

text: Diego

text: at

text: million

text: people

text: both

text: in

text: southern

text: California

text: are

text: the

text: two

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: all

text: of

text: California

text: and

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: eight

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: In

text: southern

text: California

text: there

text: are

text: also

text: twelve

text: cities

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: residents

text: and

text: cities

text: over

text: in

text: population

text: Many

text: of

text: southern

text: California

text: 's

text: most

text: developed

text: cities

text: lie

text: along

text: or

text: in

text: close

text: proximity

text: to

text: the

text: coast

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: San

text: Bernardino

text: and

text: Riverside

question: What is the largest city in all of California?

answer: Los Angeles

text: Los Angeles

answer: Los Angeles

text: Los Angeles

answer: Los Angeles

text: Los Angeles

question: What is the population of the second largest city in California?

answer: 1.3 million

text: 1.3 million

answer: 1.3 million

text: 1.3 million

answer: San Diego

text: San Diego

question: How many cities in southern California have over 200,000 residents?

answer: twelve

text: twelve

answer: twelve

text: twelve

answer: twelve

text: twelve

question: There are 34 cities in southern California that have a population exceeding what number?

answer: 100,000

answer: 100,000

answer: 100,000

question: Other than San Bernardino, which other developed southern Californian city is not in close proximity to the coast?

answer: Riverside

text: Riverside

answer: Riverside

text: Riverside

answer: Riverside

text: Riverside

question: What are the two largest cities in the United States?

question: Where are there 34 cities over 200,000 in population?

text: southern California

question: Where are there 12 cities over 100,000 in population?

text: southern California

question: What city has a population of 3.3 million people?

text: Los Angeles

question: What city has a population of 1.7 million people?

text: San Diego


text: In April 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina with a large fleet in order to reach Acre. But a storm dispersed the fleet. After some searching, it was discovered that the boat carrying his sister and his fiancée Berengaria was anchored on the south coast of Cyprus, together with the wrecks of several other ships, including the treasure ship. Survivors of the wrecks had been taken prisoner by the island's despot Isaac Komnenos. On 1 May 1191, Richard's fleet arrived in the port of Limassol on Cyprus. He ordered Isaac to release the prisoners and the treasure. Isaac refused, so Richard landed his troops and took Limassol.

title: Normans

title: Normans

text: In

text: April

text: Richard

text: the

text: Lion

text: hearted

text: left

text: Messina

text: with

text: a

text: large

text: fleet

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: reach

text: Acre

text: But

text: a

text: storm

text: dispersed

text: the

text: fleet

text: After

text: some

text: searching

text: it

text: was

text: discovered

text: that

text: the

text: boat

text: carrying

text: his

text: sister

text: and

text: his

text: fiancée

text: Berengaria

text: was

text: anchored

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: coast

text: of

text: Cyprus

text: together

text: with

text: the

text: wrecks

text: of

text: several

text: other

text: ships

text: including

text: the

text: treasure

text: ship

text: Survivors

text: of

text: the

text: wrecks

text: had

text: been

text: taken

text: prisoner

text: by

text: the

text: island

text: 's

text: despot

text: Isaac

text: Komnenos

text: On

text: May

text: Richard

text: 's

text: fleet

text: arrived

text: in

text: the

text: port

text: of

text: Limassol

text: on

text: Cyprus

text: He

text: ordered

text: Isaac

text: to

text: release

text: the

text: prisoners

text: and

text: the

text: treasure

text: Isaac

text: refused

text: so

text: Richard

text: landed

text: his

text: troops

text: and

text: took

text: Limassol

question: What ruined Richard's plans to reach Acre?

answer: a storm

text: a storm

answer: a storm

text: a storm

answer: a storm

text: a storm

question: Who was Richard's fiancee?

answer: Berengaria

text: Berengaria

answer: Berengaria

text: Berengaria

answer: Berengaria

text: Berengaria

question: What year did the storm hit Richard's fleet?

answer: 1191

answer: 1191

answer: 1191

question: Who ruled Cyprus in 1191?

answer: Isaac Komnenos

text: Isaac Komnenos

answer: Isaac

text: Isaac

answer: Isaac Komnenos

text: Isaac Komnenos

question: Who left Messina in the 11th century?

text: Richard the Lion-hearted

question: What year did Richards fleet avoid a storm?

question: Who ruled Cyprus in the 11th century?

text: Isaac Komnenos


text: Warsaw remained the capital of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1796, when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia to become the capital of the province of South Prussia. Liberated by Napoleon's army in 1806, Warsaw was made the capital of the newly created Duchy of Warsaw. Following the Congress of Vienna of 1815, Warsaw became the centre of the Congress Poland, a constitutional monarchy under a personal union with Imperial Russia. The Royal University of Warsaw was established in 1816.

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: Warsaw

text: remained

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Polish

text: Lithuanian

text: Commonwealth

text: until

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: annexed

text: by

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Prussia

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: South

text: Prussia

text: Liberated

text: by

text: Napoleon

text: 's

text: army

text: in

text: Warsaw

text: was

text: made

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: newly

text: created

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Warsaw

text: Following

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: Vienna

text: of

text: Warsaw

text: became

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: Congress

text: Poland

text: a

text: constitutional

text: monarchy

text: under

text: a

text: personal

text: union

text: with

text: Imperial

text: Russia

text: The

text: Royal

text: University

text: of

text: Warsaw

text: was

text: established

text: in

question: How long was Warsaw the capital of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth?

answer: until 1796

text: until 1796

answer: until 1796

text: until 1796

question: What kingdom annexed Warsaw in 1796?

answer: Prussia

text: Prussia

answer: Kingdom of Prussia

text: Kingdom of Prussia

answer: Prussia

text: Prussia

question: Whose army liberated Warsaw in 1806?

answer: Napoleon's

text: Napoleon's

answer: Napoleon's

text: Napoleon's

answer: Napoleon's

text: Napoleon's

question: When did Warsaw become the center of the Congress Poland?

answer: 1815

answer: 1815

answer: 1815

question: When was the Royal University of Warsaw established?

answer: 1816

answer: 1816

answer: 1816

question: What kingdom annexed Duchy in 1796?

text: Prussia

question: Whose army liberated Duchy in 1806?

text: Napoleon's

question: When did Prussia become the center of the Congress Poland?

question: When was the Royal University of Prussia established?

question: How long was Warsaw the capital of the Duchy Commonwealth?

text: until 1796


text: The question of whether P equals NP is one of the most important open questions in theoretical computer science because of the wide implications of a solution. If the answer is yes, many important problems can be shown to have more efficient solutions. These include various types of integer programming problems in operations research, many problems in logistics, protein structure prediction in biology, and the ability to find formal proofs of pure mathematics theorems. The P versus NP problem is one of the Millennium Prize Problems proposed by the Clay Mathematics Institute. There is a US$1,000,000 prize for resolving the problem.

title: Computational_complexity_theory

title: Computational_complexity_theory

text: The

text: question

text: of

text: whether

text: P

text: equals

text: NP

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: open

text: questions

text: in

text: theoretical

text: computer

text: science

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: wide

text: implications

text: of

text: a

text: solution

text: If

text: the

text: answer

text: is

text: yes

text: many

text: important

text: problems

text: can

text: be

text: shown

text: to

text: have

text: more

text: efficient

text: solutions

text: These

text: include

text: various

text: types

text: of

text: integer

text: programming

text: problems

text: in

text: operations

text: research

text: many

text: problems

text: in

text: logistics

text: protein

text: structure

text: prediction

text: in

text: biology

text: and

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: find

text: formal

text: proofs

text: of

text: pure

text: mathematics

text: theorems

text: The

text: P

text: versus

text: NP

text: problem

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Millennium

text: Prize

text: Problems

text: proposed

text: by

text: the

text: Clay

text: Mathematics

text: Institute

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: US$

text: prize

text: for

text: resolving

text: the

text: problem

question: If P is ultimately proven to be equal tot NP, what effect would this have on the efficiency of problems?

answer: more efficient solutions

text: more efficient solutions

answer: shown to have more efficient solutions

text: shown to have more efficient solutions

answer: many important problems can be shown to have more efficient solutions

text: many important problems can be shown to have more efficient solutions

question: What is a particular problem in biology that would benefit from determining that P = NP?

answer: protein structure prediction

text: protein structure prediction

answer: protein structure prediction

text: protein structure prediction

answer: protein structure prediction

text: protein structure prediction

question: What is the prize offered for finding a solution to P=NP?

answer: $1,000,000

answer: US$1,000,000

answer: US$1,000,000

question: What is one of the least important open questions in theoretical computer science?

text: The question of whether P equals NP

question: What effect would happen if P is ultimately proven to not equal NP ?

text: more efficient solutions

question: What is a particular problem in chemistry that would benefit from determining that P = NP?

text: protein structure prediction

question: What problem was proposed by Clay Mathematics Institute at the Alpha Prize Problems?

text: The P versus NP problem

question: What was the prize for finding a solution to P=NP at the the Alpha Prize Problems?


text: In front of the Presiding Officers' desk is the parliamentary mace, which is made from silver and inlaid with gold panned from Scottish rivers and inscribed with the words: Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity. The words There shall be a Scottish Parliament, which are the first words of the Scotland Act, are inscribed around the head of the mace, which has a formal ceremonial role in the meetings of Parliament, reinforcing the authority of the Parliament in its ability to make laws. Presented to the Scottish Parliament by the Queen upon its official opening in July 1999, the mace is displayed in a glass case suspended from the lid. At the beginning of each sitting in the chamber, the lid of the case is rotated so that the mace is above the glass, to symbolise that a full meeting of the Parliament is taking place.

title: Scottish_Parliament

title: Scottish_Parliament

text: In

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: Presiding

text: Officers

text: desk

text: is

text: the

text: parliamentary

text: mace

text: which

text: is

text: made

text: from

text: silver

text: and

text: inlaid

text: with

text: gold

text: panned

text: from

text: Scottish

text: rivers

text: and

text: inscribed

text: with

text: the

text: words

text: Wisdom

text: Compassion

text: Justice

text: and

text: Integrity

text: The

text: words

text: There

text: shall

text: be

text: a

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: which

text: are

text: the

text: first

text: words

text: of

text: the

text: Scotland

text: Act

text: are

text: inscribed

text: around

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: mace

text: which

text: has

text: a

text: formal

text: ceremonial

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: meetings

text: of

text: Parliament

text: reinforcing

text: the

text: authority

text: of

text: the

text: Parliament

text: in

text: its

text: ability

text: to

text: make

text: laws

text: Presented

text: to

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: by

text: the

text: Queen

text: upon

text: its

text: official

text: opening

text: in

text: July

text: the

text: mace

text: is

text: displayed

text: in

text: a

text: glass

text: case

text: suspended

text: from

text: the

text: lid

text: At

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: each

text: sitting

text: in

text: the

text: chamber

text: the

text: lid

text: of

text: the

text: case

text: is

text: rotated

text: so

text: that

text: the

text: mace

text: is

text: above

text: the

text: glass

text: to

text: symbolise

text: that

text: a

text: full

text: meeting

text: of

text: the

text: Parliament

text: is

text: taking

text: place

question: What is the parliamentary mace made of?

answer: silver

text: silver

answer: silver

text: silver

answer: silver and inlaid with gold

text: silver and inlaid with gold

question: Where does the gold in the parliamentary mace come from?

answer: Scottish rivers

text: Scottish rivers

answer: Scottish rivers

text: Scottish rivers

answer: Scottish rivers

text: Scottish rivers

question: What words are inscribed on the mace of parliament?

answer: Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity

text: Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity

answer: Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity

text: Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity

answer: Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity

text: Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity

question: Who presented the mac to the Scottish Parliament when it was initially opened?

answer: the Queen

text: the Queen

answer: the Queen

text: the Queen

answer: the Queen

text: the Queen

question: What is the mace displayed in?

answer: a glass case suspended from the lid

text: a glass case suspended from the lid

answer: glass case

text: glass case

answer: a glass case

text: a glass case

question: What is inlaid with gold panned from French rivers?

text: the parliamentary mace

question: The words There shall be a Scottish Parliament is inscribed around the foot of the what?

text: mace

question: What was presented to the Scottish Parliament by the Queen in 1989?

text: mace

question: What symbolizes that a partial meeting of Parliament is taking place?

question: The words Wisdom, Compassion, Justice, and Integration are inscribed on what?

text: the parliamentary mace


text: When Céloron's expedition arrived at Logstown, the Native Americans in the area informed Céloron that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French. Céloron continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the Miami rivers, which lay just south of the village of Pickawillany, the home of the Miami chief known as "Old Briton". Céloron threatened "Old Briton" with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the British. "Old Briton" ignored the warning. Disappointed, Céloron returned to Montreal in November 1749.

title: French_and_Indian_War

title: French_and_Indian_War

text: When

text: Céloron

text: 's

text: expedition

text: arrived

text: at

text: Logstown

text: the

text: Native

text: Americans

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: informed

text: Céloron

text: that

text: they

text: owned

text: the

text: Ohio

text: Country

text: and

text: that

text: they

text: would

text: trade

text: with

text: the

text: British

text: regardless

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Céloron

text: continued

text: south

text: until

text: his

text: expedition

text: reached

text: the

text: confluence

text: of

text: the

text: Ohio

text: and

text: the

text: Miami

text: rivers

text: which

text: lay

text: just

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: village

text: of

text: Pickawillany

text: the

text: home

text: of

text: the

text: Miami

text: chief

text: known

text: as

text: Old

text: Briton

text: Céloron

text: threatened

text: Old

text: Briton

text: with

text: severe

text: consequences

text: if

text: he

text: continued

text: to

text: trade

text: with

text: the

text: British

text: Old

text: Briton

text: ignored

text: the

text: warning

text: Disappointed

text: Céloron

text: returned

text: to

text: Montreal

text: in

text: November

question: How did Natives in Logstown take Celeron's information?

answer: informed Céloron that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French

text: informed Céloron that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French

answer: informed Céloron that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British

text: informed Céloron that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British

answer: they owned the Ohio Country

text: they owned the Ohio Country

answer: they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French

text: they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French

question: Where did Old Briton call home?

answer: village of Pickawillany

text: village of Pickawillany

answer: village of Pickawillany

text: village of Pickawillany

answer: village of Pickawillany

text: village of Pickawillany

answer: Pickawillany

text: Pickawillany

answer: village of Pickawillany

text: village of Pickawillany

question: How did Celeron handle meeting with Old Briton?

answer: threatened "Old Briton" with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the British

text: threatened "Old Briton" with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the British

answer: Céloron threatened "Old Briton" with severe consequences

text: Céloron threatened "Old Briton" with severe consequences

answer: threatened "Old Briton" with severe consequences

text: threatened "Old Briton" with severe consequences

answer: threatened

text: threatened

answer: Céloron threatened "Old Briton"

text: Céloron threatened "Old Briton"

question: What was Old Briton's response to Celeron?

answer: ignored the warning.

text: ignored the warning.

answer: ignored the warning

text: ignored the warning

answer: ignored the warning

text: ignored the warning

answer: ignored the warning

text: ignored the warning

answer: "Old Briton" ignored the warning

text: "Old Briton" ignored the warning

question: How didn't Natives in Logstown take Celeron's information?

question: Where didn't Old Briton call home?

text: village of Pickawillany

question: Where did New Briton call home?

text: village of Pickawillany

question: How did Celeron handle meeting with New Briton?

question: What was New Briton's response to Celeron?

text: ignored the warning


text: Civil disobedience is usually defined as pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws, as distinguished from a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict. For instance, if the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country's highest court, it would not be civil disobedience, since the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen.

title: Civil_disobedience

title: Civil_disobedience

text: Civil

text: disobedience

text: is

text: usually

text: defined

text: as

text: pertaining

text: to

text: a

text: citizen

text: 's

text: relation

text: to

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: its

text: laws

text: as

text: distinguished

text: from

text: a

text: constitutional

text: impasse

text: in

text: which

text: two

text: public

text: agencies

text: especially

text: two

text: equally

text: sovereign

text: branches

text: of

text: government

text: conflict

text: For

text: instance

text: if

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: of

text: a

text: country

text: were

text: to

text: refuse

text: to

text: enforce

text: a

text: decision

text: of

text: that

text: country

text: 's

text: highest

text: court

text: it

text: would

text: not

text: be

text: civil

text: disobedience

text: since

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: would

text: be

text: acting

text: in

text: her

text: or

text: his

text: capacity

text: as

text: public

text: official

text: rather

text: than

text: private

text: citizen

question: If the head of government refuses to enforce a decision of the highest court what terminology could be used?

answer: constitutional impasse

text: constitutional impasse

answer: her or his capacity as public official

text: her or his capacity as public official

answer: capacity as public official

text: capacity as public official

answer: constitutional impasse

text: constitutional impasse

question: Constitutional impasse is different from civil disobedience because does not include what type of person?

answer: citizen's

text: citizen's

answer: head of government

text: head of government

answer: private citizen

text: private citizen

answer: private citizen

text: private citizen

answer: private

text: private

question: How is civil disobedience typically defined in connection of the citizen's?

answer: to the state and its laws

text: to the state and its laws

answer: relation to the state and its laws

text: relation to the state and its laws

answer: a citizen's relation to the state and its laws,

text: a citizen's relation to the state and its laws,

answer: pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws

text: pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws

answer: as pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws

text: as pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws

question: When would a person be considered to be excising a constitutional impasse?

answer: the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official

text: the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official

answer: two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict

text: two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict

answer: two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict

text: two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict

answer: if the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country's highest court

text: if the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country's highest court

answer: two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict

text: two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict

question: Constitutional impasse is distinct from what key term?

answer: Civil disobedience

text: Civil disobedience

answer: Civil disobedience

text: Civil disobedience

answer: Civil disobedience

text: Civil disobedience

answer: Civil disobedience

text: Civil disobedience

answer: Civil disobedience

text: Civil disobedience

question: What does civil disobedience relate to?

answer: the state and its laws

text: the state and its laws

answer: a citizen's relation to the state and its laws

text: a citizen's relation to the state and its laws

answer: a citizen's relation to the state and its laws

text: a citizen's relation to the state and its laws

answer: a citizen's relation to the state and its laws

text: a citizen's relation to the state and its laws

answer: a citizen's relation to the state and its laws

text: a citizen's relation to the state and its laws

question: What does not constitute as civil disobedience?

answer: refuse to enforce a decision

text: refuse to enforce a decision

answer: constitutional impasse

text: constitutional impasse

answer: two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict.

text: two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict.

answer: a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies

text: a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies

answer: constitutional impasse

text: constitutional impasse

question: What type of person can not be attributed civil disobedience?

answer: head of government

text: head of government

answer: public official

text: public official

answer: public official

text: public official

answer: public

text: public

question: Civil Disobedience is mainly performed by what population group?

answer: private citizen

text: private citizen

answer: private citizen

text: private citizen

answer: private citizen

text: private citizen

answer: private

text: private

question: What group of people cannot be part of civil disobedience?

answer: sovereign branches of government

text: sovereign branches of government

answer: public official

text: public official

answer: public agencies

text: public agencies

answer: public

text: public

question: What two public agencies conflict under the defnintion of civil disobedience?

question: What else does an agency have a relationship with under the civil disobedience definition?

text: the state and its laws

question: How many citizens conflict in a constitutional impasse?

text: two

question: What group promotes using conflict to decide cases?

text: highest court

question: A constitutional impasse pertains to how a citizen relates to the state and what?

text: its laws


text: The weight of boilers and condensers generally makes the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant lower than for internal combustion engines. For mobile applications steam has been largely superseded by internal combustion engines or electric motors. However, most electric power is generated using steam turbine plant, so that indirectly the world's industry is still dependent on steam power. Recent concerns about fuel sources and pollution have incited a renewed interest in steam both as a component of cogeneration processes and as a prime mover. This is becoming known as the Advanced Steam movement.[citation needed]

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: The

text: weight

text: of

text: boilers

text: and

text: condensers

text: generally

text: makes

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: weight

text: ratio

text: of

text: a

text: steam

text: plant

text: lower

text: than

text: for

text: internal

text: combustion

text: engines

text: For

text: mobile

text: applications

text: steam

text: has

text: been

text: largely

text: superseded

text: by

text: internal

text: combustion

text: engines

text: or

text: electric

text: motors

text: However

text: most

text: electric

text: power

text: is

text: generated

text: using

text: steam

text: turbine

text: plant

text: so

text: that

text: indirectly

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: industry

text: is

text: still

text: dependent

text: on

text: steam

text: power

text: Recent

text: concerns

text: about

text: fuel

text: sources

text: and

text: pollution

text: have

text: incited

text: a

text: renewed

text: interest

text: in

text: steam

text: both

text: as

text: a

text: component

text: of

text: cogeneration

text: processes

text: and

text: as

text: a

text: prime

text: mover

text: This

text: is

text: becoming

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Advanced

text: Steam

text: movement.[citation

text: needed

question: What is the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant compared to that of an internal combustion engine?

answer: lower

text: lower

answer: lower

text: lower

answer: lower

text: lower

answer: lower

text: lower

question: Along with internal combustion engines, what machines have superseded steam in some areas?

answer: electric motors

text: electric motors

answer: electric motors

text: electric motors

answer: internal combustion engines or electric motors

text: internal combustion engines or electric motors

answer: electric motors

text: electric motors

question: What plants create most electric power?

answer: steam turbine

text: steam turbine

answer: steam turbine

text: steam turbine

answer: steam turbine plant

text: steam turbine plant

answer: steam turbine plant

text: steam turbine plant

question: What is the name of the movement that seeks renewed use of steam power in the modern era?

answer: Advanced Steam

text: Advanced Steam

answer: Advanced Steam movement

text: Advanced Steam movement

answer: cogeneration processes

text: cogeneration processes

answer: Advanced Steam movement

text: Advanced Steam movement

question: Along with fuel sources, what concern has contributed to the development of the Advanced Steam movement?

answer: pollution

text: pollution

answer: pollution

text: pollution

answer: Advanced Steam movement

text: Advanced Steam movement

answer: pollution

text: pollution

question: What is the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant compared to that of a steam engine?

text: lower

question: Along with internal combustion engines, what machines have superseded power in some areas?

text: electric motors

question: What plants create most combustion power?

text: steam turbine

question: What is the name of the movement that seeks renewed use of combustion power in the modern era?

text: Advanced Steam

question: Along with fuel sources, what concern has contributed to the development of the combustion movement?

text: pollution


text: Rail transport in Victoria is provided by several private and public railway operators who operate over government-owned lines. Major operators include: Metro Trains Melbourne which runs an extensive, electrified, passenger system throughout Melbourne and suburbs; V/Line which is now owned by the Victorian Government, operates a concentrated service to major regional centres, as well as long distance services on other lines; Pacific National, CFCL Australia which operate freight services; Great Southern Rail which operates The Overland Melbourne—Adelaide; and NSW TrainLink which operates XPTs Melbourne—Sydney.

title: Victoria_(Australia)

title: Victoria_(Australia

text: Rail

text: transport

text: in

text: Victoria

text: is

text: provided

text: by

text: several

text: private

text: and

text: public

text: railway

text: operators

text: who

text: operate

text: over

text: government

text: owned

text: lines

text: Major

text: operators

text: include

text: Metro

text: Trains

text: Melbourne

text: which

text: runs

text: an

text: extensive

text: electrified

text: passenger

text: system

text: throughout

text: Melbourne

text: and

text: suburbs

text: V

text: Line

text: which

text: is

text: now

text: owned

text: by

text: the

text: Victorian

text: Government

text: operates

text: a

text: concentrated

text: service

text: to

text: major

text: regional

text: centres

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: long

text: distance

text: services

text: on

text: other

text: lines

text: Pacific

text: National

text: CFCL

text: Australia

text: which

text: operate

text: freight

text: services

text: Great

text: Southern

text: Rail

text: which

text: operates

text: The

text: Overland

text: Melbourne

text: Adelaide

text: and

text: NSW

text: TrainLink

text: which

text: operates

text: XPTs

text: Melbourne

text: Sydney

question: Who owns the rail lines in Victoria?

answer: government-owned

text: government-owned

answer: government

text: government

answer: several private and public railway operators

text: several private and public railway operators

question: Which rail line operates in Melbourne?

answer: Metro Trains Melbourne

text: Metro Trains Melbourne

answer: Metro Trains Melbourne

text: Metro Trains Melbourne

answer: Metro Trains Melbourne

text: Metro Trains Melbourne

question: What entity owns V/Line?

answer: Victorian Government

text: Victorian Government

answer: the Victorian Government

text: the Victorian Government

answer: Victorian Government

text: Victorian Government

question: What type of rail line is Pacific National?

answer: freight services

text: freight services

answer: freight

text: freight

answer: freight

text: freight

question: What kind of rail system is Metro Trains Melbourne?

answer: passenger

text: passenger

answer: extensive, electrified, passenger system

text: extensive, electrified, passenger system

answer: passenger

text: passenger

question: Who owns the rail cars in Victoria?

text: government-owned

question: Which rail line operates Around the island?

text: Metro Trains Melbourne

question: What entity is sponsored by V/Line in the Olympics?

text: Victorian Government

question: What operator transports cargo in Melbourne?

text: Metro Trains Melbourne

question: What operator is in mainland Australia?

text: Pacific National


text: The acme of the horizontal engine was the Corliss steam engine, patented in 1849, which was a four-valve counter flow engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff. When Corliss was given the Rumford medal the committee said that "no one invention since Watt's time has so enhanced the efficiency of the steam engine". In addition to using 30% less steam, it provided more uniform speed due to variable steam cut off, making it well suited to manufacturing, especially cotton spinning.

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: The

text: acme

text: of

text: the

text: horizontal

text: engine

text: was

text: the

text: Corliss

text: steam

text: engine

text: patented

text: in

text: which

text: was

text: a

text: four

text: valve

text: counter

text: flow

text: engine

text: with

text: separate

text: steam

text: admission

text: and

text: exhaust

text: valves

text: and

text: automatic

text: variable

text: steam

text: cutoff

text: When

text: Corliss

text: was

text: given

text: the

text: Rumford

text: medal

text: the

text: committee

text: said

text: that

text: no

text: one

text: invention

text: since

text: Watt

text: 's

text: time

text: has

text: so

text: enhanced

text: the

text: efficiency

text: of

text: the

text: steam

text: engine

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: using

text: less

text: steam

text: it

text: provided

text: more

text: uniform

text: speed

text: due

text: to

text: variable

text: steam

text: cut

text: off

text: making

text: it

text: well

text: suited

text: to

text: manufacturing

text: especially

text: cotton

text: spinning

question: What was the ultimate development of the horizontal engine?

answer: Corliss steam engine

text: Corliss steam engine

answer: Corliss

text: Corliss

answer: the Corliss steam engine

text: the Corliss steam engine

question: In what year was the Corliss engine patented?

answer: 1849

answer: 1849

answer: 1849

question: How many valves did the Corliss engine use?

answer: four

text: four

answer: four

text: four

answer: four

text: four

question: What award was given to Corliss?

answer: Rumford medal

text: Rumford medal

answer: Rumford medal

text: Rumford medal

answer: the Rumford medal

text: the Rumford medal

question: How much less steam did the Corliss engine use compared to the Watt engine?

answer: 30%

answer: 30% less steam

text: 30% less steam

answer: 30%

question: What was the ultimate development of the vertical engine?

text: Corliss steam engine

question: In what year was the Rumford engine patented?

question: How many valves did the Rumford engine use?

text: four

question: What award was inspired by Corliss?

text: Rumford medal

question: How much less steam did the Rumford engine use compared to the Watt engine?


text: Using boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back over 2000 years, but early devices were not practical. The Spanish inventor Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606. In 1698 Thomas Savery patented a steam pump that used steam in direct contact with the water being pumped. Savery's steam pump used condensing steam to create a vacuum and draw water into a chamber, and then applied pressurized steam to further pump the water. Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine was the first commercial true steam engine using a piston, and was used in 1712 for pumping in a mine.

title: Steam_engine

title: Steam_engine

text: Using

text: boiling

text: water

text: to

text: produce

text: mechanical

text: motion

text: goes

text: back

text: over

text: years

text: but

text: early

text: devices

text: were

text: not

text: practical

text: The

text: Spanish

text: inventor

text: Jerónimo

text: de

text: Ayanz

text: y

text: Beaumont

text: obtained

text: the

text: first

text: patent

text: for

text: a

text: steam

text: engine

text: in

text: In

text: Thomas

text: Savery

text: patented

text: a

text: steam

text: pump

text: that

text: used

text: steam

text: in

text: direct

text: contact

text: with

text: the

text: water

text: being

text: pumped

text: Savery

text: 's

text: steam

text: pump

text: used

text: condensing

text: steam

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: vacuum

text: and

text: draw

text: water

text: into

text: a

text: chamber

text: and

text: then

text: applied

text: pressurized

text: steam

text: to

text: further

text: pump

text: the

text: water

text: Thomas

text: Newcomen

text: 's

text: atmospheric

text: engine

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: commercial

text: true

text: steam

text: engine

text: using

text: a

text: piston

text: and

text: was

text: used

text: in

text: for

text: pumping

text: in

text: a

text: mine

question: Who received the first steam engine patent?

answer: Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont

text: Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont

answer: Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont

text: Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont

answer: Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont

text: Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont

answer: Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont

text: Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont

question: What was the nationality of Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont?

answer: Spanish

text: Spanish

answer: Spanish

text: Spanish

answer: Spanish

text: Spanish

answer: Spanish

text: Spanish

question: In what year did Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont receive a steam engine patent?

answer: 1606

answer: 1606

answer: 1606

answer: 1606

question: In what year did Savery patent his steam pump?

answer: 1698

answer: 1698

answer: 1698

answer: 1698

question: In what year did Newcomen's engine pump in a mine?

answer: 1712

answer: 1712

answer: 1712

answer: 1712

question: Who received the first chamber engine patent?

text: Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont

question: What was the nationality of Thomas Newcomen?

text: Spanish

question: In what year did Thomas Newcomen receive a steam engine patent?

question: In what year did Newcomen patent his steam pump?

question: In what year did Savery's engine pump in a mine?


text: Harvard's athletic rivalry with Yale is intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in the annual football meeting, which dates back to 1875 and is usually called simply "The Game". While Harvard's football team is no longer one of the country's best as it often was a century ago during football's early days (it won the Rose Bowl in 1920), both it and Yale have influenced the way the game is played. In 1903, Harvard Stadium introduced a new era into football with the first-ever permanent reinforced concrete stadium of its kind in the country. The stadium's structure actually played a role in the evolution of the college game. Seeking to reduce the alarming number of deaths and serious injuries in the sport, Walter Camp (former captain of the Yale football team), suggested widening the field to open up the game. But the stadium was too narrow to accommodate a wider playing surface. So, other steps had to be taken. Camp would instead support revolutionary new rules for the 1906 season. These included legalizing the forward pass, perhaps the most significant rule change in the sport's history.

title: Harvard_University

title: Harvard_University

text: Harvard

text: 's

text: athletic

text: rivalry

text: with

text: Yale

text: is

text: intense

text: in

text: every

text: sport

text: in

text: which

text: they

text: meet

text: coming

text: to

text: a

text: climax

text: each

text: fall

text: in

text: the

text: annual

text: football

text: meeting

text: which

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: and

text: is

text: usually

text: called

text: simply

text: The

text: Game

text: While

text: Harvard

text: 's

text: football

text: team

text: is

text: no

text: longer

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: best

text: as

text: it

text: often

text: was

text: a

text: century

text: ago

text: during

text: football

text: 's

text: early

text: days

text: it

text: won

text: the

text: Rose

text: Bowl

text: in

text: both

text: it

text: and

text: Yale

text: have

text: influenced

text: the

text: way

text: the

text: game

text: is

text: played

text: In

text: Harvard

text: Stadium

text: introduced

text: a

text: new

text: era

text: into

text: football

text: with

text: the

text: first

text: ever

text: permanent

text: reinforced

text: concrete

text: stadium

text: of

text: its

text: kind

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: The

text: stadium

text: 's

text: structure

text: actually

text: played

text: a

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: evolution

text: of

text: the

text: college

text: game

text: Seeking

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: alarming

text: number

text: of

text: deaths

text: and

text: serious

text: injuries

text: in

text: the

text: sport

text: Walter

text: Camp

text: former

text: captain

text: of

text: the

text: Yale

text: football

text: team

text: suggested

text: widening

text: the

text: field

text: to

text: open

text: up

text: the

text: game

text: But

text: the

text: stadium

text: was

text: too

text: narrow

text: to

text: accommodate

text: a

text: wider

text: playing

text: surface

text: So

text: other

text: steps

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: taken

text: Camp

text: would

text: instead

text: support

text: revolutionary

text: new

text: rules

text: for

text: the

text: season

text: These

text: included

text: legalizing

text: the

text: forward

text: pass

text: perhaps

text: the

text: most

text: significant

text: rule

text: change

text: in

text: the

text: sport

text: 's

text: history

question: What was the first year that Yale and Harvard played football?

answer: 1875

answer: 1875

answer: 1875

question: In what year did Harvard Stadium become the first ever concrete reinforced stadium in the country?

answer: 1903

answer: 1903

answer: 1903

question: In what year was a set of significant rule changes introduced including the forward pass?

answer: 1906

answer: 1906

answer: 1906

question: What school was Walter Camp a captain for the football team?

answer: former captain of the Yale football team

text: former captain of the Yale football team

answer: Yale

text: Yale

answer: Yale

text: Yale

question: What event was won by Yale in 1920?

text: the Rose Bowl

question: What stadium was built in 1920?

text: Harvard Stadium

question: How did Yale introduce a new era in football?

question: What position was Walter Camp on Harvard's football team?

text: captain

question: What newly legalized move did Harvard's football team support in 1920?

text: the forward pass


text: Jacksonville is the largest city by population in the U.S. state of Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. It is the county seat of Duval County, with which the city government consolidated in 1968. Consolidation gave Jacksonville its great size and placed most of its metropolitan population within the city limits; with an estimated population of 853,382 in 2014, it is the most populous city proper in Florida and the Southeast, and the 12th most populous in the United States. Jacksonville is the principal city in the Jacksonville metropolitan area, with a population of 1,345,596 in 2010.

title: Jacksonville,_Florida

title: Jacksonville,_Florida

text: Jacksonville

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: by

text: population

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: Florida

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: by

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: contiguous

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: county

text: seat

text: of

text: Duval

text: County

text: with

text: which

text: the

text: city

text: government

text: consolidated

text: in

text: Consolidation

text: gave

text: Jacksonville

text: its

text: great

text: size

text: and

text: placed

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: metropolitan

text: population

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: limits

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: proper

text: in

text: Florida

text: and

text: the

text: Southeast

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Jacksonville

text: is

text: the

text: principal

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Jacksonville

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: with

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: in

question: Which Florida city has the biggest population?

answer: Jacksonville

text: Jacksonville

answer: Jacksonville

text: Jacksonville

answer: Jacksonville

text: Jacksonville

question: What was the population Jacksonville city as of 2010?

answer: 1,345,596

answer: 1,345,596

answer: 1,345,596

question: Based on population alone, what is Jacksonville's ranking in the United States?

answer: 12th

answer: 12th

answer: 12th

question: In which county does Jacksonville reside?

answer: Duval

text: Duval

answer: Duval County

text: Duval County

answer: Duval County

text: Duval County

question: What year did consolidation cause Jacksonville to become part of Duval County?

answer: 1968

answer: 1968

answer: 1968

question: Which Florida city has a smallest population?

text: Jacksonville

question: What County was Jacksonville the seat of prior to 1968?

text: Duval County

question: What year did Jacksonville consolidate with Davis County?

question: What is the largest metropolitan area in Florida and the Southeast?

text: Jacksonville

question: What city proper has a population of 1,345,596?

text: Jacksonville


text: In contrast to product requirements or other laws that hinder market access, the Court of Justice developed a presumption that "selling arrangements" would be presumed to not fall into TFEU article 34, if they applied equally to all sellers, and affected them in the same manner in fact. In Keck and Mithouard two importers claimed that their prosecution under a French competition law, which prevented them selling Picon beer under wholesale price, was unlawful. The aim of the law was to prevent cut throat competition, not to hinder trade. The Court of Justice held, as "in law and in fact" it was an equally applicable "selling arrangement" (not something that alters a product's content) it was outside the scope of article 34, and so did not need to be justified. Selling arrangements can be held to have an unequal effect "in fact" particularly where traders from another member state are seeking to break into the market, but there are restrictions on advertising and marketing. In Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini the Court of Justice reviewed Swedish bans on advertising to children under age 12, and misleading commercials for skin care products. While the bans have remained (justifiable under article 36 or as a mandatory requirement) the Court emphasised that complete marketing bans could be disproportionate if advertising were "the only effective form of promotion enabling [a trader] to penetrate" the market. In Konsumentombudsmannen v Gourmet AB the Court suggested that a total ban for advertising alcohol on the radio, TV and in magazines could fall within article 34 where advertising was the only way for sellers to overcome consumers' "traditional social practices and to local habits and customs" to buy their products, but again the national courts would decide whether it was justified under article 36 to protect public health. Under the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, the EU harmonised restrictions on restrictions on marketing and advertising, to forbid conduct that distorts average consumer behaviour, is misleading or aggressive, and sets out a list of examples that count as unfair. Increasingly, states have to give mutual recognition to each other's standards of regulation, while the EU has attempted to harmonise minimum ideals of best practice. The attempt to raise standards is hoped to avoid a regulatory "race to the bottom", while allowing consumers access to goods from around the continent.

title: European_Union_law

title: European_Union_law

text: In

text: contrast

text: to

text: product

text: requirements

text: or

text: other

text: laws

text: that

text: hinder

text: market

text: access

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: developed

text: a

text: presumption

text: that

text: selling

text: arrangements

text: would

text: be

text: presumed

text: to

text: not

text: fall

text: into

text: TFEU

text: article

text: if

text: they

text: applied

text: equally

text: to

text: all

text: sellers

text: and

text: affected

text: them

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: manner

text: in

text: fact

text: In

text: Keck

text: and

text: Mithouard

text: two

text: importers

text: claimed

text: that

text: their

text: prosecution

text: under

text: a

text: French

text: competition

text: law

text: which

text: prevented

text: them

text: selling

text: Picon

text: beer

text: under

text: wholesale

text: price

text: was

text: unlawful

text: The

text: aim

text: of

text: the

text: law

text: was

text: to

text: prevent

text: cut

text: throat

text: competition

text: not

text: to

text: hinder

text: trade

text: The

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: held

text: as

text: in

text: law

text: and

text: in

text: fact

text: it

text: was

text: an

text: equally

text: applicable

text: selling

text: arrangement

text: not

text: something

text: that

text: alters

text: a

text: product

text: 's

text: content

text: it

text: was

text: outside

text: the

text: scope

text: of

text: article

text: and

text: so

text: did

text: not

text: need

text: to

text: be

text: justified

text: Selling

text: arrangements

text: can

text: be

text: held

text: to

text: have

text: an

text: unequal

text: effect

text: in

text: fact

text: particularly

text: where

text: traders

text: from

text: another

text: member

text: state

text: are

text: seeking

text: to

text: break

text: into

text: the

text: market

text: but

text: there

text: are

text: restrictions

text: on

text: advertising

text: and

text: marketing

text: In

text: Konsumentombudsmannen

text: v

text: De

text: Agostini

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: reviewed

text: Swedish

text: bans

text: on

text: advertising

text: to

text: children

text: under

text: age

text: and

text: misleading

text: commercials

text: for

text: skin

text: care

text: products

text: While

text: the

text: bans

text: have

text: remained

text: justifiable

text: under

text: article

text: or

text: as

text: a

text: mandatory

text: requirement

text: the

text: Court

text: emphasised

text: that

text: complete

text: marketing

text: bans

text: could

text: be

text: disproportionate

text: if

text: advertising

text: were

text: the

text: only

text: effective

text: form

text: of

text: promotion

text: enabling

text: a

text: trader

text: to

text: penetrate

text: the

text: market

text: In

text: Konsumentombudsmannen

text: v

text: Gourmet

text: AB

text: the

text: Court

text: suggested

text: that

text: a

text: total

text: ban

text: for

text: advertising

text: alcohol

text: on

text: the

text: radio

text: TV

text: and

text: in

text: magazines

text: could

text: fall

text: within

text: article

text: where

text: advertising

text: was

text: the

text: only

text: way

text: for

text: sellers

text: to

text: overcome

text: consumers

text: traditional

text: social

text: practices

text: and

text: to

text: local

text: habits

text: and

text: customs

text: to

text: buy

text: their

text: products

text: but

text: again

text: the

text: national

text: courts

text: would

text: decide

text: whether

text: it

text: was

text: justified

text: under

text: article

text: to

text: protect

text: public

text: health

text: Under

text: the

text: Unfair

text: Commercial

text: Practices

text: Directive

text: the

text: EU

text: harmonised

text: restrictions

text: on

text: restrictions

text: on

text: marketing

text: and

text: advertising

text: to

text: forbid

text: conduct

text: that

text: distorts

text: average

text: consumer

text: behaviour

text: is

text: misleading

text: or

text: aggressive

text: and

text: sets

text: out

text: a

text: list

text: of

text: examples

text: that

text: count

text: as

text: unfair

text: Increasingly

text: states

text: have

text: to

text: give

text: mutual

text: recognition

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: 's

text: standards

text: of

text: regulation

text: while

text: the

text: EU

text: has

text: attempted

text: to

text: harmonise

text: minimum

text: ideals

text: of

text: best

text: practice

text: The

text: attempt

text: to

text: raise

text: standards

text: is

text: hoped

text: to

text: avoid

text: a

text: regulatory

text: race

text: to

text: the

text: bottom

text: while

text: allowing

text: consumers

text: access

text: to

text: goods

text: from

text: around

text: the

text: continent

question: Which two importers claimed that under a French competition law, they were prevented from selling Picon beer under wholesale price?

answer: Keck and Mithouard

text: Keck and Mithouard

answer: Keck and Mithouard

text: Keck and Mithouard

answer: Keck and Mithouard

text: Keck and Mithouard

question: The aim of the French competition law was to do what?

answer: cut throat competition

text: cut throat competition

answer: prevent cut throat competition

text: prevent cut throat competition

answer: prevent cut throat competition

text: prevent cut throat competition

question: In which case did the Court of Justice review Swedish bans on advertising to young children under 12?

answer: Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini

text: Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini

answer: Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini

text: Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini

answer: Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini

text: Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini

question: Under which Directive did the EU harmonize restrictions on restrictions on marketing and advertising?

answer: the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive

text: the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive

answer: the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive

text: the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive

answer: the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive

text: the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive

question: Which two importers did not claim that under French competition law, they were prevented from selling Picon beer under wholesale price?

text: Keck and Mithouard

question: What did the Court of Justice rule fell under TFEU article 34?

text: selling arrangements

question: What was not the aim of the TFEU article 34 law?

question: Which case did the Court of Justice not review Swedish bans on advertising to young children und er 12?

text: Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini