text: French Huguenot explorer Jean Ribault charted the St. Johns River in 1562 calling it the River of May because he discovered it in May. Ribault erected a stone column near present-day Jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for France. In 1564, René Goulaine de Laudonnière established the first European settlement, Fort Caroline, on the St. Johns near the main village of the Saturiwa. Philip II of Spain ordered Pedro Menéndez de Avilés to protect the interest of Spain by attacking the French presence at Fort Caroline. On September 20, 1565, a Spanish force from the nearby Spanish settlement of St. Augustine attacked Fort Caroline, and killed nearly all the French soldiers defending it. The Spanish renamed the fort San Mateo, and following the ejection of the French, St. Augustine's position as the most important settlement in Florida was solidified. The location of Fort Caroline is subject to debate but a reconstruction of the fort was established on the St. Johns River in 1964.

title: Jacksonville,_Florida

title: Jacksonville,_Florida

text: French

text: Huguenot

text: explorer

text: Jean

text: Ribault

text: charted

text: the

text: St.

text: Johns

text: River

text: in

text: calling

text: it

text: the

text: River

text: of

text: May

text: because

text: he

text: discovered

text: it

text: in

text: May.

text: Ribault

text: erected

text: a

text: stone

text: column

text: near

text: present

text: day

text: Jacksonville

text: claiming

text: the

text: newly

text: discovered

text: land

text: for

text: France

text: In

text: René

text: Goulaine

text: de

text: Laudonnière

text: established

text: the

text: first

text: European

text: settlement

text: Fort

text: Caroline

text: on

text: the

text: St.

text: Johns

text: near

text: the

text: main

text: village

text: of

text: the

text: Saturiwa

text: Philip

text: II

text: of

text: Spain

text: ordered

text: Pedro

text: Menéndez

text: de

text: Avilés

text: to

text: protect

text: the

text: interest

text: of

text: Spain

text: by

text: attacking

text: the

text: French

text: presence

text: at

text: Fort

text: Caroline

text: On

text: September

text: a

text: Spanish

text: force

text: from

text: the

text: nearby

text: Spanish

text: settlement

text: of

text: St.

text: Augustine

text: attacked

text: Fort

text: Caroline

text: and

text: killed

text: nearly

text: all

text: the

text: French

text: soldiers

text: defending

text: it

text: The

text: Spanish

text: renamed

text: the

text: fort

text: San

text: Mateo

text: and

text: following

text: the

text: ejection

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: St.

text: Augustine

text: 's

text: position

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: settlement

text: in

text: Florida

text: was

text: solidified

text: The

text: location

text: of

text: Fort

text: Caroline

text: is

text: subject

text: to

text: debate

text: but

text: a

text: reconstruction

text: of

text: the

text: fort

text: was

text: established

text: on

text: the

text: St.

text: Johns

text: River

text: in

question: Who mapped the St. Johns River in 1562?

answer: Jean Ribault

text: Jean Ribault

answer: Jean Ribault

text: Jean Ribault

answer: Jean Ribault

text: Jean Ribault

question: For what nation did Ribault initially claim what is now Jacksonville?

answer: France

text: France

answer: France

text: France

answer: France

text: France

question: Who led the attack of the French colony in 1565?

answer: Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

text: Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

answer: Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

text: Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

answer: Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

text: Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

question: What was Fort Caroline renamed to after the Spanish attack?

answer: San Mateo

text: San Mateo

answer: fort San Mateo

text: fort San Mateo

answer: San Mateo

text: San Mateo

question: Which fort was rebuilt in 1964?

answer: Fort Caroline

text: Fort Caroline

answer: Fort Caroline

text: Fort Caroline

answer: Fort Caroline

text: Fort Caroline

question: Who was the British explorer chartered the St. John's River?

text: Jean Ribault

question: Where did Ribault erect the flag claiming the land for France?

text: near present-day Jacksonville

question: Why did Pedro Menendez de Aviles called the St. John River the river of May?

text: he discovered it in May

question: Who led the attack on Spain in 1565?

text: Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

question: What year was Fort San Mateo reconstructed?


text: On 1 July 1851, writs were issued for the election of the first Victorian Legislative Council, and the absolute independence of Victoria from New South Wales was established proclaiming a new Colony of Victoria. Days later, still in 1851 gold was discovered near Ballarat, and subsequently at Bendigo. Later discoveries occurred at many sites across Victoria. This triggered one of the largest gold rushes the world has ever seen. The colony grew rapidly in both population and economic power. In ten years the population of Victoria increased sevenfold from 76,000 to 540,000. All sorts of gold records were produced including the "richest shallow alluvial goldfield in the world" and the largest gold nugget. Victoria produced in the decade 1851–1860 20 million ounces of gold, one third of the world's output[citation needed].

title: Victoria_(Australia)

title: Victoria_(Australia

text: On

text: July

text: writs

text: were

text: issued

text: for

text: the

text: election

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: Victorian

text: Legislative

text: Council

text: and

text: the

text: absolute

text: independence

text: of

text: Victoria

text: from

text: New

text: South

text: Wales

text: was

text: established

text: proclaiming

text: a

text: new

text: Colony

text: of

text: Victoria

text: Days

text: later

text: still

text: in

text: gold

text: was

text: discovered

text: near

text: Ballarat

text: and

text: subsequently

text: at

text: Bendigo

text: Later

text: discoveries

text: occurred

text: at

text: many

text: sites

text: across

text: Victoria

text: This

text: triggered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: gold

text: rushes

text: the

text: world

text: has

text: ever

text: seen

text: The

text: colony

text: grew

text: rapidly

text: in

text: both

text: population

text: and

text: economic

text: power

text: In

text: ten

text: years

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: Victoria

text: increased

text: sevenfold

text: from

text: to

text: All

text: sorts

text: of

text: gold

text: records

text: were

text: produced

text: including

text: the

text: richest

text: shallow

text: alluvial

text: goldfield

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: gold

text: nugget

text: Victoria

text: produced

text: in

text: the

text: decade

text: million

text: ounces

text: of

text: gold

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: output[citation

text: needed

question: On what date was Victoria declared independent from New South Wales?

answer: 1 July 1851

text: 1 July 1851

answer: 1 July 1851

text: 1 July 1851

answer: 1 July 1851

text: 1 July 1851

question: When was gold found near Ballarat?

answer: 1851

answer: in 1851

text: in 1851

answer: 1851

question: What did the finding of gold in Victoria cause?

answer: gold rush

text: gold rush

answer: gold rush

text: gold rush

answer: gold rushes

text: gold rushes

question: How much did the population of Victoria increase in ten years after the discovery of gold?

answer: sevenfold

text: sevenfold

answer: sevenfold

text: sevenfold

answer: 76,000 to 540,000

text: 76,000 to 540,000

question: How much gold did Victoria produce in the years of 1851-1860?

answer: 20 million ounces

text: 20 million ounces

answer: 20 million ounces

text: 20 million ounces

answer: 20 million ounces

text: 20 million ounces

question: When were writs issued for the election of the New South Wales president?

text: 1 July 1851

question: When was gold found near Birmingham?

question: What did the new railroad in Victoria trigger?

text: gold rush

question: How much did the population New South Wales increase in ten years after the discovery of gold?

text: sevenfold

question: How much gold did Victoria produce in 1860?

text: 20 million ounces of gold


text: After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, the Dutch Republic received the largest group of Huguenot refugees, an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people. Amongst them were 200 clergy. Many came from the region of the Cévennes, for instance, the village of Fraissinet-de-Lozère. This was a huge influx as the entire population of the Dutch Republic amounted to ca. 2 million at that time. Around 1700, it is estimated that nearly 25% of the Amsterdam population was Huguenot.[citation needed] In 1705, Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia were the first areas to provide full citizens rights to Huguenot immigrants, followed by the Dutch Republic in 1715. Huguenots intermarried with Dutch from the outset.

title: Huguenot

title: Huguenot

text: After

text: the

text: revocation

text: of

text: the

text: Edict

text: of

text: Nantes

text: the

text: Dutch

text: Republic

text: received

text: the

text: largest

text: group

text: of

text: Huguenot

text: refugees

text: an

text: estimated

text: total

text: of

text: to

text: people

text: Amongst

text: them

text: were

text: clergy

text: Many

text: came

text: from

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: Cévennes

text: for

text: instance

text: the

text: village

text: of

text: Fraissinet

text: de

text: Lozère

text: This

text: was

text: a

text: huge

text: influx

text: as

text: the

text: entire

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: Dutch

text: Republic

text: amounted

text: to

text: ca

text: million

text: at

text: that

text: time

text: Around

text: it

text: is

text: estimated

text: that

text: nearly

text: of

text: the

text: Amsterdam

text: population

text: was

text: Huguenot.[citation

text: needed

text: In

text: Amsterdam

text: and

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: West

text: Frisia

text: were

text: the

text: first

text: areas

text: to

text: provide

text: full

text: citizens

text: rights

text: to

text: Huguenot

text: immigrants

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Dutch

text: Republic

text: in

text: Huguenots

text: intermarried

text: with

text: Dutch

text: from

text: the

text: outset

question: What country initially received the largest number of Huguenot refugees?

answer: the Dutch Republic

text: the Dutch Republic

answer: Dutch Republic

text: Dutch Republic

answer: Dutch Republic

text: Dutch Republic

question: How many refugees emigrated to the Dutch Republic?

answer: an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people

text: an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people

answer: 75,000 to 100,000

text: 75,000 to 100,000

answer: 75,000 to 100,000

text: 75,000 to 100,000

question: What was the population of the Dutch Republic before this emigration?

answer: ca. 2 million

text: ca. 2 million

answer: 2 million

text: 2 million

answer: 2 million

text: 2 million

question: What two areas in the Republic were first to grant rights to the Huguenots?

answer: Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia

text: Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia

answer: Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia

text: Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia

answer: Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia

text: Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia

question: What declaration predicated the emigration of Huguenot refugees?

answer: the revocation of the Edict of Nantes

text: the revocation of the Edict of Nantes

answer: Edict of Nantes

text: Edict of Nantes

answer: the revocation of the Edict of Nantes

text: the revocation of the Edict of Nantes

question: How many Huguenots lived in West Frisia in 1705?

question: How many Huguenots lived in Amsterdam in 1705?

question: In what year was the Edict of Nantes revoked?

question: How many clergymen were there in the Dutch Republic before the influx of Huguenots?

question: In what country is the Cevennes?

text: the Dutch Republic


text: Until the early 1980s, industry was a major source of water pollution. Although many plants and factories can be found along the Rhine up into Switzerland, it is along the Lower Rhine that the bulk of them are concentrated, as the river passes the major cities of Cologne, Düsseldorf and Duisburg. Duisburg is the home of Europe's largest inland port and functions as a hub to the sea ports of Rotterdam, Antwerp and Amsterdam. The Ruhr, which joins the Rhine in Duisburg, is nowadays a clean river, thanks to a combination of stricter environmental controls, a transition from heavy industry to light industry and cleanup measures, such as the reforestation of Slag and brownfields. The Ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water. It contributes 70 m3/s (2,500 cu ft/s) to the Rhine. Other rivers in the Ruhr Area, above all, the Emscher, still carry a considerable degree of pollution.

title: Rhine

title: Rhine

text: Until

text: the

text: early

text: industry

text: was

text: a

text: major

text: source

text: of

text: water

text: pollution

text: Although

text: many

text: plants

text: and

text: factories

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: along

text: the

text: Rhine

text: up

text: into

text: Switzerland

text: it

text: is

text: along

text: the

text: Lower

text: Rhine

text: that

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: them

text: are

text: concentrated

text: as

text: the

text: river

text: passes

text: the

text: major

text: cities

text: of

text: Cologne

text: Düsseldorf

text: and

text: Duisburg

text: Duisburg

text: is

text: the

text: home

text: of

text: Europe

text: 's

text: largest

text: inland

text: port

text: and

text: functions

text: as

text: a

text: hub

text: to

text: the

text: sea

text: ports

text: of

text: Rotterdam

text: Antwerp

text: and

text: Amsterdam

text: The

text: Ruhr

text: which

text: joins

text: the

text: Rhine

text: in

text: Duisburg

text: is

text: nowadays

text: a

text: clean

text: river

text: thanks

text: to

text: a

text: combination

text: of

text: stricter

text: environmental

text: controls

text: a

text: transition

text: from

text: heavy

text: industry

text: to

text: light

text: industry

text: and

text: cleanup

text: measures

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: reforestation

text: of

text: Slag

text: and

text: brownfields

text: The

text: Ruhr

text: currently

text: provides

text: the

text: region

text: with

text: drinking

text: water

text: It

text: contributes

text: cu

text: ft

text: s

text: to

text: the

text: Rhine

text: Other

text: rivers

text: in

text: the

text: Ruhr

text: Area

text: above

text: all

text: the

text: Emscher

text: still

text: carry

text: a

text: considerable

text: degree

text: of

text: pollution

question: What contributed to water pollution in the Rhine?

answer: plants and factories

text: plants and factories

answer: industry

text: industry

answer: industry

text: industry

question: Where are a bulk of factories concentrated along the Rhine?

answer: Switzerland

text: Switzerland

answer: Lower Rhine

text: Lower Rhine

answer: Lower Rhine

text: Lower Rhine

question: What is Europe's largest inland port?

answer: Duisburg

text: Duisburg

answer: Duisburg

text: Duisburg

answer: Duisburg

text: Duisburg

question: What rive joins the Rhine in Duisburg?

answer: Ruhr

text: Ruhr

answer: Ruhr

text: Ruhr

answer: The Ruhr

text: The Ruhr

question: What does the Ruhr provide to it's community?

answer: drinking water

text: drinking water

answer: drinking water

text: drinking water

answer: drinking water

text: drinking water

question: What did industry do to the Rhine until the 1980s?

answer: pollution

text: pollution

answer: pollution

text: pollution

answer: water pollution

text: water pollution

question: Which section of the Rhine is most factories found?

answer: Lower Rhine

text: Lower Rhine

answer: Lower Rhine

text: Lower Rhine

answer: Lower Rhine

text: Lower Rhine

question: What country has the most factories that pollute the Rhine?

answer: Switzerland

text: Switzerland

answer: Duisburg

text: Duisburg

answer: Switzerland

text: Switzerland

question: What city has the largest inland port in Europe?

answer: Duisburg

text: Duisburg

answer: Duisburg

text: Duisburg

answer: Duisburg

text: Duisburg

question: Which river joins the Rhine in Duisburg?

answer: Ruhr

text: Ruhr

answer: Ruhr

text: Ruhr

answer: The Ruhr

text: The Ruhr

question: What was a major source of water pollution after the early 1980s?

text: industry

question: Where are the least amount of the factories found?

text: Lower Rhine

question: What is Europe's smallest inland port?

text: Duisburg

question: What river separates the Rhine from Duisburg?

text: Ruhr

question: What river is considered to be not so clean nowadays?

text: Ruhr


text: One of the most famous people born in Warsaw was Maria Skłodowska-Curie, who achieved international recognition for her research on radioactivity and was the first female recipient of the Nobel Prize. Famous musicians include Władysław Szpilman and Frédéric Chopin. Though Chopin was born in the village of Żelazowa Wola, about 60 km (37 mi) from Warsaw, he moved to the city with his family when he was seven months old. Casimir Pulaski, a Polish general and hero of the American Revolutionary War, was born here in 1745.

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: people

text: born

text: in

text: Warsaw

text: was

text: Maria

text: Skłodowska

text: Curie

text: who

text: achieved

text: international

text: recognition

text: for

text: her

text: research

text: on

text: radioactivity

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: female

text: recipient

text: of

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: Famous

text: musicians

text: include

text: Władysław

text: Szpilman

text: and

text: Frédéric

text: Chopin

text: Though

text: Chopin

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: the

text: village

text: of

text: Żelazowa

text: Wola

text: about

text: km

text: mi

text: from

text: Warsaw

text: he

text: moved

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: with

text: his

text: family

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: seven

text: months

text: old

text: Casimir

text: Pulaski

text: a

text: Polish

text: general

text: and

text: hero

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Revolutionary

text: War

text: was

text: born

text: here

text: in

question: Who was one of the most famous people born in Warsaw?

answer: Maria Skłodowska-Curie

text: Maria Skłodowska-Curie

answer: Maria Skłodowska-Curie

text: Maria Skłodowska-Curie

answer: Maria Skłodowska-Curie

text: Maria Skłodowska-Curie

question: What was Maria Curie the first female recipient of?

answer: Nobel Prize

text: Nobel Prize

answer: Nobel Prize

text: Nobel Prize

answer: Nobel Prize

text: Nobel Prize

question: Who was Frédéric Chopin?

answer: Famous musicians

text: Famous musicians

answer: musicians

text: musicians

answer: Famous musicians

text: Famous musicians

question: How old was Chopin when he moved to Warsaw with his family?

answer: seven months old

text: seven months old

answer: seven months old

text: seven months old

answer: seven months old

text: seven months old

question: What year was Casimir Pulaski born in Warsaw?

answer: 1745

answer: 1745

answer: 1745

question: Who was one of the most famous people born in Wola?

text: Maria Skłodowska-Curie

question: What was Maria Wola the first female recipient of?

text: Nobel Prize

question: Who was Fredderic Wola?

text: Famous musicians

question: How old was Chopin when he moved to Wola with his family?

text: seven months old

question: What year was Casimir Wola born in Warsaw?


text: Free oxygen gas was almost nonexistent in Earth's atmosphere before photosynthetic archaea and bacteria evolved, probably about 3.5 billion years ago. Free oxygen first appeared in significant quantities during the Paleoproterozoic eon (between 3.0 and 2.3 billion years ago). For the first billion years, any free oxygen produced by these organisms combined with dissolved iron in the oceans to form banded iron formations. When such oxygen sinks became saturated, free oxygen began to outgas from the oceans 3–2.7 billion years ago, reaching 10% of its present level around 1.7 billion years ago.

title: Oxygen

title: Oxygen

text: Free

text: oxygen

text: gas

text: was

text: almost

text: nonexistent

text: in

text: Earth

text: 's

text: atmosphere

text: before

text: photosynthetic

text: archaea

text: and

text: bacteria

text: evolved

text: probably

text: about

text: billion

text: years

text: ago

text: Free

text: oxygen

text: first

text: appeared

text: in

text: significant

text: quantities

text: during

text: the

text: Paleoproterozoic

text: eon

text: between

text: and

text: billion

text: years

text: ago

text: For

text: the

text: first

text: billion

text: years

text: any

text: free

text: oxygen

text: produced

text: by

text: these

text: organisms

text: combined

text: with

text: dissolved

text: iron

text: in

text: the

text: oceans

text: to

text: form

text: banded

text: iron

text: formations

text: When

text: such

text: oxygen

text: sinks

text: became

text: saturated

text: free

text: oxygen

text: began

text: to

text: outgas

text: from

text: the

text: oceans

text: billion

text: years

text: ago

text: reaching

text: of

text: its

text: present

text: level

text: around

text: billion

text: years

text: ago

question: When did photosynthetic organisms evolve on Earth?

answer: 3.5 billion years ago

text: 3.5 billion years ago

answer: about 3.5 billion years ago

text: about 3.5 billion years ago

answer: about 3.5 billion years ago

text: about 3.5 billion years ago

answer: 3.5 billion years ago

text: 3.5 billion years ago

answer: about 3.5 billion years ago

text: about 3.5 billion years ago

question: During which eon did free oxygen begin appearing in quantity?

answer: Paleoproterozoic

text: Paleoproterozoic

answer: Paleoproterozoic

text: Paleoproterozoic

answer: Paleoproterozoic

text: Paleoproterozoic

answer: Paleoproterozoic

text: Paleoproterozoic

answer: the Paleoproterozoic eon

text: the Paleoproterozoic eon

question: At first, what did oxygen and iron combine to form?

answer: banded iron formations

text: banded iron formations

answer: banded iron formations

text: banded iron formations

answer: banded iron formations

text: banded iron formations

answer: banded iron formations

text: banded iron formations

answer: banded iron

text: banded iron

question: How long ago did oxygen reach 10% of its present level?

answer: 1.7 billion years ago

text: 1.7 billion years ago

answer: 1.7 billion years ago

text: 1.7 billion years ago

answer: 1.7 billion years ago

text: 1.7 billion years ago

answer: 1.7 billion years ago

text: 1.7 billion years ago

answer: around 1.7 billion years ago

text: around 1.7 billion years ago

question: When did oxygen begin to move from the oceans to the atmosphere?

answer: 3–2.7 billion years ago

text: 3–2.7 billion years ago

answer: 3–2.7 billion years ago

text: 3–2.7 billion years ago

answer: 3–2.7 billion years ago

text: 3–2.7 billion years ago

answer: 3–2.7 billion years ago

text: 3–2.7 billion years ago

answer: 3–2.7 billion years ago

text: 3–2.7 billion years ago

question: What evolved 5.3 billion years ago?

text: photosynthetic archaea and bacteria

question: What eon took place between 3.3 and 2.0 billion years ago?

text: Paleoproterozoic eon

question: What happened 3.7-2 billion years ago?

question: What did oxygen reach 1.2 billion years ago?

text: 10% of its present level


text: In addition to arguing that the rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic, sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the Black Death are not unique (and arguably in some accounts may differ from bubonic plague); that transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of marginal significance; and that the DNA results may be flawed and might not have been repeated elsewhere, despite extensive samples from other mass graves. Other arguments include the lack of accounts of the death of rats before outbreaks of plague between the 14th and 17th centuries; temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas; that, despite primitive transport systems, the spread of the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague; that mortality rates of the Black Death appear to be very high; that, while modern bubonic plague is largely endemic as a rural disease, the Black Death indiscriminately struck urban and rural areas; and that the pattern of the Black Death, with major outbreaks in the same areas separated by 5 to 15 years, differs from modern bubonic plague—which often becomes endemic for decades with annual flare-ups.

title: Black_Death

title: Black_Death

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: arguing

text: that

text: the

text: rat

text: population

text: was

text: insufficient

text: to

text: account

text: for

text: a

text: bubonic

text: plague

text: pandemic

text: sceptics

text: of

text: the

text: bubonic

text: plague

text: theory

text: point

text: out

text: that

text: the

text: symptoms

text: of

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

text: are

text: not

text: unique

text: and

text: arguably

text: in

text: some

text: accounts

text: may

text: differ

text: from

text: bubonic

text: plague

text: that

text: transference

text: via

text: fleas

text: in

text: goods

text: was

text: likely

text: to

text: be

text: of

text: marginal

text: significance

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: DNA

text: results

text: may

text: be

text: flawed

text: and

text: might

text: not

text: have

text: been

text: repeated

text: elsewhere

text: despite

text: extensive

text: samples

text: from

text: other

text: mass

text: graves

text: Other

text: arguments

text: include

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: accounts

text: of

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: rats

text: before

text: outbreaks

text: of

text: plague

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: temperatures

text: that

text: are

text: too

text: cold

text: in

text: northern

text: Europe

text: for

text: the

text: survival

text: of

text: fleas

text: that

text: despite

text: primitive

text: transport

text: systems

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

text: was

text: much

text: faster

text: than

text: that

text: of

text: modern

text: bubonic

text: plague

text: that

text: mortality

text: rates

text: of

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

text: appear

text: to

text: be

text: very

text: high

text: that

text: while

text: modern

text: bubonic

text: plague

text: is

text: largely

text: endemic

text: as

text: a

text: rural

text: disease

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

text: indiscriminately

text: struck

text: urban

text: and

text: rural

text: areas

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: pattern

text: of

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

text: with

text: major

text: outbreaks

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: areas

text: separated

text: by

text: to

text: years

text: differs

text: from

text: modern

text: bubonic

text: plague

text: which

text: often

text: becomes

text: endemic

text: for

text: decades

text: with

text: annual

text: flare

text: ups

question: Why might rats not be responsible for the plague?

answer: the rat population was insufficient

text: the rat population was insufficient

answer: rat population was insufficient

text: rat population was insufficient

answer: rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic

text: rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic

question: How significant was the transfer of disease through fleas?

answer: of marginal significance

text: of marginal significance

answer: marginal

text: marginal

answer: marginal

text: marginal

question: Why  might the temperature affect the theory of plague spreading?

answer: temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas

text: temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas

answer: too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas

text: too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas

answer: too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas

text: too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas

question: Was the bubonic plague spread faster or slower than modern bubonic plague?

answer: the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague

text: the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague

answer: faster

text: faster

answer: faster

text: faster

question: How many years could separate outbreaks of the black death?

answer: 5 to 15 years

text: 5 to 15 years

answer: 5 to 15

text: 5 to 15

answer: 5 to 15

text: 5 to 15

question: In what century did modern bubonic plague strike Europe?

question: Is the weather of southern Europe survivable for fleas?

text: too cold

question: How was the Black Death spread in Europe?

text: via fleas

question: How many years did it take for the Black Death to spread throughout Europe?

text: 5 to 15 years

question: How long did it take to travel across Europe using primitive transport systems?

text: 5 to 15 years


text: Starting in 1965, Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran. He called it packet switching, a more accessible name than Baran's, and proposed to build a nationwide network in the UK. He gave a talk on the proposal in 1966, after which a person from the Ministry of Defence (MoD) told him about Baran's work. A member of Davies' team (Roger Scantlebury) met Lawrence Roberts at the 1967 ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles and suggested it for use in the ARPANET.

title: Packet_switching

title: Packet_switching

text: Starting

text: in

text: Donald

text: Davies

text: at

text: the

text: National

text: Physical

text: Laboratory

text: UK

text: independently

text: developed

text: the

text: same

text: message

text: routing

text: methodology

text: as

text: developed

text: by

text: Baran

text: He

text: called

text: it

text: packet

text: switching

text: a

text: more

text: accessible

text: name

text: than

text: Baran

text: 's

text: and

text: proposed

text: to

text: build

text: a

text: nationwide

text: network

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: He

text: gave

text: a

text: talk

text: on

text: the

text: proposal

text: in

text: after

text: which

text: a

text: person

text: from

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Defence

text: MoD

text: told

text: him

text: about

text: Baran

text: 's

text: work

text: A

text: member

text: of

text: Davies

text: team

text: Roger

text: Scantlebury

text: met

text: Lawrence

text: Roberts

text: at

text: the

text: ACM

text: Symposium

text: on

text: Operating

text: System

text: Principles

text: and

text: suggested

text: it

text: for

text: use

text: in

text: the

text: ARPANET

question: What did Donald Davies Develop

answer: independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran

text: independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran

answer: the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran

text: the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran

answer: message routing methodology

text: message routing methodology

question: What did Davies call his system

answer: packet switching

text: packet switching

answer: packet switching

text: packet switching

answer: packet switching

text: packet switching

question: What did Davies want to build

answer: proposed to build a nationwide network in the UK

text: proposed to build a nationwide network in the UK

answer: a nationwide network

text: a nationwide network

answer: nationwide network

text: nationwide network

question: What use was suggested for the system

answer: use in the ARPANET

text: use in the ARPANET

answer: ARPANET

text: ARPANET

answer: ARPANET

text: ARPANET

question: Who developed the same technology as Baran

answer: Donald Davies

text: Donald Davies

answer: Donald Davies

text: Donald Davies

answer: Donald Davies

text: Donald Davies

question: What did Davies call the System

answer: packet switching

text: packet switching

answer: packet switching

text: packet switching

answer: packet switching

text: packet switching

question: What was suggested at the Symposium in 1967

answer: suggested it for use in the ARPANET

text: suggested it for use in the ARPANET

answer: use in the ARPANET

text: use in the ARPANET

answer: use in the ARPANET

text: use in the ARPANET

question: How independently created a separate system in 1965?

text: Donald Davies

question: Where was the ACM Symposium held?

text: the UK

question: What does ARPANET in simple terms?

text: packet switching,

question: The Ministry of Defense discussed what in 1966?

text: Baran's work

question: Has "independently developed" ever been substantiated?

question: Did Davies and Baran collaborate at any point after they both developed this concept?

question: Why did Davies never research his theory, concept, idea, etc. prior to developing it?

question: Did Davies develop his concept with the intention of monetizing it?

question: Why not a worldwide network as opposed to simply a UK only network?

question: What did Baran call his system?

text: packet switching

question: What did Lawrence Roberts suggest the system be used for?

text: use in the ARPANET

question: What did Baran want to build with the system?

text: build a nationwide network in the UK

question: Who did Davies tell about Baran's work?

question: What did Baran call his message routing methodology?

text: packet switching


text: Ctenophora (/tᵻˈnɒfərə/; singular ctenophore, /ˈtɛnəfɔːr/ or /ˈtiːnəfɔːr/; from the Greek κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'; commonly known as comb jellies) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide. Their most distinctive feature is the ‘combs’ – groups of cilia which they use for swimming – they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia. Adults of various species range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size. Like cnidarians, their bodies consist of a mass of jelly, with one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity. In ctenophores, these layers are two cells deep, while those in cnidarians are only one cell deep. Some authors combined ctenophores and cnidarians in one phylum, Coelenterata, as both groups rely on water flow through the body cavity for both digestion and respiration. Increasing awareness of the differences persuaded more recent authors to classify them as separate phyla.

title: Ctenophora

title: Ctenophora

text: Ctenophora

text: /tᵻˈnɒfərə/

text: singular

text: ctenophore

text: /ˈtɛnəfɔːr/

text: or

text: /ˈtiːnəfɔːr/

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: κτείς

text: kteis

text: comb

text: and

text: φέρω

text: pherō

text: carry

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: comb

text: jellies

text: is

text: a

text: phylum

text: of

text: animals

text: that

text: live

text: in

text: marine

text: waters

text: worldwide

text: Their

text: most

text: distinctive

text: feature

text: is

text: the

text: combs’

text: groups

text: of

text: cilia

text: which

text: they

text: use

text: for

text: swimming

text: they

text: are

text: the

text: largest

text: animals

text: that

text: swim

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: cilia

text: Adults

text: of

text: various

text: species

text: range

text: from

text: a

text: few

text: millimeters

text: to

text: m

text: ft

text: in

text: in

text: size

text: Like

text: cnidarians

text: their

text: bodies

text: consist

text: of

text: a

text: mass

text: of

text: jelly

text: with

text: one

text: layer

text: of

text: cells

text: on

text: the

text: outside

text: and

text: another

text: lining

text: the

text: internal

text: cavity

text: In

text: ctenophores

text: these

text: layers

text: are

text: two

text: cells

text: deep

text: while

text: those

text: in

text: cnidarians

text: are

text: only

text: one

text: cell

text: deep

text: Some

text: authors

text: combined

text: ctenophores

text: and

text: cnidarians

text: in

text: one

text: phylum

text: Coelenterata

text: as

text: both

text: groups

text: rely

text: on

text: water

text: flow

text: through

text: the

text: body

text: cavity

text: for

text: both

text: digestion

text: and

text: respiration

text: Increasing

text: awareness

text: of

text: the

text: differences

text: persuaded

text: more

text: recent

text: authors

text: to

text: classify

text: them

text: as

text: separate

text: phyla

question: What is a ctenophora?

answer: phylum of animals that live in marine waters

text: phylum of animals that live in marine waters

answer: a phylum of animals

text: a phylum of animals

answer: comb jellies

text: comb jellies

question: What does the ctenophora use to swim?

answer: ‘combs’ – groups of cilia

text: ‘combs’ – groups of cilia

answer: cilia

text: cilia

answer: cilia

text: cilia

question: What does ctenophora use for digestion and respiration?

answer: water flow through the body cavity

text: water flow through the body cavity

answer: water flow

text: water flow

answer: water flow through the body cavity

text: water flow through the body cavity

question: How large can ctenophora grow?

answer: 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)

text: 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)

answer: a few millimeters to 1.5 m

text: a few millimeters to 1.5 m

question: What is the most distinctive feature of ctenophora?

answer: ‘combs’ – groups of cilia

text: ‘combs’ – groups of cilia

answer: combs

text: combs

answer: the ‘combs’

text: the ‘combs’

question: What are ctenophora commonly known as?

answer: comb jellies

text: comb jellies

answer: comb jellies

text: comb jellies

answer: comb jellies

text: comb jellies

question: How big can ctenophora grow?

answer: 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)

text: 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)

answer: 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)

text: 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)

answer: a few millimeters to 1.5 m

text: a few millimeters to 1.5 m

question: What does ctenophora rely on for digestion and respiration?

answer: water flow through the body cavity

text: water flow through the body cavity

answer: κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'

text: κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'

answer: water flow through the body cavity

text: water flow through the body cavity

question: What does ctenophora mean in Greek?

answer: κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'

text: κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'

answer: κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'

text: κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'

answer: kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'

text: kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'

question: Where do ctenophora live?

answer: marine waters

text: marine waters

answer: marine waters worldwide

text: marine waters worldwide

answer: marine waters

text: marine waters

question: What are cnidarians commonly called?

text: comb jellies

question: What is the most distinctive feature of cnidarians?

text: the ‘combs’

question: What do cnidarians use their combs for?

text: swimming

question: How are groups of cillia classified due to increasing awareness of differences?

text: separate phyla

question: How many types of cnidarians have been discovered  worldwide?

text: two


text: While BSkyB had been excluded from being a part of the ONdigital consortium, thereby making them a competitor by default, BSkyB was able to join ITV Digital's free-to-air replacement, Freeview, in which it holds an equal stake with the BBC, ITV, Channel 4 and National Grid Wireless. Prior to October 2005, three BSkyB channels were available on this platform: Sky News, Sky Three, and Sky Sports News. Initially BSkyB provided Sky Travel to the service. However, this was replaced by Sky Three on 31 October 2005, which was itself later re-branded as 'Pick TV' in 2011.

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom)

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom

text: While

text: BSkyB

text: had

text: been

text: excluded

text: from

text: being

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: ONdigital

text: consortium

text: thereby

text: making

text: them

text: a

text: competitor

text: by

text: default

text: BSkyB

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: join

text: ITV

text: Digital

text: 's

text: free

text: to

text: air

text: replacement

text: Freeview

text: in

text: which

text: it

text: holds

text: an

text: equal

text: stake

text: with

text: the

text: BBC

text: ITV

text: Channel

text: and

text: National

text: Grid

text: Wireless

text: Prior

text: to

text: October

text: three

text: BSkyB

text: channels

text: were

text: available

text: on

text: this

text: platform

text: Sky

text: News

text: Sky

text: Three

text: and

text: Sky

text: Sports

text: News

text: Initially

text: BSkyB

text: provided

text: Sky

text: Travel

text: to

text: the

text: service

text: However

text: this

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: Sky

text: Three

text: on

text: October

text: which

text: was

text: itself

text: later

text: re

text: branded

text: as

text: Pick

text: TV

text: in

question: What consortium was BSkyB excluded from?

answer: ONdigital

text: ONdigital

answer: ONdigital

text: ONdigital

answer: ONdigital

text: ONdigital

question: Who did BSkyB team up with because it was not part of the consortium?

answer: Freeview

text: Freeview

answer: ITV Digital

text: ITV Digital

answer: ITV Digital

text: ITV Digital

question: How many BSkyB channels were available to customers prior to October 2005?

answer: three

text: three

answer: three

text: three

answer: three

text: three

question: What channel replaced Sky Travel?

answer: Sky Three

text: Sky Three

answer: Sky Three

text: Sky Three

answer: Sky Three

text: Sky Three

question: What was Sky Travel later rebranded as?

answer: Pick TV

text: Pick TV

answer: Pick TV

text: Pick TV

answer: Pick TV

text: Pick TV

question: What consortium was BSkyB included with?

text: ONdigital

question: What was Pick TV later rebranded as?

text: Sky Travel

question: What channel came before Sky Travel?

text: Sky Three

question: Who did BSkyB team up with because it was part of the consortium?

text: Freeview

question: What channel was never rebranded?

text: Sky Three


text: The tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville's skyline is the Bank of America Tower, constructed in 1990 as the Barnett Center. It has a height of 617 ft (188 m) and includes 42 floors. Other notable structures include the 37-story Wells Fargo Center (with its distinctive flared base making it the defining building in the Jacksonville skyline), originally built in 1972-74 by the Independent Life and Accident Insurance Company, and the 28 floor Riverplace Tower which, when completed in 1967, was the tallest precast, post-tensioned concrete structure in the world.

title: Jacksonville,_Florida

title: Jacksonville,_Florida

text: The

text: tallest

text: building

text: in

text: Downtown

text: Jacksonville

text: 's

text: skyline

text: is

text: the

text: Bank

text: of

text: America

text: Tower

text: constructed

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: Barnett

text: Center

text: It

text: has

text: a

text: height

text: of

text: ft

text: m

text: and

text: includes

text: floors

text: Other

text: notable

text: structures

text: include

text: the

text: Wells

text: Fargo

text: Center

text: with

text: its

text: distinctive

text: flared

text: base

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: defining

text: building

text: in

text: the

text: Jacksonville

text: skyline

text: originally

text: built

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Independent

text: Life

text: and

text: Accident

text: Insurance

text: Company

text: and

text: the

text: floor

text: Riverplace

text: Tower

text: which

text: when

text: completed

text: in

text: was

text: the

text: tallest

text: precast

text: post

text: tensioned

text: concrete

text: structure

text: in

text: the

text: world

question: What distinction does the Bank of America Tower hold?

answer: tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville

text: tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville

answer: tallest precast, post-tensioned concrete structure

text: tallest precast, post-tensioned concrete structure

answer: tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville

text: tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville

question: The Bank of America Tower was previously known as what?

answer: Barnett Center

text: Barnett Center

answer: Barnett Center

text: Barnett Center

answer: Barnett Center

text: Barnett Center

question: How tall is the Bank of America Tower?

answer: 617 ft

text: 617 ft

answer: 617 ft

text: 617 ft

answer: 617 ft (

text: 617 ft (

question: How many floors are there in the building that was completed in 1967?

answer: 28

answer: 42

answer: 42

question: What makes the Wells Fargo Center stand out?

answer: its distinctive flared base

text: its distinctive flared base

answer: distinctive flared base

text: distinctive flared base

answer: distinctive flared base

text: distinctive flared base

question: In the shortest building in downtown Jacksonville?

text: the Bank of America Tower

question: Building a 617 m tall?

text: Wells Fargo Center

question: What thirty-seven story building was built in 1972?

text: Wells Fargo Center

question: How many stories does the Bank of America tower have?


text: Seismologists can use the arrival times of seismic waves in reverse to image the interior of the Earth. Early advances in this field showed the existence of a liquid outer core (where shear waves were not able to propagate) and a dense solid inner core. These advances led to the development of a layered model of the Earth, with a crust and lithosphere on top, the mantle below (separated within itself by seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 kilometers), and the outer core and inner core below that. More recently, seismologists have been able to create detailed images of wave speeds inside the earth in the same way a doctor images a body in a CT scan. These images have led to a much more detailed view of the interior of the Earth, and have replaced the simplified layered model with a much more dynamic model.

title: Geology

title: Geology

text: Seismologists

text: can

text: use

text: the

text: arrival

text: times

text: of

text: seismic

text: waves

text: in

text: reverse

text: to

text: image

text: the

text: interior

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: Early

text: advances

text: in

text: this

text: field

text: showed

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: a

text: liquid

text: outer

text: core

text: where

text: shear

text: waves

text: were

text: not

text: able

text: to

text: propagate

text: and

text: a

text: dense

text: solid

text: inner

text: core

text: These

text: advances

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: a

text: layered

text: model

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: with

text: a

text: crust

text: and

text: lithosphere

text: on

text: top

text: the

text: mantle

text: below

text: separated

text: within

text: itself

text: by

text: seismic

text: discontinuities

text: at

text: and

text: kilometers

text: and

text: the

text: outer

text: core

text: and

text: inner

text: core

text: below

text: that

text: More

text: recently

text: seismologists

text: have

text: been

text: able

text: to

text: create

text: detailed

text: images

text: of

text: wave

text: speeds

text: inside

text: the

text: earth

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: way

text: a

text: doctor

text: images

text: a

text: body

text: in

text: a

text: CT

text: scan

text: These

text: images

text: have

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: much

text: more

text: detailed

text: view

text: of

text: the

text: interior

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: and

text: have

text: replaced

text: the

text: simplified

text: layered

text: model

text: with

text: a

text: much

text: more

text: dynamic

text: model

question: What types of waves do seismologists use to image the interior of the Earth?

answer: seismic waves

text: seismic waves

answer: seismic

text: seismic

answer: seismic

text: seismic

answer: seismic

text: seismic

question: In the layered model of the Earth, the outermost layer is what?

answer: crust

text: crust

answer: crust

text: crust

answer: lithosphere

text: lithosphere

answer: crust and lithosphere

text: crust and lithosphere

question: In the layered model of the Earth, the mantle has two layers below it. What are they?

answer: the outer core and inner core

text: the outer core and inner core

answer: outer core and inner core

text: outer core and inner core

answer: outer core and inner core

text: outer core and inner core

answer: outer core and inner core

text: outer core and inner core

question: In the layered model of the Earth there are seismic discontinuities in which layer?

answer: the mantle

text: the mantle

answer: mantle

text: mantle

answer: mantle

text: mantle

answer: mantle

text: mantle

question: Recently a more detailed model of the Earth was developed. Seismologists were able to create this using images of what from the interior of the Earth?

answer: wave speeds

text: wave speeds

answer: wave speeds

text: wave speeds

answer: wave speeds

text: wave speeds

question: What do seismologists use to map the Earth's crust?

question: What was not able to see through the dense solid core of the Earth?

text: shear waves

question: By how many kilometers are shear waves separated when measuring the crust?

text: at 410 and 660 kilometers

question: What have CT scans lead to for doctors and their patients?

text: a much more detailed view

question: In the layered Earth model, what is the inner core separated by?

text: seismic discontinuities

question: What is the outer core called?

text: crust

question: What is the size of the mantle?

text: 660 kilometers

question: How quickly to wave speeds inside the earth move?

text: at 410 and 660 kilometers


text: During the mass high school education movement from 1910–1940, there was an increase in skilled workers, which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor. High school education during the period was designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work. In fact, it differs from the present high school education, which is regarded as a stepping-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees. This decrease in wages caused a period of compression and decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers. Education is very important for the growth of the economy, however educational inequality in gender also influence towards the economy. Lagerlof and Galor stated that gender inequality in education can result to low economic growth, and continued gender inequality in education, thus creating a poverty trap. It is suggested that a large gap in male and female education may indicate backwardness and so may be associated with lower economic growth, which can explain why there is economic inequality between countries.

title: Economic_inequality

title: Economic_inequality

text: During

text: the

text: mass

text: high

text: school

text: education

text: movement

text: from

text: there

text: was

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: skilled

text: workers

text: which

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: decrease

text: in

text: the

text: price

text: of

text: skilled

text: labor

text: High

text: school

text: education

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: was

text: designed

text: to

text: equip

text: students

text: with

text: necessary

text: skill

text: sets

text: to

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: perform

text: at

text: work

text: In

text: fact

text: it

text: differs

text: from

text: the

text: present

text: high

text: school

text: education

text: which

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: a

text: stepping

text: stone

text: to

text: acquire

text: college

text: and

text: advanced

text: degrees

text: This

text: decrease

text: in

text: wages

text: caused

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: compression

text: and

text: decreased

text: inequality

text: between

text: skilled

text: and

text: unskilled

text: workers

text: Education

text: is

text: very

text: important

text: for

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: the

text: economy

text: however

text: educational

text: inequality

text: in

text: gender

text: also

text: influence

text: towards

text: the

text: economy

text: Lagerlof

text: and

text: Galor

text: stated

text: that

text: gender

text: inequality

text: in

text: education

text: can

text: result

text: to

text: low

text: economic

text: growth

text: and

text: continued

text: gender

text: inequality

text: in

text: education

text: thus

text: creating

text: a

text: poverty

text: trap

text: It

text: is

text: suggested

text: that

text: a

text: large

text: gap

text: in

text: male

text: and

text: female

text: education

text: may

text: indicate

text: backwardness

text: and

text: so

text: may

text: be

text: associated

text: with

text: lower

text: economic

text: growth

text: which

text: can

text: explain

text: why

text: there

text: is

text: economic

text: inequality

text: between

text: countries

question: When did the high school education movement occur?

answer: 1910–1940

answer: 1910–1940

answer: 1910–1940

question: What impact did the high school education movement have on the presence of skilled workers?

answer: increase

text: increase

answer: an increase

text: an increase

answer: increase

text: increase

question: What impact did the high school education movement have on the wages of skilled workers?

answer: decrease

text: decrease

answer: decrease in the price of skilled labor

text: decrease in the price of skilled labor

answer: decrease

text: decrease

question: What impacts gender inequality in wages?

answer: gender inequality in education

text: gender inequality in education

answer: gender inequality in education

text: gender inequality in education

answer: education

text: education

question: What contributed to the decreased inequality between trained and untrained workers?

answer: period of compression

text: period of compression

answer: decrease in wages

text: decrease in wages

answer: decrease in wages

text: decrease in wages

question: When was the mass high school education movement?

answer: from 1910–1940

text: from 1910–1940

answer: 1910–1940

answer: 1910–1940

question: What did the increase in skilled workers lead to?

answer: a decrease in the price of skilled labor

text: a decrease in the price of skilled labor

answer: decrease in the price of skilled labor

text: decrease in the price of skilled labor

answer: decrease in the price of skilled labor

text: decrease in the price of skilled labor

question: How did the education during the high school education movement differ from the subsequent high school education?

answer: designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work

text: designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work

answer: designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work

text: designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work

answer: designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work

text: designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work

question: What is very important for the growth of the economy?

answer: Education

text: Education

answer: Education

text: Education

answer: Education

text: Education

question: What can result in creating a poverty trap?

answer: gender inequality in education

text: gender inequality in education

answer: low economic growth

text: low economic growth

answer: continued gender inequality in education

text: continued gender inequality in education

question: When did the middle school education movement occur?

question: What impact did the high school education movement have on the presence of unskilled workers?

text: increase

question: What impact did the high school education movement have on the wages of unskilled workers?

text: decrease

question: What doesn't impact gender inequality in wages?

text: gender inequality in education

question: What contributed to the increased inequality between trained and untrained workers?

text: period of compression


text: The path of violence and military struggle was then taken up by the Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization responsible for the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981. Unlike earlier anti-colonial movements the extremist group directed its attacks against what it believed were "apostate" leaders of Muslim states, leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies. Its views were outlined in a pamphlet written by Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag, in which he states:

title: Islamism

title: Islamism

text: The

text: path

text: of

text: violence

text: and

text: military

text: struggle

text: was

text: then

text: taken

text: up

text: by

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: Islamic

text: Jihad

text: organization

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: assassination

text: of

text: Anwar

text: Sadat

text: in

text: Unlike

text: earlier

text: anti

text: colonial

text: movements

text: the

text: extremist

text: group

text: directed

text: its

text: attacks

text: against

text: what

text: it

text: believed

text: were

text: apostate

text: leaders

text: of

text: Muslim

text: states

text: leaders

text: who

text: held

text: secular

text: leanings

text: or

text: who

text: had

text: introduced

text: or

text: promoted

text: Western

text: foreign

text: ideas

text: and

text: practices

text: into

text: Islamic

text: societies

text: Its

text: views

text: were

text: outlined

text: in

text: a

text: pamphlet

text: written

text: by

text: Muhammad

text: Abd

text: al

text: Salaam

text: Farag

text: in

text: which

text: he

text: states

question: Who took up the path of violence?

answer: Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization

text: Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization

answer: the Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization

text: the Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization

answer: Egyptian Islamic Jihad

text: Egyptian Islamic Jihad

question: When did the Egyptian Islamic Jihad assassinate Anwar Sadat?

answer: 1981

answer: 1981

answer: 1981

question: Which leaders did the Islamic extremists attack?

answer: apostate

text: apostate

answer: "apostate" leaders of Muslim states,

text: "apostate" leaders of Muslim states,

answer: apostate

text: apostate

question: What sin were the leaders the extremists attacked guilty of?

answer: promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies

text: promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies

answer: held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies

text: held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies

answer: secular leanings

text: secular leanings

question: Who wrote a pamphlet outlining the radical ideas of the extremists?

answer: Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag

text: Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag

answer: Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag

text: Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag

answer: Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag

text: Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag

question: Who rejected the path of violence?

text: Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization

question: When did the Egyptian Islamic Jihad support Anwar Sadat?

question: Which leaders did the Islamic extremists not attack?

text: apostate

question: What sin were the leaders the extremists attacked innocent of?

question: Who wrote a pamphlet outlining the non-radical ideas of the extremists?

text: Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag


text: The English name "Normans" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz, plural of Normant, modern French normand, which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann "Northman" or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr, Latinized variously as Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus (recorded in Medieval Latin, 9th century) to mean "Norseman, Viking".

title: Normans

title: Normans

text: The

text: English

text: name

text: Normans

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: French

text: words

text: Normans

text: Normanz

text: plural

text: of

text: Normant

text: modern

text: French

text: normand

text: which

text: is

text: itself

text: borrowed

text: from

text: Old

text: Low

text: Franconian

text: Nortmann

text: Northman

text: or

text: directly

text: from

text: Old

text: Norse

text: Norðmaðr

text: Latinized

text: variously

text: as

text: Nortmannus

text: Normannus

text: or

text: Nordmannus

text: recorded

text: in

text: Medieval

text: Latin

text: century

text: to

text: mean

text: Norseman

text: Viking

question: What is the original meaning of the word Norman?

answer: Viking

text: Viking

answer: Norseman, Viking

text: Norseman, Viking

answer: Norseman, Viking

text: Norseman, Viking

question: When was the Latin version of the word Norman first recorded?

answer: 9th century

text: 9th century

answer: 9th century

text: 9th century

answer: 9th century

text: 9th century

question: What name comes from the English words Normans/Normanz?

text: "Normans"

question: When was the French version of the word Norman first recorded?

text: 9th century


text: Both B cells and T cells carry receptor molecules that recognize specific targets. T cells recognize a "non-self" target, such as a pathogen, only after antigens (small fragments of the pathogen) have been processed and presented in combination with a "self" receptor called a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. There are two major subtypes of T cells: the killer T cell and the helper T cell. In addition there are regulatory T cells which have a role in modulating immune response. Killer T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class I MHC molecules, while helper T cells and regulatory T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class II MHC molecules. These two mechanisms of antigen presentation reflect the different roles of the two types of T cell. A third, minor subtype are the γδ T cells that recognize intact antigens that are not bound to MHC receptors.

title: Immune_system

title: Immune_system

text: Both

text: B

text: cells

text: and

text: T

text: cells

text: carry

text: receptor

text: molecules

text: that

text: recognize

text: specific

text: targets

text: T

text: cells

text: recognize

text: a

text: non

text: self

text: target

text: such

text: as

text: a

text: pathogen

text: only

text: after

text: antigens

text: small

text: fragments

text: of

text: the

text: pathogen

text: have

text: been

text: processed

text: and

text: presented

text: in

text: combination

text: with

text: a

text: self

text: receptor

text: called

text: a

text: major

text: histocompatibility

text: complex

text: MHC

text: molecule

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: major

text: subtypes

text: of

text: T

text: cells

text: the

text: killer

text: T

text: cell

text: and

text: the

text: helper

text: T

text: cell

text: In

text: addition

text: there

text: are

text: regulatory

text: T

text: cells

text: which

text: have

text: a

text: role

text: in

text: modulating

text: immune

text: response

text: Killer

text: T

text: cells

text: only

text: recognize

text: antigens

text: coupled

text: to

text: Class

text: I

text: MHC

text: molecules

text: while

text: helper

text: T

text: cells

text: and

text: regulatory

text: T

text: cells

text: only

text: recognize

text: antigens

text: coupled

text: to

text: Class

text: II

text: MHC

text: molecules

text: These

text: two

text: mechanisms

text: of

text: antigen

text: presentation

text: reflect

text: the

text: different

text: roles

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: types

text: of

text: T

text: cell

text: A

text: third

text: minor

text: subtype

text: are

text: the

text: γδ

text: T

text: cells

text: that

text: recognize

text: intact

text: antigens

text: that

text: are

text: not

text: bound

text: to

text: MHC

text: receptors

question: What are the two major subtypes of T cells?

answer: killer T cell and the helper T cell

text: killer T cell and the helper T cell

answer: killer T cell and the helper T cell

text: killer T cell and the helper T cell

answer: the killer T cell and the helper T cell

text: the killer T cell and the helper T cell

question: What kind of T cells have the purpose of modulating the immune response?

answer: regulatory T cells

text: regulatory T cells

answer: regulatory

text: regulatory

answer: regulatory T cells

text: regulatory T cells

question: Killer T cells can only recognize antigens coupled to what kind of molecules?

answer: Class I MHC molecules

text: Class I MHC molecules

answer: Class I MHC

text: Class I MHC

answer: Class I MHC molecules

text: Class I MHC molecules

question: Helper and regulatory T cells can only recognize antigens coupled to what kind of molecules?

answer: Class II MHC molecules

text: Class II MHC molecules

answer: Class II MHC

text: Class II MHC

answer: Class II MHC molecules

text: Class II MHC molecules

question: What class of T cells recognizes intact antigens that are not associated with MHC receptors?

answer: γδ T cells

text: γδ T cells

answer: γδ

text: γδ

answer: γδ T cells

text: γδ T cells

question: What cells do not carry receptor molecules?

text: B cells and T cells

question: What do T cells recognize before antigens have been processed?

text: "non-self" target

question: How many subtypes of B cells exist?

text: two

question: How many roles do the types of B cell have?

text: two

question: What do killer B cells recognize?


text: The pattern of warfare, followed by brief periods of peace, continued for nearly another quarter-century. The warfare was definitively quelled in 1598, when Henry of Navarre, having succeeded to the French throne as Henry IV, and having recanted Protestantism in favour of Roman Catholicism, issued the Edict of Nantes. The Edict reaffirmed Catholicism as the state religion of France, but granted the Protestants equality with Catholics under the throne and a degree of religious and political freedom within their domains. The Edict simultaneously protected Catholic interests by discouraging the founding of new Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions.[citation needed]

title: Huguenot

title: Huguenot

text: The

text: pattern

text: of

text: warfare

text: followed

text: by

text: brief

text: periods

text: of

text: peace

text: continued

text: for

text: nearly

text: another

text: quarter

text: century

text: The

text: warfare

text: was

text: definitively

text: quelled

text: in

text: when

text: Henry

text: of

text: Navarre

text: having

text: succeeded

text: to

text: the

text: French

text: throne

text: as

text: Henry

text: IV

text: and

text: having

text: recanted

text: Protestantism

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: Roman

text: Catholicism

text: issued

text: the

text: Edict

text: of

text: Nantes

text: The

text: Edict

text: reaffirmed

text: Catholicism

text: as

text: the

text: state

text: religion

text: of

text: France

text: but

text: granted

text: the

text: Protestants

text: equality

text: with

text: Catholics

text: under

text: the

text: throne

text: and

text: a

text: degree

text: of

text: religious

text: and

text: political

text: freedom

text: within

text: their

text: domains

text: The

text: Edict

text: simultaneously

text: protected

text: Catholic

text: interests

text: by

text: discouraging

text: the

text: founding

text: of

text: new

text: Protestant

text: churches

text: in

text: Catholic

text: controlled

text: regions.[citation

text: needed

question: What was Henry IV known as before taking the throne?

answer: Henry of Navarre

text: Henry of Navarre

answer: Henry of Navarre

text: Henry of Navarre

answer: Henry of Navarre

text: Henry of Navarre

question: When did Henry issue the Edict of Nantes?

answer: 1598

answer: 1598

answer: 1598

question: What did the Edict do for Huguenots in France?

answer: granted the Protestants equality with Catholics

text: granted the Protestants equality with Catholics

answer: granted the Protestants equality

text: granted the Protestants equality

answer: granted the Protestants equality with Catholics under the throne and a degree of religious and political freedom within their domains

text: granted the Protestants equality with Catholics under the throne and a degree of religious and political freedom within their domains

question: The edict protected Catholics by discouraging what?

answer: the founding of new Protestant churches

text: the founding of new Protestant churches

answer: founding of new Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions

text: founding of new Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions

answer: the founding of new Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions

text: the founding of new Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions

question: What religion did Henry renounce upon ascending the throne?

answer: Protestantism

text: Protestantism

answer: Protestantism

text: Protestantism

answer: Protestantism

text: Protestantism

question: In what year was Henry of Navarre born?

question: In what year was Henry of Navarre made Henry IV?

question: In what year did the warfare in France between Protestants and Catholics get it start?

question: What did the Edict of Nantes encourage in Catholic-controlled areas of France?

text: new Protestant churches


text: Between 1402 and 1405, the expedition led by the Norman noble Jean de Bethencourt and the Poitevine Gadifer de la Salle conquered the Canarian islands of Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and El Hierro off the Atlantic coast of Africa. Their troops were gathered in Normandy, Gascony and were later reinforced by Castilian colonists.

title: Normans

title: Normans

text: Between

text: and

text: the

text: expedition

text: led

text: by

text: the

text: Norman

text: noble

text: Jean

text: de

text: Bethencourt

text: and

text: the

text: Poitevine

text: Gadifer

text: de

text: la

text: Salle

text: conquered

text: the

text: Canarian

text: islands

text: of

text: Lanzarote

text: Fuerteventura

text: and

text: El

text: Hierro

text: off

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: coast

text: of

text: Africa

text: Their

text: troops

text: were

text: gathered

text: in

text: Normandy

text: Gascony

text: and

text: were

text: later

text: reinforced

text: by

text: Castilian

text: colonists

question: What continent are the Canarian Islands off the coast of?

answer: Africa

text: Africa

answer: Africa

text: Africa

answer: Africa

text: Africa

question: Who conquered the Canary Island in the 14th century?

question: What Islands are of the coast of Asia?

text: Canarian islands


text: In between the French and the British, large areas were dominated by native tribes. To the north, the Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki were engaged in Father Le Loutre's War and still held sway in parts of Nova Scotia, Acadia, and the eastern portions of the province of Canada, as well as much of present-day Maine. The Iroquois Confederation dominated much of present-day Upstate New York and the Ohio Country, although the latter also included Algonquian-speaking populations of Delaware and Shawnee, as well as Iroquoian-speaking Mingo. These tribes were formally under Iroquois rule, and were limited by them in authority to make agreements.

title: French_and_Indian_War

title: French_and_Indian_War

text: In

text: between

text: the

text: French

text: and

text: the

text: British

text: large

text: areas

text: were

text: dominated

text: by

text: native

text: tribes

text: To

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Mi'kmaq

text: and

text: the

text: Abenaki

text: were

text: engaged

text: in

text: Father

text: Le

text: Loutre

text: 's

text: War

text: and

text: still

text: held

text: sway

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: Nova

text: Scotia

text: Acadia

text: and

text: the

text: eastern

text: portions

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Canada

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: much

text: of

text: present

text: day

text: Maine

text: The

text: Iroquois

text: Confederation

text: dominated

text: much

text: of

text: present

text: day

text: Upstate

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: the

text: Ohio

text: Country

text: although

text: the

text: latter

text: also

text: included

text: Algonquian

text: speaking

text: populations

text: of

text: Delaware

text: and

text: Shawnee

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Iroquoian

text: speaking

text: Mingo

text: These

text: tribes

text: were

text: formally

text: under

text: Iroquois

text: rule

text: and

text: were

text: limited

text: by

text: them

text: in

text: authority

text: to

text: make

text: agreements

question: In between French and British, what groups controlled land?

answer: native tribes

text: native tribes

answer: native tribes

text: native tribes

answer: native tribes

text: native tribes

answer: native tribes

text: native tribes

answer: native tribes

text: native tribes

question: What tribes were in Father Le Loutre's War?

answer: Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki

text: Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki

answer: Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki

text: Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki

answer: the Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki

text: the Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki

answer: Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki

text: Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki

answer: the Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki

text: the Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki

question: Where did Iroquois Confederation control?

answer: present-day Upstate New York and the Ohio Country

text: present-day Upstate New York and the Ohio Country

answer: present-day Upstate New York and the Ohio Country

text: present-day Upstate New York and the Ohio Country

answer: Upstate New York and the Ohio Country

text: Upstate New York and the Ohio Country

answer: New York and the Ohio

text: New York and the Ohio

answer: Upstate New York and the Ohio Country

text: Upstate New York and the Ohio Country

question: What rule did some native live under?

answer: Iroquois rule, and were limited by them in authority to make agreements

text: Iroquois rule, and were limited by them in authority to make agreements

answer: Iroquois

text: Iroquois

answer: Iroquois

text: Iroquois

answer: Iroquois

text: Iroquois

answer: Iroquois

text: Iroquois

question: In between French and British, what groups never controlled land?

text: native tribes

question: In between Canadians and British, what groups controlled land?

text: native tribes

question: What tribes weren't in Father Le Loutre's War?

text: Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki

question: Where didn't Iroquois Confederation control?

question: What rule didn't some native live under?


text: Following a lengthy legal battle with the European Commission, which deemed the exclusivity of the rights to be against the interests of competition and the consumer, BSkyB's monopoly came to an end from the 2007–08 season. In May 2006, the Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports was awarded two of the six Premier League packages that the English FA offered to broadcasters. Sky picked up the remaining four for £1.3bn. In February 2015, Sky bid £4.2bn for a package of 120 premier league games across the three seasons from 2016. This represented an increase of 70% on the previous contract and was said to be £1bn more than the company had expected to pay. The move has been followed by staff cuts, increased subscription prices (including 9% in Sky's family package) and the dropping of the 3D channel.

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom)

title: Sky_(United_Kingdom

text: Following

text: a

text: lengthy

text: legal

text: battle

text: with

text: the

text: European

text: Commission

text: which

text: deemed

text: the

text: exclusivity

text: of

text: the

text: rights

text: to

text: be

text: against

text: the

text: interests

text: of

text: competition

text: and

text: the

text: consumer

text: BSkyB

text: 's

text: monopoly

text: came

text: to

text: an

text: end

text: from

text: the

text: season

text: In

text: May

text: the

text: Irish

text: broadcaster

text: Setanta

text: Sports

text: was

text: awarded

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: six

text: Premier

text: League

text: packages

text: that

text: the

text: English

text: FA

text: offered

text: to

text: broadcasters

text: Sky

text: picked

text: up

text: the

text: remaining

text: four

text: for

text: In

text: February

text: Sky

text: bid

text: for

text: a

text: package

text: of

text: premier

text: league

text: games

text: across

text: the

text: three

text: seasons

text: from

text: This

text: represented

text: an

text: increase

text: of

text: on

text: the

text: previous

text: contract

text: and

text: was

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: more

text: than

text: the

text: company

text: had

text: expected

text: to

text: pay

text: The

text: move

text: has

text: been

text: followed

text: by

text: staff

text: cuts

text: increased

text: subscription

text: prices

text: including

text: in

text: Sky

text: 's

text: family

text: package

text: and

text: the

text: dropping

text: of

text: the

text: channel

question: What year was Setanta Sports awarded Primeier Leage rights to broadcast?

answer: 2006

answer: 2006

answer: 2006

question: How many of the six total packages available to broadcasters was Setanta awarded?

answer: two

text: two

answer: two

text: two

answer: two

text: two

question: Who purhcased the remaining 4 pacakages available to broadcasters?

answer: Sky

text: Sky

answer: Sky

text: Sky

answer: Sky

text: Sky

question: How much did Sky bid to win the 4 broadcast pacakges they bought?

answer: £1.3bn

answer: £1.3bn

answer: £4.2bn

question: Which company had a short legal battle with the European Commission?

text: BSkyB

question: How many of the six total packages available to broadcasters did Setanta give away?

text: two

question: Sky lost how many packages?

text: four

question: How much did Sky bid to lose the 4 broadcast packages?

question: What channel was never dropped from Sky?

text: 3D channel


text: In the U.S. federal health care system (including the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH) ambulatory care pharmacists are given full independent prescribing authority. In some states such North Carolina and New Mexico these pharmacist clinicians are given collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic authority. In 2011 the board of Pharmaceutical Specialties approved ambulatory care pharmacy practice as a separate board certification. The official designation for pharmacists who pass the ambulatory care pharmacy specialty certification exam will be Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist and these pharmacists will carry the initials BCACP.

title: Pharmacy

title: Pharmacy

text: In

text: the

text: U.S.

text: federal

text: health

text: care

text: system

text: including

text: the

text: VA

text: the

text: Indian

text: Health

text: Service

text: and

text: NIH

text: ambulatory

text: care

text: pharmacists

text: are

text: given

text: full

text: independent

text: prescribing

text: authority

text: In

text: some

text: states

text: such

text: North

text: Carolina

text: and

text: New

text: Mexico

text: these

text: pharmacist

text: clinicians

text: are

text: given

text: collaborative

text: prescriptive

text: and

text: diagnostic

text: authority

text: In

text: the

text: board

text: of

text: Pharmaceutical

text: Specialties

text: approved

text: ambulatory

text: care

text: pharmacy

text: practice

text: as

text: a

text: separate

text: board

text: certification

text: The

text: official

text: designation

text: for

text: pharmacists

text: who

text: pass

text: the

text: ambulatory

text: care

text: pharmacy

text: specialty

text: certification

text: exam

text: will

text: be

text: Board

text: Certified

text: Ambulatory

text: Care

text: Pharmacist

text: and

text: these

text: pharmacists

text: will

text: carry

text: the

text: initials

text: BCACP

question: What type of authority are ambulatory care pharmacists given in the U.S. federal health care system?

answer: full independent prescribing authority

text: full independent prescribing authority

answer: full independent prescribing authority

text: full independent prescribing authority

answer: full independent prescribing authority

text: full independent prescribing authority

question: In what states are pharmacist clinicians given prescriptive and diagnostic authority?

answer: North Carolina and New Mexico

text: North Carolina and New Mexico

answer: North Carolina and New Mexico

text: North Carolina and New Mexico

answer: North Carolina and New Mexico

text: North Carolina and New Mexico

question: When was ambulatory care pharmacy approved as its own certification?

answer: 2011

answer: 2011

answer: 2011

question: What will a pharmacist who passes the ambulatory pharmacist exam be called?

answer: Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist

text: Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist

answer: Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist

text: Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist

answer: Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist

text: Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist

question: What entities are included in the federal health care system?

answer: the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH

text: the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH

answer: the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH

text: the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH

answer: VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH

text: VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH

question: What type of authority are ambulatory care pharmacists not given in the U.S. federal health care system?

text: full independent prescribing authority

question: What states are pharmacist clinicians given no prescriptive and diagnostic authority?

text: North Carolina and New Mexico

question: When was ambulatory care pharmacy rejected as its own certification?

question: What entities are not included in the federal health care system?

question: What will a pharmacist who fails the ambulatory pharmacist exam be called?


text: The first historical reference to Warsaw dates back to the year 1313, at a time when Kraków served as the Polish capital city. Due to its central location between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's capitals of Kraków and Vilnius, Warsaw became the capital of the Commonwealth and of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland when King Sigismund III Vasa moved his court from Kraków to Warsaw in 1596. After the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, Warsaw was incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars, the city became the official capital of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, a puppet state of the First French Empire established by Napoleon Bonaparte. In accordance with the decisions of the Congress of Vienna, the Russian Empire annexed Warsaw in 1815 and it became part of the "Congress Kingdom". Only in 1918 did it regain independence from the foreign rule and emerge as a new capital of the independent Republic of Poland. The German invasion in 1939, the massacre of the Jewish population and deportations to concentration camps led to the uprising in the Warsaw ghetto in 1943 and to the major and devastating Warsaw Uprising between August and October 1944. Warsaw gained the title of the "Phoenix City" because it has survived many wars, conflicts and invasions throughout its long history. Most notably, the city required painstaking rebuilding after the extensive damage it suffered in World War II, which destroyed 85% of its buildings. On 9 November 1940, the city was awarded Poland's highest military decoration for heroism, the Virtuti Militari, during the Siege of Warsaw (1939).

title: Warsaw

title: Warsaw

text: The

text: first

text: historical

text: reference

text: to

text: Warsaw

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: year

text: at

text: a

text: time

text: when

text: Kraków

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: Polish

text: capital

text: city

text: Due

text: to

text: its

text: central

text: location

text: between

text: the

text: Polish

text: Lithuanian

text: Commonwealth

text: 's

text: capitals

text: of

text: Kraków

text: and

text: Vilnius

text: Warsaw

text: became

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Crown

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Poland

text: when

text: King

text: Sigismund

text: III

text: Vasa

text: moved

text: his

text: court

text: from

text: Kraków

text: to

text: Warsaw

text: in

text: After

text: the

text: Third

text: Partition

text: of

text: Poland

text: in

text: Warsaw

text: was

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Prussia

text: In

text: during

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: the

text: city

text: became

text: the

text: official

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Grand

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Warsaw

text: a

text: puppet

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: French

text: Empire

text: established

text: by

text: Napoleon

text: Bonaparte

text: In

text: accordance

text: with

text: the

text: decisions

text: of

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: Vienna

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: annexed

text: Warsaw

text: in

text: and

text: it

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Congress

text: Kingdom

text: Only

text: in

text: did

text: it

text: regain

text: independence

text: from

text: the

text: foreign

text: rule

text: and

text: emerge

text: as

text: a

text: new

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: independent

text: Republic

text: of

text: Poland

text: The

text: German

text: invasion

text: in

text: the

text: massacre

text: of

text: the

text: Jewish

text: population

text: and

text: deportations

text: to

text: concentration

text: camps

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: uprising

text: in

text: the

text: Warsaw

text: ghetto

text: in

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: major

text: and

text: devastating

text: Warsaw

text: Uprising

text: between

text: August

text: and

text: October

text: Warsaw

text: gained

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: the

text: Phoenix

text: City

text: because

text: it

text: has

text: survived

text: many

text: wars

text: conflicts

text: and

text: invasions

text: throughout

text: its

text: long

text: history

text: Most

text: notably

text: the

text: city

text: required

text: painstaking

text: rebuilding

text: after

text: the

text: extensive

text: damage

text: it

text: suffered

text: in

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: which

text: destroyed

text: of

text: its

text: buildings

text: On

text: November

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: awarded

text: Poland

text: 's

text: highest

text: military

text: decoration

text: for

text: heroism

text: the

text: Virtuti

text: Militari

text: during

text: the

text: Siege

text: of

text: Warsaw

question: When is the first reference in history to Warsaw?

answer: 1313

answer: 1313

answer: 1313

question: What city served as Poland's capital in 1313?

answer: Kraków

text: Kraków

answer: Kraków

text: Kraków

answer: Kraków

text: Kraków

question: When did Warsaw become the capital of the Kingdom of Poland?

answer: 1596

answer: 1596

answer: 1596

question: Who moved his court from Kraków to Warsaw in 1596?

answer: King Sigismund III Vasa

text: King Sigismund III Vasa

answer: King Sigismund III Vasa

text: King Sigismund III Vasa

answer: King Sigismund III Vasa

text: King Sigismund III Vasa

question: Why did Warsaw gain the title of the "Phoenix City"?

answer: survived many wars, conflicts and invasions

text: survived many wars, conflicts and invasions

answer: it has survived many wars, conflicts and invasions

text: it has survived many wars, conflicts and invasions

answer: because it has survived many wars, conflicts and invasions throughout its long history

text: because it has survived many wars, conflicts and invasions throughout its long history

question: When was the first reference in history to Prussia?

question: What city served as Prussia's capital in 1313?

text: Kraków

question: When did Warsaw become the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia?

question: Who moved his court from Warsaw to Krakow in 1596?

text: King Sigismund III Vasa

question: Why did Prussia gain the title of the "Phoenix Counrty"?


text: The length of the Rhine is conventionally measured in "Rhine-kilometers" (Rheinkilometer), a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the Old Rhine Bridge at Constance (0 km) to Hoek van Holland (1036.20 km). The river length is significantly shortened from the river's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century.[note 7] The "total length of the Rhine", to the inclusion of Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine is more difficult to measure objectively; it was cited as 1,232 kilometres (766 miles) by the Dutch Rijkswaterstaat in 2010.[note 1]

title: Rhine

title: Rhine

text: The

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: is

text: conventionally

text: measured

text: in

text: Rhine

text: kilometers

text: Rheinkilometer

text: a

text: scale

text: introduced

text: in

text: which

text: runs

text: from

text: the

text: Old

text: Rhine

text: Bridge

text: at

text: Constance

text: km

text: to

text: Hoek

text: van

text: Holland

text: km

text: The

text: river

text: length

text: is

text: significantly

text: shortened

text: from

text: the

text: river

text: 's

text: natural

text: course

text: due

text: to

text: number

text: of

text: canalisation

text: projects

text: completed

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: century.[note

text: The

text: total

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: the

text: inclusion

text: of

text: Lake

text: Constance

text: and

text: the

text: Alpine

text: Rhine

text: is

text: more

text: difficult

text: to

text: measure

text: objectively

text: it

text: was

text: cited

text: as

text: kilometres

text: miles

text: by

text: the

text: Dutch

text: Rijkswaterstaat

text: in

question: What is the conventional method to measure the Rhine?

answer: Rhine-kilometers

text: Rhine-kilometers

answer: Rhine-kilometers

text: Rhine-kilometers

answer: "Rhine-kilometers"

text: "Rhine-kilometers"

answer: Rhine-kilometers

text: Rhine-kilometers

answer: Rhine-kilometers

text: Rhine-kilometers

question: When was the scale to measure the Rhine introduced?

answer: 1939

answer: 1939

answer: 1939

answer: 1939

answer: 1939

question: Where does the Rhine river's measurement begin?

answer: Old Rhine Bridge at Constance

text: Old Rhine Bridge at Constance

answer: Old Rhine Bridge at Constance

text: Old Rhine Bridge at Constance

answer: the Old Rhine Bridge at Constance

text: the Old Rhine Bridge at Constance

answer: Old Rhine Bridge at Constance

text: Old Rhine Bridge at Constance

answer: Old Rhine Bridge

text: Old Rhine Bridge

question: Where does the Rhine river's measurement end?

answer: Hoek van Holland

text: Hoek van Holland

answer: Hoek van Holland

text: Hoek van Holland

answer: (1036.20 km)

text: (1036.20 km)

answer: Hoek van Holland

text: Hoek van Holland

answer: Hoek van Holland

text: Hoek van Holland

question: What has shortened the Rhine river?

answer: canalisation projects

text: canalisation projects

answer: canalisation projects

text: canalisation projects

answer: the river's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century

text: the river's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century

answer: canalisation projects

text: canalisation projects

answer: canalisation projects

text: canalisation projects

question: What is the conventional measurement of the Rhine?

answer: Rhine-kilometers"

text: Rhine-kilometers"

answer: Rhine-kilometers

text: Rhine-kilometers

answer: kilometres

text: kilometres

answer: Rhine-kilometers

text: Rhine-kilometers

answer: Rhine-kilometers

text: Rhine-kilometers

question: When was the measurement of the Rhine introduced?

answer: 1939

answer: 1939

answer: 1939

answer: 1939

question: Where does the Rhine begin?

answer: Old Rhine Bridge at Constance

text: Old Rhine Bridge at Constance

answer: Old Rhine Bridge at Constance

text: Old Rhine Bridge at Constance

answer: the Old Rhine Bridge at Constance

text: the Old Rhine Bridge at Constance

answer: Old Rhine Bridge at Constance

text: Old Rhine Bridge at Constance

answer: Old Rhine Bridge

text: Old Rhine Bridge

question: Where does the Rhine end?

answer: Hoek van Holland

text: Hoek van Holland

answer: Hoek van Holland

text: Hoek van Holland

answer: Hoek van Holland

text: Hoek van Holland

answer: Hoek van Holland

text: Hoek van Holland

answer: Hoek van Holland

text: Hoek van Holland

question: Why has the Rhine been shortened?

answer: canalisation projects

text: canalisation projects

answer: canalisation projects

text: canalisation projects

answer: from the river's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century

text: from the river's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century

answer: canalisation projects

text: canalisation projects

answer: canalisation projects

text: canalisation projects

question: What is the length of the Old Rhine Bridge at Constance?

text: 1036.20 km

question: What is the length of Hoek van Holland conventionally measured in?

text: Rhine-kilometers

question: In what year was the Old Rhine Bridge shortened?

question: In what year did Hoek van Holland begin canalization projects?

question: How long is Lake Constance?

text: 1,232 kilometres